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Warnakula WADLR, Udayantha HMV, Liyanage DS, Tharanga EMT, Omeka WKM, Dilshan MAH, Hanchapola HACR, Jayasinghe JDHE, Jeong T, Wan Q, Lee J. Galectin-8-like isoform X1 mediates antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant responses in red-lip mullet (Planiliza haematocheilus) through positive modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine, chemokine, and enzymatic antioxidant activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 157:105182. [PMID: 38636700 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Galectin 8 belongs to the tandem repeat subclass of the galectin superfamily. It possesses two homologous carbohydrate recognition domains linked by a short peptide and preferentially binds to β-galactoside-containing glycol-conjugates in a calcium-independent manner. This study identified Galectin-8-like isoform X1 (PhGal8X1) from red-lip mullet (Planiliza haematocheilus) and investigated its role in regulating fish immunity. The open reading frame of PhGal8X1 was 918bp, encoding a soluble protein of 305 amino acids. The protein had a theoretical isoelectric (pI) point of 7.7 and an estimated molecular weight of 34.078 kDa. PhGal8X1 was expressed in various tissues of the fish, with prominent levels in the brain, stomach, and intestine. PhGal8X1 expression was significantly (p < 0.05) induced in the blood and spleen upon challenge with different immune stimuli, including polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, lipopolysaccharide, and Lactococcus garvieae. The recombinant PhGal8X1 protein demonstrated agglutination activity towards various bacterial pathogens at a minimum effective concentration of 50 μg/mL or 100 μg/mL. Subcellular localization observations revealed that PhGal8X1 was primarily localized in the cytoplasm. PhGal8X1 overexpression in fathead minnow cells significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) replication. The expression levels of four proinflammatory cytokines and two chemokines were significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated in PhGal8X1 overexpressing cells in response to VHSV infection. Furthermore, overexpression of PhGal8X1 exhibited protective effects against oxidative stress induced by H2O2 through the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes. Taken together, these findings provide compelling evidence that PhGal8X1 plays a crucial role in enhancing innate immunity and promoting cell survival through effective regulation of antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant defense mechanisms in red-lip mullet.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A D L R Warnakula
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Center for Genomic Selection in Korean Aquaculture, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - H M V Udayantha
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Center for Genomic Selection in Korean Aquaculture, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - D S Liyanage
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Center for Genomic Selection in Korean Aquaculture, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - E M T Tharanga
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Center for Genomic Selection in Korean Aquaculture, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - W K M Omeka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Center for Genomic Selection in Korean Aquaculture, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - M A H Dilshan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Center for Genomic Selection in Korean Aquaculture, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - H A C R Hanchapola
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Center for Genomic Selection in Korean Aquaculture, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - J D H E Jayasinghe
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Center for Genomic Selection in Korean Aquaculture, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyug Jeong
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Center for Genomic Selection in Korean Aquaculture, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333, Republic of Korea.
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Center for Genomic Selection in Korean Aquaculture, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Center for Genomic Selection in Korean Aquaculture, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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Aburto MR, Cryan JF. Gastrointestinal and brain barriers: unlocking gates of communication across the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 21:222-247. [PMID: 38355758 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Crosstalk between gut and brain has long been appreciated in health and disease, and the gut microbiota is a key player in communication between these two distant organs. Yet, the mechanisms through which the microbiota influences development and function of the gut-brain axis remain largely unknown. Barriers present in the gut and brain are specialized cellular interfaces that maintain strict homeostasis of different compartments across this axis. These barriers include the gut epithelial barrier, the blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Barriers are ideally positioned to receive and communicate gut microbial signals constituting a gateway for gut-microbiota-brain communication. In this Review, we focus on how modulation of these barriers by the gut microbiota can constitute an important channel of communication across the gut-brain axis. Moreover, barrier malfunction upon alterations in gut microbial composition could form the basis of various conditions, including often comorbid neurological and gastrointestinal disorders. Thus, we should focus on unravelling the molecular and cellular basis of this communication and move from simplistic framing as 'leaky gut'. A mechanistic understanding of gut microbiota modulation of barriers, especially during critical windows of development, could be key to understanding the aetiology of gastrointestinal and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- María R Aburto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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3
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Moreau MX, Saillour Y, Elorriaga V, Bouloudi B, Delberghe E, Deutsch Guerrero T, Ochandorena-Saa A, Maeso-Alonso L, Marques MM, Marin MC, Spassky N, Pierani A, Causeret F. Repurposing of the multiciliation gene regulatory network in fate specification of Cajal-Retzius neurons. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1365-1382.e6. [PMID: 37321213 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cajal-Retzius cells (CRs) are key players in cerebral cortex development, and they display a unique transcriptomic identity. Here, we use scRNA-seq to reconstruct the differentiation trajectory of mouse hem-derived CRs, and we unravel the transient expression of a complete gene module previously known to control multiciliogenesis. However, CRs do not undergo centriole amplification or multiciliation. Upon deletion of Gmnc, the master regulator of multiciliogenesis, CRs are initially produced but fail to reach their normal identity resulting in their massive apoptosis. We further dissect the contribution of multiciliation effector genes and identify Trp73 as a key determinant. Finally, we use in utero electroporation to demonstrate that the intrinsic competence of hem progenitors as well as the heterochronic expression of Gmnc prevent centriole amplification in the CR lineage. Our work exemplifies how the co-option of a complete gene module, repurposed to control a distinct process, may contribute to the emergence of novel cell identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu X Moreau
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Yoann Saillour
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Vicente Elorriaga
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Bouloudi
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Delberghe
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Tanya Deutsch Guerrero
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Amaia Ochandorena-Saa
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine-Institut Pasteur, Unit of Heart Morphogenesis, INSERM UMR1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laura Maeso-Alonso
- Instituto de Biomedicina, y Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, 24071 Leon, Spain
| | - Margarita M Marques
- Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal, y Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, 24071 Leon, Spain
| | - Maria C Marin
- Instituto de Biomedicina, y Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, 24071 Leon, Spain
| | - Nathalie Spassky
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Causeret
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, 75014 Paris, France.
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Steffensen AB, Edelbo BL, Barbuskaite D, Andreassen SN, Olsen MH, Møller K, MacAulay N. Nocturnal increase in cerebrospinal fluid secretion as a circadian regulator of intracranial pressure. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:49. [PMID: 37353833 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is crucial to maintain the intracranial pressure (ICP) within the physiological range to ensure proper brain function. The ICP may fluctuate during the light-dark phase cycle, complicating diagnosis and treatment choice in patients with pressure-related disorders. Such ICP fluctuations may originate in circadian or sleep-wake cycle-mediated modulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamics, which in addition could support diurnal regulation of brain waste clearance. METHODS ICP was monitored continuously in patients who underwent placement of an external ventricular drain (EVD) and by telemetric monitoring in experimental rats. CSF was collected via the EVD in patients and the rodent CSF secretion rate determined by in vivo experimentation. Rodent choroid plexus transporter transcripts were quantified with RNAseq and transport activity with ex vivo isotope transport assays. RESULTS We demonstrated that ICP increases by 30% in the dark phase in both species, independently of vascular parameters. This increase aligns with elevated CSF collection in patients (12%) and CSF production rate in rats (20%), the latter obtained with the ventriculo-cisternal perfusion assay. The dark-phase increase in CSF secretion in rats was, in part, assigned to increased transport activity of the choroid plexus Na+,K+,2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC1), which is implicated in CSF secretion by this tissue. CONCLUSION CSF secretion, and thus ICP, increases in the dark phase in humans and rats, irrespective of their diurnal/nocturnal activity preference, in part due to altered choroid plexus transport activity in the rat. Our findings suggest that CSF dynamics are modulated by the circadian rhythm, rather than merely sleep itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Buur Steffensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Beatriche Louise Edelbo
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Dagne Barbuskaite
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Søren Norge Andreassen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Markus Harboe Olsen
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, The Neuroscience Center, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Møller
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, The Neuroscience Center, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Parab S, Card OA, Chen Q, America M, Buck LD, Quick RE, Horrigan WF, Levkowitz G, Vanhollebeke B, Matsuoka RL. Local angiogenic interplay of Vegfc/d and Vegfa controls brain region-specific emergence of fenestrated capillaries. eLife 2023; 12:e86066. [PMID: 37191285 PMCID: PMC10229134 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenestrated and blood-brain barrier (BBB)-forming endothelial cells constitute major brain capillaries, and this vascular heterogeneity is crucial for region-specific neural function and brain homeostasis. How these capillary types emerge in a brain region-specific manner and subsequently establish intra-brain vascular heterogeneity remains unclear. Here, we performed a comparative analysis of vascularization across the zebrafish choroid plexuses (CPs), circumventricular organs (CVOs), and retinal choroid, and show common angiogenic mechanisms critical for fenestrated brain capillary formation. We found that zebrafish deficient for Gpr124, Reck, or Wnt7aa exhibit severely impaired BBB angiogenesis without any apparent defect in fenestrated capillary formation in the CPs, CVOs, and retinal choroid. Conversely, genetic loss of various Vegf combinations caused significant disruptions in Wnt7/Gpr124/Reck signaling-independent vascularization of these organs. The phenotypic variation and specificity revealed heterogeneous endothelial requirements for Vegfs-dependent angiogenesis during CP and CVO vascularization, identifying unexpected interplay of Vegfc/d and Vegfa in this process. Mechanistically, expression analysis and paracrine activity-deficient vegfc mutant characterization suggest that endothelial cells and non-neuronal specialized cell types present in the CPs and CVOs are major sources of Vegfs responsible for regionally restricted angiogenic interplay. Thus, brain region-specific presentations and interplay of Vegfc/d and Vegfa control emergence of fenestrated capillaries, providing insight into the mechanisms driving intra-brain vascular heterogeneity and fenestrated vessel formation in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Parab
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Olivia A Card
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Qiyu Chen
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Neuroscience, The Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Michelle America
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de BruxellesGosseliesBelgium
| | - Luke D Buck
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Rachael E Quick
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - William F Horrigan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Gil Levkowitz
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Neuroscience, The Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de BruxellesGosseliesBelgium
| | - Ryota L Matsuoka
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
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6
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Korzh V. Development of the brain ventricular system from a comparative perspective. Clin Anat 2023; 36:320-334. [PMID: 36529666 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The brain ventricular system (BVS) consists of brain ventricles and channels filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Disturbance of CSF flow has been linked to scoliosis and neurodegenerative diseases, including hydrocephalus. This could be due to defects of CSF production by the choroid plexus or impaired CSF movement over the ependyma dependent on motile cilia. Most vertebrates have horizontal body posture. They retain additional evolutionary innovations assisting CSF flow, such as the Reissner fiber. The causes of hydrocephalus have been studied using animal models including rodents (mice, rats, hamsters) and zebrafish. However, the horizontal body posture reduces the effect of gravity on CSF flow, which limits the use of mammalian models for scoliosis. In contrast, fish swim against the current and experience a forward-to-backward mechanical force akin to that caused by gravity in humans. This explains the increased popularity of the zebrafish model for studies of scoliosis. "Slit-ventricle" syndrome is another side of the spectrum of BVS anomalies. It develops because of insufficient inflation of the BVS. Recent advances in zebrafish functional genetics have revealed genes that could regulate the development of the BVS and CSF circulation. This review will describe the BVS of zebrafish, a typical teleost, and vertebrates in general, in comparative perspective. It will illustrate the usefulness of the zebrafish model for developmental studies of the choroid plexus (CP), CSF flow and the BVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Saunders NR, Dziegielewska KM, Fame RM, Lehtinen MK, Liddelow SA. The choroid plexus: a missing link in our understanding of brain development and function. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:919-956. [PMID: 36173801 PMCID: PMC9678431 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00060.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the choroid plexus lag behind those of the more widely known blood-brain barrier, despite a much longer history. This review has two overall aims. The first is to outline long-standing areas of research where there are unanswered questions, such as control of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion and blood flow. The second aim is to review research over the past 10 years where the focus has shifted to the idea that there are choroid plexuses located in each of the brain's ventricles that make specific contributions to brain development and function through molecules they generate for delivery via the CSF. These factors appear to be particularly important for aspects of normal brain growth. Most research carried out during the twentieth century dealt with the choroid plexus, a brain barrier interface making critical contributions to the composition and stability of the brain's internal environment throughout life. More recent research in the twenty-first century has shown the importance of choroid plexus-generated CSF in neurogenesis, influence of sex and other hormones on choroid plexus function, and choroid plexus involvement in circadian rhythms and sleep. The advancement of technologies to facilitate delivery of brain-specific therapies via the CSF to treat neurological disorders is a rapidly growing area of research. Conversely, understanding the basic mechanisms and implications of how maternal drug exposure during pregnancy impacts the developing brain represents another key area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman R Saunders
- Department of Neuroscience, The Alfred Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
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8
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Jang A, Lehtinen MK. Experimental approaches for manipulating choroid plexus epithelial cells. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:36. [PMID: 35619113 PMCID: PMC9134666 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroid plexus (ChP) epithelial cells are crucial for the function of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) in the developing and mature brain. The ChP is considered the primary source and regulator of CSF, secreting many important factors that nourish the brain. It also performs CSF clearance functions including removing Amyloid beta and potassium. As such, the ChP is a promising target for gene and drug therapy for neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders in the central nervous system (CNS). This review describes the current successful and emerging experimental approaches for targeting ChP epithelial cells. We highlight methodological strategies to specifically target these cells for gain or loss of function in vivo. We cover both genetic models and viral gene delivery systems. Additionally, several lines of reporters to access the ChP epithelia are reviewed. Finally, we discuss exciting new approaches, such as chemical activation and transplantation of engineered ChP epithelial cells. We elaborate on fundamental functions of the ChP in secretion and clearance and outline experimental approaches paving the way to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahram Jang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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9
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Carloni S, Rescigno M. Unveiling the gut-brain axis: structural and functional analogies between the gut and the choroid plexus vascular and immune barriers. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:869-882. [PMID: 35861857 PMCID: PMC9301898 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of blood-tissue interface homeostasis. Knowledge on the morphological and functional nature of the blood vessels in every single tissue is, however, very poor, but it is becoming clear that each organ is characterized by the presence of endothelial barriers with different properties fundamental for the maintenance of tissue resident immune homeostasis and for the recruitment of blood-trafficking immune cells. The tissue specificity of the vascular unit is dependent on the presence of differentiated endothelial cells that form continues, fenestrated, or sinusoidal vessels with different grades of permeability and different immune receptors, according to how that particular tissue needs to be protected. The gut-brain axis highlights the prominent role that the vasculature plays in allowing a direct and prompt exchange of molecules between the gut, across the gut vascular barrier (GVB), and the brain. Recently, we identified a new choroid plexus vascular barrier (PVB) which receives and integrates information coming from the gut and is fundamental in the modulation of the gut-brain axis. Several pathologies are linked to functional dysregulation of either the gut or the choroid plexus vascular barriers. In this review, we unveil the structural and functional analogies between the GVB and PVB, comparing their peculiar features and highlighting the functional role of pitcher and catcher of the gut-brain axis, including their role in the establishment of immune homeostasis and response upon systemic stimuli. We propose that when the gut vascular barrier-the main protecting system of the body from the external world-is compromised, the choroid plexus gatekeeper becomes a second barrier that protects the central nervous system from systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carloni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy.
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy.
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy.
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy.
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10
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Dorrier CE, Jones HE, Pintarić L, Siegenthaler JA, Daneman R. Emerging roles for CNS fibroblasts in health, injury and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:23-34. [PMID: 34671105 PMCID: PMC8527980 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00525-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent transcriptomic, histological and functional studies have begun to shine light on the fibroblasts present in the meninges, choroid plexus and perivascular spaces of the brain and spinal cord. Although the origins and functions of CNS fibroblasts are still being described, it is clear that they represent a distinct cell population, or populations, that have likely been confused with other cell types on the basis of the expression of overlapping cellular markers. Recent work has revealed that fibroblasts play crucial roles in fibrotic scar formation in the CNS after injury and inflammation, which have also been attributed to other perivascular cell types such as pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. In this Review, we describe the current knowledge of the location and identity of CNS perivascular cell types, with a particular focus on CNS fibroblasts, including their origin, subtypes, roles in health and disease, and future areas for study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayce E Dorrier
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hannah E Jones
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lucija Pintarić
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julie A Siegenthaler
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Richard Daneman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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11
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Diversity and function of motile ciliated cell types within ependymal lineages of the zebrafish brain. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109775. [PMID: 34610312 PMCID: PMC8524669 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia defects impair cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and can cause brain and spine disorders. The development of ciliated cells, their impact on CSF flow, and their function in brain and axial morphogenesis are not fully understood. We have characterized motile ciliated cells within the zebrafish brain ventricles. We show that the ventricles undergo restructuring through development, involving a transition from mono- to multiciliated cells (MCCs) driven by gmnc. MCCs co-exist with monociliated cells and generate directional flow patterns. These ciliated cells have different developmental origins and are genetically heterogenous with respect to expression of the Foxj1 family of ciliary master regulators. Finally, we show that cilia loss from the tela choroida and choroid plexus or global perturbation of multiciliation does not affect overall brain or spine morphogenesis but results in enlarged ventricles. Our findings establish that motile ciliated cells are generated by complementary and sequential transcriptional programs to support ventricular development. Glutamylated tubulin is enriched in cilia of foxj1-expressing cells in the zebrafish Motile ciliated ependymal cells in the zebrafish forebrain are highly diverse Gmnc drives the transition from mono- to multiciliated cells at juvenile stage Lack of multiciliation does not impact brain and spine morphogenesis
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12
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MRI- and histologically derived neuroanatomical atlas of the Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl). Sci Rep 2021; 11:9850. [PMID: 33972650 PMCID: PMC8110773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibians are an important vertebrate model system to understand anatomy, genetics and physiology. Importantly, the brain and spinal cord of adult urodels (salamanders) have an incredible regeneration capacity, contrary to anurans (frogs) and the rest of adult vertebrates. Among these amphibians, the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) has gained most attention because of the surge in the understanding of central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and the recent sequencing of its whole genome. However, a complete comprehension of the brain anatomy is not available. In the present study we created a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) atlas of the in vivo neuroanatomy of the juvenile axolotl brain. This is the first MRI atlas for this species and includes three levels: (1) 82 regions of interest (ROIs) and a version with 64 ROIs; (2) a division of the brain according to the embryological origin of the neural tube, and (3) left and right hemispheres. Additionally, we localized the myelin rich regions of the juvenile brain. The atlas, the template that the atlas was derived from, and a masking file, can be found on Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4595016 . This MRI brain atlas aims to be an important tool for future research of the axolotl brain and that of other amphibians.
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13
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Chico TJA, Kugler EC. Cerebrovascular development: mechanisms and experimental approaches. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4377-4398. [PMID: 33688979 PMCID: PMC8164590 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral vasculature plays a central role in human health and disease and possesses several unique anatomic, functional and molecular characteristics. Despite their importance, the mechanisms that determine cerebrovascular development are less well studied than other vascular territories. This is in part due to limitations of existing models and techniques for visualisation and manipulation of the cerebral vasculature. In this review we summarise the experimental approaches used to study the cerebral vessels and the mechanisms that contribute to their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J A Chico
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
- The Bateson Centre, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
- Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, The Pam Liversidge Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Elisabeth C Kugler
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
- The Bateson Centre, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
- Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, The Pam Liversidge Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
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14
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Parab S, Quick RE, Matsuoka RL. Endothelial cell-type-specific molecular requirements for angiogenesis drive fenestrated vessel development in the brain. eLife 2021; 10:64295. [PMID: 33459592 PMCID: PMC7840183 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (vECs) in the brain exhibit structural and functional heterogeneity. Fenestrated, permeable brain vasculature mediates neuroendocrine function, body-fluid regulation, and neural immune responses; however, its vascular formation remains poorly understood. Here, we show that specific combinations of vascular endothelial growth factors (Vegfs) are required to selectively drive fenestrated vessel formation in the zebrafish myelencephalic choroid plexus (mCP). We found that the combined, but not individual, loss of Vegfab, Vegfc, and Vegfd causes severely impaired mCP vascularization with little effect on neighboring non-fenestrated brain vessel formation, demonstrating fenestrated-vEC-specific angiogenic requirements. This Vegfs-mediated vessel-selective patterning also involves Ccbe1. Expression analyses, cell-type-specific ablation, and paracrine activity-deficient vegfc mutant characterization suggest that vEC-autonomous Vegfc and meningeal fibroblast-derived Vegfab and Vegfd are critical for mCP vascularization. These results define molecular cues and cell types critical for directing fenestrated CP vascularization and indicate that vECs’ distinct molecular requirements for angiogenesis underlie brain vessel heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Parab
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Rachael E Quick
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Ryota L Matsuoka
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
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15
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Kaiser K, Bryja V. Choroid Plexus: The Orchestrator of Long-Range Signalling Within the CNS. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4760. [PMID: 32635478 PMCID: PMC7369786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the liquid that fills the brain ventricles. CSF represents not only a mechanical brain protection but also a rich source of signalling factors modulating diverse processes during brain development and adulthood. The choroid plexus (CP) is a major source of CSF and as such it has recently emerged as an important mediator of extracellular signalling within the brain. Growing interest in the CP revealed its capacity to release a broad variety of bioactive molecules that, via CSF, regulate processes across the whole central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, CP has been also recognized as a sensor, responding to altered composition of CSF associated with changes in the patterns of CNS activity. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the CP as a signalling centre that mediates long-range communication in the CNS. By providing a detailed account of the CP secretory repertoire, we describe how the CP contributes to the regulation of the extracellular environment-in the context of both the embryonal as well as the adult CNS. We highlight the role of the CP as an important regulator of CNS function that acts via CSF-mediated signalling. Further studies of CP-CSF signalling hold the potential to provide key insights into the biology of the CNS, with implications for better understanding and treatment of neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Kaiser
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Jurisch-Yaksi N, Yaksi E, Kizil C. Radial glia in the zebrafish brain: Functional, structural, and physiological comparison with the mammalian glia. Glia 2020; 68:2451-2470. [PMID: 32476207 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The neuroscience community has witnessed a tremendous expansion of glia research. Glial cells are now on center stage with leading roles in the development, maturation, and physiology of brain circuits. Over the course of evolution, glia have highly diversified and include the radial glia, astroglia or astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells, each having dedicated functions in the brain. The zebrafish, a small teleost fish, is no exception to this and recent evidences point to evolutionarily conserved roles for glia in the development and physiology of its nervous system. Due to its small size, transparency, and genetic amenability, the zebrafish has become an increasingly prominent animal model for brain research. It has enabled the study of neural circuits from individual cells to entire brains, with a precision unmatched in other vertebrate models. Moreover, its high neurogenic and regenerative potential has attracted a lot of attention from the research community focusing on neural stem cells and neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, studies using zebrafish have the potential to provide fundamental insights about brain development and function, and also elucidate neural and molecular mechanisms of neurological diseases. We will discuss here recent discoveries on the diverse roles of radial glia and astroglia in neurogenesis, in modulating neuronal activity and in regulating brain homeostasis at the brain barriers. By comparing insights made in various animal models, particularly mammals and zebrafish, our goal is to highlight the similarities and differences in glia biology among species, which could set new paradigms relevant to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emre Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Caghan Kizil
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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17
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Korzh V, Kondrychyn I. Origin and development of circumventricular organs in living vertebrate. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:13-20. [PMID: 31706729 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) function by mediating chemical communication between blood and brain across the blood-brain barrier. Their origin and developmental mechanisms involved are not understood in enough detail due to a lack of molecular markers common for CVOs. These rather small and inconspicuous organs are found in close vicinity to the third and fourth brain ventricles suggestive of ancient evolutionary origin. Recently, an integrated approach based on analysis of CVOs development in the enhancer-trap transgenic zebrafish led to an idea that almost all of CVOs could be highlighted by GFP expression in this transgenic line. This in turn suggested that an enhancer along with a set of genes it regulates may illustrate the first common element of developmental regulation of CVOs. It seems to be related to a mechanism of suppression of the canonical Wnt/ β-catenin signaling that functions in development of fenestrated capillaries typical for CVOs. Based on that observation the common molecular elements of the putative developmental mechanism of CVOs will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Poland.
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18
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Merve A, Zhang X, Pomella N, Acquati S, Hoeck JD, Dumas A, Rosser G, Li Y, Jeyapalan J, Vicenzi S, Fan Q, Yang ZJ, Sabò A, Sheer D, Behrens A, Marino S. c-MYC overexpression induces choroid plexus papillomas through a T-cell mediated inflammatory mechanism. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:95. [PMID: 31142360 PMCID: PMC6540455 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroid plexus tumours (CPTs) account for 2–5% of brain tumours in children. They can spread along the neuraxis and can recur after treatment. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying their formation and only few high fidelity mouse models of p53-deficient malignant CPTs are available. We show here that c-MYC overexpression in the choroid plexus epithelium induces T-cell inflammation-dependent choroid plexus papillomas in a mouse model. We demonstrate that c-MYC is expressed in a substantial proportion of human choroid plexus tumours and that this subgroup of tumours is characterised by an inflammatory transcriptome and significant inflammatory infiltrates. In compound mutant mice, overexpression of c-MYC in an immunodeficient background led to a decreased incidence of CPP and reduced tumour bulk. Finally, reduced tumour size was also observed upon T-cell depletion in CPP-bearing mice. Our data raise the possibility that benign choroid plexus tumours expressing c-MYC could be amenable to medical therapy with anti-inflammatory drugs.
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19
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Lopez‐Atalaya JP, Askew KE, Sierra A, Gomez‐Nicola D. Development and maintenance of the brain's immune toolkit: Microglia and non-parenchymal brain macrophages. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:561-579. [PMID: 29030904 PMCID: PMC6001428 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and non-parenchymal macrophages located in the perivascular space, the meninges and the choroid plexus are independent immune populations that play vital roles in brain development, homeostasis, and tissue healing. Resident macrophages account for a significant proportion of cells in the brain and their density remains stable throughout the lifespan thanks to constant turnover. Microglia develop from yolk sac progenitors, later evolving through intermediate progenitors in a fine-tuned process in which intrinsic factors and external stimuli combine to progressively sculpt their cell type-specific transcriptional profiles. Recent evidence demonstrates that non-parenchymal macrophages are also generated during early embryonic development. In recent years, the development of powerful fate mapping approaches combined with novel genomic and transcriptomic methodologies have greatly expanded our understanding of how brain macrophages develop and acquire specialized functions, and how cell population dynamics are regulated. Here, we review the transcription factors, epigenetic remodeling, and signaling pathways orchestrating the embryonic development of microglia and non-parenchymal macrophages. Next, we describe the dynamics of the macrophage populations of the brain and discuss the role of progenitor cells, to gain a better understanding of their functions in the healthy and diseased brain. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 561-579, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose P. Lopez‐Atalaya
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH‐CSIC), Avenida Ramón y Cajal, s/n, Sant Joan d'AlacantSpain
| | - Katharine E. Askew
- Southampton General Hospital, Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, South Lab&Path Block, LD80C, MP840SO166YDSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Amanda Sierra
- Achucarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceLeioa48940Spain
- Ikerbasque FoundationBilbao48013Spain
- University of the Basque Country EHU/UPVLeioa48940Spain
| | - Diego Gomez‐Nicola
- Southampton General Hospital, Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, South Lab&Path Block, LD80C, MP840SO166YDSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
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20
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van Leeuwen LM, Evans RJ, Jim KK, Verboom T, Fang X, Bojarczuk A, Malicki J, Johnston SA, van der Sar AM. A transgenic zebrafish model for the in vivo study of the blood and choroid plexus brain barriers using claudin 5. Biol Open 2018; 7:7/2/bio030494. [PMID: 29437557 PMCID: PMC5861362 DOI: 10.1242/bio.030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has specific barriers that protect the brain from potential threats and tightly regulate molecular transport. Despite the critical functions of the CNS barriers, the mechanisms underlying their development and function are not well understood, and there are very limited experimental models for their study. Claudin 5 is a tight junction protein required for blood brain barrier (BBB) and, probably, choroid plexus (CP) structure and function in vertebrates. Here, we show that the gene claudin 5a is the zebrafish orthologue with high fidelity expression, in the BBB and CP barriers, that demonstrates the conservation of the BBB and CP between humans and zebrafish. Expression of claudin 5a correlates with developmental tightening of the BBB and is restricted to a subset of the brain vasculature clearly delineating the BBB. We show that claudin 5a-expressing cells of the CP are ciliated ependymal cells that drive fluid flow in the brain ventricles. Finally, we find that CP development precedes BBB development and that claudin 5a expression occurs simultaneously with angiogenesis. Thus, our novel transgenic zebrafish represents an ideal model to study CNS barrier development and function, critical in understanding the mechanisms underlying CNS barrier function in health and disease. Summary: A novel transgenic zebrafish, using claudin 5a, represents an ideal model to study blood brain barrier and choroid plexus barrier development and function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Martine van Leeuwen
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection control, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases & Immunology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1007MB, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Evans
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Kin Ki Jim
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection control, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Verboom
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection control, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoming Fang
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Bojarczuk
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Jarema Malicki
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Andrew Johnston
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom .,Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Astrid Marijke van der Sar
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection control, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
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21
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Korzh V. Development of brain ventricular system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:375-383. [PMID: 28780589 PMCID: PMC5765195 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The brain ventricular system (BVS) consists of brain ventricles and channels connecting ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The disturbance of CSF flow has been linked to neurodegenerative disease including hydrocephalus, which manifests itself as an abnormal expansion of BVS. This relatively common developmental disorder has been observed in human and domesticated animals and linked to functional deficiency of various cells lineages facing BVS, including the choroid plexus or ependymal cells that generate CSF or the ciliated cells that cilia beating generates CSF flow. To understand the underlying causes of hydrocephalus, several animal models were developed, including rodents (mice, rat, and hamster) and zebrafish. At another side of a spectrum of BVS anomalies there is the "slit-ventricle" syndrome, which develops due to insufficient inflation of BVS. Recent advances in functional genetics of zebrafish brought to light novel genetic elements involved in development of BVS and circulation of CSF. This review aims to reveal common elements of morphologically different BVS of zebrafish as a typical representative of teleosts and other vertebrates and illustrate useful features of the zebrafish model for studies of BVS. Along this line, recent analyses of the two novel zebrafish mutants affecting different subunits of the potassium voltage-gated channels allowed to emphasize an important functional convergence of the evolutionarily conserved elements of protein transport essential for BVS development, which were revealed by the zebrafish and mouse studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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22
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García-Lecea M, Gasanov E, Jedrychowska J, Kondrychyn I, Teh C, You MS, Korzh V. Development of Circumventricular Organs in the Mirror of Zebrafish Enhancer-Trap Transgenics. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:114. [PMID: 29375325 PMCID: PMC5770639 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are small structures lining the cavities of brain ventricular system. They are associated with the semitransparent regions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Hence it is thought that CVOs mediate biochemical signaling and cell exchange between the brain and systemic blood. Their classification is still controversial and development not fully understood largely due to an absence of tissue-specific molecular markers. In a search for molecular determinants of CVOs we studied the green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression pattern in several zebrafish enhancer trap transgenics including Gateways (ET33-E20) that has been instrumental in defining the development of choroid plexus. In Gateways the GFP is expressed in regions of the developing brain outside the choroid plexus, which remain to be characterized. The neuroanatomical and histological analysis suggested that some previously unassigned domains of GFP expression may correspond to at least six other CVOs–the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT), subfornical organ (SFO), paraventricular organ (PVO), pineal (epiphysis), area postrema (AP) and median eminence (ME). Two other CVOs, parapineal and subcommissural organ (SCO) were detected in other enhancer-trap transgenics. Hence enhancer-trap transgenic lines could be instrumental for developmental studies of CVOs in zebrafish and understanding of the molecular mechanism of disease such a hydrocephalus in human. Their future analysis may shed light on general and specific molecular mechanisms that regulate development of CVOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta García-Lecea
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Evgeny Gasanov
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Jedrychowska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Igor Kondrychyn
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Cathleen Teh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - May-Su You
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Cohen N, Chadzinska M. Neuroendocrine-immune interaction: Evolutionarily conserved mechanisms that maintain allostasis in an ever-changing environment. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:2-23. [PMID: 27296493 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
It has now become accepted that the immune system and neuroendocrine system form an integrated part of our physiology. Immunological defense mechanisms act in concert with physiological processes like growth and reproduction, energy intake and metabolism, as well as neuronal development. Not only are psychological and environmental stressors communicated to the immune system, but also, vice versa, the immune response and adaptation to a current pathogen challenge are communicated to the entire body, including the brain, to evoke adaptive responses (e.g., fever, sickness behavior) that ensure allocation of energy to fight the pathogen. This phenomenon is evolutionarily conserved. Hence it is both interesting and important to consider the evolutionary history of this bi-directional neuroendocrine-immune communication to reveal phylogenetically ancient or relatively recently acquired mechanisms. Indeed, such considerations have already disclosed an extensive "common vocabulary" of information pathways as well as molecules and their receptors used by both the neuroendocrine and immune systems. This review focuses on the principal mechanisms of bi-directional communication and the evidence for evolutionary conservation of the important physiological pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicholas Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
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24
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Ayala-Sarmiento AE, Estudillo E, Pérez-Sánchez G, Sierra-Sánchez A, González-Mariscal L, Martínez-Fong D, Segovia J. GAS1 is present in the cerebrospinal fluid and is expressed in the choroid plexus of the adult rat. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:325-36. [PMID: 27225491 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth arrest specific 1 (GAS1) is a GPI-anchored protein that inhibits proliferation when overexpressed in tumors but during development it promotes proliferation and survival of different organs and tissues. This dual ability is caused by its capacity to interact both by inhibiting the signaling induced by the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and by facilitating the activity of the sonic hedgehog pathway. GAS1 is expressed as membrane bound in different organs and as a secreted form by glomerular mesangial cells. In the developing central nervous system, GAS1 is found in neural progenitors; however, it continues to be expressed in the adult brain. Here, we demonstrate that soluble GAS1 is present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and it is expressed in the choroid plexus (CP) of the adult rat, the main producer of CSF. Additionally, we confirm the presence of GAS1 in blood plasma and liver of the adult rat, the principal source of blood plasma proteins. The pattern of expression of GAS1 is perivascular in both the CP and the liver. In vitro studies show that the fibroblast cell line NIH/3T3 expresses one form of GAS1 and releases two soluble forms into the supernatant. Briefly, in the present work, we show the presence of GAS1 in adult rat body fluids focusing in the CSF and the CP, and suggest that secreted GAS1 exists as two different isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto E Ayala-Sarmiento
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN #2508, 07360, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Enrique Estudillo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN #2508, 07360, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN #2508, 07360, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Arturo Sierra-Sánchez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN #2508, 07360, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN #2508, 07360, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Daniel Martínez-Fong
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN #2508, 07360, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - José Segovia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN #2508, 07360, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
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Bueno D, Garcia-Fernàndez J. Evolutionary development of embryonic cerebrospinal fluid composition and regulation: an open research field with implications for brain development and function. Fluids Barriers CNS 2016; 13:5. [PMID: 26979569 PMCID: PMC4793645 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-016-0029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the consolidated field of evolutionary development, there is emerging research on evolutionary aspects of central nervous system development and its implications for adult brain structure and function, including behaviour. The central nervous system is one of the most intriguing systems in complex metazoans, as it controls all body and mind functions. Its failure is responsible for a number of severe and largely incurable diseases, including neurological and neurodegenerative ones. Moreover, the evolution of the nervous system is thought to be a critical step in the adaptive radiation of vertebrates. Brain formation is initiated early during development. Most embryological, genetic and evolutionary studies have focused on brain neurogenesis and regionalisation, including the formation and function of organising centres, and the comparison of homolog gene expression and function among model organisms from different taxa. The architecture of the vertebrate brain primordium also reveals the existence of connected internal cavities, the cephalic vesicles, which in fetuses and adults become the ventricular system of the brain. During embryonic and fetal development, brain cavities and ventricles are filled with a complex, protein-rich fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, CSF has not been widely analysed from either an embryological or evolutionary perspective. Recently, it has been demonstrated in higher vertebrates that embryonic cerebrospinal fluid has key functions in delivering diffusible signals and nutrients to the developing brain, thus contributing to the proliferation, differentiation and survival of neural progenitor cells, and to the expansion and patterning of the brain. Moreover, it has been shown that the composition and homeostasis of CSF are tightly controlled in a time-dependent manner from the closure of the anterior neuropore, just before the initiation of primary neurogenesis, up to the formation of functional choroid plexuses. In this review, we draw together existing literature about the formation, function and homeostatic regulation of embryonic cerebrospinal fluid, from the closure of the anterior neuropore to the formation of functional fetal choroid plexuses, from an evolutionary perspective. The relevance of these processes to the normal functions and diseases of adult brain will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bueno
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Unit of Biomedical, Evolutionary and Developmental Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Unit of Biomedical, Evolutionary and Developmental Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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26
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Tomás J, Santos CRA, Quintela T, Gonçalves I. "Tasting" the cerebrospinal fluid: Another function of the choroid plexus? Neuroscience 2016; 320:160-71. [PMID: 26850994 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) located in brain ventricles, by forming the interface between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is in a privileged position to monitor the composition of these body fluids. Yet, the mechanisms involved in this surveillance system remain to be identified. The taste transduction pathway senses some types of molecules, thereby evaluating the chemical content of fluids, not only in the oral cavity but also in other tissues throughout the body, such as some cell types of the airways, the gastrointestinal tract, testis and skin. Therefore, we hypothesized that the taste transduction pathway could also be operating in the CP to assess the composition of the CSF. We found transcripts for some taste receptors (Tas1r1, Tas1r2, Tas1r3, Tas2r109 and Tas2r144) and for downstream signaling molecules (α-Gustducin, Plcβ2, ItpR3 and TrpM5) that encode this pathway, and confirmed the expression of the corresponding proteins in Wistar rat CP explants and in the CP epithelial cells (CPEC). The functionality of the T2R receptor expressed in CP cells was assessed by calcium imaging, of CPEC stimulated with the bitter compound D-Salicin, which elicited a rise in the intracellular Ca(2+). This effect was diminished in the presence of the bitter receptor blocker Probenecid. In summary, we described the expression of the taste-related components involved in the transduction signaling cascade in CP. Taken together, our results suggest that the taste transduction pathway in CPEC makes use of T2R receptors in the chemical surveillance of the CSF composition, in particular to sense bitter noxious compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tomás
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - C R A Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - T Quintela
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - I Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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