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Li C, Cao J, Chen Z, Su Z, Bao H, Li X, Liu L, Xiao Z, Duan J, Zhou T, Xu F. Gastrodin alleviates the deterioration of depressive-like behavior and glucolipid metabolism promoted by chronic stress in type 2 diabetic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 973:176582. [PMID: 38642668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The growing burden of psychological stress among diabetes patients has contributed to a rising incidence of depression within this population. It is of significant importance to conduct research on the impact of stress on diabetes patients and to explore potential pharmacological interventions to counteract the stress-induced exacerbation of their condition. Gastrodin is a low molecular weight bioactive compound extracted from the rhizome of Gastrodiae elata Blume, and it may be a preventive strategy for diabetes and a novel treatment for depression symptoms. However, its relevant pharmacological mechanisms for protecting against the impacts of psychological stress in diabetic patients are unclear. In this study, we performed 5 weeks CUMS intervention and simultaneously administered gastrodin (140 mg/kg, once daily) on T2DM mice, to investigate the potential protective effects of gastrodin. The protective effect of gastrodin was evaluated by behavioral tests, biochemical analysis, histopathological examination, RT-qPCR and gut microbiota analysis. We found that the depressive-like behavior and glucolipid metabolism could be deteriorated by chronic stress in type 2 diabetic mice, while gastrodin showed a protective effect against these exacerbations by regulating HPA hormones, activating FXR and Cyp7a1, reducing inflammatory and oxidative stress responses, and regulating ileal gut microbiota abundance. Gastrodin might be a potential therapeutic agent for mitigating the deterioration of diabetes conditions due to chronic stress.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzyl Alcohols/pharmacology
- Benzyl Alcohols/therapeutic use
- Glucosides/pharmacology
- Glucosides/therapeutic use
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/psychology
- Depression/drug therapy
- Depression/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Stress, Psychological/drug therapy
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/psychology
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Chronic Disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Canye Li
- Fengxian Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinming Cao
- Fengxian Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhicong Chen
- Fengxian Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuanjun Su
- Fengxian Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Bao
- Fengxian Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Li
- Fengxian Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luping Liu
- Fengxian Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Xiao
- Fengxian Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Duan
- Fengxian Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Fengxian Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- Fengxian Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Wang Y, Bai M, Wang X, Peng Z, Cai C, Xi J, Yan C, Luo J, Li X. Gastrodin: a comprehensive pharmacological review. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:3781-3802. [PMID: 38165423 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02920-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Tianma is the dried tuber of Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata), which is frequently utilized in clinical practice as a traditional Chinese medicine. Gastrodin (GAS) is the main active ingredient of Tianma, which has good pharmacological activity. Therefore, for the first time, this review focused on the extraction, synthesis, pharmacological effects, and derivatives of GAS and to investigate additional development options for GAS. The use of microorganisms to create GAS is a promising method. GAS has good efficacy in the treatment of neurological diseases, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases, and liver diseases. GAS has significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, vascular protective, blood sugar lowering, lipid-regulating, analgesic, anticancer, and antiviral effects. The mechanism involves various signaling pathways such as Nrf2, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, and AMPK. In addition, the derivatives of GAS and biomaterials synthesized by GAS and PU suggested a broader application of GAS. The research on GAS is thoroughly summarized in this paper, which has useful applications for tackling a variety of disorders and exhibits good development value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Mengting Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhaolei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Chunyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jingjing Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Chunmei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Zhao Y, Qin S, Yang Z, Lu Y, Ma Z, Ping X, Sun G, Pei L. Gastrodin ameliorates depressive-like behaviors via modulating gut microbiota in CUMS-induced mice. Behav Brain Res 2024; 465:114968. [PMID: 38521360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Depression is a psychiatric disorder and the treatment of depression is an urgent problem that need to be solved. Gastrodin (GAS) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine from an orchid and is used for neurological diseases, including depressive disorders. METHODS To assess the effect of GAS on gut microbiota of depressive mice, we established a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced mouse model, and GAS was administered to one group of the mice. Animal behavior experiments were used to detect depressive-like behaviors, and 16 S rRNA gene analysis was applied to detect the gut microbiota of each group. All raw sequences were deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive under accession number SRP491061. RESULTS GAS treatment significantly improved depressive-like behaviors as well as the diversity and abundance of the gut microbiota. The depressive-like behaviors of the CUMS-GAS group were improved in different degrees compared with the CUMS group. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of the gut microbiota showed that the makeup of the gut microbiota in mice changed dramatically in the CUMS-GAS group, compared with the CUMS group, Bacteroides (LDA = 3.94, P < 0.05) were enriched in the CUMS-GAS group at the genus level. In comparison to the CUMS group, the CUMS-GAS group had a greater concentration numbers of Lactobacillus, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, Bacteroides, Psychrobacter, and Alistipes. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that GAS improved depressive-like behaviors in mice and impacted the microbial composition of the gut. Our research indicated that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota may be affected by GAS treatment, which improved depressive-like behaviors in the CUMS-induced mouse model of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhao
- Hebei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Shaokun Qin
- Section of science and Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Dingzhou, Hebei, PR China
| | - Zixian Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Ye Lu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity, Hebei Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Zongmin Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity, Hebei Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Xin Ping
- Hebei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity, Hebei Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity, Hebei Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China.
| | - Lin Pei
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity, Hebei Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China.
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Pei H, Shen H, Bi J, He Z, Zhai L. Gastrodin improves nerve cell injury and behaviors of depressed mice through Caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14444. [PMID: 37650449 PMCID: PMC10940732 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM We investigated the effects and target of gastrodin (GAS) for treating depression through network pharmacology combined with experimentation. METHODS The therapeutic target and signal of GAS for depression were analyzed by network pharmacology. Depression in mice was mimicked with a chronic unpredictable mouse stress (CUMS) model. Through open field, elevated plus maze, forced swimming, and tail suspension tests, the effects of GAS on the CUMS mice behaviors were examined, and the levels of neurotransmitters were detected. The histopathological changes were assayed by H&E and IHC staining, and the protein expressions were detected by Western blotting. Small molecule-protein docking and molecular dynamics experiments were conducted to simulate the binding mode between GAS and Caspase-3. RESULTS Network pharmacological analysis revealed that Caspase-3 was the action target of GAS. GAS could improve depression-like behaviors in CUMS mice, elevate their neurotransmitter levels, ameliorate their nerve cell injury, and inhibit their Caspase-3 expression. After knocking out Caspase-3, the effects of GAS were inhibited. Molecular dynamics simulation and small molecule-protein docking found that GAS bound to Caspase-3 at SER25, inhibiting the maturation and activation of Caspase-3. CONCLUSION We find that GAS can act as a Caspase-3 inhibitor, which improves depression-like behaviors and nerve cell injury in CUMS mice by inhibiting Caspase-3-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Pei
- College of Chinese Medicinal MaterialsJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Heping Shen
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Jinhao Bi
- College of Chinese Medicinal MaterialsJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Zhongmei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal MaterialsJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Liping Zhai
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingChina
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Gong MQ, Lai FF, Chen JZ, Li XH, Chen YJ, He Y. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, applications, and quality control of Gastrodia elata Blume: A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117128. [PMID: 37689324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata) has a long historical application in Asian countries and its tubers, seeds, and stalks are capable of being utilized for medicine, food, or health care products. AIM OF THE REVIEW This study aimed to offer a systematic and up-to-date analysis of the current review of the G. elata research advances in traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, applications, and quality control, as well as a scientific reference for the development and utilization of this plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, and CNKI were used for the collection of publications on G. elata. The following keywords of G. elata were used truncated with other relevant topic terms, such as phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, glycosides, neuroprotection, learning and memory improvement effects, cardioprotection, applications, and quality control. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Approximately 134 chemical components mainly categorizing as phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, glycosides, organic acids, and sterols were reported from this plant. Moreover, preclinical studies indicated that G. elata performs several functions, including neuroprotection, learning and memory improvement effects, cardioprotection, vaso-modulatory effect, anti-depression, anti-cancer, and other effects. Currently, G. elata has been widely applied to clinics and foods. The available literature shows that the quality of G. elata might be affected by factors such as origin, fungus, and harvest time, which will have an impact on the drug efficacy. According to past research, G. elata is a potential medicinal and edible plant with several active components and pharmacological activity that has a high application value in medicine and the food business. Nevertheless, few studies have concentrated on characterization of polysaccharides structure and study of non-medicinal parts, implying that further comprehensive research on its polysaccharides structure and non-medicinal parts is critical for full utilization of resources of G. elata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Qi Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Fei-Fan Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Jian-Zhen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Ya-Jie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Yu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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Moreno F, Méndez L, Raner A, Miralles-Pérez B, Romeu M, Ramos-Romero S, Torres JL, Medina I. Dietary Marine Oils Selectively Decrease Obesogenic Diet-Derived Carbonylation in Proteins Involved in ATP Homeostasis and Glutamate Metabolism in the Rat Cerebellum. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:103. [PMID: 38247527 PMCID: PMC10812471 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The regular intake of diets high in saturated fat and sugars increases oxidative stress and has been linked to cognitive decline and premature brain aging. The cerebellum is highly vulnerable to oxidative stress and thus, obesogenic diets might be particularly detrimental to this tissue. However, the precise molecular mechanisms behind obesity-related brain damage are still not clear. Since protein carbonylation, a biomarker of oxidative stress, influences protein functions and is involved in metabolic control, the current investigation addressed the effect of long-term high-fat and high-sucrose diet intake on the cerebellum of Sprague-Dawley rats by deciphering the changes caused in the carbonylated proteome. The antioxidant effects of fish oil supplementation on cerebellar carbonylated proteins were also investigated. Lipid peroxidation products and carbonylated proteins were identified and quantified using immunoassays and 2D-LC-MS/MS in the cerebellum. After 21 weeks of nutritional intervention, the obesogenic diet selectively increased carbonylation of the proteins that participate in ATP homeostasis and glutamate metabolism in the cerebellum. Moreover, the data demonstrated that fish oil supplementation restrained carbonylation of the main protein targets oxidatively damaged by the obesogenic diet, and additionally protected against carbonylation of several other proteins involved in amino acid biosynthesis and neurotransmission. Therefore, dietary interventions with fish oils could help the cerebellum to be more resilient to oxidative damage. The results could shed some light on the effect of high-fat and high-sucrose diets on redox homeostasis in the cerebellum and boost the development of antioxidant-based nutritional interventions to improve cerebellum health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Spain; (F.M.); (A.R.); (I.M.)
- Universidad de Vigo, Circunvalación ao Campus Universitario, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Lucía Méndez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Spain; (F.M.); (A.R.); (I.M.)
| | - Ana Raner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Spain; (F.M.); (A.R.); (I.M.)
| | - Bernat Miralles-Pérez
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, E-43201 Reus, Spain; (B.M.-P.); (M.R.)
| | - Marta Romeu
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, E-43201 Reus, Spain; (B.M.-P.); (M.R.)
| | - Sara Ramos-Romero
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Nutrition & Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain;
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Catalunya—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Lluís Torres
- Nutrition & Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain;
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Catalunya—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Spain; (F.M.); (A.R.); (I.M.)
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Li Y, Ji Y, Li F. A review: Mechanism and prospect of gastrodin in prevention and treatment of T2DM and COVID-19. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21218. [PMID: 37954278 PMCID: PMC10637887 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrodin is an extract from the dried tuber of the Chinese herb Gastrodia elata (Tian ma), with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral properties. Recent studies have shown that, compared to commonly used diabetes drugs, gastrodin has antidiabetic effects in multiple ways, with characteristics of low cost, high safety, less side effects, protection of β-cell function, relieving insulin resistance and alleviating multiple complications. In addition, it is confirmed that gastrodin can protect the function of lung and other organs, enhance antiviral activity via upregulating the type I interferon (IFN-I), and inhibit angiotensin II (AngII), a key factor in "cytokine storm" caused by COVID-19. Therefore, we reviewed the effect and mechanism of gastrodin on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and speculated other potential mechanisms of gastrodin in alleviating insulin resistance from insulin signal pathway, inflammation, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum and its potential in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. We hope to provide new direction and treatment strategy for basic research and clinical work: gastrodin is considered as a drug for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fenglan Li
- Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Xiao G, Tang R, Yang N, Chen Y. Review on pharmacological effects of gastrodin. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:744-770. [PMID: 37749449 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Gastrodia elata Blume is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that is mainly used to treat diseases related to the nervous system, such as stroke, epilepsy, and headache. Gastrodin is the main bioactive component of Gastrodia elata Blume, and studies have shown that it has extensive pharmacological activity. This narrative review aims to systematically review relevant studies on the pharmacological effects of gastrodin to provide researchers with the latest and most useful information. Studies have shown that gastrodin has prominent neuroprotective effects and can treat or improve epilepsy, Tourette syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, emotional disorders, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, cognitive impairment, and neuropathic pain. Gastrodin can also improve myocardial hypertrophy, hypertension, and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, gastrodin can mitigate liver, kidney, and bone tissue damage caused by oxidative stress and inflammation. In short, gastrodin is expected to treat many diseases, and it is worth investing more effort in research on this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rong Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Hospital of Stomatology, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Nan Yang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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Mu ZH, Zhao ZM, Yang SS, Zhou L, Liu YD, Qian ZY, Liu XJ, Zhao PC, Tang RB, Li JY, Zeng JY, Yang ZH, Ruan YH, Zhang Y, Zeng YQ, Zou YY. Gastrodin ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in diabetes by inhibiting PAK2 phosphorylation. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:8298-8314. [PMID: 37610708 PMCID: PMC10497015 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with higher prevalence of cognitive dysfunction, while the underlying mechanism is still elusive. In this study, we aim to explore the potential mechanism of diabetes-induced cognitive dysfunction and assess the therapeutic effects of Gastrodin on cognitive dysfunction. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin. The Morris Water Maze Test was employed to assess the functions of spatial learning and memory. Transcriptome was used to identify the potential factors involved. Western blot and immunofluorescence were applied to detect the protein expression. Our results have shown that spatial learning was impaired in diabetic rats, coupled with damaged hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Gastrodin intervention ameliorated the spatial learning impairments and neuronal damages. Transcriptomics analysis identified differential expression genes critical for diabetes-induced hippocampal damage and Gastrodin treatment, which were further confirmed by qPCR and western blot. Moreover, p21 activated kinase 2 (PAK2) was found to be important for diabetes-induced hippocampal injury and its inhibitor could promote the survival of primary hippocampal neurons. It suggested that PAK2 pathway may be involved in cognitive dysfunction in diabetes and could be a therapeutic target for Gastrodin intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Mu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi-Min Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baoshan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoshan, China
| | - Su-Su Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- College of Clinical Oncology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Academy of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yi-Dan Liu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Kunming Pharmaceutical Corporation, Kunming, China
| | - Zhong-Yi Qian
- Department of Morphological Laboratory, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xin-Jie Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The Second Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Peng-Chao Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The First Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ren-Bo Tang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The Second Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jia-Yin Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The Second Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing-Yao Zeng
- The First Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yong-Hua Ruan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Nursing, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yue-Qin Zeng
- Academy of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Sharifi S, Golalipour M, Ghafari S, Safari R, Golalipour MJ. Effect of induced diabetes on morphometric indexes of the cerebellar cortex and gene expression in C57BL mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:1444-1448. [PMID: 37970442 PMCID: PMC10634053 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.71172.15457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that affects the development of the central nervous system and plays an important role in learning and memory. Diabetes increases the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in cells and changes the expression of several genes, including SYP, BDNF, PAX7, and SYNCAM1, through the FOXO transcription factor. This study was done to assess the effect of diabetes on morphometric indexes of the cerebellar cortex and gene expression in mice. Materials and Methods Diabetes was induced in twelve adult, male C57BL mice using an injection of streptozotocin. After two months, the mice were dissected, and the cerebellum was stored for further analysis. For the morphometric analysis, tissue sections were stained with cresyl violet and examined with a light microscope. For gene expression analysis, the RNA was extracted, and cDNA was synthesized. The mRNA levels of SYP, BDNF, PAX7, and SYNCAM1 genes were measured by the real-time PCR method. Results The thickness of the molecular layer and Purkinje layer, and the number of Purkinje and granular cells in the diabetic group were significantly reduced compared to controls P<0.0 1). The area, perimeter, and diameter of Purkinje cells in the diabetic group were significantly reduced compared to controls P<0.0 1). The expression of PAX7, SYP, and BDNF genes of the diabetic group was significantly reduced. However, SYNCAM1 expression in the cerebellum of the diabetic group was significantly increased compared to controls (P<0.05). Conclusion Induced diabetes in mice can decrease the expression of memory-related genes in the cerebellum. Also, these genes affect the morphology and thickness of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Sharifi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Masoud Golalipour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Biology, Faculty of Technology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan, Iran
| | - Soraya Ghafari
- Department of Embryology and Histology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Razieh Safari
- Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, and Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jafar Golalipour
- Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, and Gorgan, Iran
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Molecular Mechanistic Pathways Targeted by Natural Compounds in the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196221. [PMID: 36234757 PMCID: PMC9571643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most common complications of diabetes, and its prevalence is still growing rapidly. However, the efficient therapies for this kidney disease are still limited. The pathogenesis of DKD involves glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and renal fibrosis. Glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity can cause oxidative stress, which can lead to inflammation and aggravate renal fibrosis. In this review, we have focused on in vitro and in vivo experiments to investigate the mechanistic pathways by which natural compounds exert their effects against the progression of DKD. The accumulated and collected data revealed that some natural compounds could regulate inflammation, oxidative stress, renal fibrosis, and activate autophagy, thereby protecting the kidney. The main pathways targeted by these reviewed compounds include the Nrf2 signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway, NLRP3 inflammasome, autophagy, glycolipid metabolism and ER stress. This review presented an updated overview of the potential benefits of these natural compounds for the prevention and treatment of DKD progression, aimed to provide new potential therapeutic lead compounds and references for the innovative drug development and clinical treatment of DKD.
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Gastrodin and Vascular Dementia: Advances and Current Perspectives. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2563934. [PMID: 35463081 PMCID: PMC9019412 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2563934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastrodia elata, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used since ancient times to treat diseases such as dizziness, epilepsy, stroke, and memory loss. Gastrodin, one of the active components of Gastrodia elata, has been used in the treatment of migraine, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, dementia, and depression in recent years. It can improve cognitive function and related neuropsychiatric symptoms through various effects and is considered as a promising treatment for dementia. Vascular dementia is a kind of severe cognitive impairment syndrome caused by vascular factors, and it is the dementia syndrome with the largest number of patients besides Alzheimer's disease. Although there is still a lack of evidence-based explorations, the paper reviewed the mechanism and methods of gastrodin in the treatment of vascular dementia, providing a reference for clinical therapy.
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Gastrodiae Rhizoma Water Extract Ameliorates Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hyperactivity and Inflammation Induced by Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2020:8374614. [PMID: 32596383 PMCID: PMC7305529 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8374614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastrodiae Rhizoma is a highly valuable traditional herbal medicine commonly used to treat neurological disorders. The present study is designed to determine the antidepressant-like effect of the Gastrodiae Rhizoma water extract (GRWE) on a depression model and the potential mechanisms. The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model was used to induce depression. The sucrose preference test, open field test, forced swimming test, and tail suspension test were performed to assess the depressive-like behaviors, respectively. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function was measured via plasma corticosterone (CORT), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) concentrations. Plasma concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were also evaluated. The results showed that GRWE significantly attenuates the behavioral abnormalities in CUMS rats, as shown by elevated sucrose consumption, raised locomotor activity, and reduced immobility duration. Moreover, GRWE treatment reduced CORT, ACTH, CRF, and GR levels and decreased the plasma IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α concentrations. These findings indicate that GRWE improves depressive behaviors in a chronic stress model of rats; its effect may be ascribed to the modulation of the HPA axis activity and inflammatory response.
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Wang X, Chen L, Xu Y, Wang W, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zheng J, Bao H. Gastrodin alleviates perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction of aged mice by suppressing neuroinflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 892:173734. [PMID: 33220272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) is a common complication of elderly patients after surgery and lacks effective prevention and treatment measures. We investigated the effect and mechanism of gastrodin (GAS), a natural plant ingredient, on postoperative cognition induced by laparotomy in aged mice. Male aged (18 months) mice were subjected to laparotomy and orally treated with GAS (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) 3 weeks before surgery and 1 week after surgery. In addition, some male aged (18 months) mice were subjected to viral vector or GSK-3β expression virus injection followed by laparotomy with or without 100 mg/kg GAS treatment. GAS improved learning and memory in aged mice after surgery. Surgery increased the levels of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and decreased the level of an anti-inflammatory factor (IL-10) in the mouse hippocampus, and these changes were reversed by GAS treatment. GAS also suppressed the activation of microglia. GAS inhibited the phosphorylation of GSK-3β and Tau. Furthermore, surgery induced more serious cognitive dysfunction, inflammatory factors, activation of microglia, and phosphorylation of GSK-3β and Tau in GSK-3β overexpressing aged mice. The improvement of learning and memory, the reduction of inflammation and microglia activation, and the suppression of GSK-3β and Tau phosphorylation by GAS were prevented when GSK-3β was overexpressed in aged mice subjected to surgery. Our finding suggested that GAS exerts neuroprotective effects in aged mice subjected to laparotomy by suppressing neuroinflammation and GSK-3β and Tau phosphorylation. Thus, these findings suggest that GAS may be a promising agent for PND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajie Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanling Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Youran Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, China.
| | - Hongguang Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Yin H, Hu T, Zhuang Y, Liu T. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for high-level production of gastrodin from glucose. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:218. [PMID: 33243241 PMCID: PMC7690157 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The natural phenolic glycoside gastrodin is the major bioactive ingredient in the well-known Chinese herb Tianma and is widely used as a neuroprotective medicine in the clinic. Microbial production from sustainable resources is a promising method to replace plant extraction and chemical synthesis which were currently used in industrial gastrodin production. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is considered as an attractive host to produce natural plant products used in the food and pharmaceutical fields. In this work, we intended to explore the potential of S. cerevisiae as the host for high-level production of gastrodin from glucose. RESULTS Here, we first identified the plant-derived glucosyltransferase AsUGT to convert 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol to gastrodin with high catalytic efficiency in yeast. Then, we engineered de novo production of gastrodin by overexpressing codon-optimized AsUGTsyn, the carboxylic acid reductase gene CARsyn from Nocardia species, the phosphopantetheinyl transferase gene PPTcg-1syn from Corynebacterium glutamicum, the chorismate pyruvate-lyase gene UbiCsyn from Escherichia coli, and the mutant ARO4K229L. Finally, we achieved an improved product titer by a chromosomal multiple-copy integration strategy and enhancement of metabolic flux toward the aglycon 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. The best optimized strain produced 2.1 g/L gastrodin in mineral medium with glucose as the sole carbon source by flask fermentation, which was 175 times higher than that of the original gastrodin-producing strain. CONCLUSIONS The de novo high-level production of gastrodin was first achieved. Instead of chemical synthesis or plants extraction, our work provides an alternative strategy for the industrial production of gastrodin by microbial fermentation from a sustainable resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yin
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Tiandong Hu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yibin Zhuang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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Liu CM, Tian ZK, Zhang YJ, Ming QL, Ma JQ, Ji LP. Effects of Gastrodin against Lead-Induced Brain Injury in Mice Associated with the Wnt/Nrf2 Pathway. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061805. [PMID: 32560430 PMCID: PMC7353406 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrodin (GAS), the main phenolic glycoside extracted from Gastrodia elata Blume, exhibited potential neuroprotective properties. Here we examined the protective effects of GAS against lead(Pb)-induced nerve injury in mice, and explores its underlying mechanisms. Our research findings revealed that GAS improved behavioral deficits in Pb-exposed mice. GAS reduced the accumulation of p-tau and amyloid-beta (Aβ). GAS inhibited Pb-induced inflammation in the brain, as indicated by the decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). GAS increased the expression levels of NR2A and neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). GAS inhibited Pb-induced apoptosis of neurons in hippocampus tissue, as indicated by the decreased levels of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and cleaved caspase-3. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects of GAS were associated with inhibiting oxidative stress by modulating nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant signaling. GAS supplement activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and reduced the expression of Wnt inhibitor Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1). Collectively, this study clarified that GAS exhibited neuroprotective property by anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis effects and its ability to regulate the Wnt/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Min Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New Area, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.-M.L.); (Z.-K.T.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Q.-L.M.)
| | - Zhi-Kai Tian
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New Area, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.-M.L.); (Z.-K.T.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Q.-L.M.)
| | - Yu-Jia Zhang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New Area, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.-M.L.); (Z.-K.T.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Q.-L.M.)
| | - Qing-Lei Ming
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New Area, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.-M.L.); (Z.-K.T.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Q.-L.M.)
| | - Jie-Qiong Ma
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Xuyuan Road, Zigong 643000, China;
| | - Li-Ping Ji
- College of Physical Education, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New Area, Xuzhou 221116, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-516-83403170; Fax: +86-516-83500171
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