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Ma Q, Chen G, Li Y, Guo Z, Zhang X. The molecular genetics of PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway in the malformations of cortical development. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101021. [PMID: 39006182 PMCID: PMC11245990 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are a group of developmental disorders characterized by abnormal cortical structures caused by genetic or harmful environmental factors. Many kinds of MCD are caused by genetic variation. MCD is the common cause of intellectual disability and intractable epilepsy. With rapid advances in imaging and sequencing technologies, the diagnostic rate of MCD has been increasing, and many potential genes causing MCD have been successively identified. However, the high genetic heterogeneity of MCD makes it challenging to understand the molecular pathogenesis of MCD and to identify effective targeted drugs. Thus, in this review, we outline important events of cortical development. Then we illustrate the progress of molecular genetic studies about MCD focusing on the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway. Finally, we briefly discuss the diagnostic methods, disease models, and therapeutic strategies for MCD. The information will facilitate further research on MCD. Understanding the role of the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway in MCD could lead to a novel strategy for treating MCD-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ma
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
| | - Ying Li
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
| | - Zhenming Guo
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
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2
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Garg R, Endzhievskaya S, Williamson M. B-type Plexins promote the GTPase activity of Ran to affect androgen receptor nuclear translocation in prostate cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:1513-1523. [PMID: 37563360 PMCID: PMC10645588 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to anti-androgen therapy for metastatic prostate cancer is a major clinical problem. Sema3C promotes resistance to androgen withdrawal via its receptor, PlexinB1. Activation of PlexinB1 promotes the ligand-independent nuclear translocation of the androgen receptor (AR), which may contribute to resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. However, the mechanism by which PlexinB1 promotes nuclear translocation is unclear. We show here that PlexinB1 and B2 regulate nuclear import by acting as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) for the small RasGTPase Ran, a key regulator of nuclear trafficking. Purified PlexinB1/B2 protein catalyses the hydrolysis of RanGTP, and mutations in the GAP domain of PlexinB1 inhibit this activity. Activation of PlexinB1/B2 with Sema4D decreases the levels of RanGTP, while PlexinB1 or B2 depletion increases the levels of activated Ran in the cell. Ran directly associates with B-type plexins in a GTP-dependent manner. Sema4D is internalised by endocytosis, and PlexinB1 and Ran display overlapping patterns of expression. Furthermore, Sema4D/PlexinB1-induced AR nuclear translocation is dependent on the GAP domain of PlexinB1 and is blocked by the expression of non-functional Ran mutants. Depletion of PlexinB1 decreases the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio of Ran, indicative of a higher RanGTP/GDP ratio. Plexins may promote the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer through their activity as RanGAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Garg
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sofia Endzhievskaya
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Magali Williamson
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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3
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Klaas M, Mäemets-Allas K, Heinmäe E, Lagus H, Arak T, Eller M, Kingo K, Kankuri E, Jaks V. Olfactomedin-4 improves cutaneous wound healing by promoting skin cell proliferation and migration through POU5F1/OCT4 and ESR1 signalling cascades. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:157. [PMID: 35218417 PMCID: PMC8882121 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Olfactomedin-4 (OLFM4) is an olfactomedin-domain-containing glycoprotein, which regulates cell adhesion, proliferation, gastrointestinal inflammation, innate immunity and cancer metastasis. In the present study we investigated its role in skin regeneration. We found that OLFM4 expression is transiently upregulated in the proliferative phase of cutaneous wound healing in humans as well as in mice. Moreover, a significant increase in OLFM4 expression was detected in the skin of lesional psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation. In vitro experiments demonstrated that OLFM4 selectively stimulated keratinocyte proliferation and increased both keratinocyte and fibroblast migration. Using proteotranscriptomic pathway analysis we revealed that transcription factors POU5F1/OCT4 and ESR1 acted as hubs for OLFM4-induced signalling in keratinocytes. In vivo experiments utilizing mouse splinted full-thickness cutaneous wound healing model showed that application of recombinant OLFM4 protein can significantly improve wound healing efficacy. Taken together, our results suggest that OLFM4 acts as a transiently upregulated inflammatory signal that promotes wound healing by regulating both dermal and epidermal cell compartments of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariliis Klaas
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristina Mäemets-Allas
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elizabeth Heinmäe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Heli Lagus
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Wound Healing Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terje Arak
- Surgery Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Puusepa 8, 50406, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mart Eller
- Surgery Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Puusepa 8, 50406, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Külli Kingo
- Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Raja 31, 50417, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Viljar Jaks
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia. .,Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Raja 31, 50417, Tartu, Estonia.
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4
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Tocco C, Bertacchi M, Studer M. Structural and Functional Aspects of the Neurodevelopmental Gene NR2F1: From Animal Models to Human Pathology. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:767965. [PMID: 34975398 PMCID: PMC8715095 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.767965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly and maturation of the mammalian brain result from an intricate cascade of highly coordinated developmental events, such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Any impairment of this delicate multi-factorial process can lead to complex neurodevelopmental diseases, sharing common pathogenic mechanisms and molecular pathways resulting in multiple clinical signs. A recently described monogenic neurodevelopmental syndrome named Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf Optic Atrophy Syndrome (BBSOAS) is caused by NR2F1 haploinsufficiency. The NR2F1 gene, coding for a transcriptional regulator belonging to the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily, is known to play key roles in several brain developmental processes, from proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors to migration and identity acquisition of neocortical neurons. In a clinical context, the disruption of these cellular processes could underlie the pathogenesis of several symptoms affecting BBSOAS patients, such as intellectual disability, visual impairment, epilepsy, and autistic traits. In this review, we will introduce NR2F1 protein structure, molecular functioning, and expression profile in the developing mouse brain. Then, we will focus on Nr2f1 several functions during cortical development, from neocortical area and cell-type specification to maturation of network activity, hippocampal development governing learning behaviors, assembly of the visual system, and finally establishment of cortico-spinal descending tracts regulating motor execution. Whenever possible, we will link experimental findings in animal or cellular models to corresponding features of the human pathology. Finally, we will highlight some of the unresolved questions on the diverse functions played by Nr2f1 during brain development, in order to propose future research directions. All in all, we believe that understanding BBSOAS mechanisms will contribute to further unveiling pathophysiological mechanisms shared by several neurodevelopmental disorders and eventually lead to effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tocco
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
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5
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Rnd3 is necessary for the correct oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in the central nervous system. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:829-841. [PMID: 34724108 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rho small GTPases are proteins with key roles in the development of the central nervous system. Rnd proteins are a subfamily of Rho GTPases, characterized by their constitutive activity. Rnd3/RhoE is a member of this subfamily ubiquitously expressed in the CNS, whose specific functions during brain development are still not well defined. Since other Rho proteins have been linked to the myelination process, we study here the expression and function of Rnd3 in oligodendrocyte development. We have found that Rnd3 is expressed in a subset of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and of mature oligodendrocytes both in vivo and in vitro. We have analyzed the role of Rnd3 in myelination using mice lacking Rnd3 expression (Rnd3gt/gt mice), showing that these mice exhibit hypomyelination in the brain and a reduction in the number of mature and total oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum and striatum. The mutants display a decreased expression of several myelin proteins and a reduction in the number of myelinated axons. In addition, myelinated axons exhibit thinner myelin sheaths. In vitro experiments using Rnd3gt/gt mutant mice showed that the differentiation of the precursor cells is altered in the absence of Rnd3 expression, suggesting that Rnd3 is directly required for the differentiation of oligodendrocytes and, in consequence, for the correct myelination of the CNS. This work shows Rnd3 as a new protein involved in oligodendrocyte maturation, opening new avenues to further study the function of Rnd3 in the development of the central nervous system and its possible involvement in demyelinating diseases.
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Kerloch T, Farrugia F, Bouit L, Maître M, Terral G, Koehl M, Mortessagne P, Heng JIT, Blanchard M, Doat H, Leste-Lasserre T, Goron A, Gonzales D, Perrais D, Guillemot F, Abrous DN, Pacary E. The atypical Rho GTPase Rnd2 is critical for dentate granule neuron development and anxiety-like behavior during adult but not neonatal neurogenesis. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7280-7295. [PMID: 34561615 PMCID: PMC8872985 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the central role of Rho GTPases in neuronal development, their functions in adult hippocampal neurogenesis remain poorly explored. Here, by using a retrovirus-based loss-of-function approach in vivo, we show that the atypical Rho GTPase Rnd2 is crucial for survival, positioning, somatodendritic morphogenesis, and functional maturation of adult-born dentate granule neurons. Interestingly, most of these functions are specific to granule neurons generated during adulthood since the deletion of Rnd2 in neonatally-born granule neurons only affects dendritogenesis. In addition, suppression of Rnd2 in adult-born dentate granule neurons increases anxiety-like behavior whereas its deletion in pups has no such effect, a finding supporting the adult neurogenesis hypothesis of anxiety disorders. Thus, our results are in line with the view that adult neurogenesis is not a simple continuation of earlier processes from development, and establish a causal relationship between Rnd2 expression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kerloch
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniv. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Fanny Farrugia
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniv. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lou Bouit
- grid.462202.00000 0004 0382 7329Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marlène Maître
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XLaser microdissection Facility, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Geoffrey Terral
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniv. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Muriel Koehl
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniv. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Mortessagne
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniv. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Julian Ik-Tsen Heng
- grid.1032.00000 0004 0375 4078Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, 6102 Bentley, WA Australia
| | - Mylène Blanchard
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniv. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Doat
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XLaser microdissection Facility, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France ,grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XTranscriptome Facility, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Leste-Lasserre
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XTranscriptome Facility, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Adeline Goron
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniv. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Delphine Gonzales
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XGenotyping Facility, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - David Perrais
- grid.462202.00000 0004 0382 7329Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - François Guillemot
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT UK
| | - Djoher Nora Abrous
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniv. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Emilie Pacary
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300, Bordeaux, France.
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7
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Abstract
Rnd proteins constitute a subfamily of Rho GTPases represented in mammals by Rnd1, Rnd2 and Rnd3. Despite their GTPase structure, their specific feature is the inability to hydrolyse GTP-bound nucleotide. This aspect makes them atypical among Rho GTPases. Rnds are regulated for their expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels and they are activated through post-translational modifications and interactions with other proteins. Rnd proteins are mainly involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and cell proliferation. Whereas Rnd3 is ubiquitously expressed, Rnd1 and 2 are tissue-specific. Increasing data has described their important role during development and diseases. Herein, we describe their involvement in physiological and pathological conditions with a focus on the neuronal and vascular systems, and summarize their implications in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Basbous
- INSERM, BaRITOn, U1053, F-33000, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Roberta Azzarelli
- Department of Biology, Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Emilie Pacary
- INSERM, U1215 - Neurocentre Magendie, F-33077, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Violaine Moreau
- INSERM, BaRITOn, U1053, F-33000, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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8
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Nicole O, Pacary E. CaMKIIβ in Neuronal Development and Plasticity: An Emerging Candidate in Brain Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197272. [PMID: 33019657 PMCID: PMC7582470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a ubiquitous and central player in Ca2+ signaling that is best known for its functions in the brain. In particular, the α isoform of CaMKII has been the subject of intense research and it has been established as a central regulator of neuronal plasticity. In contrast, little attention has been paid to CaMKIIβ, the other predominant brain isoform that interacts directly with the actin cytoskeleton, and the functions of CaMKIIβ in this organ remain largely unexplored. However, recently, the perturbation of CaMKIIβ expression has been associated with multiple neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental diseases, highlighting CAMK2B as a gene of interest. Herein, after highlighting the main structural and expression differences between the α and β isoforms, we will review the specific functions of CaMKIIβ, as described so far, in neuronal development and plasticity, as well as its potential implication in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Nicole
- CNRS, UMR5293 Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Emilie Pacary
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence:
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9
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Kaur N, Han W, Li Z, Madrigal MP, Shim S, Pochareddy S, Gulden FO, Li M, Xu X, Xing X, Takeo Y, Li Z, Lu K, Imamura Kawasawa Y, Ballester-Lurbe B, Moreno-Bravo JA, Chédotal A, Terrado J, Pérez-Roger I, Koleske AJ, Sestan N. Neural Stem Cells Direct Axon Guidance via Their Radial Fiber Scaffold. Neuron 2020; 107:1197-1211.e9. [PMID: 32707082 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells directly or indirectly generate all neurons and macroglial cells and guide migrating neurons by using a palisade-like scaffold made of their radial fibers. Here, we describe an unexpected role for the radial fiber scaffold in directing corticospinal and other axons at the junction between the striatum and globus pallidus. The maintenance of this scaffold, and consequently axon pathfinding, is dependent on the expression of an atypical RHO-GTPase, RND3/RHOE, together with its binding partner ARHGAP35/P190A, a RHO GTPase-activating protein, in the radial glia-like neural stem cells within the ventricular zone of the medial ganglionic eminence. This role is independent of RND3 and ARHGAP35 expression in corticospinal neurons, where they regulate dendritic spine formation, axon elongation, and pontine midline crossing in a FEZF2-dependent manner. The prevalence of neural stem cell scaffolds and their expression of RND3 and ARHGAP35 suggests that these observations might be broadly relevant for axon guidance and neural circuit formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjot Kaur
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Wenqi Han
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Graduate Program in Histology and Embryology, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - M Pilar Madrigal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Veterinary School, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sungbo Shim
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sirisha Pochareddy
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Forrest O Gulden
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mingfeng Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xuming Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xiaojun Xing
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Genome Editing Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yutaka Takeo
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kangrong Lu
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yuka Imamura Kawasawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Begoña Ballester-Lurbe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Veterinary School, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - José Terrado
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Veterinary School, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pérez-Roger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Veterinary School, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Anthony J Koleske
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Departments of Genetics, Psychiatry, and Comparative Medicine, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, and Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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10
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Garg R, Koo CY, Infante E, Giacomini C, Ridley AJ, Morris JDH. Rnd3 interacts with TAO kinases and contributes to mitotic cell rounding and spindle positioning. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs235895. [PMID: 32041905 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.235895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rnd3 is an atypical Rho family protein that is constitutively GTP bound, and acts on membranes to induce loss of actin stress fibers and cell rounding. Phosphorylation of Rnd3 promotes 14-3-3 binding and its relocation to the cytosol. Here, we show that Rnd3 binds to the thousand-and-one amino acid kinases TAOK1 and TAOK2 in vitro and in cells. TAOK1 and TAOK2 can phosphorylate serine residues 210, 218 and 240 near the C-terminus of Rnd3, and induce Rnd3 translocation from the plasma membrane to the cytosol. TAOKs are activated catalytically during mitosis and Rnd3 phosphorylation on serine 210 increases in dividing cells. Rnd3 depletion by RNAi inhibits mitotic cell rounding and spindle centralization, and delays breakdown of the intercellular bridge between two daughter cells. Our results show that TAOKs bind, phosphorylate and relocate Rnd3 to the cytosol and that Rnd3 contributes to mitotic cell rounding, spindle positioning and cytokinesis. Rnd3 can therefore participate in the regulation of early and late mitosis and may also act downstream of TAOKs to affect the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Garg
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Chuay-Yeng Koo
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Elvira Infante
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Caterina Giacomini
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Anne J Ridley
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jonathan D H Morris
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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11
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Xu Z, Chen Y, Chen Y. Spatiotemporal Regulation of Rho GTPases in Neuronal Migration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060568. [PMID: 31185627 PMCID: PMC6627650 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is essential for the orchestration of brain development and involves several contiguous steps: interkinetic nuclear movement (INM), multipolar–bipolar transition, locomotion, and translocation. Growing evidence suggests that Rho GTPases, including RhoA, Rac, Cdc42, and the atypical Rnd members, play critical roles in neuronal migration by regulating both actin and microtubule cytoskeletal components. This review focuses on the spatiotemporal-specific regulation of Rho GTPases as well as their regulators and effectors in distinct steps during the neuronal migration process. Their roles in bridging extracellular signals and cytoskeletal dynamics to provide optimal structural support to the migrating neurons will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyan Xu
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuewen Chen
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, China.
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Bertacchi M, Parisot J, Studer M. The pleiotropic transcriptional regulator COUP-TFI plays multiple roles in neural development and disease. Brain Res 2018; 1705:75-94. [PMID: 29709504 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are expressed in a dynamic fashion both in time and space during brain development, and exert their roles by activating a cascade of multiple target genes. This implies that understanding the precise function of a transcription factor becomes a challenging task. In this review, we will focus on COUP-TFI (or NR2F1), a nuclear receptor belonging to the superfamily of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptors, and considered to be one of the major transcriptional regulators orchestrating cortical arealization, cell-type specification and maturation. Recent data have unraveled the multi-faceted functions of COUP-TFI in the development of several mouse brain structures, including the neocortex, hippocampus and ganglionic eminences. Despite NR2F1 mutations and deletions in humans have been linked to a complex neurodevelopmental disease mainly associated to optic atrophy and intellectual disability, its role during the formation of the retina and optic nerve remains unclear. In light of its major influence in cortical development, we predict that its haploinsufficiency might be the cause of other cognitive diseases, not identified so far. Mouse models offer a unique opportunity of dissecting COUP-TFI function in different regions during brain assembly; hence, the importance of comparing and discussing common points linking mouse models to human patients' symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bertacchi
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.
| | - Josephine Parisot
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Michèle Studer
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.
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Type 5 phosphodiesterase regulates glioblastoma multiforme aggressiveness and clinical outcome. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13223-13239. [PMID: 28099939 PMCID: PMC5355091 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5), a cGMP-specific hydrolytic enzyme, is frequently altered in human cancer, but its specific role in tumorigenesis remains controversial. Herein, by analyzing a cohort of 69 patients affected by glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) who underwent chemo- and radiotherapy after surgical resection of the tumor, we found that PDE5 was strongly expressed in cancer cells in about 50% of the patients. Retrospective analysis indicated that high PDE5 expression in GBM cells significantly correlated with longer overall survival of patients. Furthermore, silencing of endogenous PDE5 by short hairpin lentiviral transduction (sh-PDE5) in the T98G GBM cell line induced activation of an invasive phenotype. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of PDE5 activity strongly enhanced cell motility and invasiveness in T98G cells. This invasive phenotype was accompanied by increased secretion of metallo-proteinase 2 (MMP-2) and activation of protein kinase G (PKG). Moreover, PDE5 silencing markedly enhanced DNA damage repair and cell survival following irradiation. The enhanced radio-resistance of sh-PDE5 GBM cells was mediated by an increase of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) of cellular proteins and could be counteracted by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Conversely, PDE5 overexpression in PDE5-negative U87G cells significantly reduced MMP-2 secretion, inhibited their invasive potential and interfered with DNA damage repair and cell survival following irradiation. These studies identify PDE5 as a favorable prognostic marker for GBM, which negatively affects cell invasiveness and survival to ionizing radiation. Moreover, our work highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting PKG and/or PARP activity in this currently incurable subset of brain cancers.
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Azzarelli R, Oleari R, Lettieri A, Andre' V, Cariboni A. In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Techniques to Study Neuronal Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7050048. [PMID: 28448448 PMCID: PMC5447930 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7050048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a fundamental biological process that underlies proper brain development and neuronal circuit formation. In the developing cerebral cortex, distinct neuronal populations, producing excitatory, inhibitory and modulatory neurotransmitters, are generated in different germinative areas and migrate along various routes to reach their final positions within the cortex. Different technical approaches and experimental models have been adopted to study the mechanisms regulating neuronal migration in the cortex. In this review, we will discuss the most common in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo techniques to visualize and study cortical neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Azzarelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK.
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Antonella Lettieri
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Valentina Andre'
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9, Milan 20133, Italy.
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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Blom M, Reis K, Heldin J, Kreuger J, Aspenström P. The atypical Rho GTPase RhoD is a regulator of actin cytoskeleton dynamics and directed cell migration. Exp Cell Res 2017; 352:255-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Rho GTPases have many and diverse roles in cell physiology, and some family members are very well studied, including RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42. But many are relatively neglected, and fundamental questions about their mechanisms and functions remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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17
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Gladwyn-Ng I, Huang L, Ngo L, Li SS, Qu Z, Vanyai HK, Cullen HD, Davis JM, Heng JIT. Bacurd1/Kctd13 and Bacurd2/Tnfaip1 are interacting partners to Rnd proteins which influence the long-term positioning and dendritic maturation of cerebral cortical neurons. Neural Dev 2016; 11:7. [PMID: 26969432 PMCID: PMC4788816 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-016-0062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of neural circuits within the embryonic cerebral cortex relies on the timely production of neurons, their positioning within the embryonic cerebral cortex as well as their terminal differentiation and dendritic spine connectivity. The RhoA GTPases Rnd2 and Rnd3 are important for neurogenesis and cell migration within the embryonic cortex (Nat Commun 4:1635, 2013), and we recently identified the BTB/POZ domain-containing Adaptor for Cul3-mediated RhoA Degradation family member Bacurd2 (also known as Tnfaip1) as an interacting partner to Rnd2 for the migration of embryonic mouse cortical neurons (Neural Dev 10:9, 2015). Findings We have extended this work and report that Bacurd1/Kctd13 and Bacurd2/Tnfaip1 are interacting partners to Rnd2 and Rnd3 in vitro. Given that these genes are expressed during cortical development, we performed a series of in utero electroporation studies in mice and found that disruptions to Bacurd1/Kctd13 or Bacurd2/Tnfaip1 expression impair the long-term positioning of E14.5-born cortical neurons within the postnatal (P17) mouse cerebral cortex. We also find that forced expression of Bacurd1/Kctd13 and Bacurd2/Tnfaip1 alters the branching and dendritic spine properties of layer II/III projection neurons. Conclusions We identify Bacurd1/Kctd13 and Bacurd2/Tnfaip1 as interacting partners to Rnd proteins which influence the development of cortical neurons. Their neurodevelopmental functions are likely to be relevant to human brain development and disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-016-0062-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Gladwyn-Ng
- EMBL-Australia, The Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, 6 Verdun St, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,The Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley Avenue, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Lieven Huang
- EMBL-Australia, The Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Linh Ngo
- EMBL-Australia, The Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, 6 Verdun St, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,The Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley Avenue, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Shan Shan Li
- EMBL-Australia, The Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Zhengdong Qu
- EMBL-Australia, The Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Hannah Kate Vanyai
- The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, 6 Verdun St, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,The Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley Avenue, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Hayley Daniella Cullen
- The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, 6 Verdun St, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,The Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley Avenue, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - John Michael Davis
- EMBL-Australia, The Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Julian Ik-Tsen Heng
- EMBL-Australia, The Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, 6 Verdun St, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia. .,The Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley Avenue, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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18
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Ridley AJ. Rho GTPase signalling in cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 36:103-12. [PMID: 26363959 PMCID: PMC4728192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cells migrate in multiple different ways depending on their environment, which includes the extracellular matrix composition, interactions with other cells, and chemical stimuli. For all types of cell migration, Rho GTPases play a central role, although the relative contribution of each Rho GTPase depends on the environment and cell type. Here, I review recent advances in our understanding of how Rho GTPases contribute to different types of migration, comparing lamellipodium-driven versus bleb-driven migration modes. I also describe how cells migrate across the endothelium. In addition to Rho, Rac and Cdc42, which are well known to regulate migration, I discuss the roles of other less-well characterized members of the Rho family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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19
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Abstract
Cells migrate in multiple different ways depending on their environment, which includes the extracellular matrix composition, interactions with other cells, and chemical stimuli. For all types of cell migration, Rho GTPases play a central role, although the relative contribution of each Rho GTPase depends on the environment and cell type. Here, I review recent advances in our understanding of how Rho GTPases contribute to different types of migration, comparing lamellipodium-driven versus bleb-driven migration modes. I also describe how cells migrate across the endothelium. In addition to Rho, Rac and Cdc42, which are well known to regulate migration, I discuss the roles of other less-well characterized members of the Rho family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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