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Jiao F, Meng L, Du K, Li X. The autophagy-lysosome pathway: a potential target in the chemical and gene therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:139-158. [PMID: 38767483 PMCID: PMC11246151 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease with movement disorders associated with the intracytoplasmic deposition of aggregate proteins such as α-synuclein in neurons. As one of the major intracellular degradation pathways, the autophagy-lysosome pathway plays an important role in eliminating these proteins. Accumulating evidence has shown that upregulation of the autophagy-lysosome pathway may contribute to the clearance of α-synuclein aggregates and protect against degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Moreover, multiple genes associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease are intimately linked to alterations in the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Thus, this pathway appears to be a promising therapeutic target for treatment of Parkinson's disease. In this review, we briefly introduce the machinery of autophagy. Then, we provide a description of the effects of Parkinson's disease-related genes on the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Finally, we highlight the potential chemical and genetic therapeutic strategies targeting the autophagy-lysosome pathway and their applications in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Jiao
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lingyan Meng
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kang Du
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
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2
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Tan WLA, Hudson NJ, Porto Neto LR, Reverter A, Afonso J, Fortes MRS. An association weight matrix identified biological pathways associated with bull fertility traits in a multi-breed population. Anim Genet 2024; 55:495-510. [PMID: 38692842 DOI: 10.1111/age.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Using seven indicator traits, we investigated the genetic basis of bull fertility and predicted gene interactions from SNP associations. We used percent normal sperm as the key phenotype for the association weight matrix-partial correlation information theory (AWM-PCIT) approach. Beyond a simple list of candidate genes, AWM-PCIT predicts significant gene interactions and associations for the selected traits. These interactions formed a network of 537 genes: 38 genes were transcription cofactors, and 41 genes were transcription factors. The network displayed two distinct clusters, one with 294 genes and another with 243 genes. The network is enriched in fertility-associated pathways: steroid biosynthesis, p53 signalling, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Enrichment analysis also highlighted gene ontology terms associated with 'regulation of neurotransmitter secretion' and 'chromatin formation'. Our network recapitulates some genes previously implicated in another network built with lower-density genotypes. Sequence-level data also highlights additional candidate genes relevant to bull fertility, such as FOXO4, FOXP3, GATA1, CYP27B1, and EBP. A trio of regulatory genes-KDM5C, LRRK2, and PME-was deemed core to the network because of their overarching connections. This trio probably influences bull fertility through their interaction with genes, both known and unknown as to their role in male fertility. Future studies may target the trio and their target genes to enrich our understanding of male fertility further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang Andre Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas James Hudson
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Juliana Afonso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Pecuária Sudeste, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Bailey HM, Cookson MR. How Parkinson's Disease-Linked LRRK2 Mutations Affect Different CNS Cell Types. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024:JPD230432. [PMID: 38905056 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
LRRK2 is a relatively common genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), with six coding variants known to cause familial PD. Non-coding variation at the same locus is also associated with sporadic PD. LRRK2 plays a role in many different intracellular signaling cascades including those involved in endolysosomal function, cytoskeletal dynamics, and Ca2+ homeostasis. PD-causing LRRK2 mutations cause hyperactive LRRK2 kinase activity, resulting in altered cellular signaling. Importantly, LRRK2 is lowly expressed in neurons and prominently expressed in non-neuronal cells in the brain. In this review, we will summarize recent and novel findings on the effects of PD-causing LRRK2 mutations in different nervous system cell types. This review will also provide novel insight into future areas of research at the intersection of LRRK2 cell biology, cell type specificity, and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Bailey
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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4
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Ilieva NM, Hoffman EK, Ghalib MA, Greenamyre JT, De Miranda BR. LRRK2 kinase inhibition protects against Parkinson's disease-associated environmental toxicants. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 196:106522. [PMID: 38705492 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) is epidemiologically linked with exposure to toxicants such as pesticides and solvents, which comprise a wide array of chemicals that pollute our environment. While most are structurally distinct, a common cellular target for their toxicity is mitochondrial dysfunction, a key pathological trigger involved in the selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons. We and others have shown that environmental mitochondrial toxicants such as the pesticides rotenone and paraquat, and the organic solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) appear to be influenced by the protein LRRK2, a genetic risk factor for PD. As LRRK2 mediates vesicular trafficking and influences endolysosomal function, we postulated that LRRK2 kinase activity may inhibit the autophagic removal of toxicant damaged mitochondria, resulting in elevated oxidative stress. Conversely, we suspected that inhibition of LRRK2, which has been shown to be protective against dopaminergic neurodegeneration caused by mitochondrial toxicants, would reduce the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevent mitochondrial toxicity from inducing cell death. To do this, we tested in vitro if genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of LRRK2 (MLi2) protected against ROS caused by four toxicants associated with PD risk - rotenone, paraquat, TCE, and tetrachloroethylene (PERC). In parallel, we assessed if LRRK2 inhibition with MLi2 could protect against TCE-induced toxicity in vivo, in a follow up study from our observation that TCE elevated LRRK2 kinase activity in the nigrostriatal tract of rats prior to dopaminergic neurodegeneration. We found that LRRK2 inhibition blocked toxicant-induced ROS and promoted mitophagy in vitro, and protected against dopaminergic neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial damage caused by TCE in vivo. We also found that cells with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation displayed exacerbated levels of toxicant induced ROS, but this was ameliorated by LRRK2 inhibition with MLi2. Collectively, these data support a role for LRRK2 in toxicant-induced mitochondrial dysfunction linked to PD risk through oxidative stress and the autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda M Ilieva
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eric K Hoffman
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohammed A Ghalib
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Briana R De Miranda
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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5
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Herbert A. Osteogenesis imperfecta type 10 and the cellular scaffolds underlying common immunological diseases. Genes Immun 2024:10.1038/s41435-024-00277-4. [PMID: 38811682 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-024-00277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta type 10 (OI10) is caused by loss of function codon variants in the gene SERPINH1 that encodes heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), rather than in a gene specifying bone formation. The HSP47 variants disrupt the folding of both collagen and the endonuclease IRE1α (inositol-requiring enzyme 1α) that splices X-Box Binding Protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA. Besides impairing bone development, variants likely affect osteoclast differentiation. Three distinct biochemical scaffold play key roles in the differentiation and regulated cell death of osteoclasts. These scaffolds consist of non-templated protein modifications, ordered lipid arrays, and protein filaments. The scaffold components are specified genetically, but assemble in response to extracellular perturbagens, pathogens, and left-handed Z-RNA helices encoded genomically by flipons. The outcomes depend on interactions between RIPK1, RIPK3, TRIF, and ZBP1 through short interaction motifs called RHIMs. The causal HSP47 nonsynonymous substitutions occur in a novel variant leucine repeat region (vLRR) that are distantly related to RHIMs. Other vLRR protein variants are causal for a variety of different mendelian diseases. The same scaffolds that drive mendelian pathology are associated with many other complex disease outcomes. Their assembly is triggered dynamically by flipons and other context-specific switches rather than by causal, mendelian, codon variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Herbert
- InsideOutBio, 42 8th Street, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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6
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Zhang T, Linghu KG, Tan J, Wang M, Chen D, Shen Y, Wu J, Shi M, Zhou Y, Tang L, Liu L, Qin ZH, Guo B. TIGAR exacerbates obesity by triggering LRRK2-mediated defects in macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy in adipocytes. Autophagy 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38686804 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2338576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most common metabolic diseases around the world, which is distinguished by the abnormal buildup of triglycerides within adipose cells. Recent research has revealed that autophagy regulates lipid mobilization to maintain energy balance. TIGAR (Trp53 induced glycolysis regulatory phosphatase) has been identified as a glycolysis inhibitor, whether it plays a role in the metabolism of lipids is unknown. Here, we found that TIGAR transgenic (TIGAR+/+) mice exhibited increased fat mass and trended to obesity phenotype. Non-target metabolomics showed that TIGAR caused the dysregulation of the metabolism profile. The quantitative transcriptome sequencing identified an increased levels of LRRK2 and RAB7B in the adipose tissue of TIGAR+/+ mice. It was confirmed in vitro that TIGAR overexpression increased the levels of LRRK2 by inhibiting polyubiquitination degradation, thereby suppressing macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) while increasing lipid accumulation which were reversed by the LRRK2 inhibitor DNL201. Furthermore, TIGAR drove LRRK2 to interact with RAB7B for suppressing lysosomal degradation of lipid droplets, while the increased lipid droplets in adipocytes were blocked by the RAB7B inhibitor ML282. Additionally, fat-specific TIGAR knockdown of TIGAR+/+ mice alleviated the symptoms of obesity, and adipose tissues-targeting superiority DNL201 nano-emulsion counteracted the obesity phenotype in TIGAR+/+ mice. In summary, the current results indicated that TIGAR performed a vital function in the lipid metabolism through LRRK2-mediated negative regulation of macroautophagy and CMA in adipocyte. The findings suggest that TIGAR has the potential to serve as a viable therapeutic target for treating obesity and its associated metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Guizhou Institute of Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ke-Gang Linghu
- Guizhou Institute of Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jia Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Diao Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Junchao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingjun Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Endemic and Ethnic Regional Diseases Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuxia Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Lei Tang
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Lirong Liu
- Guizhou Institute of Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Health Technology, Global Institute of Software Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Endemic and Ethnic Regional Diseases Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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7
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Hull A, Atilano ML, Gergi L, Kinghorn KJ. Lysosomal storage, impaired autophagy and innate immunity in Gaucher and Parkinson's diseases: insights for drug discovery. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220381. [PMID: 38368939 PMCID: PMC10874704 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Impairment of autophagic-lysosomal pathways is increasingly being implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). GBA1 mutations cause the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease (GD) and are the commonest known genetic risk factor for PD. GBA1 mutations have been shown to cause autophagic-lysosomal impairment. Defective autophagic degradation of unwanted cellular constituents is associated with several pathologies, including loss of normal protein homeostasis, particularly of α-synuclein, and innate immune dysfunction. The latter is observed both peripherally and centrally in PD and GD. Here, we will discuss the mechanistic links between autophagy and immune dysregulation, and the possible role of these pathologies in communication between the gut and brain in these disorders. Recent work in a fly model of neuronopathic GD (nGD) revealed intestinal autophagic defects leading to gastrointestinal dysfunction and immune activation. Rapamycin treatment partially reversed the autophagic block and reduced immune activity, in association with increased survival and improved locomotor performance. Alterations in the gut microbiome are a critical driver of neuroinflammation, and studies have revealed that eradication of the microbiome in nGD fly and mouse models of PD ameliorate brain inflammation. Following these observations, lysosomal-autophagic pathways, innate immune signalling and microbiome dysbiosis are discussed as potential therapeutic targets in PD and GD. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Understanding the endo-lysosomal network in neurodegeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hull
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Magda L Atilano
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Laith Gergi
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kerri J Kinghorn
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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8
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Ma Z, Liu K, Zhang RF, Xie ZX, Liu W, Xu B. Manganese disrupts the maturation and degradation of axonal autophagosome leading to hippocampal synaptic toxicity in mice via the activation of LRRK2 on phosphorylation of Rab10. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170021. [PMID: 38224893 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) overexposure induces hippocampal synaptotoxicity by the accumulation of dysfunctional synaptic vesicles (SVs). Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) kinase activity is involved in regulating axonal transport (autophagosomal maturation) and lysosomal function. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether Mn-induced synaptotoxicity is associated with the LRRK2-mediated disruption of autophagosomal maturation in axonal transport and the impairment of lysosomes in hippocampal neurons. Here, we established models of manganism in C57BL/6 mice and hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells to verify the role of LRRK2-mediated Rab10 phosphorylation in the Mn-induced dysfunction of autophagy- lysosomal fusion. Our results proved that Mn-induced the disorder of axonal transport and that lysosome impairments were associated with the increased recruitment of phospho-Rab10 at the axon and lysosomes. Next, we established Lrrk2-KD and LRRK2 kinase- specific inhibitor (GNE-0877, GNE) pre-treated HT22 cells to inhibit Lrrk2 gene expression and kinase activity, respectively. In Mn-treated Lrrk2-KD or GNE-pretreated normal neurons, our results indicated that lysosomal pH and integrity and autophagic flow were restored, indicating by decreased levels of phospho-Rab10 on lysosomes and JNK-interacting proteins (JIP4). In addition, GNE pretreatment could provide protection against Mn-induced synaptotoxicity in vivo, which was evidenced by the partial recovery in synaptic plasticity and synaptic damage. Thus, the Mn-induced abnormal activation of LRRK2 affected lysosomes and the recruitment of phospho-Rab10 by JIP4, which disrupted autophagosomal maturation in proximal axons and resulted in the hippocampal synaptic toxicity of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Kuan Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Rui-Feng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Zi-Xin Xie
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China.
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9
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Basei FL, E Silva IR, Dias PRF, Ferezin CC, Peres de Oliveira A, Issayama LK, Moura LAR, da Silva FR, Kobarg J. The Mitochondrial Connection: The Nek Kinases' New Functional Axis in Mitochondrial Homeostasis. Cells 2024; 13:473. [PMID: 38534317 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria provide energy for all cellular processes, including reactions associated with cell cycle progression, DNA damage repair, and cilia formation. Moreover, mitochondria participate in cell fate decisions between death and survival. Nek family members have already been implicated in DNA damage response, cilia formation, cell death, and cell cycle control. Here, we discuss the role of several Nek family members, namely Nek1, Nek4, Nek5, Nek6, and Nek10, which are not exclusively dedicated to cell cycle-related functions, in controlling mitochondrial functions. Specifically, we review the function of these Neks in mitochondrial respiration and dynamics, mtDNA maintenance, stress response, and cell death. Finally, we discuss the interplay of other cell cycle kinases in mitochondrial function and vice versa. Nek1, Nek5, and Nek6 are connected to the stress response, including ROS control, mtDNA repair, autophagy, and apoptosis. Nek4, in turn, seems to be related to mitochondrial dynamics, while Nek10 is involved with mitochondrial metabolism. Here, we propose that the participation of Neks in mitochondrial roles is a new functional axis for the Nek family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda L Basei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Ivan Rosa E Silva
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Pedro R Firmino Dias
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Camila C Ferezin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
| | | | - Luidy K Issayama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Livia A R Moura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
| | | | - Jörg Kobarg
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
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10
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Eguchi T, Sakurai M, Wang Y, Saito C, Yoshii G, Wileman T, Mizushima N, Kuwahara T, Iwatsubo T. The V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis recruits LRRK2 to facilitate the lysosomal stress response. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202302067. [PMID: 38227290 PMCID: PMC10791558 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202302067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a Rab kinase associated with Parkinson's disease and several inflammatory diseases, has been shown to localize to stressed lysosomes and get activated to regulate lysosomal homeostasis. However, the mechanisms of LRRK2 recruitment and activation have not been well understood. Here, we found that the ATG8 conjugation system regulates the recruitment of LRRK2 as well as LC3 onto single membranes of stressed lysosomes/phagosomes. This recruitment did not require FIP200-containing autophagy initiation complex, nor did it occur on double-membrane autophagosomes, suggesting independence from canonical autophagy. Consistently, LRRK2 recruitment was regulated by the V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis, which requires the WD40 domain of ATG16L1 and specifically mediates ATG8 lipidation on single membranes. This mechanism was also responsible for the lysosomal stress-induced activation of LRRK2 and the resultant regulation of lysosomal secretion and enlargement. These results indicate that the V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis serves a novel non-autophagic role in the maintenance of lysosomal homeostasis by recruiting LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Eguchi
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria Sakurai
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yingxue Wang
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Chieko Saito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Yoshii
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas Wileman
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kuwahara
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Zalon AJ, Quiriconi DJ, Pitcairn C, Mazzulli JR. α-Synuclein: Multiple pathogenic roles in trafficking and proteostasis pathways in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscientist 2024:10738584241232963. [PMID: 38420922 DOI: 10.1177/10738584241232963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. A hallmark of both familial and sporadic PD is the presence of Lewy body inclusions composed mainly of aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn), a presynaptic protein encoded by the SNCA gene. The mechanisms driving the relationship between α-syn accumulation and neurodegeneration are not completely understood, although recent evidence indicates that multiple branches of the proteostasis pathway are simultaneously perturbed when α-syn aberrantly accumulates within neurons. Studies from patient-derived midbrain cultures that develop α-syn pathology through the endogenous expression of PD-causing mutations show that proteostasis disruption occurs at the level of synthesis/folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), downstream ER-Golgi trafficking, and autophagic-lysosomal clearance. Here, we review the fundamentals of protein transport, highlighting the specific steps where α-syn accumulation may intervene and the downstream effects on proteostasis. Current therapeutic efforts are focused on targeting single pathways or proteins, but the multifaceted pathogenic role of α-syn throughout the proteostasis pathway suggests that manipulating several targets simultaneously will provide more effective disease-modifying therapies for PD and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie J Zalon
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Drew J Quiriconi
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Caleb Pitcairn
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph R Mazzulli
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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12
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Salvatore SV, Ilagan MXG, Shu H, Lambert PM, Benz A, Qian M, Covey DF, Zorumski CF, Mennerick S. Neuroactive steroid effects on autophagy in a human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK) cell model. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1042. [PMID: 38200205 PMCID: PMC10781668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders are correlated with cellular stress. Macroautophagy (autophagy) may represent an important protective pathway to maintain cellular homeostasis and functionality, as it targets cytoplasmic components to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. Given recent evidence that some novel psychiatric treatments, such as the neuroactive steroid (NAS) allopregnanolone (AlloP, brexanolone), may induce autophagy, we stably transfected human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK) cells with a ratiometric fluorescent probe to assay NAS effects on autophagy. We hypothesized that NAS may modulate autophagy in part by the ability of uncharged NAS to readily permeate membranes. Microscopy revealed a weak effect of AlloP on autophagic flux compared with the positive control treatment of Torin1. In high-throughput microplate experiments, we found that autophagy induction was more robust in early passages of HEK cells. Despite limiting studies to early passages for maximum sensitivity, a range of NAS structures failed to reliably induce autophagy or interact with Torin1 or starvation effects. To probe NAS in a system where AlloP effects have been shown previously, we surveyed astrocytes and again saw minimal autophagy induction by AlloP. Combined with other published results, our results suggest that NAS may modulate autophagy in a cell-specific or context-specific manner. Although there is merit to cell lines as a screening tool, future studies may require assaying NAS in cells from brain regions involved in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia V Salvatore
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., MSC 8134-0181-0G, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ma Xenia G Ilagan
- High-Throughput Screening Core, Center for Drug Discovery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., MSC 8134-0181-0G, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hongjin Shu
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., MSC 8134-0181-0G, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Peter M Lambert
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., MSC 8134-0181-0G, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., MSC 8134-0181-0G, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ann Benz
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., MSC 8134-0181-0G, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mingxing Qian
- Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., MSC 8134-0181-0G, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., MSC 8134-0181-0G, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., MSC 8134-0181-0G, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Charles F Zorumski
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., MSC 8134-0181-0G, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., MSC 8134-0181-0G, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Steven Mennerick
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., MSC 8134-0181-0G, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., MSC 8134-0181-0G, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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13
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Zhang W, Ju Y, Ren Y, Miao Y, Wang Y. Exploring the Efficient Natural Products for the Therapy of Parkinson's Disease via Drosophila Melanogaster (Fruit Fly) Models. Curr Drug Targets 2024; 25:77-93. [PMID: 38213160 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501281402231218071641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder, partly attributed to mutations, environmental toxins, oxidative stress, abnormal protein aggregation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the precise pathogenesis of PD and its treatment strategy still require investigation. Fortunately, natural products have demonstrated potential as therapeutic agents for alleviating PD symptoms due to their neuroprotective properties. To identify promising lead compounds from herbal medicines' natural products for PD management and understand their modes of action, suitable animal models are necessary. Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) serves as an essential model for studying genetic and cellular pathways in complex biological processes. Diverse Drosophila PD models have been extensively utilized in PD research, particularly for discovering neuroprotective natural products. This review emphasizes the research progress of natural products in PD using the fruit fly PD model, offering valuable insights into utilizing invertebrate models for developing novel anti-PD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjie Ju
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunuo Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaodong Miao
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 300250, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
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14
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Pal P, Taylor M, Lam PY, Tonelli F, Hecht CA, Lis P, Nirujogi RS, Phung TK, Yeshaw WM, Jaimon E, Fasimoye R, Dickie EA, Wightman M, Macartney T, Pfeffer SR, Alessi DR. Parkinson's VPS35[D620N] mutation induces LRRK2-mediated lysosomal association of RILPL1 and TMEM55B. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj1205. [PMID: 38091401 PMCID: PMC10848721 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the Parkinson's VPS35[D620N] mutation alters the expression of ~220 lysosomal proteins and stimulates recruitment and phosphorylation of Rab proteins at the lysosome. This recruits the phospho-Rab effector protein RILPL1 to the lysosome where it binds to the lysosomal integral membrane protein TMEM55B. We identify highly conserved regions of RILPL1 and TMEM55B that interact and design mutations that block binding. In mouse fibroblasts, brain, and lung, we demonstrate that the VPS35[D620N] mutation reduces RILPL1 levels, in a manner reversed by LRRK2 inhibition and proteasome inhibitors. Knockout of RILPL1 enhances phosphorylation of Rab substrates, and knockout of TMEM55B increases RILPL1 levels. The lysosomotropic agent LLOMe also induced LRRK2 kinase-mediated association of RILPL1 to the lysosome, but to a lower extent than the D620N mutation. Our study uncovers a pathway through which dysfunctional lysosomes resulting from the VPS35[D620N] mutation recruit and activate LRRK2 on the lysosomal surface, driving assembly of the RILPL1-TMEM55B complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosenjit Pal
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Matthew Taylor
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Pui Yiu Lam
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Chloe A. Hecht
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
| | - Pawel Lis
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Raja S. Nirujogi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Toan K. Phung
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Wondwossen M. Yeshaw
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
| | - Ebsy Jaimon
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
| | - Rotimi Fasimoye
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Emily A. Dickie
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Melanie Wightman
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Thomas Macartney
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Suzanne R. Pfeffer
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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15
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Ohtonen S, Giudice L, Jäntti H, Fazaludeen MF, Shakirzyanova A, Gómez-Budia M, Välimäki NN, Niskanen J, Korvenlaita N, Fagerlund I, Koistinaho J, Amiry-Moghaddam M, Savchenko E, Roybon L, Lehtonen Š, Korhonen P, Malm T. Human iPSC-derived microglia carrying the LRRK2-G2019S mutation show a Parkinson's disease related transcriptional profile and function. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22118. [PMID: 38092815 PMCID: PMC10719377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
LRRK2-G2019S is one of the most common Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated mutations and has been shown to alter microglial functionality. However, the impact of LRRK2-G2019S on transcriptional profile of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia-like cells (iMGLs) and how it corresponds to microglia in idiopathic PD brain is not known. Here we demonstrate that LRRK2-G2019S carrying iMGL recapitulate aspects of the transcriptional signature of human idiopathic PD midbrain microglia. LRRK2-G2019S induced subtle and donor-dependent alterations in iMGL mitochondrial respiration, phagocytosis and cytokine secretion. Investigation of microglial transcriptional state in the midbrains of PD patients revealed a subset of microglia with a transcriptional overlap between the in vitro PD-iMGL and human midbrain PD microglia. We conclude that LRRK2-G2019S iMGL serve as a model to study PD-related effects in human microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohvi Ohtonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Luca Giudice
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henna Jäntti
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Anastasia Shakirzyanova
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mireia Gómez-Budia
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nelli-Noora Välimäki
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jonna Niskanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nea Korvenlaita
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilkka Fagerlund
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ekaterina Savchenko
- Stem Cell Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Laurent Roybon
- Stem Cell Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, The MiND Program, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Šárka Lehtonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Korhonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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16
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Piovesana E, Magrin C, Ciccaldo M, Sola M, Bellotto M, Molinari M, Papin S, Paganetti P. Tau accumulation in degradative organelles is associated to lysosomal stress. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18024. [PMID: 37865674 PMCID: PMC10590387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the brain deposition of insoluble amyloidogenic proteins, such as α-synuclein or Tau, and the concomitant deterioration of cell functions such as the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP). The ALP is involved in the degradation of intracellular macromolecules including protein aggregates. ALP dysfunction due to inherited defects in lysosomal or non-lysosomal proteins causes a group of diseases called lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) because of abnormal accumulation of lysosomal degradation substrates. Supporting the contribution of ALP defects in neurodegenerative diseases, deposition of amyloidogenic proteins occurs in LSD. Moreover, heterozygous mutations of several ALP genes represent risk factors for Parkinson's disease. The reciprocal contribution of α-synuclein accumulation and lysosomal dysfunction have been extensively studied. However, whether this adverse crosstalk also embraces Tau pathology needs more investigation. Here, we show in human primary fibroblasts that Tau seeds isolated from the brain of Alzheimer's disease induce Tau accumulation in acidic degradative organelles and lysosomal stress. Furthermore, inhibition of glucocerebrosidase, a lysosomal enzyme mutated in Gaucher's disease and a main risk for Parkinson's disease, causes lysosomal dysfunction in primary fibroblasts and contributes to the accumulation of Tau. Considering the presence of Tau lesions in Parkinson's disease as well as in multiple neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, our data call for further studies on strategies to alleviate ALP dysfunction as new therapeutic opportunity for neurodegenerative diseases and LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Piovesana
- Laboratory for Aging Disorders, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- PhD Program in Neurosciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Magrin
- Laboratory for Aging Disorders, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- PhD Program in Neurosciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Ciccaldo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Martina Sola
- Laboratory for Aging Disorders, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- PhD Program in Neurosciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | | | - Maurizio Molinari
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Papin
- Laboratory for Aging Disorders, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Paganetti
- Laboratory for Aging Disorders, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
- PhD Program in Neurosciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.
- Neurocentro della Svizzera Italiana, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland.
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17
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Zhang S, Qian S, Liu H, Xu D, Xia W, Duan H, Wang C, Yu S, Chen Y, Ji P, Wang S, Cui X, Wang Y, Shen H. LRRK2 aggravates kidney injury through promoting MFN2 degradation and abnormal mitochondrial integrity. Redox Biol 2023; 66:102860. [PMID: 37633049 PMCID: PMC10470420 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the key features of acute kidney injury (AKI) and associated fibrosis. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is highly expressed in kidneys and regulates mitochondrial homeostasis. How it functions in AKI is unclear. Herein we reported that LRRK2 was dramatically downregulated in AKI kidneys. Lrrk2-/- mice exhibited less severity of AKI when compared to wild-type counterparts with less mitochondrial fragmentation and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in proximal renal tubular cells (PTCs) due to mitofusin 2 (MFN2) accumulation. Overexpression of LRRK2 in human PTC cell lines promoted LRRK2-MKK4/JNK-dependent phosphorylation of MFN2Ser27 and subsequently ubiquitination-mediated MFN2 degradation, which in turn exaggerated mitochondrial damage upon ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) mimicry treatment. Lrrk2 deficiency also alleviated AKI-to-chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition with less fibrosis. In vivo pretreatment of LRRK2 inhibitors attenuated the severity of AKI as well as CKD, potentiating LRRK2 as a novel target to alleviate AKI and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Subo Qian
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Hailong Liu
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Weimin Xia
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huangqi Duan
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shenggen Yu
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ping Ji
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shujun Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xingang Cui
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Haibo Shen
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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18
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Williamson MG, Madureira M, McGuinness W, Heon-Roberts R, Mock ED, Naidoo K, Cramb KML, Caiazza MC, Malpartida AB, Lavelle M, Savory K, Humble SW, Patterson R, Davis JB, Connor-Robson N, Ryan BJ, Wade-Martins R. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy defects in LRRK2-R1441C Parkinson's disease models. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2808-2821. [PMID: 37384414 PMCID: PMC10481106 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been identified as one of the most common genetic causes of Parkinson's disease (PD). The LRRK2 PD-associated mutations LRRK2G2019S and LRRK2R1441C, located in the kinase domain and in the ROC-COR domain, respectively, have been demonstrated to impair mitochondrial function. Here, we sought to further our understanding of mitochondrial health and mitophagy by integrating data from LRRK2R1441C rat primary cortical and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopamine (iPSC-DA) neuronal cultures as models of PD. We found that LRRK2R1441C neurons exhibit decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, impaired mitochondrial function and decreased basal mitophagy levels. Mitochondrial morphology was altered in LRRK2R1441C iPSC-DA but not in cortical neuronal cultures or aged striatal tissue, indicating a cell-type-specific phenotype. Additionally, LRRK2R1441C but not LRRK2G2019S neurons demonstrated decreased levels of the mitophagy marker pS65Ub in response to mitochondrial damage, which could disrupt degradation of damaged mitochondria. This impaired mitophagy activation and mitochondrial function were not corrected by the LRRK2 inhibitor MLi-2 in LRRK2R1441C iPSC-DA neuronal cultures. Furthermore, we demonstrate LRRK2 interaction with MIRO1, a protein necessary to stabilize and to anchor mitochondria for transport, occurs at mitochondria, in a genotype-independent manner. Despite this, we found that degradation of MIRO1 was impaired in LRRK2R1441C cultures upon induced mitochondrial damage, suggesting a divergent mechanism from the LRRK2G2019S mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Williamson
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Marta Madureira
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - William McGuinness
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Rachel Heon-Roberts
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Elliot D Mock
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Kalina Naidoo
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Kaitlyn M L Cramb
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Maria-Claudia Caiazza
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ana B Malpartida
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Martha Lavelle
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Katrina Savory
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Stewart W Humble
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ryan Patterson
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John B Davis
- Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, Centre of Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, NDM Research Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Natalie Connor-Robson
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Brent J Ryan
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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19
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Kania E, Long JS, McEwan DG, Welkenhuyzen K, La Rovere R, Luyten T, Halpin J, Lobbestael E, Baekelandt V, Bultynck G, Ryan KM, Parys JB. LRRK2 phosphorylation status and kinase activity regulate (macro)autophagy in a Rab8a/Rab10-dependent manner. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:436. [PMID: 37454104 PMCID: PMC10349885 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), with growing importance also for Crohn's disease and cancer. LRRK2 is a large and complex protein possessing both GTPase and kinase activity. Moreover, LRRK2 activity and function can be influenced by its phosphorylation status. In this regard, many LRRK2 PD-associated mutants display decreased phosphorylation of the constitutive phosphorylation cluster S910/S935/S955/S973, but the role of these changes in phosphorylation status with respect to LRRK2 physiological functions remains unknown. Here, we propose that the S910/S935/S955/S973 phosphorylation sites act as key regulators of LRRK2-mediated autophagy under both basal and starvation conditions. We show that quadruple LRRK2 phosphomutant cells (4xSA; S910A/S935A/S955A/S973A) have impaired lysosomal functionality and fail to induce and proceed with autophagy during starvation. In contrast, treatment with the specific LRRK2 kinase inhibitors MLi-2 (100 nM) or PF-06447475 (150 nM), which also led to decreased LRRK2 phosphorylation of S910/S935/S955/S973, did not affect autophagy. In explanation, we demonstrate that the autophagy impairment due to the 4xSA LRRK2 phospho-dead mutant is driven by its enhanced LRRK2 kinase activity. We show mechanistically that this involves increased phosphorylation of LRRK2 downstream targets Rab8a and Rab10, as the autophagy impairment in 4xSA LRRK2 cells is counteracted by expression of phosphorylation-deficient mutants T72A Rab8a and T73A Rab10. Similarly, reduced autophagy and decreased LRRK2 phosphorylation at the constitutive sites were observed in cells expressing the pathological R1441C LRRK2 PD mutant, which also displays increased kinase activity. These data underscore the relation between LRRK2 phosphorylation at its constitutive sites and the importance of increased LRRK2 kinase activity in autophagy regulation and PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Kania
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaclyn S Long
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - David G McEwan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Kirsten Welkenhuyzen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita La Rovere
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomas Luyten
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John Halpin
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Evy Lobbestael
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences & Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg B1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences & Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg B1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Jan B Parys
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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20
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Hemedan AA, Schneider R, Ostaszewski M. Applications of Boolean modeling to study the dynamics of a complex disease and therapeutics responses. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2023; 3:1189723. [PMID: 37325771 PMCID: PMC10267406 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2023.1189723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational modeling has emerged as a critical tool in investigating the complex molecular processes involved in biological systems and diseases. In this study, we apply Boolean modeling to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders. Our approach is based on the PD-map, a comprehensive molecular interaction diagram that captures the key mechanisms involved in the initiation and progression of PD. Using Boolean modeling, we aim to gain a deeper understanding of the disease dynamics, identify potential drug targets, and simulate the response to treatments. Our analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach in uncovering the intricacies of PD. Our results confirm existing knowledge about the disease and provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms, ultimately suggesting potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, our approach allows us to parametrize the models based on omics data for further disease stratification. Our study highlights the value of computational modeling in advancing our understanding of complex biological systems and diseases, emphasizing the importance of continued research in this field. Furthermore, our findings have potential implications for the development of novel therapies for PD, which is a pressing public health concern. Overall, this study represents a significant step forward in the application of computational modeling to the investigation of neurodegenerative diseases, and underscores the power of interdisciplinary approaches in tackling challenging biomedical problems.
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21
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Leyns CEG, Prigent A, Beezhold B, Yao L, Hatcher NG, Tao P, Kang J, Suh E, Van Deerlin VM, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Kennedy ME, Fell MJ, Henderson MX. Glucocerebrosidase activity and lipid levels are related to protein pathologies in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:74. [PMID: 37169750 PMCID: PMC10175254 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00517-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are progressive neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein in the form of Lewy pathology. While most cases are sporadic, there are rare genetic mutations that cause disease and more common variants that increase incidence of disease. The most prominent genetic mutations for PD and DLB are in the GBA1 and LRRK2 genes. GBA1 mutations are associated with decreased glucocerebrosidase activity and lysosomal accumulation of its lipid substrates, glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine. Previous studies have shown a link between this enzyme and lipids even in sporadic PD. However, it is unclear how the protein pathologies of disease are related to enzyme activity and glycosphingolipid levels. To address this gap in knowledge, we examined quantitative protein pathology, glucocerebrosidase activity and lipid substrates in parallel from 4 regions of 91 brains with no neurological disease, idiopathic, GBA1-linked, or LRRK2-linked PD and DLB. We find that several biomarkers are altered with respect to mutation and progression to dementia. We found mild association of glucocerebrosidase activity with disease, but a strong association of glucosylsphingosine with α-synuclein pathology, irrespective of genetic mutation. This association suggests that Lewy pathology precipitates changes in lipid levels related to progression to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl E G Leyns
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alice Prigent
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Brenna Beezhold
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Lihang Yao
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pk, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Nathan G Hatcher
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pk, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Peining Tao
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - John Kang
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - EunRan Suh
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Virginia M Y Lee
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Matthew J Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael X Henderson
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
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22
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Tran S, Juliani J, Fairlie WD, Lee EF. The emerging roles of autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells and its links to inflammatory bowel disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:811-826. [PMID: 37052218 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Landmark genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified that mutations in autophagy genes correlated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a heterogenous disease characterised by prolonged inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, that can reduce a person's quality of life. Autophagy, the delivery of intracellular components to the lysosome for degradation, is a critical cellular housekeeping process that removes damaged proteins and turns over organelles, recycling their amino acids and other constituents to supply cells with energy and necessary building blocks. This occurs under both basal and challenging conditions such as nutrient deprivation. An understanding of the relationship between autophagy, intestinal health and IBD aetiology has improved over time, with autophagy having a verified role in the intestinal epithelium and immune cells. Here, we discuss research that has led to an understanding that autophagy genes, including ATG16L, ATG5, ATG7, IRGM, and Class III PI3K complex members, contribute to innate immune defence in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) via selective autophagy of bacteria (xenophagy), how autophagy contributes to the regulation of the intestinal barrier via cell junctional proteins, and the critical role of autophagy genes in intestinal epithelial secretory subpopulations, namely Paneth and goblet cells. We also discuss how intestinal stem cells can utilise autophagy. Importantly, mouse studies have provided evidence that autophagy deregulation has serious physiological consequences including IEC death and intestinal inflammation. Thus, autophagy is now established as a key regulator of intestinal homeostasis. Further research into how its cytoprotective mechanisms can prevent intestinal inflammation may provide insights into the effective management of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Tran
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Juliani Juliani
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - W Douglas Fairlie
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Erinna F Lee
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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23
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Kim S, Pajarillo E, Nyarko-Danquah I, Aschner M, Lee E. Role of Astrocytes in Parkinson's Disease Associated with Genetic Mutations and Neurotoxicants. Cells 2023; 12:622. [PMID: 36831289 PMCID: PMC9953822 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the aggregation of Lewy bodies in the basal ganglia, resulting in movement impairment referred to as parkinsonism. However, the etiology of PD is not well known, with genetic factors accounting only for 10-15% of all PD cases. The pathogenetic mechanism of PD is not completely understood, although several mechanisms, such as oxidative stress and inflammation, have been suggested. Understanding the mechanisms of PD pathogenesis is critical for developing highly efficacious therapeutics. In the PD brain, dopaminergic neurons degenerate mainly in the basal ganglia, but recently emerging evidence has shown that astrocytes also significantly contribute to dopaminergic neuronal death. In this review, we discuss the role of astrocytes in PD pathogenesis due to mutations in α-synuclein (PARK1), DJ-1 (PARK7), parkin (PARK2), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2, PARK8), and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1, PARK6). We also discuss PD experimental models using neurotoxins, such as paraquat, rotenone, 6-hydroxydopamine, and MPTP/MPP+. A more precise and comprehensive understanding of astrocytes' modulatory roles in dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD will help develop novel strategies for effective PD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Edward Pajarillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Ivan Nyarko-Danquah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Eunsook Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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24
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Regulators of proteostasis are translationally repressed in fibroblasts from patients with sporadic and LRRK2-G2019S Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:20. [PMID: 36746972 PMCID: PMC9902458 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00460-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficits in protein synthesis are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is not known which proteins are affected or if there are synthesis differences between patients with sporadic and Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S PD, the most common monogenic form. Here we used bio-orthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging for global analysis of newly translated proteins in fibroblasts from sporadic and LRKK2-G2019S patients. Quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that several nascent proteins were reduced in PD samples compared to healthy without any significant change in mRNA levels. Using targeted proteomics, we validated which of these proteins remained dysregulated at the static proteome level and found that regulators of endo-lysosomal sorting, mRNA processing and components of the translation machinery remained low. These proteins included autophagy-related protein 9A (ATG9A) and translational stability regulator YTH N6-ethyladenosine RNA binding protein 3 (YTHDF3). Notably, 77% of the affected proteins in sporadic patients were also repressed in LRRK2-G2019S patients (False discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05) in both sporadic and LRRK2-G2019S samples. This analysis of nascent proteomes from PD patient skin cells reveals that regulators of proteostasis are repressed in both sporadic and LRRK2-G2019S PD.
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25
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Volta M. Lysosomal Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease: Insights From LRRK2 and GBA1 Rodent Models. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:127-139. [PMID: 36085537 PMCID: PMC10119359 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of mutations in LRRK2 and GBA1 that are linked to Parkinson's disease provided further evidence that autophagy and lysosome pathways are likely implicated in the pathogenic process. Their protein products are important regulators of lysosome function. LRRK2 has kinase-dependent effects on lysosome activity, autophagic efficacy and lysosomal Ca2+ signaling. Glucocerebrosidase (encoded by GBA1) is a hydrolytic enzyme contained in the lysosomes and contributes to the degradation of alpha-synuclein. PD-related mutations in LRRK2 and GBA1 slow the degradation of alpha-synuclein, thus directly implicating the dysfunction of the process in the neuropathology of Parkinson's disease. The development of genetic rodent models of LRRK2 and GBA1 provided hopes of obtaining reliable preclinical models in which to study pathogenic processes and perform drug validation studies. Here, I will review the extensive characterization of these models, their impact on understanding lysosome alterations in the course of Parkinson's disease and what novel insights have been obtained. In addition, I will discuss how these models fare with respect to the features of a "gold standard" animal models and what could be attempted in future studies to exploit LRRK2 and GBA1 rodent models in the fight against Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Volta
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, via Volta 21, Bolzano, 39100, Italy.
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26
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Al-Huseini I, Sirasanagandla SR, Babu KS, Sofin RGS, Das S. Kinase Inhibitors Involved in the Regulation of Autophagy: Molecular Concepts and Clinical Implications. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:1502-1528. [PMID: 35078392 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220117114306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
All cells and intracellular components are remodeled and recycled in order to replace the old and damaged cells. Autophagy is a process by which damaged, and unwanted cells are degraded in the lysosomes. There are three different types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Autophagy has an effect on adaptive and innate immunity, suppression of any tumour, and the elimination of various microbial pathogens. The process of autophagy has both positive and negative effects, and this pertains to any specific disease or its stage of progression. Autophagy involves various processes which are controlled by various signaling pathways, such as Jun N-terminal kinase, GSK3, ERK1, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, and PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 and parkin RBR E3. Protein kinases are also important for the regulation of autophagy as they regulate the process of autophagy either by activation or inhibition. The present review discusses the kinase catalyzed phosphorylated reactions, the kinase inhibitors, types of protein kinase inhibitors and their binding properties to protein kinase domains, the structures of active and inactive kinases, and the hydrophobic spine structures in active and inactive protein kinase domains. The intervention of autophagy by targeting specific kinases may form the mainstay of treatment of many diseases and lead the road to future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isehaq Al-Huseini
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Al-Khodh 123, Oman
| | - Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Al-Khodh 123, Oman
| | - Kondaveeti Suresh Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, Symbiosis Medical College for Women, Symbiosis International (Deemed) University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Srijit Das
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Al-Khodh 123, Oman
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27
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Erekat NS. Autophagy and Its Association with Genetic Mutations in Parkinson Disease. Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e938519. [PMID: 36366737 PMCID: PMC9664771 DOI: 10.12659/msm.938519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 0.1-0.2% of the general population. It is a progressive debilitating disorder caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. It is characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. Parkinson disease can be caused by mutations in genes that encode proteins involved in the autophagic process, resulting in impaired autophagy. Indeed, autophagy has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease, particularly because its impairment causes the buildup of proteins. Thus, this review aims to provide an overview of Parkinson disease-related genetic mutations and their association with autophagy impairment in Parkinson disease, which can be helpful in improving the understanding of the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease, illustrating the potential therapeutic implications of agents that can enhance autophagy in Parkinson disease. Additionally, we will highlight the essential need for the development of highly sensitive and specific assays for gene-based diagnostic biomarkers. Finally, we will provide an overview on the potential gene-based therapeutic approaches for Parkinson disease, which have been most advanced and are associated with the most common targets being alpha-synuclein (SNCA), leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2), and glucocerebrosidase (GBA).
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28
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Yan J, Yu W, Wang G, Lu C, Liu C, Jiang L, Jiang Z, Liang Z, Liu D. LRRK2 deficiency mitigates colitis progression by favoring resolution of inflammation and restoring homeostasis of gut microbiota. Genomics 2022; 114:110527. [PMID: 36455749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leucine rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been considered a susceptibility gene for ulcerative colitis (UC), and its protein abundance was enhanced in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from UC cohorts as compared to healthy volunteers. In preclinical models of colitis, Lrrk2 deficiency ameliorated dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis progression, whereas the processes were aggravated by R1441C mutation. While intestinal macrophages (MФs) from Lrrk2 knock-out (Lrrk2-/-) mice exhibited a tendency to transit to alternatively activated MФs, R1441C MФs mutation facilitated the pro-inflammatory phenotype polarization, determined by RNA sequencing and qPCR. Moreover, we characterized their microbiota profiles and found that loss of Lrrk2 increased the bacterial richness and altered bacterial community structure, and this shift contributed to the alleviation of colitis development and progression. We proposed that Lrrk2 deficiency promotes M2 MФ transition and facilitates probiotics colonization, providing a protective role during colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China.
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China
| | - Chang Lu
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China
| | - Zizheng Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China
| | - Zhenghao Liang
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China
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29
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Bonet-Ponce L, Cookson MR. LRRK2 recruitment, activity, and function in organelles. FEBS J 2022; 289:6871-6890. [PMID: 34196120 PMCID: PMC8744135 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein coding mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause familial Parkinson's disease (PD), and noncoding variations around the gene increase the risk of developing sporadic PD. It is generally accepted that pathogenic LRRK2 mutations increase LRRK2 kinase activity, resulting in a toxic hyperactive protein that is inferred to lead to the PD phenotype. LRRK2 has long been linked to different membrane trafficking events, but the specific role of LRRK2 in these events has been difficult to resolve. Recently, several papers have reported the activation and translocation of LRRK2 to cellular organelles under specific conditions, which suggests that LRRK2 may influence intracellular membrane trafficking. Here, we review what is known about the role of LRRK2 at various organelle compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Correspondence: Mark R. Cookson, Ph.D., Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 35 Convent Drive, Room 1A–116, Bethesda, MD, 20892–3707, USA. Phone: 301–451–3870,
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30
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Dulski J, Uitti RJ, Ross OA, Wszolek ZK. Genetic architecture of Parkinson’s disease subtypes – Review of the literature. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1023574. [PMID: 36337703 PMCID: PMC9632166 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1023574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been recognized since its description by James Parkinson over 200 years ago. The complexity of motor and non-motor PD manifestations has led to many attempts of PD subtyping with different prognostic outcomes; however, the pathophysiological foundations of PD heterogeneity remain elusive. Genetic contributions to PD may be informative in understanding the underpinnings of PD subtypes. As such, recognizing genotype-phenotype associations may be crucial for successful gene therapy. We review the state of knowledge on the genetic architecture underlying PD subtypes, discussing the monogenic forms, as well as oligo- and polygenic risk factors associated with various PD subtypes. Based on our review, we argue for the unification of PD subtyping classifications, the dichotomy of studies on genetic factors and genetic modifiers of PD, and replication of results from previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Dulski
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Division of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL Ltd., Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ryan J. Uitti
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Owen A. Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Zbigniew K. Wszolek
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Zbigniew K. Wszolek,
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31
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Zhu Z, Liu LF, Su CF, Liu J, Tong BCK, Iyaswamy A, Krishnamoorthi S, Sreenivasmurthy SG, Guan XJ, Kan YX, Xie WJ, Zhao CL, Cheung KH, Lu JH, Tan JQ, Zhang HJ, Song JX, Li M. Corynoxine B derivative CB6 prevents Parkinsonian toxicity in mice by inducing PIK3C3 complex-dependent autophagy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2511-2526. [PMID: 35217810 PMCID: PMC9525707 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that autophagy impairment is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). We previously identified a natural alkaloid named corynoxine B (Cory B) as a neuronal autophagy inducer. However, its brain permeability is relatively low, which hinders its potential use in treating PD. Thus we synthesized various derivatives of Cory B to find more potent autophagy inducers with improved brain bioavailability. In this study, we evaluated the autophagy-enhancing effect of CB6 derivative and its neuroprotective action against PD in vitro and in vivo. We showed that CB6 (5-40 μM) dose-dependently accelerated autophagy flux in cultured N2a neural cells through activating the PIK3C3 complex and promoting PI3P production. In MPP+-treated PC12 cells, CB6 inhibited cell apoptosis and increased cell viability by inducing autophagy. In MPTP-induced mouse model of PD, oral administration of CB6 (10, 20 mg· kg-1· d-1, for 21 days) significantly improved motor dysfunction and prevented the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta. Collectively, compound CB6 is a brain-permeable autophagy enhancer via PIK3C3 complex activation, which may help the prevention or treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhu
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Liang-Feng Liu
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Limin Pharmaceutical Factory, Livzon Group Limited, Shaoguan, 512028, China
| | - Cheng-Fu Su
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Benjamin Chun-Kit Tong
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Ashok Iyaswamy
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Senthilkumar Krishnamoorthi
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Sravan Gopalkrishnashetty Sreenivasmurthy
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xin-Jie Guan
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Kan
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Wen-Jian Xie
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chen-Liang Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - King-Ho Cheung
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Tan
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Model for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ju-Xian Song
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Min Li
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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32
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Ho PWL, Chang EES, Leung CT, Liu H, Malki Y, Pang SYY, Choi ZYK, Liang Y, Lai WS, Ruan Y, Leung KMY, Yung S, Mak JCW, Kung MHW, Ramsden DB, Ho SL. Long-term inhibition of mutant LRRK2 hyper-kinase activity reduced mouse brain α-synuclein oligomers without adverse effects. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:115. [PMID: 36088364 PMCID: PMC9464237 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in nigrostriatal and cortical brain regions associated with pathogenic α-synuclein (αSyn) aggregate/oligomer accumulation. LRRK2 hyperactivity is a disease-modifying therapeutic target in PD. However, LRRK2 inhibition may be associated with peripheral effects, albeit with unclear clinical consequences. Here, we significantly reduced αSyn oligomer accumulation in mouse striatum through long-term LRRK2 inhibition using GNE-7915 (specific brain-penetrant LRRK2 inhibitor) without causing adverse peripheral effects. GNE-7915 concentrations in wild-type (WT) mouse sera and brain samples reached a peak at 1 h, which gradually decreased over 24 h following a single subcutaneous (100 mg/kg) injection. The same dose in young WT and LRRK2R1441G mutant mice significantly inhibited LRRK2 kinase activity (Thr73-Rab10 and Ser106-Rab12 phosphorylation) in the lung, which dissipated by 72 h post-injection. 14-month-old mutant mice injected with GNE-7915 twice weekly for 18 weeks (equivalent to ~13 human years) exhibited reduced striatal αSyn oligomer and cortical pSer129-αSyn levels, correlating with inhibition of LRRK2 hyperactivity in brain and lung to WT levels. No GNE-7915-treated mice showed increased mortality or morbidity. Unlike reports of abnormalities in lung and kidney at acute high doses of LRRK2 inhibitors, our GNE-7915-treated mice did not exhibit swollen lamellar bodies in type II pneumocytes or abnormal vacuolation in the kidney. Functional and histopathological assessments of lung, kidney and liver, including whole-body plethysmography, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum interleukin-6 (inflammatory marker) did not reveal abnormalities after long-term GNE-7915 treatment. Long-term inhibition of mutant LRRK2 hyper-kinase activity to physiological levels presents an efficacious and safe disease-modifying therapy to ameliorate synucleinopathy in PD.
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33
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Filippone A, Mannino D, Cucinotta L, Paterniti I, Esposito E, Campolo M. LRRK2 Inhibition by PF06447475 Antagonist Modulates Early Neuronal Damage after Spinal Cord Trauma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091634. [PMID: 36139708 PMCID: PMC9495377 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event followed by neurodegeneration, activation of the inflammatory cascade, and immune system. The leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a gene associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD), moreover, its kinase activity was found to be upregulated after instigated inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we aimed to investigate the PF06447475 (abbreviated as PF-475) role as a pharmacological LRRK2 antagonist by counteracting pathological consequences of spinal cord trauma. The in vivo model of SCI was induced by extradural compression of the spinal cord, then mice were treated with PF0-475 (2.5–5 and 10 mg/kg i.p) 1 and 6 h after SCI. We found that PF-475 treatments at the higher doses (5 and 10 mg/kg) showed a great ability to significantly reduce the degree of spinal cord tissue injury, glycogen accumulation, and demyelination of neurons associated with trauma. Furthermore, oxidative stress and cytokines expression levels, including interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and 12), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), secreted and released after trauma were decreased by LRRK2 antagonist treatments. Our results suggest that the correlations between LRRK2 and inflammation of the CNS exist and that LRRK2 activity targeting could have direct effects on the intervention of neuroinflammatory disorders.
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34
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Smith LJ, Lee CY, Menozzi E, Schapira AHV. Genetic variations in GBA1 and LRRK2 genes: Biochemical and clinical consequences in Parkinson disease. Front Neurol 2022; 13:971252. [PMID: 36034282 PMCID: PMC9416236 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.971252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants in the GBA1 and LRRK2 genes are the most common genetic risk factors associated with Parkinson disease (PD). Both genes are associated with lysosomal and autophagic pathways, with the GBA1 gene encoding for the lysosomal enzyme, glucocerebrosidase (GCase) and the LRRK2 gene encoding for the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 enzyme. GBA1-associated PD is characterized by earlier age at onset and more severe non-motor symptoms compared to sporadic PD. Mutations in the GBA1 gene can be stratified into severe, mild and risk variants depending on the clinical presentation of disease. Both a loss- and gain- of function hypothesis has been proposed for GBA1 variants and the functional consequences associated with each variant is often linked to mutation severity. On the other hand, LRRK2-associated PD is similar to sporadic PD, but with a more benign disease course. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene occur in several structural domains and affect phosphorylation of GTPases. Biochemical studies suggest a possible convergence of GBA1 and LRRK2 pathways, with double mutant carriers showing a milder phenotype compared to GBA1-associated PD. This review compares GBA1 and LRRK2-associated PD, and highlights possible genotype-phenotype associations for GBA1 and LRRK2 separately, based on biochemical consequences of single variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Smith
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Chiao-Yin Lee
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Elisa Menozzi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Anthony H. V. Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
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35
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Sanchez-Mirasierra I, Ghimire S, Hernandez-Diaz S, Soukup SF. Targeting Macroautophagy as a Therapeutic Opportunity to Treat Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:921314. [PMID: 35874822 PMCID: PMC9298504 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.921314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy, an evolutionary conserved catabolic process in the eukaryotic cell, regulates cellular homeostasis and plays a decisive role in self-engulfing proteins, protein aggregates, dysfunctional or damaged organelles, and invading pathogens. Growing evidence from in vivo and in vitro models shows that autophagy dysfunction plays decisive role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is an incurable and second most common neurodegenerative disease characterised by neurological and motor dysfunction accompanied of non-motor symptoms that can also reduce the life quality of patients. Despite the investment in research, the aetiology of the disease is still unknown and the therapies available are aimed mostly at ameliorating motor symptoms. Hence, therapeutics regulating the autophagy pathway might play an important role controlling the disease progression, reducing neuronal loss and even ameliorating non-motor symptoms. In this review, we highlight potential therapeutic opportunities involved in different targeting options like an initiation of autophagy, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibition, mitophagy, lysosomes, lipid metabolism, immune system, gene expression, biomarkers, and also non-pharmacological interventions. Thus, strategies to identify therapeutics targeting the pathways modulating autophagy might hold a future for therapy development against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saurav Ghimire
- Universite Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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36
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LRRK2 kinase activity regulates GCase level and enzymatic activity differently depending on cell type in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:92. [PMID: 35853899 PMCID: PMC9296523 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a kinase involved in different cellular functions, including autophagy, endolysosomal pathways, and immune function. Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal-dominant forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Heterozygous mutations in GBA1, the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are the most common genetic risk factors for PD. Moreover, GCase function is altered in idiopathic PD and in other genetic forms of the disease. Recent work suggests that LRRK2 kinase activity can regulate GCase function. However, both a positive and a negative correlation have been described. To gain insights into the impact of LRRK2 on GCase, we performed a comprehensive analysis of GCase levels and activity in complementary LRRK2 models, including (i) LRRK2 G2019S knock in (GSKI) mice, (ii) peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs), plasma, and fibroblasts from PD patients carrying LRRK2 G2019S mutation, (iii) patient iPSCs-derived neurons; (iv) endogenous and overexpressed cell models. In some of these models we found a positive correlation between the activities of LRRK2 and GCase, which was further confirmed in cell lines with genetic and pharmacological manipulation of LRRK2 kinase activity. GCase protein level is reduced in GSKI brain tissues and in G2019S iPSCs-derived neurons, but increased in fibroblasts and PBMCs from patients, suggesting cell-type-specific effects. Overall, our study indicates that LRRK2 kinase activity affects both the levels and the catalytic activity of GCase in a cell-type-specific manner, with important implications in the context of therapeutic application of LRRK2 inhibitors in GBA1-linked and idiopathic PD.
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Lang M, Pramstaller PP, Pichler I. Crosstalk of organelles in Parkinson's disease - MiT family transcription factors as central players in signaling pathways connecting mitochondria and lysosomes. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:50. [PMID: 35842725 PMCID: PMC9288732 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms constantly need to adapt to their surrounding environment and have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to deal with stress. Mitochondria and lysosomes are central organelles in the response to energy and nutrient availability within a cell and act through interconnected mechanisms. However, when such processes become overwhelmed, it can lead to pathologies. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder (NDD) characterized by proteinaceous intracellular inclusions and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, which causes motor and non-motor symptoms. Genetic and environmental factors may contribute to the disease etiology. Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been recognized as a hallmark of PD pathogenesis, and several aspects of mitochondrial biology are impaired in PD patients and models. In addition, defects of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway have extensively been observed in cell and animal models as well as PD patients' brains, where constitutive autophagy is indispensable for adaptation to stress and energy deficiency. Genetic and molecular studies have shown that the functions of mitochondria and lysosomal compartments are tightly linked and influence each other. Connections between these organelles are constituted among others by mitophagy, organellar dynamics and cellular signaling cascades, such as calcium (Ca2+) and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling and the activation of transcription factors. Members of the Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor family (MiT), including MITF, TFE3 and TFEB, play a central role in regulating cellular homeostasis in response to metabolic pressure and are considered master regulators of lysosomal biogenesis. As such, they are part of the interconnection between mitochondria and lysosome functions and therefore represent attractive targets for therapeutic approaches against NDD, including PD. The activation of MiT transcription factors through genetic and pharmacological approaches have shown encouraging results at ameliorating PD-related phenotypes in in vitro and in vivo models. In this review, we summarize the relationship between mitochondrial and autophagy-lysosomal functions in the context of PD etiology and focus on the role of the MiT pathway and its potential as pharmacological target against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lang
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Irene Pichler
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
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38
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K A, Mishra A, Singh S. Implications of intracellular protein degradation pathways in Parkinson's disease and therapeutics. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1834-1844. [PMID: 35819247 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology is the most common motor neurodegenerative disease that occurs due to the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway of the brain. The histopathological hallmark of the disease is fibrillary aggregate called Lewy bodies which majorly contain α-synuclein, suggesting the critical implication of diminished protein degradation mechanisms in disease pathogenesis. This α-synuclein-containing Lewy bodies are evident in both experimental models as well as in postmortem PD brain and are speculated to be pathogenic but still, the lineal association between these aggregates and the complexity of disease pathology is not yet well established and needs further attention. However, it has been reported that α-synuclein aggregates have consorted with the declined proteasome and lysosome activities. Therefore, in this review, we reappraise intracellular protein degradation mechanisms during PD pathology. This article focused on the findings of the last two decades suggesting the implications of protein degradation mechanisms in disease pathogenesis and based on shreds of evidence, some of the approaches are also suggested which may be adopted to find out the novel therapeutic targets for the management of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha K
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Sarika Singh
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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39
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Wallings RL, Hughes LP, Staley HA, Simon ZD, McFarland NR, Alcalay RN, Garrido A, Martí MJ, Sarró ET, Dzamko N, Tansey MG. WHOPPA Enables Parallel Assessment of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 and Glucocerebrosidase Enzymatic Activity in Parkinson's Disease Monocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:892899. [PMID: 35755775 PMCID: PMC9229349 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.892899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and glucocerebrosidase (GCase) are promising targets for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Evidence suggests that both proteins are involved in biological pathways involving the lysosome. However, studies to date have largely investigated the enzymes in isolation and any relationship between LRRK2 and GCase remains unclear. Both enzymes are highly expressed in peripheral blood monocytes and have been implicated in immune function and inflammation. To facilitate the standardized measurement of these readouts in large cohorts of samples collected from persons with PD across the globe, we developed and optimized a sample collection and processing protocol with parallel flow cytometry assays. Assay parameters were first optimized using healthy control peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and then LRRK2 and GCase activities were measured in immune cells from persons with idiopathic PD (iPD). We tested the ability of this protocol to deliver similar results across institutes across the globe, and named this protocol the Wallings-Hughes Optimized Protocol for PBMC Assessment (WHOPPA). In the application of this protocol, we found increased LRRK2 levels and stimulation-dependent enzymatic activity, and decreased GBA index in classical iPD monocytes, as well as increased cytokine release in PD PBMCs. WHOPPA also demonstrated a strong positive correlation between LRRK2 levels, pRab10 and HLA-DR in classical monocytes from subjects with iPD. These data support a role for the global use of WHOPPA and expression levels of these two PD-associated proteins in immune responses, and provide a robust assay to determine if LRRK2 and GCase activities in monocytes have potential utility as reliable and reproducible biomarkers of disease in larger cohorts of subjects with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Wallings
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Laura P Hughes
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Hannah A Staley
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Zachary D Simon
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nikolaus R McFarland
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute of New York, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alicia Garrido
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Servicio de Neurología, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Martí
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Servicio de Neurología, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Nicolas Dzamko
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, United States
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40
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LRRK2 and Proteostasis in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126808. [PMID: 35743250 PMCID: PMC9224256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative condition initially characterized by the presence of tremor, muscle stiffness and impaired balance, with the deposition of insoluble protein aggregates in Lewy’s Bodies the histopathological hallmark of the disease. Although different gene variants are linked to Parkinson disease, mutations in the Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are one of the most frequent causes of Parkinson’s disease related to genetic mutations. LRRK2 toxicity has been mainly explained by an increase in kinase activity, but alternative mechanisms have emerged as underlying causes for Parkinson’s disease, such as the imbalance in LRRK2 homeostasis and the involvement of LRRK2 in aggregation and spreading of α-synuclein toxicity. In this review, we recapitulate the main LRRK2 pathological mutations that contribute to Parkinson’s disease and the different cellular and therapeutic strategies devised to correct LRRK2 homeostasis. In this review, we describe the main cellular control mechanisms that regulate LRRK2 folding and aggregation, such as the chaperone network and the protein-clearing pathways such as the ubiquitin–proteasome system and the autophagic-lysosomal pathway. We will also address the more relevant strategies to modulate neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease through the regulation of LRRK2, using small molecules or LRRK2 silencing.
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41
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Jennings D, Huntwork-Rodriguez S, Henry AG, Sasaki JC, Meisner R, Diaz D, Solanoy H, Wang X, Negrou E, Bondar VV, Ghosh R, Maloney MT, Propson NE, Zhu Y, Maciuca RD, Harris L, Kay A, LeWitt P, King TA, Kern D, Ellenbogen A, Goodman I, Siderowf A, Aldred J, Omidvar O, Masoud ST, Davis SS, Arguello A, Estrada AA, de Vicente J, Sweeney ZK, Astarita G, Borin MT, Wong BK, Wong H, Nguyen H, Scearce-Levie K, Ho C, Troyer MD. Preclinical and clinical evaluation of the LRRK2 inhibitor DNL201 for Parkinson's disease. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabj2658. [PMID: 35675433 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). Increased LRRK2 kinase activity is thought to impair lysosomal function and may contribute to the pathogenesis of PD. Thus, inhibition of LRRK2 is a potential disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for PD. DNL201 is an investigational, first-in-class, CNS-penetrant, selective, ATP-competitive, small-molecule LRRK2 kinase inhibitor. In preclinical models, DNL201 inhibited LRRK2 kinase activity as evidenced by reduced phosphorylation of both LRRK2 at serine-935 (pS935) and Rab10 at threonine-73 (pT73), a direct substrate of LRRK2. Inhibition of LRRK2 by DNL201 demonstrated improved lysosomal function in cellular models of disease, including primary mouse astrocytes and fibroblasts from patients with Gaucher disease. Chronic administration of DNL201 to cynomolgus macaques at pharmacologically relevant doses was not associated with adverse findings. In phase 1 and phase 1b clinical trials in 122 healthy volunteers and in 28 patients with PD, respectively, DNL201 at single and multiple doses inhibited LRRK2 and was well tolerated at doses demonstrating LRRK2 pathway engagement and alteration of downstream lysosomal biomarkers. Robust cerebrospinal fluid penetration of DNL201 was observed in both healthy volunteers and patients with PD. These data support the hypothesis that LRRK2 inhibition has the potential to correct lysosomal dysfunction in patients with PD at doses that are generally safe and well tolerated, warranting further clinical development of LRRK2 inhibitors as a therapeutic modality for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - René Meisner
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dolores Diaz
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elvira Negrou
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuda Zhu
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Laura Harris
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Angela Kay
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Drew Kern
- University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aaron Ellenbogen
- Michigan Institute for Neurological Disorders, Farmington Hills, MI, USA
| | | | - Andrew Siderowf
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn Neurology Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Omid Omidvar
- Collaborative Neuroscience Research, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Astarita
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Marie T Borin
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Harvey Wong
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hoang Nguyen
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Carole Ho
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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42
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Levin J, Sing N, Melbourne S, Morgan A, Mariner C, Spillantini MG, Wegrzynowicz M, Dalley JW, Langer S, Ryazanov S, Leonov A, Griesinger C, Schmidt F, Weckbecker D, Prager K, Matthias T, Giese A. Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the oligomer modulator anle138b with exposure levels sufficient for therapeutic efficacy in a murine Parkinson model: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1a trial. EBioMedicine 2022; 80:104021. [PMID: 35500536 PMCID: PMC9065877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synucleinopathies such as Parkinson ́s disease (PD), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) are characterized by deposition of misfolded and aggregated α-synuclein. Small aggregates (oligomers) of α-synuclein have been shown to be the most relevant neurotoxic species and are targeted by anle138b, an orally bioavailable small molecule compound which shows strong disease-modifying effects in animal models of synucleinopathies. METHODS Anle138b was studied in a single-centre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled single ascending dose (SAD) and multiple ascending dose (MAD) study in healthy subjects. Eligible participants were randomly assigned (1:1 for sentinel subjects and 1:5 for main group) to placebo or anle138b (dose range 50 mg to 300 mg per day), respectively. In addition, the effect of food on the pharmakokinetics of anle138b in healthy subjects was examined in doses of 150 mg per day. Participants were randomized to treatment sequence (fed→fasted) or (fasted→fed). Treatment was administered orally in hard gelatine capsules containing either 10 mg or 30 mg of anle138b or excipient only. The primary endpoints were safety and tolerability, the secondary endpoint was pharmakokinetics. Data from all randomized individuals were evaluated. CLINICALTRIALS gov-identifier: NCT04208152. EudraCT-number: 2019-004218-33. FINDINGS Between December 17th, 2019 and June 27th, 2020 196 healthy volunteers were screened and 68 participants were enrolled. Of these, all completed the study per protocol. There were no major protocol deviations. Adverse events in this healthy volunteer trial were mostly mild and all fully recovered or resolved prior to discharge. From baseline to completion of the trial no medically significant individual changes were observed in any system organ class. Already at multiple doses of 200 mg, exposure levels above the fully effective exposure in the MI2 mouse Parkinson model were observed. INTERPRETATION The favourable safety and PK profile of anle138b in doses resulting in exposures above the fully effective plasma level in a mouse Parkinson model warrant further clinical trials in patients with synucleinopathies. FUNDING This study was funded by MODAG GmbH and by the Michael J. Fox foundation for Parkinson's Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Levin
- MODAG GmbH, Wendelsheim, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.; Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
| | - Nand Sing
- Quotient Sciences, Mere Way, Ruddington Fields, Ruddington, Nottingham NG11 6JS, UK
| | - Sue Melbourne
- Quotient Sciences, Mere Way, Ruddington Fields, Ruddington, Nottingham NG11 6JS, UK
| | - Amber Morgan
- Quotient Sciences, Mere Way, Ruddington Fields, Ruddington, Nottingham NG11 6JS, UK
| | - Carla Mariner
- Quotient Sciences, Mere Way, Ruddington Fields, Ruddington, Nottingham NG11 6JS, UK
| | - Maria Grazia Spillantini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, The Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Michal Wegrzynowicz
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, The Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK.; Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Hershel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0SZ
| | - Simon Langer
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Sergey Ryazanov
- MODAG GmbH, Wendelsheim, Germany; Department of NMR based structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrei Leonov
- MODAG GmbH, Wendelsheim, Germany; Department of NMR based structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Griesinger
- Department of NMR based structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Armin Giese
- MODAG GmbH, Wendelsheim, Germany; Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
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43
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Galper J, Dean NJ, Pickford R, Lewis SJG, Halliday GM, Kim WS, Dzamko N. Lipid pathway dysfunction is prevalent in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain 2022; 145:3472-3487. [PMID: 35551349 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease have lipid-related functions and lipid-modulating drugs such as statins may be protective against Parkinson's disease. Moreover, the hallmark Parkinson's disease pathological protein, α-synuclein, has lipid membrane function and pathways dysregulated in Parkinson's disease such as the endosome-lysosome system and synaptic signaling rely heavily on lipid dynamics. Despite the potential role for lipids in Parkinson's disease, most research to date has been protein-centric, with large-scale, untargeted serum and CSF lipidomic comparisons between genetic and idiopathic Parkinson's disease and neurotypical controls limited. In particular, the extent to which lipid dysregulation occurs in mutation carriers of one of the most common Parkinson's disease risk genes, LRRK2, is unclear. Further, the functional lipid pathways potentially dysregulated in idiopathic and LRRK2 mutation Parkinson's disease is underexplored. To better determine the extent of lipid dysregulation in Parkinson's disease, untargeted high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was performed on serum (N = 221) and CSF (N = 88) obtained from a multiethnic population from the Michael J Fox Foundation LRRK2 Clinical Cohort Consortium. The cohort consisted of controls, asymptomatic LRRK2 G2019S carriers, LRRK2 G2019S carriers with Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease patients without a LRRK2 mutation. Age and sex were adjusted for in analyses where appropriate. Approximately one thousand serum lipid species per participant were analyzed. The main serum lipids that distinguished both Parkinson's disease patients and LRRK2 mutation carriers from controls included species of ceramide, triacylglycerol, sphingomyelin, acylcarnitine, phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine. Significant alterations in sphingolipids and glycerolipids were also reflected in Parkinson's disease and LRRK2 mutation carrier CSF, although no correlations were observed between lipids identified in both serum and CSF. Pathway analysis of altered lipid species indicated that sphingolipid metabolism, insulin signaling and mitochondrial function were the major metabolic pathways dysregulated in Parkinson's disease. Importantly, these pathways were also found to be dysregulated in serum samples from a second Parkinson's disease cohort (N = 315). Results from this study demonstrate that dysregulated lipids in Parkinson's disease generally, and in LRRK2 mutation carriers, are from functionally and metabolically related pathways. These findings provide new insight into the extent of lipid dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and therapeutics manipulating these pathways may potentially be beneficial for Parkinson's disease patients. Moreover, serum lipid profiles may be novel biomarkers for both genetic and idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Galper
- University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Dean
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Central Clinical School Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Russell Pickford
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Simon J G Lewis
- University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Woojin S Kim
- University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Nicolas Dzamko
- University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
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Ondaro J, Hernandez-Eguiazu H, Garciandia-Arcelus M, Loera-Valencia R, Rodriguez-Gómez L, Jiménez-Zúñiga A, Goikolea J, Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Ruiz-Martinez J, Moreno F, Lopez de Munain A, Holt IJ, Gil-Bea FJ, Gereñu G. Defects of Nutrient Signaling and Autophagy in Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836196. [PMID: 35419363 PMCID: PMC8996160 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are post-mitotic cells that allocate huge amounts of energy to the synthesis of new organelles and molecules, neurotransmission and to the maintenance of redox homeostasis. In neurons, autophagy is not only crucial to ensure organelle renewal but it is also essential to balance nutritional needs through the mobilization of internal energy stores. A delicate crosstalk between the pathways that sense nutritional status of the cell and the autophagic processes to recycle organelles and macronutrients is fundamental to guarantee the proper functioning of the neuron in times of energy scarcity. This review provides a detailed overview of the pathways and processes involved in the balance of cellular energy mediated by autophagy, which when defective, precipitate the neurodegenerative cascade of Parkinson’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ondaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Haizea Hernandez-Eguiazu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maddi Garciandia-Arcelus
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Loera-Valencia
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Rodriguez-Gómez
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Jiménez-Zúñiga
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julen Goikolea
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javier Ruiz-Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Fermín Moreno
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Adolfo Lopez de Munain
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ian James Holt
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gil-Bea
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gorka Gereñu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Leioa, Spain
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45
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Effect of LRRK2 protein and activity on stimulated cytokines in human monocytes and macrophages. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:34. [PMID: 35347144 PMCID: PMC8960803 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), is highly expressed in monocytes and macrophages and may play a role in the regulation of inflammatory pathways. To determine how LRRK2 protein levels and/or its activity modulate inflammatory cytokine/chemokine levels in human immune cells, isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) with the LRRK2-activating G2019S mutation, wild-type LRRK2, and iPSC deficient in LRRK2 were differentiated to monocytes and macrophages and stimulated with inflammatory toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists in the presence and absence of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors. The effect of LRRK2 inhibitors and the effect of increasing LRRK2 levels with interferon gamma on TLR-stimulated cytokines were also assessed in primary peripheral blood-derived monocytes. Monocytes and macrophages with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation had significantly higher levels of cytokines and chemokines in tissue culture media following stimulation with TLR agonists compared to isogenic controls. Knockout of LRRK2 impaired phagocytosis but did not significantly affect TLR-mediated cytokine levels. Interferon gamma significantly increased the levels of LRRK2 and phosphorylation of its downstream Rab10 substrate, and potentiated TLR-mediated cytokine levels. LRRK2 kinase inhibitors did not have a major effect on TLR-stimulated cytokine levels. Results suggest that the LRRK2 G2019S mutation may potentiate inflammation following activation of TLRs. However, this was not dependent on LRRK2 kinase activity. Indeed, LRRK2 kinase inhibitors had little effect on TLR-mediated inflammation under the conditions employed in this study.
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46
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Marchand A, Sarchione A, Athanasopoulos PS, Roy HBL, Goveas L, Magnez R, Drouyer M, Emanuele M, Ho FY, Liberelle M, Melnyk P, Lebègue N, Thuru X, Nichols RJ, Greggio E, Kortholt A, Galli T, Chartier-Harlin MC, Taymans JM. A Phosphosite Mutant Approach on LRRK2 Links Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation to Protective and Deleterious Markers, Respectively. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061018. [PMID: 35326469 PMCID: PMC8946913 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene is a major genetic determinant of Parkinson’s disease (PD), encoding a homonymous multi-domain protein with two catalytic activities, GTPase and Kinase, involved in intracellular signaling and trafficking. LRRK2 is phosphorylated at multiple sites, including a cluster of autophosphorylation sites in the GTPase domain and a cluster of heterologous phosphorylation sites at residues 860 to 976. Phosphorylation at these latter sites is found to be modified in brains of PD patients, as well as for some disease mutant forms of LRRK2. The main aim of this study is to investigate the functional consequences of LRRK2 phosphorylation or dephosphorylation at LRRK2’s heterologous phosphorylation sites. To this end, we generated LRRK2 phosphorylation site mutants and studied how these affected LRRK2 catalytic activity, neurite outgrowth and lysosomal physiology in cellular models. We show that phosphorylation of RAB8a and RAB10 substrates are reduced with phosphomimicking forms of LRRK2, while RAB29 induced activation of LRRK2 kinase activity is enhanced for phosphodead forms of LRRK2. Considering the hypothesis that PD pathology is associated to increased LRRK2 kinase activity, our results suggest that for its heterologous phosphorylation sites LRRK2 phosphorylation correlates to healthy phenotypes and LRRK2 dephosphorylation correlates to phenotypes associated to the PD pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Marchand
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Alessia Sarchione
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Panagiotis S. Athanasopoulos
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.S.A.); (F.Y.H.); (A.K.)
| | | | - Liesel Goveas
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Romain Magnez
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-UMR1277—Canther—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Platform of Integrative Chemical Biology, F-59000 Lille, France; (R.M.); (X.T.)
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Marco Emanuele
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Franz Y. Ho
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.S.A.); (F.Y.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Maxime Liberelle
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Patricia Melnyk
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Nicolas Lebègue
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Xavier Thuru
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-UMR1277—Canther—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Platform of Integrative Chemical Biology, F-59000 Lille, France; (R.M.); (X.T.)
| | - R. Jeremy Nichols
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Physiology, Genetics and Behavior Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.S.A.); (F.Y.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Thierry Galli
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France;
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.-C.C.-H.); (J.-M.T.)
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.-C.C.-H.); (J.-M.T.)
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47
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Modeling Parkinson's disease in LRRK2 mice: focus on synaptic dysfunction and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:621-632. [PMID: 35225340 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD), for which the LRRK2 locus itself represents a risk factor. Idiopathic and LRRK2-related PD share the main clinical and neuropathological features, thus animals harboring the most common LRRK2 mutations, i.e. G2019S and R1441C/G, have been generated to replicate the parkinsonian phenotype and investigate the underlying pathological mechanisms. Most LRRK2 rodent models, however, fail to show the main neuropathological hallmarks of the disease i.e. the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and presence of Lewy bodies or Lewy body-like aggregates of α-synuclein, lacking face validity. Rather, they manifest dysregulation in cellular pathways and functions that confer susceptibility to a variety of parkinsonian toxins/triggers and model the presymptomatic/premotor stages of the disease. Among such susceptibility factors, dysregulation of synaptic activity and proteostasis are evident in LRRK2 mutants. These abnormalities are also manifest in the PD brain and represent key events in the development and progression of the pathology. The present minireview covers recent articles (2018-2021) investigating the role of LRRK2 and LRRK2 mutants in the regulation of synaptic activity and autophagy-lysosomal pathway. These articles confirm a perturbation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis and glutamate release in LRRK2 mutants. Likewise, LRRK2 mutants show a marked impairment of selective forms of autophagy (i.e. mitophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy) and lysosomal function, with minimal perturbations of nonselective autophagy. Thus, LRRK2 rodents might help understand the contribution of these pathways to PD.
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Gouda NA, Elkamhawy A, Cho J. Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Parkinson’s Disease and Future Prospects: A 2021 Update. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020371. [PMID: 35203580 PMCID: PMC8962417 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder pathologically distinguished by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Muscle rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia are all clinical motor hallmarks of PD. Several pathways have been implicated in PD etiology, including mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired protein clearance, and neuroinflammation, but how these factors interact remains incompletely understood. Although many breakthroughs in PD therapy have been accomplished, there is currently no cure for PD, only trials to alleviate the related motor symptoms. To reduce or stop the clinical progression and mobility impairment, a disease-modifying approach that can directly target the etiology rather than offering symptomatic alleviation remains a major unmet clinical need in the management of PD. In this review, we briefly introduce current treatments and pathophysiology of PD. In addition, we address the novel innovative therapeutic targets for PD therapy, including α-synuclein, autophagy, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and others. Several immunomodulatory approaches and stem cell research currently in clinical trials with PD patients are also discussed. Moreover, preclinical studies and clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of novel and repurposed therapeutic agents and their pragmatic applications with encouraging outcomes are summarized. Finally, molecular biomarkers under active investigation are presented as potentially valuable tools for early PD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A. Gouda
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
| | - Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
- Correspondence:
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Pang SYY, Lo RCN, Ho PWL, Liu HF, Chang EES, Leung CT, Malki Y, Choi ZYK, Wong WY, Kung MHW, Ramsden DB, Ho SL. LRRK2, GBA and their interaction in the regulation of autophagy: implications on therapeutics in Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:5. [PMID: 35101134 PMCID: PMC8805403 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and glucocerebrosidase (GBA) represent two most common genetic causes of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Both genes are important in the autophagic-lysosomal pathway (ALP), defects of which are associated with α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation. LRRK2 regulates macroautophagy via activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) kinase (MEK) and the calcium-dependent adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways. Phosphorylation of Rab GTPases by LRRK2 regulates lysosomal homeostasis and endosomal trafficking. Mutant LRRK2 impairs chaperone-mediated autophagy, resulting in α-syn binding and oligomerization on lysosomal membranes. Mutations in GBA reduce glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity, leading to glucosylceramide accumulation, α-syn aggregation and broad autophagic abnormalities. LRRK2 and GBA influence each other: GCase activity is reduced in LRRK2 mutant cells, and LRRK2 kinase inhibition can alter GCase activity in GBA mutant cells. Clinically, LRRK2 G2019S mutation seems to modify the effects of GBA mutation, resulting in milder symptoms than those resulting from GBA mutation alone. However, dual mutation carriers have an increased risk of PD and earlier age of onset compared with single mutation carriers, suggesting an additive deleterious effect on the initiation of PD pathogenic processes. Crosstalk between LRRK2 and GBA in PD exists, but its exact mechanism is unclear. Drugs that inhibit LRRK2 kinase or activate GCase are showing efficacy in pre-clinical models. Since LRRK2 kinase and GCase activities are also altered in idiopathic PD (iPD), it remains to be seen if these drugs will be useful in disease modification of iPD.
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50
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Bo RX, Li YY, Zhou TT, Chen NH, Yuan YH. The neuroinflammatory role of glucocerebrosidase in Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2022; 207:108964. [PMID: 35065083 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), encoded by the GBA1 gene, is a membrane-associated protein catalyzing the cleavage of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph). Homologous GBA1 mutations cause Gaucher disease (GD) and heterologous mutations cause Parkinson's disease (PD). Importantly, heterologous GBA1 mutations are recognized as the second risk factor of PD. The pathological features of PD are Lewy neurites (LNs) and Lewy bodies (LBs) composed of pathological α-synuclein. Oxidative stress, inflammatory response, autophagic impairment, and α-synuclein accumulation play critical roles in PD pathogenic cascades, but the pathogenesis of PD has not yet been fully elucidated. What's more, PD treatment drugs can only relieve symptoms to a certain extent, but cannot alleviate neurodegenerative progression. Therefore, it's urgent to explore new targets that can alleviate the neurodegenerative process. Deficient GCase can cause lysosomal dysfunction, obstructing the metabolism of α-synuclein. Meanwhile, GCase dysfunction causes accumulation of its substrates, leading to lipid metabolism disorders. Subsequently, astrocytes and microglia are activated, releasing amounts of pro-inflammatory mediators and causing extensive neuroinflammation. All these cascades can induce neuron damage and death, eventually promoting PD pathology. This review aims to summarize these points and the potential of GCase as an original target to provide some ideas for elucidating the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Xue Bo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica& Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yan-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica& Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Tian-Tian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica& Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica& Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica& Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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