1
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Aston SA, Caffo BS, Bhasin H, Moran TH, Tamashiro KL. Timing matters: The contribution of running during different periods of the light/dark cycle to susceptibility to activity-based anorexia in rats. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114349. [PMID: 37709000 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) exhibit dangerous weight loss due to restricted eating and hyperactivity. Those with AN are predominantly women and most cases have an age of onset during adolescence. Activity-based anorexia (ABA) is a rodent behavioral paradigm that recapitulates many of the features of AN including restricted food intake and hyperactivity, resulting in precipitous weight loss. In addition, there is enhanced sensitivity to the paradigm during adolescence. In ABA, animals are given time-restricted access to food and unlimited access to a running wheel. Under these conditions, most animals increase their running and decrease their food intake resulting in precipitous weight loss until they either die or researchers discontinue the paradigm. Some animals learn to balance their food intake and energy expenditure and are able to stabilize and eventually reverse their weight loss. For these studies, adolescent (postnatal day 33-42), female Sprague Dawley (n = 68) rats were placed under ABA conditions (unlimited access to a running wheel and 1.5 hrs access to food) until they either reached 25% body weight loss or for 7 days. 70.6% of subjects reached 25% body weight loss before 7 days and were designated susceptible to ABA while 29.4% animals were resistant to the paradigm and did not achieve the weight loss criterion. We used discrete time survival analysis to investigate the contribution of food intake and running behavior during distinct time periods both prior to and during ABA to the likelihood of reaching the weight loss criterion and dropping out of ABA. Our analyses revealed risk factors, including total running and dark cycle running, that increased the likelihood of dropping out of the paradigm, as well as protective factors, including age at the start of ABA, the percent of total running exhibited as food anticipatory activity (FAA), and food intake, that reduced the likelihood of dropping out. These measures had predictive value whether taken before or during exposure to ABA conditions. Our findings suggest that certain running and food intake behaviors may be indicative of a phenotype that predisposes animals to susceptibility to ABA. They also provide evidence that running during distinct time periods may reflect functioning of distinct neural circuitry and differentially influence susceptibility and resistance to the paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Andrew Aston
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
| | - Brian S Caffo
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Harshit Bhasin
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Currently: Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Kellie L Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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2
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Scherma M, Palmas MF, Pisanu A, Masia P, Dedoni S, Camoglio C, Fratta W, Carta AR, Fadda P. Induction of Activity-Regulated Cytoskeleton-Associated Protein and c-Fos Expression in an Animal Model of Anorexia Nervosa. Nutrients 2023; 15:3830. [PMID: 37686862 PMCID: PMC10490422 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex eating disorder characterized by reduced caloric intake to achieve body-weight loss. Furthermore, over-exercise is commonly reported. In recent years, animal models of AN have provided evidence for neuroplasticity changes in specific brain areas of the mesocorticolimbic circuit, which controls a multitude of functions including reward, emotion, motivation, and cognition. The activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) is an immediate early gene that modulates several forms of synaptic plasticity and has been linked to neuropsychiatric illness. Since the role of Arc in AN has never been investigated, in this study we evaluated whether the anorexic-like phenotype reproduced by the activity-based anorexia (ABA) model may impact its expression in selected brain regions that belong to the mesocorticolimbic circuit (i.e., prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus). The marker of neuronal activation c-Fos was also assessed. We found that the expression of both markers increased in all the analyzed brain areas of ABA rats in comparison to the control groups. Moreover, a negative correlation between the density of Arc-positive cells and body-weight loss was found. Together, our findings suggest the importance of Arc and neuroplasticity changes within the brain circuits involved in dysfunctional behaviors associated with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Scherma
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.F.P.); (S.D.); (C.C.); (W.F.); (A.R.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Maria Francesca Palmas
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.F.P.); (S.D.); (C.C.); (W.F.); (A.R.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Augusta Pisanu
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council (CNR), 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Paolo Masia
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.F.P.); (S.D.); (C.C.); (W.F.); (A.R.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Simona Dedoni
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.F.P.); (S.D.); (C.C.); (W.F.); (A.R.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Chiara Camoglio
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.F.P.); (S.D.); (C.C.); (W.F.); (A.R.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Walter Fratta
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.F.P.); (S.D.); (C.C.); (W.F.); (A.R.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Anna R. Carta
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.F.P.); (S.D.); (C.C.); (W.F.); (A.R.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Paola Fadda
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.F.P.); (S.D.); (C.C.); (W.F.); (A.R.C.); (P.F.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council (CNR), 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
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3
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Sutton Hickey AK, Duane SC, Mickelsen LE, Karolczak EO, Shamma AM, Skillings A, Li C, Krashes MJ. AgRP neurons coordinate the mitigation of activity-based anorexia. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1622-1635. [PMID: 36577844 PMCID: PMC10782560 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01932-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a debilitating and deadly disease characterized by low body mass index due to diminished food intake, and oftentimes concurrent hyperactivity. A high percentage of AN behavioral and metabolic phenotypes can be replicated in rodents given access to a voluntary running wheel and subject to food restriction, termed activity-based anorexia (ABA). Despite the well-documented bodyweight loss observed in AN human patients and ABA rodents, much less is understood regarding the neurobiological underpinnings of these maladaptive behaviors. Hunger-promoting hypothalamic agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons have been well characterized in their ability to regulate appetite, yet much less is known regarding their activity and function in the mediation of food intake during ABA. Here, feeding microstructure analysis revealed ABA mice decreased food intake due to increased interpellet interval retrieval and diminished meal number. Longitudinal activity recordings of AgRP neurons in ABA animals exhibited a maladaptive inhibitory response to food, independent of basal activity changes. We then demonstrated that ABA development or progression can be mitigated by chemogenetic AgRP activation through the reprioritization of food intake (increased meal number) over hyperactivity, but only during periods of food availability. These results elucidate a potential neural target for the amelioration of behavioral maladaptations present in AN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ames K Sutton Hickey
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Sean C Duane
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura E Mickelsen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eva O Karolczak
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ahmed M Shamma
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna Skillings
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chia Li
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Krashes
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Schéle E, Stoltenborg I, Xie A, Peris-Sampedro F, Adan RAH, Dickson SL. Engagement of the brain orexin system in activity-based anorexia behaviour in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 70:63-71. [PMID: 36889178 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
While excessive physical activity is common amongst anorexia nervosa (AN) patients, contributing to their low body weight, little is known about the underlying biology and effective treatments targeting the hyperactivity are lacking. Given the role of orexin in arousal, physical activity and energy expenditure, we sought to investigate i) the extent to which orexin neurons are activated during severe anorectic state in the activity-based anorexia (ABA) mouse model, and ii) if the dual orexin receptor antagonist suvorexant can reduce physical activity during ABA. The Fos-TRAP2 technique enable us to visually capture active neurons (Fos expressing) during severe anorectic state in the ABA mouse model, and by immunohistochemistry, determine the extent to which these active neurons are orexin positive. In addition, suvorexant was administered peripherally to ABA mice and running activity was monitored. We found that a large population of orexin neurons in the hypothalamus are activated by ABA and that peripheral administration of suvorexant decreases food anticipatory activity in these mice. We conclude that orexin may be a suitable target to treat hyperactivity in AN and recommend further studies to examine the efficacy of suvorexant in aiding AN patients to control their drive for hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Schéle
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Iris Stoltenborg
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Xie
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fiona Peris-Sampedro
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roger A H Adan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, 3584 CJ Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne L Dickson
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Frintrop L, Trinh S, Seitz J, Kipp M. The Role of Glial Cells in Regulating Feeding Behavior: Potential Relevance to Anorexia Nervosa. J Clin Med 2021; 11:jcm11010186. [PMID: 35011927 PMCID: PMC8745326 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating behavior is controlled by hypothalamic circuits in which agouti-related peptide-expressing neurons when activated in the arcuate nucleus, promote food intake while pro-opiomelanocortin-producing neurons promote satiety. The respective neurotransmitters signal to other parts of the hypothalamus such as the paraventricular nucleus as well as several extra-hypothalamic brain regions to orchestrate eating behavior. This complex process of food intake may be influenced by glia cells, in particular astrocytes and microglia. Recent studies showed that GFAP+ astrocyte cell density is reduced in the central nervous system of an experimental anorexia nervosa model. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that causes, among the well-known somatic symptoms, brain volume loss which was associated with neuropsychological deficits while the underlying pathophysiology is unknown. In this review article, we summarize the findings of glia cells in anorexia nervosa animal models and try to deduce which role glia cells might play in the pathophysiology of eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa. A better understanding of glia cell function in the regulation of food intake and eating behavior might lead to the identification of new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Frintrop
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-381-494-8406
| | - Stefanie Trinh
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Jochen Seitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
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6
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Beeler JA, Mourra D, Zanca RM, Kalmbach A, Gellman C, Klein BY, Ravenelle R, Serrano P, Moore H, Rayport S, Mingote S, Burghardt NS. Vulnerable and Resilient Phenotypes in a Mouse Model of Anorexia Nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:829-842. [PMID: 32950210 PMCID: PMC7855473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased physical activity is a common feature of anorexia nervosa (AN). Although high activity levels are associated with greater risk of developing AN, particularly when combined with dieting, most individuals who diet and exercise maintain a healthy body weight. It is unclear why some individuals develop AN while most do not. A rodent model of resilience and vulnerability to AN would be valuable to research. Dopamine, which is believed to play a crucial role in AN, regulates both reward and activity and may modulate vulnerability. METHODS Adolescent and young adult female C57BL/6N mice were tested in the activity-based anorexia (ABA) model, with an extended period of food restriction in adult mice. ABA was also tested in dopamine transporter knockdown mice and wild-type littermates. Mice that adapted to conditions and maintained a stable body weight were characterized as resilient. RESULTS In adults, vulnerable and resilient phenotypes emerged in both the ABA and food-restricted mice without wheels. Vulnerable mice exhibited a pronounced increase in running throughout the light cycle, which dramatically peaked prior to requiring removal from the experiment. Resilient mice exhibited an adaptive decrease in total running, appropriate food anticipatory activity, and increased consumption, thereby achieving stable body weight. Hyperdopaminergia accelerated progression of the vulnerable phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our demonstration of distinct resilient and vulnerable phenotypes in mouse ABA significantly advances the utility of the model for identifying genes and neural substrates mediating AN risk and resilience. Modulation of dopamine may play a central role in the underlying circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A. Beeler
- Dept. of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, Flushing, NY, 11367 USA
| | - Devry Mourra
- Dept. of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, Flushing, NY, 11367 USA
| | - Roseanna M. Zanca
- Dept. of Psychology, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10065 USA
| | - Abigail Kalmbach
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Celia Gellman
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Molecular Therapeutics, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Benjamin Y. Klein
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Developmental Neuroscience, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10031 USA,Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Peter Serrano
- Dept. of Psychology, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10065 USA
| | - Holly Moore
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Systems Neuroscience, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA,National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephen Rayport
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Molecular Therapeutics, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Susana Mingote
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Molecular Therapeutics, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA,Advanced Science Research Center, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10031 USA
| | - Nesha S. Burghardt
- Dept. of Psychology, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10065 USA,Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
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Spadini S, Ferro M, Lamanna J, Malgaroli A. Activity-based anorexia animal model: a review of the main neurobiological findings. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:123. [PMID: 34600568 PMCID: PMC8487535 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genesis of anorexia nervosa (AN), a severe eating disorder with a pervasive effect on many brain functions such as attention, emotions, reward processing, cognition and motor control, has not yet been understood. Since our current knowledge of the genetic aspects of AN is limited, we are left with a large and diversified number of biological, psychological and environmental risk factors, called into question as potential triggers of this chronic condition with a high relapse rate. One of the most valid and used animal models for AN is the activity-based anorexia (ABA), which recapitulates important features of the human condition. This model is generated from naïve rodents by a self-motivated caloric restriction, where a fixed schedule food delivery induces spontaneous increased physical activity. AIM In this review, we sought to provide a summary of the experimental research conducted using the ABA model in the pursuit of potential neurobiological mechanism(s) underlying AN. METHOD The experimental work presented here includes evidence for neuroanatomical and neurophysiological changes in several brain regions as well as for the dysregulation of specific neurochemical synaptic and neurohormonal pathways. RESULTS The most likely hypothesis for the mechanism behind the development of the ABA phenotype relates to an imbalance of the neural circuitry that mediates reward processing. Evidence collected here suggests that ABA animals show a large set of alterations, involving regions whose functions extend way beyond the control of reward mechanisms and eating habits. Hence, we cannot exclude a primary role of these alterations from a mechanistic theory of ABA induction. CONCLUSIONS These findings are not sufficient to solve such a major enigma in neuroscience, still they could be used to design ad hoc further experimental investigation. The prospect is that, since treatment of AN is still challenging, the ABA model could be more effectively used to shed light on the complex AN neurobiological framework, thus supporting the future development of therapeutic strategies but also the identification of biomarkers and diagnostic tools. Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a severe eating disorder with a dramatic effect on many functions of our brain, such as attention, emotions, cognition and motion control. Since our current knowledge of the genetic aspects behind the development of AN is still limited, many biological, psychological and environmental factors must be taken into account as potential triggers of this condition. One of the most valid animal models for studying AN is the activity-based anorexia (ABA). In this model, rodents spontaneously limit food intake and start performing increased physical activity on a running wheel, a result of the imposition of a fixed time schedule for food delivery. In this review, we provide a detailed summary of the experimental research conducted using the ABA model, which includes extended evidence for changes in the anatomy and function of the brain of ABA rodents. The hope is that such integrated view will support the design of future experiments that will shed light on the complex brain mechanisms behind AN. Such advanced knowledge is crucial to find new, effective strategies for both the early diagnosis of AN and for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Spadini
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Ferro
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lamanna
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Malgaroli
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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8
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Sato M, Minabe S, Sakono T, Magata F, Nakamura S, Watanabe Y, Inoue N, Uenoyama Y, Tsukamura H, Matsuda F. Morphological Analysis of the Hindbrain Glucose Sensor-Hypothalamic Neural Pathway Activated by Hindbrain Glucoprivation. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6308440. [PMID: 34161572 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lowered glucose availability, sensed by the hindbrain, has been suggested to enhance gluconeogenesis and food intake as well as suppress reproductive function. In fact, our previous histological and in vitro studies suggest that hindbrain ependymal cells function as a glucose sensor. The present study aimed to clarify the hindbrain glucose sensor-hypothalamic neural pathway activated in response to hindbrain glucoprivation to mediate counterregulatory physiological responses. Administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), an inhibitor of glucose utilization, into the fourth ventricle (4V) of male rats for 0.5 hour induced messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of c-fos, a marker for cellular activation, in ependymal cells in the 4V, but not in the lateral ventricle, the third ventricle or the central canal without a significant change in blood glucose and testosterone levels. Administration of 2DG into the 4V for 1 hour significantly increased blood glucose levels, food intake, and decreased blood testosterone levels. Simultaneously, the expression of c-Fos protein was detected in the 4V ependymal cells; dopamine β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells in the C1, C2, and A6 regions; neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA-positive cells in the C2; corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA-positive cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN); and NPY mRNA-positive cells in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Taken together, these results suggest that lowered glucose availability, sensed by 4V ependymal cells, activates hindbrain catecholaminergic and/or NPY neurons followed by CRH neurons in the PVN and NPY neurons in the ARC, thereby leading to counterregulatory responses, such as an enhancement of gluconeogenesis, increased food intake, and suppression of sex steroid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marimo Sato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shiori Minabe
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sakono
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Fumie Magata
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Sho Nakamura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Youki Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Fuko Matsuda
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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9
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Beeler JA, Burghardt NS. Commentary on Vulnerability and Resilience to Activity-Based Anorexia and the Role of Dopamine. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 2:21-28. [PMID: 33768216 PMCID: PMC7990270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Activity-based anorexia (ABA) is a commonly used rodent model of anorexia nervosa that is based on observations made in rats decades ago. In recently published work, we describe using this paradigm to model vulnerability and resilience to anorexia nervosa in mice, where vulnerability is characterized by hyperactivity and life-threatening weight loss and resilience is characterized by adaptation and weight stabilization. Using genetically modified hyperdopaminergic mice, we also demonstrate that increased dopamine augments vulnerability to ABA. Here, we briefly review our findings and discuss how obtaining vulnerable and resilient phenotypes enhances utility of the ABA model for understanding the neurobiological basis of anorexia nervosa. We comment on our dopamine findings and close by discussing implications for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A. Beeler
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY, 11367 USA,Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016 USA,Department of Biology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016 USA,CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016 USA,Correspondence should be addressed to Jeff A Beeler; , Nesha Burghardt;
| | - Nesha S. Burghardt
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY, 10065 USA,Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016 USA,CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016 USA,Correspondence should be addressed to Jeff A Beeler; , Nesha Burghardt;
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10
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Scharner S, Stengel A. Animal Models for Anorexia Nervosa-A Systematic Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:596381. [PMID: 33551774 PMCID: PMC7854692 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.596381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image which usually leads to low caloric intake and hyperactivity. The underlying mechanism and pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa is still poorly understood. In order to learn more about the underlying pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa and to find further possible treatment options, several animal models mimicking anorexia nervosa have been developed. The aim of this review is to systematically search different databases and provide an overview of existing animal models and to discuss the current knowledge gained from animal models of anorexia nervosa. For the systematic data search, the Pubmed—Medline database, Embase database, and Web of Science database were searched. After removal of duplicates and the systematic process of selection, 108 original research papers were included in this systematic review. One hundred and six studies were performed with rodents and 2 on monkeys. Eighteen different animal models for anorexia nervosa were used in these studies. Parameters assessed in many studies were body weight, food intake, physical activity, cessation of the estrous cycle in female animals, behavioral changes, metabolic and hormonal alterations. The most commonly used animal model (75 of the studies) is the activity-based anorexia model in which typically young rodents are exposed to time-reduced access to food (a certain number of hours a day) with unrestricted access to a running wheel. Of the genetic animal models, one that is of particular interest is the anx/anx mice model. Animal models have so far contributed many findings to the understanding of mechanisms of hunger and satiety, physical activity and cognition in an underweight state and other mechanisms relevant for anorexia nervosa in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Scharner
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Grosser J, Hofmann T, Stengel A, Zeeck A, Winter S, Correll CU, Haas V. Psychological and nutritional correlates of objectively assessed physical activity in patients with anorexia nervosa. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2020; 28:559-570. [PMID: 32613696 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) plays a role in the course of anorexia nervosa (AN). OBJECTIVE To assess the association between PA, nutritional status and psychological parameters in patients with AN. METHOD Using a wearable activity monitor, PA was assessed in 60 female AN inpatients, by step count and time spent in 4 metabolic equivalent (MET)-intensity levels: sedentary behaviour, light, moderate and vigorous PA. In addition, BMI, psychological (patient-reported outcome questionnaires) and nutritional parameters (body fat, energy and macronutrient intake) were assessed. RESULTS The study population spent little time in vigorous PA. BMI on admission and discharge was higher when more time was spent in sedentary behaviour, and lower with more time spent in light PA. Relationships between PA and patient-reported outcomes were weak and limited to an association between vigorous PA and compulsiveness. Low fat mass was associated with more time spent in light PA, while subjects with higher step counts showed less intake of energy, carbohydrates and fat. CONCLUSION The relationship between inadequate food intake and increased PA in patients with AN requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Grosser
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Hofmann
- Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Almut Zeeck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Winter
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph U Correll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Verena Haas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Wenwen W, Qiongbo WU, Chao Z, Mengya W, Huanhuan Z. [Neural pathway between the nucleus accumbens and the rostral ventrolateral medulla in a rat model of anorexia nervosa]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:609-615. [PMID: 32897201 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.05.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential neural pathway connecting the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and whether the pathway participates in the regulation of cardiovascular function in a model rat of anorexia nervosa (AN). METHODS Rat models of AN were established by allowing voluntary activity in a running wheel with restricted feeding, with the rats having free access to normal chow without exercise as the control group. FluoroGold (FG) retrograde tracing method and multi-channel simultaneous recording technique were used to explore the possible pathway between the NAc and the RVLM. RESULTS The rats in AN group exhibited significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) with significantly increased discharge frequency of RVLM neurons in comparison with the control rats. After the injection of FG into the RVLM, retrograde labeled neurons were observed in the NAc of the rats in both the normal control and AN groups. In both groups, SBP and HR were significantly decreased in response to 400 μA electrical stimulation of the NAc accompanied by an obvious increase in the discharge frequency of the RVLM neurons; the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and MAP were significantly lower in AN model rats than in the normal rats in response to the stimulation. CONCLUSIONS We successfully established a rat model of AN via hyperactivity and restricted feeding and confirm the presence of a neural pathway connecting the NAc and the RVLM. This pathway might participate in the regulation of cardiovascular function in AN model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wenwen
- Psychophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China.,Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - W U Qiongbo
- Psychophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China.,Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Zheng Chao
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Wang Mengya
- Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Zhang Huanhuan
- Psychophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
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13
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McCosh RB, Kreisman MJ, Tian K, Ho BS, Thackray VG, Breen KM. Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia suppresses pulsatile luteinising hormone secretion and arcuate Kiss1 cell activation in female mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12813. [PMID: 31758872 PMCID: PMC6933080 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stress suppresses pulsatile luteinising hormone (LH) secretion in a variety of species, although the mechanism underlying this inhibition of reproductive function remains unclear. Metabolic stress, particularly hypoglycaemia, is a clinically-relevant stress type that is modelled with bolus insulin injection (insulin-induced hypoglycaemia). The present study utilised ovariectomised C57BL/6 mice to test the hypothesis that acute hypoglycaemia suppresses pulsatile LH secretion via central mechanisms. Pulsatile LH secretion was measured in 90-minute sampling periods immediately prior to and following i.p. injection of saline or insulin. The secretion of LH was not altered over time in fed animals or acutely fasted (5 hours) animals following an i.p. saline injection. By contrast, insulin elicited a robust suppression of pulsatile LH secretion in fasted animals, preventing LH pulses in five of six mice. To identify the neuroendocrine site of impairment, a kisspeptin challenge was performed in saline or insulin pre-treated animals in a cross-over design. LH secretion in response to exogenous kisspeptin was not different between animals pre-treated with saline or insulin, indicating normal gonadotrophin-releasing hormone cell and pituitary responses during acute hypoglycaemia. Based on this finding, the effect of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on arcuate kisspeptin (Kiss1) cell function was determined using c-Fos as a marker of neuronal activation. Insulin caused a significant suppression in the percentage of Kiss1 cells in the arcuate nucleus that contained c-Fos compared to saline-injected controls. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that insulin-induced hypoglycaemia suppresses pulsatile LH secretion in the female mouse via predominantly central mechanisms, which culminates in the suppression of the arcuate Kiss1 population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B McCosh
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Kreisman
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Tian
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bryan S Ho
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Varykina G Thackray
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kellie M Breen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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14
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Schalla MA, Stengel A. Activity Based Anorexia as an Animal Model for Anorexia Nervosa-A Systematic Review. Front Nutr 2019; 6:69. [PMID: 31165073 PMCID: PMC6536653 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe eating disorder affecting around 1 per 100 persons. However, the knowledge about its underlying pathophysiology is limited. To address the need for a better understanding of AN, an animal model was established early on in the late 1960's: the activity-based anorexia (ABA) model in which rats have access to a running wheel combined with restricted food access leading to self-starving/body weight loss and hyperactivity. Both symptoms, separately or combined, can also be found in patients with AN. The aim of this systematic review was to compile the current knowledge about this animal model as well as to address gaps in knowledge. Using the data bases of PubMed, Embase and Web of science 102 publications were identified meeting the search criteria. Here, we show that the ABA model mimics core features of human AN and has been characterized with regards to brain alterations, hormonal changes as well as adaptations of the immune system. Moreover, pharmacological interventions in ABA animals and new developments, such as a chronic adaptation of the ABA model, will be highlighted. The chronic model might be well suited to display AN characteristics but should be further characterized. Lastly, limitations of the model will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Lamanna J, Sulpizio S, Ferro M, Martoni R, Abutalebi J, Malgaroli A. Behavioral assessment of activity-based-anorexia: how cognition can become the drive wheel. Physiol Behav 2019; 202:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Prefrontal Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) Neurons Act Locally to Modulate Frontostriatal Cognition and Circuit Function. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2080-2090. [PMID: 30651328 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2701-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The PFC and extended frontostriatal circuitry support higher cognitive processes that guide goal-directed behavior. PFC-dependent cognitive dysfunction is a core feature of multiple psychiatric disorders. Unfortunately, a major limiting factor in the development of treatments for PFC cognitive dysfunction is our limited understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying PFC-dependent cognition. We recently demonstrated that activation of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors in the caudal dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC) impairs higher cognitive function, as measured in a working memory task. Currently, there remains much unknown about CRF-dependent regulation of cognition, including the source of CRF for cognition-modulating receptors and the output pathways modulated by these receptors. To address these issues, the current studies used a viral vector-based approach to chemogenetically activate or inhibit PFC CRF neurons in working memory-tested male rats. Chemogenetic activation of caudal, but not rostral, dmPFC CRF neurons potently impaired working memory, whereas inhibition of these neurons improved working memory. Importantly, the cognition-impairing actions of PFC CRF neurons were dependent on local CRF receptors coupled to protein kinase A. Additional electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that chemogenetic activation of caudal dmPFC CRF neurons elicits a robust degradation of task-related coding properties of dmPFC pyramidal neurons and, to a lesser extent, medium spiny neurons in the dorsomedial striatum. Collectively, these results demonstrate that local CRF release within the caudal dmPFC impairs frontostriatal cognitive and circuit function and suggest that CRF may represent a potential target for treating frontostriatal cognitive dysfunction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The dorsomedial PFC and its striatal targets play a critical role in higher cognitive function. PFC-dependent cognitive dysfunction is associated with many psychiatric disorders. Although it has long-been known that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons are prominent within the PFC, their role in cognition has remained unclear. Using a novel chemogenetic viral vector system, the present studies demonstrate that PFC CRF neurons impair working memory via activation of local PKA-coupled CRF receptors, an action associated with robust degradation in task-related frontostriatal neuronal coding. Conversely, suppression of constitutive PFC CRF activity improved working memory. Collectively, these studies provide novel insight into the neurobiology of cognition and suggest that CRF may represent a novel target for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction.
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17
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de Paz A, Vidal P, Pellón R. Exercise, diet, and the reinforcing value of food in an animal model of anorexia nervosa. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 72:1692-1703. [PMID: 30282528 DOI: 10.1177/1747021818807865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Activity-based anorexia (ABA) develops when laboratory rats are subjected to a single meal per day and have access to an activity wheel for the remaining time. Here, we studied the contribution of exercise and diet to the reinforcing value of food during ABA development. Three groups of eight adult male Wistar rats were used: an ABA group with 21.5 hr (then 22 hr) of wheel access and 1 hr (then 30 min) of food access, a control group with the same time exposure to food but without exercise, and a yoked group to the ABA in terms of weight loss. Rats were daily tested on a progressive-ratio schedule to measure their motivation for food. ABA rats gradually reduced their body weight more than the food control group. Animals steadily increased their breaking points in parallel to losses in body weight, but no significant differences were found between groups. Adult rats can develop ABA, but their loss in weight neither resulted in a decrease of food intake nor in the motivation to obtain it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana de Paz
- 1 Laboratorios de Conducta Animal, Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Vidal
- 1 Laboratorios de Conducta Animal, Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pellón
- 1 Laboratorios de Conducta Animal, Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
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18
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Nobis S, Morin A, Achamrah N, Belmonte L, Legrand R, Chan P, do Rego JL, Vaudry D, Gourcerol G, Déchelotte P, Goichon A, Coëffier M. Delayed gastric emptying and altered antrum protein metabolism during activity-based anorexia. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13305. [PMID: 29411462 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia nervosa, a restrictive eating disorder, is often associated with gastrointestinal disorders, particularly a delayed gastric emptying. However, the mechanisms remained poorly documented. Thus, we aimed to evaluate gastric emptying and antrum protein metabolism in the Activity-Based Anorexia model (ABA). METHODS Females C57Bl/6 mice were randomized into 3 groups: Control, ABA, and Limited Food Access (LFA). Food access has been progressively limited from 6 h/day at day 6 to 3 h/day at day 9 and until day 17. ABA mice had free access to an activity wheel. Gastric emptying was assessed. On gastric extracts, a proteomic analysis was performed, as well as an evaluation of protein synthesis and protein oxidation. KEY RESULTS Both LFA and ABA mice exhibited a delayed gastric emptying compared with Controls (P < .05). Proteomic approach revealed 15 proteins that were differentially expressed. Among these proteins, we identified 2 clusters of interest contributing to (i) the organization of muscle fiber with ACTA2, VCL, KRT19, KRT8, and DES proteins and (ii) "heat shock proteins" with STIP1, HSPD1, and HSPA8 proteins. ABA mice specifically exhibited an increased rate of gastric oxidized proteins. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Delayed gastric emptying observed in anorectic conditions appears to be secondary to malnutrition. However, an oxidative stress is specifically present in the stomach of ABA mice. Its role remains to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nobis
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - A Morin
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - N Achamrah
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - L Belmonte
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - R Legrand
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - P Chan
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Platform in proteomics PISSARO, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - J-L do Rego
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Animal Behaviour Platform SCAC, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - D Vaudry
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Platform in proteomics PISSARO, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,INSERM Unit 1239, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - G Gourcerol
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Physiology Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - P Déchelotte
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - A Goichon
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - M Coëffier
- INSERM Unit 1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France.,Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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19
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Activity-based anorexia activates CRF immunoreactive neurons in female rats. Neurosci Lett 2018; 674:142-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Buckert M, Stroe-Kunold E, Friederich HC, Wesche D, Walter C, Kopf S, Simon JJ, Herzog W, Wild B. Time course of adiponectin and its relationship to psychological aspects in patients with anorexia nervosa during inpatient treatment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189500. [PMID: 29261731 PMCID: PMC5738020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The protein hormone adiponectin promotes metabolic and psychological health. The aim of the study was to track changes in adiponectin levels in response to weight gain and to assess associations between adiponectin and psychological aspects in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). METHODS To investigate if adiponectin levels depend on AN severity, data were assessed from 11 inpatients with a very low body mass index (BMI) and a high chronicity (high severity group; HSS), and nine with less severe symptoms (LSS). During the course of treatment, serum adiponectin concentrations were assessed on a weekly basis along with BMI. Psychological variables (i.e., depression, anxiety, stress, and AN-specific symptoms) were obtained by means of electronic diaries. Longitudinal regressions and correlations were calculated to evaluate the temporal course of adiponectin and its relationship with psychological self-ratings. RESULTS At the beginning adiponectin was not increased in HSS patients (p = .56), and only marginally elevated in LSS patients (p = 0.07) compared with controls. In HSS patients, adiponectin increased along with BMI during the first treatment phase (i.e., when the BMI of patients was below 16 kg/m2) and thereafter decreased with further weight gain. In LSS patients, adiponectin was not associated with BMI increase. Furthermore, adiponectin was strongly negatively correlated with psychological self-ratings when the BMI of patients was above 16 kg/m2, i.e., higher levels of adiponectin were related to lower ratings of depression, anxiety, and AN-specific symptoms. DISCUSSION The study connects previous varying results by indicating that the course of adiponectin is dependent on BMI and symptom severity. Similarly, associations of adiponectin and psychological health depended on BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Buckert
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Medical University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther Stroe-Kunold
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Medical University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LVR-Clinics, University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesche
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Medical University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Walter
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Medical University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kopf
- Department of Endocrinology and Clinical Chemistry, Medical University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joe J. Simon
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Medical University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LVR-Clinics, University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Medical University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Wild
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Medical University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Activity-based anorexia activates nesfatin-1 immunoreactive neurons in distinct brain nuclei of female rats. Brain Res 2017; 1677:33-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Prinz P, Scharner S, Friedrich T, Schalla M, Goebel-Stengel M, Rose M, Stengel A. Central and peripheral expression sites of phoenixin-14 immunoreactivity in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:195-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Foldi CJ, Milton LK, Oldfield BJ. The Role of Mesolimbic Reward Neurocircuitry in Prevention and Rescue of the Activity-Based Anorexia (ABA) Phenotype in Rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:2292-2300. [PMID: 28322236 PMCID: PMC5645746 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients suffering from anorexia nervosa (AN) become anhedonic; unable or unwilling to derive normal pleasures and avoid rewarding outcomes, most profoundly in food intake. The activity-based anorexia (ABA) model recapitulates many of the characteristics of the human condition, including anhedonia, and allows investigation of the underlying neurobiology of AN. The potential for increased neuronal activity in reward/hedonic circuits to prevent and rescue weight loss is investigated in this model. The mesolimbic pathway extending from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was activated using a dual viral strategy, involving retrograde transport of Cre (CAV-2-Cre) to the VTA and coincident injection of DREADD receptors (AAV-hSyn-DIO-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry). Systemic clozapine-n-oxide (CNO; 0.3 mg/kg) successfully recruited a large proportion of the VTA-NAc dopaminergic projections, with activity evidenced by colocalization with elevated levels of Fos protein. The effects of reward circuit activation on energy balance and predicted survival was investigated in female Sprague-Dawley rats, where free access to running wheels was paired with time-limited (90 min) access to food, a paradigm (ABA) which will cause anorexia and death if unchecked. Excitation of the reward pathway substantially increased food intake and food anticipatory activity (FAA) to prevent ABA-associated weight loss, while overall locomotor activity was unchanged. Similar activation of reward circuitry, delayed until establishment of the ABA phenotype, rescued rats from their precipitous weight loss. Although these data are consistent with shifts primarily in food intake, the contribution of mechanisms including energy expenditure to survival remains to be determined. These results will inform the neurobiological underpinnings of AN, and provide insight into the mechanisms of reward circuitry relevant to feeding and weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Foldi
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura K Milton
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian J Oldfield
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia,Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia, Tel: +61 3 990 52507, Fax: +61 3 990 20707, E-mail:
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Foldi CJ, Milton LK, Oldfield BJ. A focus on reward in anorexia nervosa through the lens of the activity-based anorexia rodent model. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28475260 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering anorexia nervosa (AN) become anhedonic, unable or unwilling to derive normal pleasures and tend to avoid rewarding outcomes, most profoundly in food intake. The activity-based anorexia model recapitulates many of the pathophysiological and behavioural hallmarks of the human condition, including a reduction in food intake, excessive exercise, dramatic weight loss, loss of reproductive cycles, hypothermia and anhedonia, and therefore it allows investigation into the underlying neurobiology of anorexia nervosa. The use of this model has directed attention to disruptions in central reward neurocircuitry, which may contribute to disease susceptibility. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the utility of this unique model to provide insight into the mechanisms of reward relevant to feeding and weight loss, which may ultimately help to unravel the neurobiology of anorexia nervosa and, in a broader sense, the foundation of reward-based feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Foldi
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - L K Milton
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - B J Oldfield
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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