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Yao ZF, Fu HL, Liang CW, Li YJ, Wang CH. Electrophysiological differences in inhibitory control processing between collegiate level soccer players and non-athletes in the absence of performance differences. Brain Cogn 2024; 178:106179. [PMID: 38788319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Inhibitory control, the ability to manage conflicting responses and suppress inappropriate actions, is crucial for team sports athletes, including soccer players. While previous studies have shown that soccer players possess superior inhibitory control, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this advantage remain unclear. Thus, this research aimed to investigate the neural processes involved in conflict resolution and response inhibition, comparing collegiate level soccer players with non-athletes. Participants completed a novel go/no-go task that involved conflict resolution and response inhibition, while their electroencephalograms were recorded. Despite no significant difference in behavioral performance between the two groups, soccer players exhibited notable N2 and frontal midline theta modulations in response to conflict resolution and inhibition, which were comparatively weaker in non-athletes. Our findings suggest that expertise in team sports may enhance neural sensitivity to subtle yet significant information, even without a discernible behavioral advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Fu Yao
- College of Education & Research Center for Education and Mind Sciences, 521 Nanda Road, East Dist., Nanda Campus, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan; Department of Kinesiology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan; Basic Psychology Group, Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Lun Fu
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Liang
- Office of Physical Education, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Li
- Director-General of Sport Bureau, Taichung City Government, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Wang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan; Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City, Taiwan.
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2
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Kao SC, Brush CJ, Wang CH. A multimodal approach integrating cognitive and motor demands into physical activity for optimal mental health: Methodological issues and future directions. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2024; 286:235-258. [PMID: 38876577 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Physical activity is known for its positive effects on cognition and affect, with existing literature suggesting that these mental health benefits may be optimally experienced by incorporating cognitive and motor demands during physical activity (PA). However, the existing body of literature lacks a comprehensive guideline for designing the qualitative characteristics of a PA program. Accordingly, this narrative review aimed to (1) provide a working two-dimension model that operationally defines the cognitive and motor demands involved in PA and the rationale for systematically studying these qualitative aspects of PA, (2) identify methods to assess the cognitive and motor demands of PA and address associated methodological issues, and (3) offer potential future directions for research on the cognitive and motor aspects of PA in support of the development of PA programs designed to maximize PA-induced cognitive and affective benefits. We anticipate this article to inform the need for future research and development on this topic, aiming to create clear, evidence-based guidelines for designing innovative and effective PA interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Christopher J Brush
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Chun-Hao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health, & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
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Wang J, Wang T, Liu H, Wang K, Moses K, Feng Z, Li P, Huang W. Flexible Electrodes for Brain-Computer Interface System. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211012. [PMID: 37143288 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain-computer interface (BCI) has been the subject of extensive research recently. Governments and companies have substantially invested in relevant research and applications. The restoration of communication and motor function, the treatment of psychological disorders, gaming, and other daily and therapeutic applications all benefit from BCI. The electrodes hold the key to the essential, fundamental BCI precondition of electrical brain activity detection and delivery. However, the traditional rigid electrodes are limited due to their mismatch in Young's modulus, potential damages to the human body, and a decline in signal quality with time. These factors make the development of flexible electrodes vital and urgent. Flexible electrodes made of soft materials have grown in popularity in recent years as an alternative to conventional rigid electrodes because they offer greater conformance, the potential for higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) signals, and a wider range of applications. Therefore, the latest classifications and future developmental directions of fabricating these flexible electrodes are explored in this paper to further encourage the speedy advent of flexible electrodes for BCI. In summary, the perspectives and future outlook for this developing discipline are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Tengjiao Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Haoyan Liu
- Department of Computer Science & Computer Engineering (CSCE), University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Kun Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Kumi Moses
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoya Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
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Swerdloff MM, Hargrove LJ. Dry EEG measurement of P3 to evaluate cognitive load during sitting, standing, and walking. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287885. [PMID: 37410768 PMCID: PMC10325065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining brain imaging with dual-task paradigms provides a quantitative, direct metric of cognitive load that is agnostic to the motor task. This work aimed to quantitatively assess cognitive load during activities of daily living-sitting, standing, and walking-using a commercial dry encephalography headset. We recorded participants' brain activity while engaging in a stimulus paradigm that elicited event-related potentials. The stimulus paradigm consisted of an auditory oddball task in which participants had to report the number of oddball tones that were heard during each motor task. We extracted the P3 event-related potential, which is inversely proportional to cognitive load, from EEG signals in each condition. Our main findings showed that P3 was significantly lower during walking compared to sitting (p = .039), suggesting that cognitive load was higher during walking compared to the other activities. There were no significant differences in P3 between sitting and standing. Head motion did not have a significant impact on the measurement of cognitive load. This work validates the use of a commercial dry-EEG headset for measuring cognitive load across different motor tasks. The ability to accurately measure cognitive load in dynamic activities opens new avenues for exploring cognitive-motor interactions in individuals with and without motor impairments. This work highlights the potential of dry EEG for measuring cognitive load in naturalistic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Swerdloff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Levi J. Hargrove
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Regenstein Center for Bionic Medicine, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Adhia DB, Mani R, Mathew J, O'Leary F, Smith M, Vanneste S, De Ridder D. Exploring electroencephalographic infraslow neurofeedback treatment for chronic low back pain: a double-blinded safety and feasibility randomized placebo-controlled trial. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1177. [PMID: 36670176 PMCID: PMC9860016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a disabling condition worldwide. In CLBP, neuroimaging studies demonstrate abnormal activities in cortical areas responsible for pain modulation, emotional, and sensory components of pain experience [i.e., pregenual and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC, dACC), and somatosensory cortex (SSC), respectively]. This pilot study, conducted in a university setting, evaluated the feasibility, safety, and acceptability of a novel electroencephalography-based infraslow-neurofeedback (EEG ISF-NF) technique for retraining activities in pgACC, dACC and SSC and explored its effects on pain and disability. Participants with CLBP (n = 60), recruited between July'20 to March'21, received 12 sessions of either: ISF-NF targeting pgACC, dACC + SSC, a ratio of pgACC*2/dACC + SSC, or Placebo-NF. Descriptive statistics demonstrated that ISF-NF training is feasible [recruitment rate (7 participants/month), dropouts (25%; 20-27%), and adherence (80%; 73-88%)], safe (no adverse events reported), and was moderate to highly acceptable [Mean ± SD: 7.8 ± 2.0 (pgACC), 7.5 ± 2.7 (dACC + SCC), 8.2 ± 1.9 (Ratio), and 7.7 ± 1.5 (Placebo)]. ISF-NF targeting pgACC demonstrated the most favourable clinical outcomes, with a higher proportion of participants exhibiting a clinically meaningful reduction in pain severity [53%; MD (95% CI): - 1.9 (- 2.7, - 1.0)], interference [80%; MD (95% CI): - 2.3 (- 3.5, - 1.2)], and disability [73%; MD (95% CI): - 4.5 (- 6.1, - 2.9)] at 1-month follow-up. ISF-NF training is a feasible, safe, and an acceptable treatment approach for CLBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bharatkumar Adhia
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, PO BOX 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand. .,Pain@Otago Research Theme, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. .,Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
| | - Ramakrishnan Mani
- Pain@Otago Research Theme, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.,Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research, School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jerin Mathew
- Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.,Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research, School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Finella O'Leary
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, PO BOX 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Mark Smith
- Neurofeedback Therapy Services of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sven Vanneste
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dirk De Ridder
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, PO BOX 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.,Pain@Otago Research Theme, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Song M, Zhao Q, Du C, Zhou C, Li R. The relationship between the accuracy of curling athletes' duration judgment and delivery performance. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13541. [PMID: 35722254 PMCID: PMC9205314 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Time perception is a critical point for curling athletes to have in order to successfully complete interactions between themselves and their environment. Exploring the relationship between the accuracy of duration judgment and curling athletes' performance is helpful to reveal the influencing factors on their performance and to provide a reference for the training of athletes' delivery performance. Methods Thirty curling athletes and 30 non-athletes were recruited as participants. Using 3D modeling technology, curling videos of different situations were presented to the participants as stimulus information, and the participants were required to complete the duration judgment task. The neural activation of the participants during the entire process of duration judgment was recorded using electroencephalogram (EEG) equipment. The performance of the 30 curlers participating in the experiment was measured. Variance analyses were conducted on the collected behavioral and EEG data, and correlation and regression analyseswere conducted between behavioral data and delivery performance. Results The accuracy of the distance judgment of curlers was higher than that of non-curlers (P < 0.05). In the stimulus video presentation stage, the power in the alpha band of curlers was higher than that of non-athletes (P < 0.05). In the task decision stage, the power in the alpha band of curlers was higher than that of non-athletes (P < 0.05), and the power in the theta band was higher than that of non-athletes (P < 0.05). There was a correlation between the accuracy of the curlers' perception of specific situational time intervals and the accuracy of delivery (P < 0.05). Regression analysis results were y = 3.422 + 1.415x. Conclusion The accuracy of curling athletes' duration judgment is high in a specific situation. There is a correlation between the accuracy of duration judgment and delivery performance in a specific situation: the higher the accuracy of specific duration perception, the higher the performance accuracy of delivery. The cognitive strategies adopted by curlers differ from those adopted by non-athletes in the completion of duration judgment. Specifically, in a specific situation, fewer attention resources are utilized in the stimulus presentation and decision-making stages, while more memory resources are utilized in the decision-making stage to ensure higher accuracy of interval judgment. This study provides a new idea for exploring the causes of curling athletes' excellent technical performance and provides a reference for future curling research on competition training practice. Given the limitations of mobile EEG devices in this study, future studies can measure neural activity during actual delivery preparation and execution in an environment of high ecological validity to obtain more direct evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjia Song
- Graduate School, Harbin Sport University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qiwei Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhua Du
- Graduate School, Harbin Sport University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruitao Li
- Graduate School, Harbin Sport University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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7
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An Overview on Cognitive Function Enhancement through Physical Exercises. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101289. [PMID: 34679354 PMCID: PMC8534220 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is extensively focused on the enhancement of cognitive functions while performing physical exercises categorized into cardiovascular exercises, resistance training, martial arts, racquet sports, dancing and mind-body exercises. Imaging modalities, viz. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG), have been included in this review. This review indicates that differences are present in cognitive functioning while changing the type of physical activity performed. This study concludes that employing fNIRS helps overcome certain limitations of fMRI. Further, the effects of physical activity on a diverse variety of the population, from active children to the old people, are discussed.
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Jelinčić V, Van Diest I, Torta DM, von Leupoldt A. The breathing brain: The potential of neural oscillations for the understanding of respiratory perception in health and disease. Psychophysiology 2021; 59:e13844. [PMID: 34009644 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dyspnea or breathlessness is a symptom occurring in multiple acute and chronic illnesses, however, the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying its subjective experience is limited. In this topical review, we propose neural oscillatory dynamics and cross-frequency coupling as viable candidates for a neural mechanism underlying respiratory perception, and a technique warranting more attention in respiration research. With the evidence for the potential of neural oscillations in the study of normal and disordered breathing coming from disparate research fields with a limited history of interdisciplinary collaboration, the main objective of the review was to converge the existing research and suggest future directions. The existing findings show that distinct limbic and cortical activations, as measured by hemodynamic responses, underlie dyspnea, however, the time-scale of these activations is not well understood. The recent findings of oscillatory neural activity coupled with the respiratory rhythm could provide the solution to this problem, however, more research with a focus on dyspnea is needed. We also touch on the findings of distinct spectral patterns underlying the changes in breathing due to experimental manipulations, meditation and disease. Subsequently, we suggest general research directions and specific research designs to supplement the current knowledge using neural oscillation techniques. We argue for the benefits of interdisciplinary collaboration and the converging of neuroimaging and behavioral methods to best explain the emergence of the subjective and aversive individual experience of dyspnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Jelinčić
- Research Group Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Van Diest
- Research Group Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diana M Torta
- Research Group Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas von Leupoldt
- Research Group Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Li G, Wang S, Li M, Duan YY. Towards real-life EEG applications: novel superporous hydrogel-based semi-dry EEG electrodes enabling automatically "charge-discharge" electrolyte. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 33721854 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abeeab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel polyacrylamide/polyvinyl alcohol superporous hydrogel (PAAm/PVA SPH)-based semi-dry electrode was constructed for capturing EEG signals at the hairy scalp, showing automatically "charge-discharge" electrolyte concept in EEG electrode development. In this regard, PAAm/PVA SPH was polymerized in-situ in the hollow electrode cavity by freezing polymerization, which acted as a dynamic reservoir of electrolyte fluid. The superporous hydrogel can be completely "charged" with electrolyte fluid, such as saline, in just a few seconds and can be "discharged" through a few tiny pillars into the scalp at a desirable rate. In this way, an ideal local skin hydration effect was achieved at electrode-skin contact sites, facilitating the bioelectrical signal pathway and significantly reducing electrode-skin impedance. Moreover, the electrode interface effectively avoids short circuit and inconvenient issues. The results show that the semi-dry electrode displayed low and stable contact impedance, showing non-polarization properties with low off-set potential and negligible potential drift. The average temporal cross-correlation coefficient between the semi-dry and conventional wet electrodes was 0.941. Frequency spectra also showed almost identical responses with anticipated neural electrophysiology responses. Considering prominent advantages such as a rapid setup, robust signal, and user-friendliness, the new concept of semi-dry electrodes shows excellent potential in emerging real-life EEG applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangli Li
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China, Zhuzhou, 412008, CHINA
| | - Sizhe Wang
- Wuhan NEO Energy Materials Enterprises Ltd.,, Wuhan NEO Energy Materials Enterprises Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430074, CHINA
| | - Mingzhe Li
- Wuhan Greentek Pty. Ltd., Wuhan Greentek Pty. Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430074, CHINA
| | - Yanwen Y Duan
- Wuhan Greentek Pty. Ltd., Wuhan Greentek Pty. Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430074, CHINA
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Mancini M, Cherubino P, Cartocci G, Martinez A, Borghini G, Guastamacchia E, di Flumeri G, Rossi D, Modica E, Menicocci S, Lupo V, Trettel A, Babiloni F. Forefront Users' Experience Evaluation by Employing Together Virtual Reality and Electroencephalography: A Case Study on Cognitive Effects of Scents. Brain Sci 2021; 11:256. [PMID: 33670698 PMCID: PMC7922691 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Scents have the ability to affect peoples' mental states and task performance with to different extents. It has been widely demonstrated that the lemon scent, included in most all-purpose cleaners, elicits stimulation and activation, while the lavender scent elicits relaxation and sedative effects. The present study aimed at investigating and fostering a novel approach to evaluate users' experience with respect to scents' effects through the joint employment of Virtual Reality and users' neurophysiological monitoring, in particular Electroencephalography. In particular, this study, involving 42 participants, aimed to compare the effects of lemon and lavender scents on the deployment of cognitive resources during a daily life experience consisting in a train journey carried out in virtual reality. Our findings showed a significant higher request of cognitive resources during the processing of an informative message for subjects exposed to the lavender scent with respect to the lemon exposure. No differences were found between lemon and lavender conditions on the self-reported items of pleasantness and involvement; as this study demonstrated, the employment of the lavender scent preserves the quality of the customer experience to the same extent as the more widely used lemon scent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mancini
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (G.C.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (G.d.F.); (S.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
- Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, University of Bari Aldo Moro (UniBa), Via Camillo Rosalba, 53, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cherubino
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (G.C.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (G.d.F.); (S.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Cartocci
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (G.C.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (G.d.F.); (S.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ana Martinez
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (G.C.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (G.d.F.); (S.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
- Department of Communication and Social Research, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria, 113, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Borghini
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (G.C.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (G.d.F.); (S.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Neuroelectrical Imaging and BCI Lab, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Guastamacchia
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (G.C.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (G.d.F.); (S.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Gianluca di Flumeri
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (G.C.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (G.d.F.); (S.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Neuroelectrical Imaging and BCI Lab, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Rossi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Enrica Modica
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Stefano Menicocci
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (G.C.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (G.d.F.); (S.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Viviana Lupo
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (G.C.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (G.d.F.); (S.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Arianna Trettel
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (G.C.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (G.d.F.); (S.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Fabio Babiloni
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (G.C.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (G.d.F.); (S.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Lin CT, King JT, John AR, Huang KC, Cao Z, Wang YK. The Impact of Vigorous Cycling Exercise on Visual Attention: A Study With the BR8 Wireless Dry EEG System. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:621365. [PMID: 33679304 PMCID: PMC7928413 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.621365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have reported that exercise can influence cognitive performance. But advancing our understanding of the interrelations between psychology and physiology in sports neuroscience requires the study of real-time brain dynamics during exercise in the field. Electroencephalography (EEG) is one of the most powerful brain imaging technologies. However, the limited portability and long preparation time of traditional wet-sensor systems largely limits their use to laboratory settings. Wireless dry-sensor systems are emerging with much greater potential for practical application in sports. Hence, in this paper, we use the BR8 wireless dry-sensor EEG system to measure P300 brain dynamics while cycling at various intensities. The preparation time was mostly less than 2 min as BR8 system’s dry sensors were able to attain the required skin-sensor interface impedance, enabling its operation without any skin preparation or application of conductive gel. Ten participants performed four sessions of a 3 min rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task while resting and while cycling. These four sessions were pre-CE (RSVP only), low-CE (RSVP in 40–50% of max heart rate), vigorous-CE (RSVP in 71–85% of max heart rate) and post-CE (RSVP only). The recorded brain signals demonstrate that the P300 amplitudes, observed at the Pz channel, for the target and non-target responses were significantly different in all four sessions. The results also show decreased reaction times to the visual attention task during vigorous exercise, enriching our understanding of the ways in which exercise can enhance cognitive performance. Even though only a single channel was evaluated in this study, the quality and reliability of the measurement using these dry sensor-based EEG systems is clearly demonstrated by our results. Further, the smooth implementation of the experiment with a dry system and the success of the data analysis demonstrate that wireless dry EEG devices can open avenues for real-time measurement of cognitive functions in athletes outside the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Teng Lin
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Tai King
- Brain Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Alka Rachel John
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Kuan-Chih Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Zehong Cao
- Information and Communication Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Yu-Kai Wang
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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12
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Quarta E, Cohen EJ, Bravi R, Minciacchi D. Future Portrait of the Athletic Brain: Mechanistic Understanding of Human Sport Performance Via Animal Neurophysiology of Motor Behavior. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:596200. [PMID: 33281568 PMCID: PMC7705174 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.596200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sport performances are often showcases of skilled motor control. Efforts to understand the neural processes subserving such movements may teach us about general principles of behavior, similarly to how studies on neurological patients have guided early work in cognitive neuroscience. While investigations on non-human animal models offer valuable information on the neural dynamics of skilled motor control that is still difficult to obtain from humans, sport sciences have paid relatively little attention to these mechanisms. Similarly, knowledge emerging from the study of sport performance could inspire innovative experiments in animal neurophysiology, but the latter has been only partially applied. Here, we advocate that fostering interactions between these two seemingly distant fields, i.e., animal neurophysiology and sport sciences, may lead to mutual benefits. For instance, recording and manipulating the activity from neurons of behaving animals offer a unique viewpoint on the computations for motor control, with potentially untapped relevance for motor skills development in athletes. To stimulate such transdisciplinary dialog, in the present article, we also discuss steps for the reverse translation of sport sciences findings to animal models and the evaluation of comparability between animal models of a given sport and athletes. In the final section of the article, we envision that some approaches developed for animal neurophysiology could translate to sport sciences anytime soon (e.g., advanced tracking methods) or in the future (e.g., novel brain stimulation techniques) and could be used to monitor and manipulate motor skills, with implications for human performance extending well beyond sport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diego Minciacchi
- Physiological Sciences Section, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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13
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Abstract
Developing reliable and user-friendly electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes remains a challenge for emerging real-world EEG applications. Classic wet electrodes are the gold standard for recording EEG; however, they are difficult to implement and make users uncomfortable, thus severely restricting their widespread application in real-life scenarios. An alternative is dry electrodes, which do not require conductive gels or skin preparation. Despite their quick setup and improved user-friendliness, dry electrodes still have some inherent problems (invasive, relatively poor signal quality, or sensitivity to motion artifacts), which limit their practical utilization. In recent years, semi-dry electrodes, which require only a small amount of electrolyte fluid, have been successfully developed, combining the advantages of both wet and dry electrodes while addressing their respective drawbacks. Semi-dry electrodes can collect reliable EEG signals comparable to wet electrodes. Moreover, their setup is as fast and convenient similar to that of dry electrodes. Hence, semi-dry electrodes have shown tremendous application prospects for real-world EEG acquisition. Herein, we systematically summarize the development, evaluation methods, and practical design considerations of semi-dry electrodes. Some feasible suggestions and new ideas for the development of semi-dry electrodes have been presented. This review provides valuable technical support for the development of semi-dry electrodes toward emerging practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Li Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, People's Republic of China
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Wang CH, Lin CC, Moreau D, Yang CT, Liang WK. Neural correlates of cognitive processing capacity in elite soccer players. Biol Psychol 2020; 157:107971. [PMID: 33091450 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although great progress has been made in our understanding of perceptual-cognitive expertise in team sports, the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying such cognitive advantage in the face of multiple, sometimes conflicting, channels of information are not well understood. Two electroencephalographic indices associated with perceptual decisions, the P3 component of event-related potential and alpha inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC), were measured and compared across elite soccer players and non-athletic controls while performing a redundant-target task. Specifically, we adopted an effective diagnostic tool, Systems Factorial Technology, to assess participants' workload capacity. Soccer players exhibited larger workload capacity while making faster decisions compared with controls. Moreover, this larger workload capacity was associated with modulations of P3 and alpha ITPC when processing two targets relative to one target and one distractor, an effect that was not observed in controls. Together, the present findings offer a possible mechanistic explanation of perceptual-cognitive expertise in the context of team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chih-Chun Lin
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Social Sciences Building, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Social Sciences Building, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Kuang Liang
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli, 320, Taiwan, ROC
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New Directions in Exercise Prescription: Is There a Role for Brain-Derived Parameters Obtained by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy? Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060342. [PMID: 32503207 PMCID: PMC7348779 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the literature, it is well established that regular physical exercise is a powerful strategy to promote brain health and to improve cognitive performance. However, exact knowledge about which exercise prescription would be optimal in the setting of exercise–cognition science is lacking. While there is a strong theoretical rationale for using indicators of internal load (e.g., heart rate) in exercise prescription, the most suitable parameters have yet to be determined. In this perspective article, we discuss the role of brain-derived parameters (e.g., brain activity) as valuable indicators of internal load which can be beneficial for individualizing the exercise prescription in exercise–cognition research. Therefore, we focus on the application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), since this neuroimaging modality provides specific advantages, making it well suited for monitoring cortical hemodynamics as a proxy of brain activity during physical exercise.
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Wang CH, Liang WK, Moreau D. Differential Modulation of Brain Signal Variability During Cognitive Control in Athletes with Different Domains of Expertise. Neuroscience 2020; 425:267-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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