1
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Dutton M, Can AT, Lagopoulos J, Hermens DF. Oral ketamine may offer a solution to the ketamine conundrum. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2483-2497. [PMID: 37882811 PMCID: PMC10640543 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine has received considerable attention for its rapid and robust antidepressant response over the past decade. Current evidence, in clinical populations, predominantly relates to parenterally administered ketamine, which is reported to produce significant undesirable side effects, with additional concerns regarding long-term safety and abuse potential. Attempts to produce a similar drug to ketamine, without the psychotomimetic side effects, have proved elusive. Orally administered ketamine has a different pharmacological profile to parentally administered ketamine, suggesting it may be a viable alternative. Emerging evidence regarding the efficacy and tolerability of oral ketamine suggests that it may be a favourable route of administration, as it appears to obtain similarly beneficial treatment effects, but without the cost and medical resources required in parenteral dosing. The pharmacological effects may be due to the active metabolite norketamine, which has been found to be at substantially higher levels via oral dosing, most likely due to first-pass clearance. Despite bioavailability and peak plasma concentrations both being lower than when administered parenterally, evidence suggests that low-dose oral ketamine is clinically effective in treating pain. This may also be due to the actions of norketamine and therefore, its relevance to the mental health context is explored in this narrative review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Dutton
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, QLD, 4575, Australia.
| | - Adem T Can
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, QLD, 4575, Australia
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, QLD, 4575, Australia
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, QLD, 4575, Australia
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2
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Gallagher B, Neiman A, Slattery MC, McLoughlin DM. Online news media reporting of ketamine as a treatment for depression from 2000 to 2017. Ir J Psychol Med 2023; 40:607-615. [PMID: 34193329 DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2021.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since the first reporting of ketamine's antidepressant effects in 2000, there has been growing public interest in this novel rapid-acting treatment for depression despite its abuse potential. Online media is an increasingly popular way for the general public to source information. Our objective was to examine how online news outlets have portrayed ketamine as an antidepressant by ascertaining the volume and content of relevant articles and trends over time. METHODS In this semi-quantitative study, we identified articles regarding ketamine's use in depression from the 30 most popular English-language online news-generating sources over 18 years (2000-2017). Articles were then blindly assessed by 2 independent raters, who analysed the texts by quantifying the presence/absence of 12 content items. RESULTS We identified 97 articles, the number of which has increased since the first online news report in 2006. Most (69%) came from the USA and nearly all correctly stated the indications for ketamine. About half of the most recent articles mentioned abuse potential and 27% of articles referred to risks of unregulated use of ketamine. Just under 20% of articles referred to the lack of evidence regarding direct comparisons between ketamine and other currently available antidepressants. There was no difference in the overall level of detail within the articles during the study time period. CONCLUSIONS Online news media articles have been generally positive about ketamine for treating depression but need to be interpreted with caution as many of them did not discuss negative aspects of ketamine and made unsubstantiated claims about ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronagh Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St. Patrick's University Hospital, James Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aaron Neiman
- Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305, USA
| | - Marie-Claire Slattery
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St. Patrick's University Hospital, James Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Declan M McLoughlin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St. Patrick's University Hospital, James Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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3
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Fang Y, Sun Y, Liu Y, Liu T, Hao W, Liao Y. Neurobiological mechanisms and related clinical treatment of addiction: a review. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2022; 2:180-189. [PMID: 38665277 PMCID: PMC10917179 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Drug addiction or substance use disorder (SUD), has been conceptualized as a three-stage (i.e. binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation/craving) recurring cycle that involves complex changes in neuroplasticity, reward, motivation, desire, stress, memory, and cognitive control, and other related brain regions and brain circuits. Neuroimaging approaches, including magnetic resonance imaging, have been key to mapping neurobiological changes correlated to complex brain regions of SUD. In this review, we highlight the neurobiological mechanisms of these three stages of addiction. The abnormal activity of the ventral tegmental, nucleus accumbens, and caudate nucleus in the binge/intoxication stage involve the reward circuit of the midbrain limbic system. The changes in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus emotional system in the withdrawal/negative affect stage involve increases in negative emotional states, dysphoric-like effects, and stress-like responses. The dysregulation of the insula and prefrontal lobes is associated with craving in the anticipation stage. Then, we review the present treatments of SUD based on these neuroimaging findings. Finally, we conclude that SUD is a chronically relapsing disorder with complex neurobiological mechanisms and multimodal stages, of which the craving stage with high relapse rate may be the key element in treatment efficacy of SUD. Precise interventions targeting different stages of SUD and characteristics of individuals might serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehong Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yunkai Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Tieqiao Liu
- Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders & National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders. Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P. R. China
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders & National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders. Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
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4
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Zhong J, Wu H, Wu F, He H, Zhang Z, Huang J, Cao P, Fan N. Abnormal fractional Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation in chronic ketamine users. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 326:111536. [PMID: 36067548 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine has become a major substance of abuse worldwide. Nevertheless, The long-term effects of ketamine use on intrinsic spontaneous neural activity remain unknown. OBJECTIVES In the present study, rs-fMRI was used to explore whether chronic ketamine use changes the intrinsic spontaneous neural activity, and whether the intrinsic spontaneous neural activity changes in chronic ketamine users(CKUs) are associated with cognitive impairments observed in chronic ketamine users. METHODS 28 CKUs and 30 healthy controls(HC) were enrolled. The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) was measured to evaluate the intrinsic spontaneous neural activity in multiple brain regions. Cognitive alterations were assessed using MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). RESULTS CKUs showed higher fALFF in the right parahippocampal gyrus(PHG), right anterior cingulate cortex(ACC), left cerebellar vermis, left posterior cingulate cortex(PCC), bilateral caudate, and lower fALFF in the right middle occipital gyrus(MOG), left cuneus, right precuneus. The fALFF in the right PHG, left cerebellar vermis, bilateral caudate, right ACC of CKUs presented a negative correlation with the average quantity of ketamine use/day(g) and estimated total ketamine consumption. The fALFF in left PCC had a negative correlation with the average quantity of ketamine use/day(g). Speed of processing on MCCB presented a negative correlation with the fALFF in the right MOG. CONCLUSION Our study found abnormal fALFF in multiple brain areas in CKUs, which indicated the changes of intrinsic spontaneous neural activity in multiple brain areas. The changes of fALFF were associated with the severity of ketamine use and cognitive impairment in CKUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhong
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510370, China
| | - Huawang Wu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510370, China
| | - Fengchun Wu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510370, China
| | - Hongbo He
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510370, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510370, China
| | - Jiaxin Huang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510370, China
| | - Penghui Cao
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510370, China
| | - Ni Fan
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510370, China.
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Vines L, Sotelo D, Johnson A, Dennis E, Manza P, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Ketamine use disorder: preclinical, clinical, and neuroimaging evidence to support proposed mechanisms of actions. INTELLIGENT MEDICINE 2022; 2:61-68. [PMID: 35783539 PMCID: PMC9249268 DOI: 10.1016/j.imed.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, has been exclusively used as an anesthetic in medicine and has led to new insights into the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Clinical studies have shown that low subanesthetic doses of ketamine produce antidepressant effects for individuals with depression. However, its use as a treatment for psychiatric disorders has been limited due to its reinforcing effects and high potential for diversion and misuse. Preclinical studies have focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying ketamine's antidepressant effects, but a precise mechanism had yet to be elucidated. Here we review different hypotheses for ketamine's mechanism of action including the direct inhibition and disinhibition of NMDA receptors, AMPAR activation, and heightened activation of monoaminergic systems. The proposed mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, and their combined influence may exert the observed structural and functional neural impairments. Long term use of ketamine induces brain structural, functional impairments, and neurodevelopmental effects in both rodents and humans. Its misuse has increased rapidly in the past 20 years and is one of the most common addictive drugs used in Asia. The proposed mechanisms of action and supporting neuroimaging data allow for the development of tools to identify 'biotypes' of ketamine use disorder (KUD) using machine learning approaches, which could inform intervention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Corresponding author: Gene-Jack Wang, Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, Maryland, United States ()
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Chen ST, Hsieh CP, Lee MY, Chen LC, Huang CM, Chen HH, Chan MH. Betaine prevents and reverses the behavioral deficits and synaptic dysfunction induced by repeated ketamine exposure in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112369. [PMID: 34715446 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibitor, ketamine has become a popular recreational substance and currently is used to address treatment-resistant depression. Since heavy ketamine use is associated with persisting psychosis, cognitive impairments, and neuronal damage, the safety of ketamine treatment for depression should be concerned. The nutrient supplement betaine has been shown to counteract the acute ketamine-induced psychotomimetic effects and cognitive dysfunction through modulating NMDA receptors. This study aimed to determine whether the adjunctive or subsequent betaine treatment would improve the enduring behavioral disturbances and hippocampal synaptic abnormality induced by repeated ketamine exposure. Mice received ketamine twice daily for 14 days, either combined with betaine co-treatment or subsequent betaine post-treatment for 7 days. Thereafter, three-chamber social approach test, reciprocal social interaction, novel location/object recognition test, forced swimming test, and head-twitch response induced by serotonergic hallucinogen were monitored. Data showed that the enduring behavioral abnormalities after repeated ketamine exposure, including disrupted social behaviors, recognition memory impairments, and increased depression-like and hallucinogen-induced head-twitch responses, were remarkably improved by betaine co-treatment or post-treatment. Consistently, betaine protected and reversed the reduced hippocampal synaptic activity, such as decreases in field excitatory post-synaptic potentiation (fEPSP), long-term potentiation (LTP), and PSD-95 levels, after repeated ketamine treatment. These results demonstrated that both co-treatment and post-treatment with betaine could effectively prevent and reverse the adverse behavioral manifestations and hippocampal synaptic plasticity after repeated ketamine use, suggesting that betaine can be used as a novel adjunct therapy with ketamine for treatment-resistant depression and provide benefits for ketamine use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Tsu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Tzu Chi University, 701, Section 3, Chung-Yang Road, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pin Hsieh
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yi Lee
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Liao-Chen Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Min Huang
- Animal Behavior Core National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Hsien Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Animal Behavior Core National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan; Institute of Neuroscience, National Chengchi Uinversity, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Huan Chan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Chengchi Uinversity, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Changchi University, 64, Section 2, Zhinan Road, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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7
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Chronic administration of ketamine induces cognitive deterioration by restraining synaptic signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4702-4718. [PMID: 32488127 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine has arguably been the most important advance in depression treatment. Recently, it was reported that repeated long-term ketamine administration is effective in preventing relapse of depression, which may broaden the clinical use of ketamine. However, long-term treatment with ketamine produces cognitive impairments, and the underlying molecular mechanisms for these impairments are largely unknown. Here, we found that chronic in vivo exposure to ketamine for 28 days led to decreased expression of the glutamate receptor subunits GluA1, GluA2, GluN2A, and GluN2B; decreased expression of the synaptic proteins Syn and PSD-95; decreased dendrite spine density; impairments in long-term potentiation (LTP) and synaptic transmission in the hippocampal CA1 area; and deterioration of learning and memory in mice. Furthermore, the reduced glutamate receptor subunit and synaptic protein expression and the LTP deficits were still observed on day 28 after the last injection of ketamine. We found that the expression and phosphorylation of CaMKIIβ, ERK1/2, CREB, and NF-κB were inhibited by ketamine. The reductions in glutamate receptor subunit expression and dendritic spine density and the deficits in LTP, synaptic transmission, and cognition were alleviated by overexpression of CaMKIIβ. Our study indicates that inhibition of CaMKIIβ-ERK1/2-CREB/NF-κB signaling may mediate chronic ketamine use-associated cognitive impairments by restraining synaptic signaling. Hypofunction of the glutamatergic system might be the underlying mechanism accounting for chronic ketamine use-associated cognitive impairments. Our findings may suggest possible strategies to alleviate ketamine use-associated cognitive deficits and broaden the clinical use of ketamine in depression treatment.
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8
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Chen Q, Yan J, Xie W, Xie W, Li M, Ye Y. LncRNA LINC00641 Sponges miR-497-5p to Ameliorate Neural Injury Induced by Anesthesia via Up-Regulating BDNF. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:95. [PMID: 32714145 PMCID: PMC7344214 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ketamine, which is widely used in anesthesia, can induce cortical neurotoxicity in patients. This study aims to investigate the effects of long non-coding RNA LINC00641 on the ketamine-induced neural injury. Materials and Methods In this study, rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) were used as a cell model and Sprague–Dawley postnatal day 7 rats were used for experiments in vivo. Ketamine-induced aberrant expression levels of LINC00641, miR-497-5p and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were examined by qRT-PCR. The effects of LINC00641 and miR-497-5p on ketamine-induced neural injury were then examined by MTT assays and TUNEL analysis. In addition, the activity of ROS and caspase-3 was measured. The regulatory relationships between LINC00641 and miR-497-5p, miR-497-5p and BDNF were detected by dual-luciferase reporter assay, respectively. Results Ketamine induced the apoptosis of PC12 cells, accompanied by down-regulation of LINC00641 and BDNF, and up-regulation of miR-497-5p. LINC00641 overexpression enhanced the resistance to the apoptosis of PC12 cells, while transfection of miR-497-5p had opposite effects. Furthermore, LINC00641 could bind to miR-497-5p and reduce its expression, but indirectly increase the BDNF expression, which was considered as a protective factor in neural injury and activated TrkB/PI3K/Akt pathway. Conclusion Collectively, LINC00641/miR-497-5p/BDNF axis was validated to be an important signaling pathway in modulating ketamine-induced neural injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jingjia Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wenji Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wenqin Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Meijun Li
- Department of Nursing, Quanzhou Medical College, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yanle Ye
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Quanzhou, Quanzhou, China
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Rinaldi R, Bersani G, Marinelli E, Zaami S. The rise of new psychoactive substances and psychiatric implications: A wide-ranging, multifaceted challenge that needs far-reaching common legislative strategies. Hum Psychopharmacol 2020; 35:e2727. [PMID: 32144953 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing number of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) that have been surfacing globally, as well as related changes in drug abuse trends, undoubtedly constitute a difficult and multifaceted challenge for psychiatry. The intake and abuse of such substances has been linked to a risk of psychopathological disturbances, which stem from imbalances of a range of neurotransmitter pathways and receptors. Through an analysis of relevant research articles and reviews (particularly those outlining NPS neurological and cerebral mechanisms of action and psychopathological consequences arising from NPS abuse; research papers more closely focused on chemical/pharmacological aspects have been ruled out), through a systematic analysis of Pubmed, Medline, PsycLIT and EMBASE literature, as well as data released by health care institutions and drug enforcement agencies (among which the World Health Organization, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Eurojust, the Novel Psychoactive Treatment UK Network, the Court of Justice of the European Union), the authors aimed to elaborate on the most relevant data relative to NPS-related psychiatric effects, focusing on the conceptual and definition-related complexities inherent to NPS, clinical management and motivations for NPS use; moreover, an effort has been made to highlight the possible measures in order to tackle the unremitting rise of such elusive and potentially harmful substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Rinaldi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Departmental Section of Legal Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bersani
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Marinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Departmental Section of Legal Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Zaami
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Departmental Section of Legal Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Meng C, Yao XQ, Chang RJ, Wang SL, Wang X, Ma DQ, Li Q, Wang XY. Exogenous GM1 Ganglioside Attenuates Ketamine-Induced Neurocognitive Impairment in the Developing Rat Brain. Anesth Analg 2020; 130:505-517. [PMID: 31934908 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A prolonged exposure to ketamine triggers significant neurodegeneration and long-term neurocognitive deficits in the developing brain. Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) can limit the neuronal damage from necrosis and apoptosis in neurodegenerative conditions. We aimed to assess whether GM1 can prevent ketamine-induced developmental neurotoxicity. METHODS Postnatal day 7 (P7) rat pups received 5 doses of intraperitoneal ketamine (20 mg/kg per dose) at 90-minute intervals for 6 hours. Cognitive functions, determined by using Morris water maze (MWM) including escape latency (at P32-36) and platform crossing (at P37), were compared among the ketamine-exposed pups treated with or without exogenous GM1 (30 mg/kg; n = 12/group). The effect of GM1 on apoptosis in hippocampus was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and activated caspase 3 measurement. The hippocampal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), along with the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), was detected by western blotting (n = 6/group). Anti-BDNF antibody (2 μg per rat) administered before GM1 treatment was applied to determine the neuroprotective mechanisms of GM1. RESULTS The rats receiving ketamine exposure experinced cognitive impairment in MWM test compared to the control rats, indicated by prolonged escape latency at P34 (P = .006), P35 (P = .002), and P36 (P = .005). However, in GM1-pretreated rats, ketamine exposure did not induce prolonged escape latency. The exogenous GM1 increased the platform-crossing times at P37 (3.00 ± 2.22 times vs 5.40 ± 1.53 times, mean ± standard deviation; P = .041) and reduced the hippocampal TUNEL-positive cells and cleaved-caspase 3 expression in ketamine-exposed young rats. Ketamine decreased BDNF expression and phosphorylation of AKT and ERK in the hippocampus, whereas exogenous GM1 blocked these ketamine-caused effects. However, for the ketamine-exposed rat pups receiving exogenous GM1, compared to immunoglobulin Y (IgY) isotype control, the BDNF-neutralizing antibody treatment counteracted the exogenous GM1-induced improvement of the escape latency at P36 (41.32 ± 12.37 seconds vs 25.14 ± 8.97 seconds, mean ± standard deviation; P = .036), platform-crossing times at P37 (2.16 ± 1.12 times vs 3.92 ± 1.97 times, mean ± standard deviation; P < .036), apoptotic activity, as well as AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the hippocampus of ketamine-challenged young rats. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the exogenous GM1 acts on BDNF signaling pathway to ameliorate the cognitive impairment and hippocampal apoptosis induced by ketamine in young rats. Our study may indicate a potential use of GM1 in preventing the cognitive deficits induced by ketamine in the young per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Meng
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xue-Qin Yao
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui-Jie Chang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Si-Lu Wang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xue Wang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Da-Qing Ma
- Section of Anesthetics, Pain Management and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qing Li
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xian-Yu Wang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
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Hegarty CE, Jolles DD, Mennigen E, Jalbrzikowski M, Bearden CE, Karlsgodt KH. Disruptions in White Matter Maturation and Mediation of Cognitive Development in Youths on the Psychosis Spectrum. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2018; 4:423-433. [PMID: 30745004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosis onset typically occurs in adolescence, and subclinical psychotic experiences peak in adolescence. Adolescence is also a time of critical neural and cognitive maturation. Using cross-sectional data from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, we examined whether regional white matter (WM) development is disrupted in youths with psychosis spectrum (PS) features and whether WM maturation mediates the relationship between age and cognition in typically developing (TD) youths and youths with PS features. METHODS We examined WM microstructure, as assessed via diffusion tensor imaging, in 670 individuals (age 10-22 years; 499 TD group, 171 PS group) by using tract-based spatial statistics. Multiple regressions were used to evaluate age × group interactions on regional WM indices. Mediation analyses were conducted on four cognitive domains-executive control, complex cognition, episodic memory, and social cognition-using a bootstrapping approach. RESULTS There were age × group interactions on fractional anisotropy (FA) in the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and retrolenticular internal capsule. Follow-up analyses revealed these effects were significant in both hemispheres. Bilateral SLF FA mediated the relationship between age and complex cognition in the TD group, but not the PS group. Regional FA did not mediate the age-associated increase in any of the other cognitive domains. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed aberrant age-related effects in SLF and retrolenticular internal capsule FA in youths with PS features. SLF development supports emergence of specific higher-order cognitive functions in TD youths, but not in youths with PS features. Future mechanistic explanations for these relationships could facilitate development of earlier and refined targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Hegarty
- Department of Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dietsje D Jolles
- Department of Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eva Mennigen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Katherine H Karlsgodt
- Department of Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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12
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Ryan MC, Kochunov P, Sherman PM, Rowland LM, Wijtenburg SA, Acheson A, Hong LE, Sladky J, McGuire S. Miniature pig magnetic resonance spectroscopy model of normal adolescent brain development. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 308:173-182. [PMID: 30099002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We are developing the miniature pig (Sus scrofa domestica), an in-vivo translational, gyrencephalic model for brain development, as an alternative to laboratory rodents/non-human primates. We analyzed longitudinal changes in adolescent pigs using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and examined the relationship with white matter (WM) integrity derived from diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). NEW METHOD Twelve female Sinclair™ pigs underwent three imaging/spectroscopy sessions every 23.95 ± 3.73 days beginning at three months of age using a clinical 3 T scanner. 1H-MRS data were collected using 1.2 × 1.0 × 3.0 cm voxels placed in left and right hemisphere WM using a Point Resolved Spectroscopy sequence (TR = 2000 ms, TE = 30 ms). Concentrations of N-acetylaspartate, myo-inositol (MI), glutamate + glutamine, choline, creatine, and macromolecules (MM) 09 and 14 were averaged from both hemispheres. DWI data were collected using 15 shells of b-values (b = 0-3500 s/mm2) with 32 directions/shell and fit using the WM Tract Integrity model to calculate fractional anisotropy (FA), kurtosis anisotropy (KA) and permeability-diffusivity index. RESULTS MI and MM09 significantly declined with age. Increased FA and KA significantly correlated with decline in MI and MM09. Correlations lost significance once corrected for age. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS MRI scanners/protocols can be used to collect 1H-MRS and DWI data in pigs. Pigs have a larger, more complex, gyrencephalic brain than laboratory rodents but are less complex than non-human primates, thus satisfying the "replacement" principle of animal research. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal effects in MRS measurements were similar to those reported in adolescent humans. MRS changes correlated with diffusion measurements indicating ongoing WM myelination/maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghann C Ryan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States.
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States.
| | - Paul M Sherman
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Aeromedical Research Department, 2510 5th Street, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7913, United States; Department of Radiology, 59thMedical Wing, 1100 Wilford Hall Loop, Bldg 4551, Joint Base San Antonio, TX, 78236, United States.
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States.
| | - S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States.
| | - Ashley Acheson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, United States.
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States.
| | - John Sladky
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Aeromedical Research Department, 2510 5th Street, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7913, United States; Department of Neurology, 59th Medical Wing, 1100 Wilford Hall Loop, Bldg 4551, Joint Base San Antonio, Lackland AFB, TX, 78236, United States.
| | - Stephen McGuire
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States.
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13
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Zanos P, Moaddel R, Morris PJ, Riggs LM, Highland JN, Georgiou P, Pereira EFR, Albuquerque EX, Thomas CJ, Zarate CA, Gould TD. Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology: Insights into Therapeutic Mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:621-660. [PMID: 29945898 PMCID: PMC6020109 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.015198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 633] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine, a racemic mixture consisting of (S)- and (R)-ketamine, has been in clinical use since 1970. Although best characterized for its dissociative anesthetic properties, ketamine also exerts analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant actions. We provide a comprehensive review of these therapeutic uses, emphasizing drug dose, route of administration, and the time course of these effects. Dissociative, psychotomimetic, cognitive, and peripheral side effects associated with short-term or prolonged exposure, as well as recreational ketamine use, are also discussed. We further describe ketamine's pharmacokinetics, including its rapid and extensive metabolism to norketamine, dehydronorketamine, hydroxyketamine, and hydroxynorketamine (HNK) metabolites. Whereas the anesthetic and analgesic properties of ketamine are generally attributed to direct ketamine-induced inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, other putative lower-affinity pharmacological targets of ketamine include, but are not limited to, γ-amynobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, serotonin, sigma, opioid, and cholinergic receptors, as well as voltage-gated sodium and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. We examine the evidence supporting the relevance of these targets of ketamine and its metabolites to the clinical effects of the drug. Ketamine metabolites may have broader clinical relevance than was previously considered, given that HNK metabolites have antidepressant efficacy in preclinical studies. Overall, pharmacological target deconvolution of ketamine and its metabolites will provide insight critical to the development of new pharmacotherapies that possess the desirable clinical effects of ketamine, but limit undesirable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Zanos
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Patrick J Morris
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Lace M Riggs
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Jaclyn N Highland
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Polymnia Georgiou
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Edna F R Pereira
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Edson X Albuquerque
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Craig J Thomas
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Todd D Gould
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
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14
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Ryan MC, Sherman P, Rowland LM, Wijtenburg SA, Acheson A, Fieremans E, Veraart J, Novikov DS, Hong LE, Sladky J, Peralta PD, Kochunov P, McGuire SA. Miniature pig model of human adolescent brain white matter development. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 296:99-108. [PMID: 29277719 PMCID: PMC5817010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroscience research in brain development and disorders can benefit from an in vivo animal model that portrays normal white matter (WM) development trajectories and has a sufficiently large cerebrum for imaging with human MRI scanners and protocols. NEW METHOD Twelve three-month-old Sinclair™ miniature pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) were longitudinally evaluated during adolescent development using advanced diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) focused on cerebral WM. Animals had three MRI scans every 23.95 ± 3.73 days using a 3-T scanner. The DWI imaging protocol closely modeled advanced human structural protocols and consisted of fifteen b-shells (b = 0-3500 s/mm2) with 32-directions/shell. DWI data were analyzed using diffusion kurtosis and bi-exponential modeling that provided measurements that included fractional anisotropy (FA), radial kurtosis, kurtosis anisotropy (KA), axial kurtosis, tortuosity, and permeability-diffusivity index (PDI). RESULTS Significant longitudinal effects of brain development were observed for whole-brain average FA, KA, and PDI (all p < 0.001). There were expected regional differences in trends, with corpus callosum fibers showing the highest rate of change. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Pigs have a large, gyrencephalic brain that can be studied using clinical MRI scanners/protocols. Pigs are less complex than non-human primates thus satisfying the "replacement" principle of animal research. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal effects were observed for whole-brain and regional diffusion measurements. The changes in diffusion measurements were interepreted as evidence for ongoing myelination and maturation of cerebral WM. Corpus callosum and superficial cortical WM showed the expected higher rates of change, mirroring results in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghann C Ryan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States
| | - Paul Sherman
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Aeromedical Research Department, 2510 5th Street, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7913, United States
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States
| | - S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States
| | - Ashley Acheson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Els Fieremans
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, 660 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Jelle Veraart
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, 660 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Dmitry S Novikov
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, 660 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States
| | - John Sladky
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Aeromedical Research Department, 2510 5th Street, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7913, United States; Department of Neurology, 59th Medical Wing, 2200 Bergquist Drive, Suite 1, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland AFB, TX 78236, United States
| | - P Dana Peralta
- Department of Neurology, 59th Medical Wing, 2200 Bergquist Drive, Suite 1, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland AFB, TX 78236, United States
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States.
| | - Stephen A McGuire
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Aeromedical Research Department, 2510 5th Street, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7913, United States; Department of Neurology, 59th Medical Wing, 2200 Bergquist Drive, Suite 1, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland AFB, TX 78236, United States
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15
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Alcohol amplifies ketamine-induced apoptosis in primary cultured cortical neurons and PC12 cells through down-regulating CREB-related signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10523. [PMID: 28874724 PMCID: PMC5585325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recreational use of ketamine (KET) has been increasing worldwide. Previous studies have demonstrated that KET induced neurotoxicity; however, few studies have examined how alcohol (ALC) affects KET-induced neurotoxicity. In light of the fact that some KET abusers combine KET with ALC, the present study was aimed to investigate the effects of ALC on KET-induced neurotoxicity and the underlying mechanism in vitro. Our data revealed that co-treatment with ALC and KET was more detrimental to cell viability than KET single treatment in both PC12 cells and primary cultured rat cortical neurons. Furthermore, ALC exacerbated KET-induced apoptosis characterized by morphological changes and the sub-G1 phase increase, which were mitigated by the pretreatment of CNQX, a known alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA)/kainite (KA) receptor antagonist. In addition, ALC and KET co-treatment led to intracellular Ca2+ overload, down-regulation of p-Akt, p-CREB, PKA, CaMK-IV, Bcl-2 and BDNF expression and up-regulation of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax expression, which can be attenuated by CNQX pretreatment. These results indicate that the potentiation of ALC on KET-induced neurotoxicity was related to the down-regulation of CREB-related pathways. Our present study also indicates that ALC and KET co-abuse might cause serious neurotoxicity which should be conveyed to the public and drew enough attention.
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