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Morez M, Lara Ordóñez AJ, Melnyk P, Liberelle M, Lebègue N, Taymans JM. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitors for Parkinson's disease: a patent review of the literature to date. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024; 34:773-788. [PMID: 39023243 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2378076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nearly two decades after leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) was discovered as a genetic determinant of Parkinson's disease (PD), LRRK2 has emerged a priority therapeutic target in PD and inhibition of its activity is hypothesized to be beneficial. AREAS COVERED LRRK2 targeting agents, in particular kinase inhibitors and agents reducing LRRK2 expression show promise in model systems and have progressed to phase I and phase II clinical testing for PD. Several additional targeting strategies for LRRK2 are emerging, based on promoting specific 'healthy' LRRK2 quaternary structures, heteromeric complexes and conformations. EXPERT OPINION It can be expected that LRRK2 targeting strategies may proceed to phase III clinical testing for PD in the next five years, allowing the field to discover the real clinical value of LRRK2 targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Morez
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | | | - Patricia Melnyk
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Maxime Liberelle
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Lebègue
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
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Iacono D, Murphy EK, Stimpson CD, Perl DP, Day RM. Low-dose radiation decreases Lrrk2 levels in the striatum of large mammalian brains: New venues to treat Parkinson's disease? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 124:107024. [PMID: 38843617 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among gene mutations and variants linked to an increased risk of PD, mutations of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) are among the most frequently associated with early- and late-onset PD. Clinical and neuropathological characteristics of idiopathic-PD (iPD) and LRRK2-PD are similar, and these similarities suggest that the pathomechanisms between these two conditions are shared. LRRK2 mutations determine a gain-of-function and yield higher levels of lrrk2 across body tissues, including brain. On another side, recent animal studies supported the potential use of low dose radiation (LDR) to modify the pathomechanisms of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We assessed if a single total-body LDR (sLDR) exposure in normal swine could alter expression levels of the following PD-associated molecules: alpha-synuclein (α-syn), phosphorylated-α-synuclein (pα-syn), parkin, tyrosine hydroxylase (th), lrrk2, phosphorylated-lrrk2 (pS935-lrrk2), and some LRRK2 substrates (Rab8a, Rab12) across different brain regions. These proteins were measured in frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, thalamus/hypothalamus, and cerebellum of 9 radiated (RAD) vs. 6 sham (SH) swine after 28 days from a sLDR of 1.79Gy exposure. RESULTS Western Blot analyses showed lowered lrrk2 levels in the striatum of RAD vs. SH swine (p < 0.05), with no differences across the remaining brain regions. None of the other protein levels differed between RAD and SH swine in any examined brain regions. No lrrk2 and p-lrrk2 (S935) levels differed in the lungs of RAD vs. SH swine. CONCLUSIONS These findings show a specific striatal lrrk2 lowering effect due to LDR and support the potential use of LDR to interfere with the pathomechanisms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Iacono
- DoD/USU Brain Tissue Repository & Neuropathology Program, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA; Neuroscience Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF) Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Erin K Murphy
- DoD/USU Brain Tissue Repository & Neuropathology Program, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF) Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cheryl D Stimpson
- DoD/USU Brain Tissue Repository & Neuropathology Program, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF) Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel P Perl
- DoD/USU Brain Tissue Repository & Neuropathology Program, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Regina M Day
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Kang J, Huang G, Ma L, Tong Y, Shahapal A, Chen P, Shen J. Cell autonomous role of leucine-rich repeat kinase in protection of dopaminergic neuron survival. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.06.561293. [PMID: 37873418 PMCID: PMC10592668 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.06.561293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is the leading neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). However, whether LRRK2 mutations cause PD and degeneration of DA neurons via a toxic gain-of-function or a loss-of-function mechanism is unresolved and has pivotal implications for LRRK2-based PD therapies. In this study, we investigate whether LRRK2 and its functional homologue LRRK1 play an essential, intrinsic role in DA neuron survival through the development of DA neuron-specific LRRK conditional double knockout (cDKO) mice. We first generated and characterized floxed LRRK1 and LRRK2 mice and then confirmed that germline deletions of the floxed LRRK1 and LRRK2 alleles result in null mutations, as evidenced by the absence of LRRK1 and LRRK2 mRNA and protein in the respective homozygous deleted mutant mice. We further examined the specificity of Cre-mediated recombination driven by the dopamine transporter-Cre (DAT-Cre) knockin (KI) allele using a GFP reporter line and confirmed that DAT-Cre-mediated recombination is restricted to DA neurons in the SNpc. Crossing these validated floxed LRRK1 and LRRK2 mice with DAT-Cre KI mice, we then generated DA neuron-restricted LRRK cDKO mice and further showed that levels of LRRK1 and LRRK2 are reduced in dissected ventral midbrains of LRRK cDKO mice. While DA neuron-restricted LRRK cDKO mice of both sexes exhibit normal mortality and body weight, they develop age-dependent loss of DA neurons in the SNpc, as demonstrated by the progressive reduction of DA neurons in the SNpc of LRRK cDKO mice at the ages of 20 and 24 months but the unaffected number of DA neurons at the age of 15 months. Moreover, DA neurodegeneration is accompanied with increases of apoptosis and elevated microgliosis in the SNpc as well as decreases of DA terminals in the striatum, and is preceded by impaired motor coordination. Taken together, these findings provide the unequivocal evidence for the importance of LRRK in DA neurons and raise the possibility that LRRK2 mutations may impair its protection of DA neurons, leading to DA neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongkyun Kang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Guodong Huang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Long Ma
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Youren Tong
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Anu Shahapal
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Phoenix Chen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
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Sharma PK, Weng JH, Manschwetus JT, Wu J, Ma W, Herberg FW, Taylor SS. Role of the leucine-rich repeat protein kinase 2 C-terminal tail in domain cross-talk. Biochem J 2024; 481:313-327. [PMID: 38305364 PMCID: PMC10903466 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat protein kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a multi-domain protein encompassing two of biology's most critical molecular switches, a kinase and a GTPase, and mutations in LRRK2 are key players in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The availability of multiple structures (full-length and truncated) has opened doors to explore intra-domain cross-talk in LRRK2. A helix extending from the WD40 domain and stably docking onto the kinase domain is common in all available structures. This C-terminal (Ct) helix is a hub of phosphorylation and organelle-localization motifs and thus serves as a multi-functional protein : protein interaction module. To examine its intra-domain interactions, we have recombinantly expressed a stable Ct motif (residues 2480-2527) and used peptide arrays to identify specific binding sites. We have identified a potential interaction site between the Ct helix and a loop in the CORB domain (CORB loop) using a combination of Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics simulations and peptide arrays. This Ct-Motif contains two auto-phosphorylation sites (T2483 and T2524), and T2524 is a 14-3-3 binding site. The Ct helix, CORB loop, and the CORB-kinase linker together form a part of a dynamic 'CAP' that regulates the N-lobe of the kinase domain. We hypothesize that in inactive, full-length LRRK2, the Ct-helix will also mediate interactions with the N-terminal armadillo, ankyrin, and LRR domains (NTDs) and that binding of Rab substrates, PD mutations, or kinase inhibitors will unleash the NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kaila Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652, U.S.A
| | - Jui-Hung Weng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652, U.S.A
| | - Jascha T. Manschwetus
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Hessen, Germany
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652, U.S.A
| | - Wen Ma
- Department of Physics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Friedrich W. Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Hessen, Germany
| | - Susan S. Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652, U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652, U.S.A
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Yamanaka T, Matsui H. Modeling familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease in small fishes. Dev Growth Differ 2024; 66:4-20. [PMID: 37991125 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of animal models for Parkinson's disease (PD) has been challenging. Nevertheless, once established, they will serve as valuable tools for elucidating the causes and pathogenesis of PD, as well as for developing new strategies for its treatment. Following the recent discovery of a series of PD causative genes in familial cases, teleost fishes, including zebrafish and medaka, have often been used to establish genetic PD models because of their ease of breeding and gene manipulation, as well as the high conservation of gene orthologs. Some of the fish lines can recapitulate PD phenotypes, which are often more pronounced than those in rodent genetic models. In addition, a new experimental teleost fish, turquoise killifish, can be used as a sporadic PD model, because it spontaneously manifests age-dependent PD phenotypes. Several PD fish models have already made significant contributions to the discovery of novel PD pathological features, such as cytosolic leakage of mitochondrial DNA and pathogenic phosphorylation in α-synuclein. Therefore, utilizing various PD fish models with distinct degenerative phenotypes will be an effective strategy for identifying emerging facets of PD pathogenesis and therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideaki Matsui
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Nazish I, Mamais A, Mallach A, Bettencourt C, Kaganovich A, Warner T, Hardy J, Lewis PA, Pocock J, Cookson MR, Bandopadhyay R. Differential LRRK2 Signalling and Gene Expression in WT-LRRK2 and G2019S-LRRK2 Mouse Microglia Treated with Zymosan and MLi2. Cells 2023; 13:53. [PMID: 38201257 PMCID: PMC10778119 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene cause autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD), with the most common causative mutation being the LRRK2 p.G2019S within the kinase domain. LRRK2 protein is highly expressed in the human brain and also in the periphery, and high expression of dominant PD genes in immune cells suggests involvement of microglia and macrophages in inflammation related to PD. LRRK2 is known to respond to extracellular signalling including TLR4, resulting in alterations in gene expression, with the response to TLR2 signalling through zymosan being less known. Here, we investigated the effects of zymosan, a TLR2 agonist and the potent and specific LRRK2 kinase inhibitor MLi-2 on gene expression in microglia from LRRK2-WT and LRRK2 p.G2019S knock-in mice by RNA-sequencing analysis. We observed both overlapping and distinct zymosan and MLi-2 mediated gene expression profiles in microglia. At least two candidate genome-wide association (GWAS) hits for PD, CathepsinB (Ctsb) and Glycoprotein-nmb (Gpnmb), were notably downregulated by zymosan treatment. Genes involved in inflammatory response and nervous system development were up and downregulated, respectively, with zymosan treatment, while MLi-2 treatment particularly exhibited upregulated genes for ion transmembrane transport regulation. Furthermore, we observed that the top twenty most significantly differentially expressed genes in LRRK2 p.G2019S microglia show enriched biological processes in iron transport and response to oxidative stress. Overall, these results suggest that microglial LRRK2 may contribute to PD pathogenesis through altered inflammatory pathways. Our findings should encourage future investigations of these putative avenues in the context of PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Nazish
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Department of Movement neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ, UK (T.W.)
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Anna Mallach
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 1PJ, UK; (A.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Conceicao Bettencourt
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (C.B.); (J.H.); (P.A.L.)
| | - Alice Kaganovich
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.K.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Thomas Warner
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Department of Movement neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ, UK (T.W.)
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (C.B.); (J.H.); (P.A.L.)
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (C.B.); (J.H.); (P.A.L.)
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Jennifer Pocock
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 1PJ, UK; (A.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.K.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Department of Movement neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ, UK (T.W.)
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Iannotta L, Emanuele M, Favetta G, Tombesi G, Vandewynckel L, Lara Ordóñez AJ, Saliou JM, Drouyer M, Sibran W, Civiero L, Nichols RJ, Athanasopoulos PS, Kortholt A, Chartier-Harlin MC, Greggio E, Taymans JM. PAK6-mediated phosphorylation of PPP2R2C regulates LRRK2-PP2A complex formation. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1269387. [PMID: 38169846 PMCID: PMC10759229 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1269387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a common cause of inherited and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) and previous work suggests that dephosphorylation of LRRK2 at a cluster of heterologous phosphosites is associated to disease. We have previously reported subunits of the PP1 and PP2A classes of phosphatases as well as the PAK6 kinase as regulators of LRRK2 dephosphorylation. We therefore hypothesized that PAK6 may have a functional link with LRRK2's phosphatases. To investigate this, we used PhosTag gel electrophoresis with purified proteins and found that PAK6 phosphorylates the PP2A regulatory subunit PPP2R2C at position S381. While S381 phosphorylation did not affect PP2A holoenzyme formation, a S381A phosphodead PPP2R2C showed impaired binding to LRRK2. Also, PAK6 kinase activity changed PPP2R2C subcellular localization in a S381 phosphorylation-dependent manner. Finally, PAK6-mediated dephosphorylation of LRRK2 was unaffected by phosphorylation of PPP2R2C at S381, suggesting that the previously reported mechanism whereby PAK6-mediated phosphorylation of 14-3-3 proteins promotes 14-3-3-LRRK2 complex dissociation and consequent exposure of LRRK2 phosphosites for dephosphorylation is dominant. Taken together, we conclude that PAK6-mediated phosphorylation of PPP2R2C influences the recruitment of PPP2R2C to the LRRK2 complex and PPP2R2C subcellular localization, pointing to an additional mechanism in the fine-tuning of LRRK2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Iannotta
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- National Research Council, c/o Humanitas Research Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Marco Emanuele
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Giulia Favetta
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Tombesi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Laurine Vandewynckel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | | | - Jean-Michel Saliou
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institute Pasteur de Lille, US 41 – UAR 2014 – PLBS, Lille, France
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - William Sibran
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Laura Civiero
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- IRCSS, San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - R. Jeremy Nichols
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- YETEM-Innovative Technologies Application and Research Centre, Suleyman Demirel University West Campus, Isparta, Turkey
| | | | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
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Zhou QM, Zheng L. Research progress on the relationship between Paneth cells-susceptibility genes, intestinal microecology and inflammatory bowel disease. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:8111-8125. [PMID: 38130785 PMCID: PMC10731169 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i34.8111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disorder of the immune system and intestinal microecosystem caused by environmental factors in genetically susceptible people. Paneth cells (PCs) play a central role in IBD pathogenesis, especially in Crohn's disease development, and their morphology, number and function are regulated by susceptibility genes. In the intestine, PCs participate in the formation of the stem cell microenvironment by secreting antibacterial particles and play a role in helping maintain the intestinal microecology and intestinal mucosal homeostasis. Moreover, PC proliferation and maturation depend on symbiotic flora in the intestine. This paper describes the interactions among susceptibility genes, PCs and intestinal microecology and their effects on IBD occurrence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ming Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Lanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanxi 321100, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lie Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 710003, Shaanxi Province, China
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Wysocki R, Rodrigues JI, Litwin I, Tamás MJ. Mechanisms of genotoxicity and proteotoxicity induced by the metalloids arsenic and antimony. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:342. [PMID: 37904059 PMCID: PMC10616229 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04992-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic and antimony are metalloids with profound effects on biological systems and human health. Both elements are toxic to cells and organisms, and exposure is associated with several pathological conditions including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. At the same time, arsenic- and antimony-containing compounds are used in the treatment of multiple diseases. Although these metalloids can both cause and cure disease, their modes of molecular action are incompletely understood. The past decades have seen major advances in our understanding of arsenic and antimony toxicity, emphasizing genotoxicity and proteotoxicity as key contributors to pathogenesis. In this review, we highlight mechanisms by which arsenic and antimony cause toxicity, focusing on their genotoxic and proteotoxic effects. The mechanisms used by cells to maintain proteostasis during metalloid exposure are also described. Furthermore, we address how metalloid-induced proteotoxicity may promote neurodegenerative disease and how genotoxicity and proteotoxicity may be interrelated and together contribute to proteinopathies. A deeper understanding of cellular toxicity and response mechanisms and their links to pathogenesis may promote the development of strategies for both disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wysocki
- Department of Genetics and Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 50-328, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Joana I Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ireneusz Litwin
- Academic Excellence Hub - Research Centre for DNA Repair and Replication, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 50-328, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Markus J Tamás
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Nazish I, Mamais A, Mallach A, Bettencourt C, Kaganovich A, Warner T, Hardy J, Lewis PA, Pocock J, Cookson MR, Bandopadhyay R. Differential LRRK2 signalling and gene expression in WT-LRRK2 and G2019S-LRRK2 mouse microglia treated with zymosan and MLi2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.14.557532. [PMID: 37745519 PMCID: PMC10515904 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Mutations in the Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene cause autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD) with the most common causative mutation being the LRRK2 p.G2019S within the kinase domain. LRRK2 protein is highly expressed in the human brain and also in the periphery, and high expression of dominant PD genes in immune cells suggest involvement of microglia and macrophages in inflammation related to PD. LRRK2 is known to respond to extracellular signalling including TLR4 resulting in alterations in gene expression, with the response to TLR2 signalling through zymosan being less known. Methods Here, we investigated the effects of zymosan, a TLR2 agonist and the potent and specific LRRK2 kinase inhibitor MLi-2 on gene expression in microglia from LRRK2-WT and LRRK2 p.G2019S knock-in mice by RNA-Sequencing analysis. Results We observed both overlapping and distinct zymosan and MLi-2 mediated gene expression profiles in microglia. At least two candidate Genome-Wide Association (GWAS) hits for PD, CathepsinB (Ctsb) and Glycoprotein-nmb (Gpnmb), were notably downregulated by zymosan treatment. Genes involved in inflammatory response and nervous system development were up and downregulated respectively with zymosan treatment while MLi-2 treatment particularly exhibited upregulated genes for ion transmembrane transport regulation. Furthermore, we observed the top twenty most significantly differentially expressed genes in LRRK2 p.G2019S microglia show enriched biological processes in iron transport and response to oxidative stress. Discussion Overall, these results suggest that microglial LRRK2 may contribute to PD pathogenesis through altered inflammatory pathways. Our findings should encourage future investigations of these putative avenues in the context of PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Nazish
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Department of movement neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anna Mallach
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | | | | | - Tom Warner
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Department of movement neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Department of Neurodegenerative diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London
| | - Jennifer Pocock
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression section, NIA, Maryland, USA
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Department of movement neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ
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11
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Zhu C, Herbst S, Lewis PA. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 at a glance. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs259724. [PMID: 37698513 PMCID: PMC10508695 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a multidomain scaffolding protein with dual guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) and kinase enzymatic activities, providing this protein with the capacity to regulate a multitude of signalling pathways and act as a key mediator of diverse cellular processes. Much of the interest in LRRK2 derives from mutations in the LRRK2 gene being the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease, and from the association of the LRRK2 locus with a number of other human diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, the LRRK2 research field has focused on the link between LRRK2 and pathology, with the aim of uncovering the underlying mechanisms and, ultimately, finding novel therapies and treatments to combat them. From the biochemical and cellular functions of LRRK2, to its relevance to distinct disease mechanisms, this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster deliver a snapshot of our current understanding of LRRK2 function, dysfunction and links to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Zhu
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Susanne Herbst
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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12
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Kania E, Long JS, McEwan DG, Welkenhuyzen K, La Rovere R, Luyten T, Halpin J, Lobbestael E, Baekelandt V, Bultynck G, Ryan KM, Parys JB. LRRK2 phosphorylation status and kinase activity regulate (macro)autophagy in a Rab8a/Rab10-dependent manner. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:436. [PMID: 37454104 PMCID: PMC10349885 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), with growing importance also for Crohn's disease and cancer. LRRK2 is a large and complex protein possessing both GTPase and kinase activity. Moreover, LRRK2 activity and function can be influenced by its phosphorylation status. In this regard, many LRRK2 PD-associated mutants display decreased phosphorylation of the constitutive phosphorylation cluster S910/S935/S955/S973, but the role of these changes in phosphorylation status with respect to LRRK2 physiological functions remains unknown. Here, we propose that the S910/S935/S955/S973 phosphorylation sites act as key regulators of LRRK2-mediated autophagy under both basal and starvation conditions. We show that quadruple LRRK2 phosphomutant cells (4xSA; S910A/S935A/S955A/S973A) have impaired lysosomal functionality and fail to induce and proceed with autophagy during starvation. In contrast, treatment with the specific LRRK2 kinase inhibitors MLi-2 (100 nM) or PF-06447475 (150 nM), which also led to decreased LRRK2 phosphorylation of S910/S935/S955/S973, did not affect autophagy. In explanation, we demonstrate that the autophagy impairment due to the 4xSA LRRK2 phospho-dead mutant is driven by its enhanced LRRK2 kinase activity. We show mechanistically that this involves increased phosphorylation of LRRK2 downstream targets Rab8a and Rab10, as the autophagy impairment in 4xSA LRRK2 cells is counteracted by expression of phosphorylation-deficient mutants T72A Rab8a and T73A Rab10. Similarly, reduced autophagy and decreased LRRK2 phosphorylation at the constitutive sites were observed in cells expressing the pathological R1441C LRRK2 PD mutant, which also displays increased kinase activity. These data underscore the relation between LRRK2 phosphorylation at its constitutive sites and the importance of increased LRRK2 kinase activity in autophagy regulation and PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Kania
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaclyn S Long
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - David G McEwan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Kirsten Welkenhuyzen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita La Rovere
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomas Luyten
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John Halpin
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Evy Lobbestael
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences & Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg B1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences & Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg B1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Jan B Parys
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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13
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Taymans JM, Fell M, Greenamyre T, Hirst WD, Mamais A, Padmanabhan S, Peter I, Rideout H, Thaler A. Perspective on the current state of the LRRK2 field. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:104. [PMID: 37393318 PMCID: PMC10314919 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 2 decades after linking LRRK2 to Parkinson's disease, a vibrant research field has developed around the study of this gene and its protein product. Recent studies have begun to elucidate molecular structures of LRRK2 and its complexes, and our understanding of LRRK2 has continued to grow, affirming decisions made years ago to therapeutically target this enzyme for PD. Markers of LRRK2 activity, with potential to monitor disease progression or treatment efficacy, are also under development. Interestingly, there is a growing understanding of the role of LRRK2 outside of the central nervous system in peripheral tissues such as gut and immune cells that may also contribute to LRRK2 mediated pathology. In this perspective, our goal is to take stock of LRRK2 research by discussing the current state of knowledge and critical open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Taymans
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Matt Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tim Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Suite 7039, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Warren D Hirst
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shalini Padmanabhan
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY, 10120, USA
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hardy Rideout
- Centre for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Avner Thaler
- Movement Disorders Unit and Laboratory of Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Faculty of medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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14
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Hu J, Zhang D, Tian K, Ren C, Li H, Lin C, Huang X, Liu J, Mao W, Zhang J. Small-molecule LRRK2 inhibitors for PD therapy: Current achievements and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115475. [PMID: 37201428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a multifunctional protein that orchestrates a diverse array of cellular processes, including vesicle transport, autophagy, lysosome degradation, neurotransmission, and mitochondrial activity. Hyperactivation of LRRK2 triggers vesicle transport dysfunction, neuroinflammation, accumulation of α-synuclein, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the loss of cilia, ultimately leading to Parkinson's disease (PD). Therefore, targeting LRRK2 protein is a promising therapeutic strategy for PD. The clinical translation of LRRK2 inhibitors was historically impeded by issues surrounding tissue specificity. Recent studies have identified LRRK2 inhibitors that have no effect on peripheral tissues. Currently, there are four small-molecule LRRK2 inhibitors undergoing clinical trials. This review provides a summary of the structure and biological functions of LRRK2, along with an overview of the binding modes and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of small-molecule inhibitors targeting LRRK2. It offers valuable references for developing novel drugs targeting LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Hu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Keyue Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Changyu Ren
- Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Heng Li
- Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Congcong Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Wuyu Mao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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15
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Rinaldi C, Waters CS, Li Z, Kumbier K, Rao L, Nichols RJ, Jacobson MP, Wu LF, Altschuler SJ. Dissecting the effects of GTPase and kinase domain mutations on LRRK2 endosomal localization and activity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112447. [PMID: 37141099 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease-causing leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations lead to varying degrees of Rab GTPase hyperphosphorylation. Puzzlingly, LRRK2 GTPase-inactivating mutations-which do not affect intrinsic kinase activity-lead to higher levels of cellular Rab phosphorylation than kinase-activating mutations. Here, we investigate whether mutation-dependent differences in LRRK2 cellular localization could explain this discrepancy. We discover that blocking endosomal maturation leads to the rapid formation of mutant LRRK2+ endosomes on which LRRK2 phosphorylates substrate Rabs. LRRK2+ endosomes are maintained through positive feedback, which mutually reinforces membrane localization of LRRK2 and phosphorylated Rab substrates. Furthermore, across a panel of mutants, cells expressing GTPase-inactivating mutants form strikingly more LRRK2+ endosomes than cells expressing kinase-activating mutants, resulting in higher total cellular levels of phosphorylated Rabs. Our study suggests that the increased probability that LRRK2 GTPase-inactivating mutants are retained on intracellular membranes compared to kinase-activating mutants leads to higher substrate phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capria Rinaldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christopher S Waters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zizheng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Karl Kumbier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lee Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - R Jeremy Nichols
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew P Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lani F Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Steven J Altschuler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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16
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Tang X, Xing S, Ma M, Xu Z, Guan Q, Chen Y, Feng F, Liu W, Chen T, Chen Y, Sun H. The Development and Design Strategy of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 Inhibitors: Promising Therapeutic Agents for Parkinson's Disease. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2282-2307. [PMID: 36758171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. Mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic risk factor for PD. Elevated LRRK2 kinase activity is found in idiopathic and familial PD cases. LRRK2 mutations are involved in multiple PD pathogeneses, including dysregulation of mitochondrial homeostasis, ciliogenesis, etc. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the biological function, structure, and mutations of LRRK2. We also examine recent advances and challenges in developing LRRK2 inhibitors and address prospective protein-based targeting strategies. The binding mechanisms, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacokinetic features of inhibitors are emphasized to provide a comprehensive compendium on the rational design of LRRK2 inhibitors. We hope that this publication can serve as a guide for designing novel LRRK2 inhibitors based on the summarized facts and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaishuai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingkang Ma
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianwen Guan
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, Huai'an 223005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingkai Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
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17
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Alterations in the LRRK2-Rab pathway in urinary extracellular vesicles as Parkinson's disease and pharmacodynamic biomarkers. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:21. [PMID: 36750568 PMCID: PMC9905493 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression or phosphorylation levels of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and its Rab substrates have strong potential as disease or pharmacodynamic biomarkers. The main objective of this study is therefore to assess the LRRK2-Rab pathway for use as biomarkers in human, non-human primate (NHP) and rat urine. With urine collected from human subjects and animals, we applied an ultracentrifugation based fractionation protocol to isolate small urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs). We used western blot with antibodies directed against total and phosphorylated LRRK2, Rab8, and Rab10 to measure these LRRK2 and Rab epitopes in uEVs. We confirm the presence of LRRK2 and Rab8/10 in human and NHP uEVs, including total LRRK2 as well as phospho-LRRK2, phospho-Rab8 and phospho-Rab10. We also confirm LRRK2 and Rab expression in rodent uEVs. We quantified LRRK2 and Rab epitopes in human cohorts and found in a first cohort that pS1292-LRRK2 levels were elevated in individuals carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation, without significant differences between healthy and PD groups, whether for LRRK2 G2019S carriers or not. In a second cohort, we found that PD was associated to increased Rab8 levels and decreased pS910-LRRK2 and pS935-LRRK2. In animals, acute treatment with LRRK2 kinase inhibitors led to decreased pT73-Rab10. The identification of changes in Rab8 and LRRK2 phosphorylation at S910 and S935 heterologous phosphosites in uEVs of PD patients and pT73-Rab10 in inhibitor-dosed animals further reinforces the potential of the LRRK2-Rab pathway as a source of PD and pharmacodynamic biomarkers in uEVs.
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18
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Filippini A, Salvi V, Dattilo V, Magri C, Castrezzati S, Veerhuis R, Bosisio D, Gennarelli M, Russo I. LRRK2 Kinase Inhibition Attenuates Astrocytic Activation in Response to Amyloid β 1-42 Fibrils. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020307. [PMID: 36830676 PMCID: PMC9953366 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral accumulation of amyloid-β in the extracellular plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains represents the main cause of reactive astrogliosis and neuroinflammatory response. Of relevance, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a kinase linked to genetic and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), has been identified as a positive mediator of neuroinflammation upon different inflammatory stimuli, however its pathogenicity in AD remains mainly unexplored. In this study, by using pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 and murine primary astrocytes, we explored whether LRRK2 regulates astrocytic activation in response to amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42). Our results showed that murine primary astrocytes become reactive and recruit serine 935 phosphorylated LRRK2 upon Aβ1-42 fibril exposure. Moreover, we found that pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2, with two different kinase inhibitors, can attenuate Aβ1-42-mediated inflammation and favor the clearance of Aβ1-42 fibrils in astrocytes. Overall, our findings report that LRRK2 kinase activity modulates astrocytic reactivity and functions in the presence of Aβ1-42 deposits and indicate that PD-linked LRRK2 might contribute to AD-related neuroinflammation and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Filippini
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Salvi
- Oncology and Experimental Immunology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Dattilo
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Magri
- Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Castrezzati
- Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert Veerhuis
- Amsterdam UMC, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute and Neuroscience Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Bosisio
- Oncology and Experimental Immunology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
- Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Isabella Russo
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
- Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-371-7461; Fax: +39-030-370-1157
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Differential serum microRNAs in premotor LRRK2 G2019S carriers from Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:15. [PMID: 36732514 PMCID: PMC9894906 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The LRRK2 G2019S pathogenic mutation causes LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease (L2PD) with incomplete penetrance. LRRK2 non-manifesting carriers (L2NMC) are at PD high risk but predicting pheno-conversion is challenging given the lack of progression biomarkers. To investigate novel biomarkers for PD premotor stages, we performed a longitudinal microRNA (miRNA) assessment of serum samples from G2019S L2NMC followed-up over 8 years. Our cohort consisted of G2019S L2NMC stratified by dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography (DaT-SPECT) into DaT-negative (n = 20) and DaT-positive L2NMC (n = 20), pheno-converted G2019S L2PD patients (n = 20), idiopathic PD (iPD) (n = 19), and controls (n = 40). We also screened a second cohort of L2PD patients (n = 19) and controls (n = 20) (Total n = 158). Compared to healthy controls, we identified eight deregulated miRNAs in DaT-negative L2NMC, six in DaT-positive L2NMC, and one in L2PD. Between groups, the highest miRNA differences, 24 candidate miRNAs, occurred between DaT-positive L2NMC and L2PD. Longitudinally, we found 11 common miRNAs with sustained variation in DaT-negative and DaT-positive L2NMCs compared to their baselines. Our study identifies novel miRNA alterations in premotor stages of PD co-occurring with progressive DaT-SPECT decline before motor manifestation, whose deregulation seems to attenuate after the diagnosis of L2PD. Moreover, we identified four miRNAs with relatively high discriminative ability (AUC = 0.82) between non-pheno-converted DaT-positive G2019S carriers and pheno-converted L2PD patients (miR-4505, miR-8069, miR-6125, and miR-451a), which hold potential as early progression biomarkers for PD.
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20
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de Guilhem de Lataillade A, Caillaud M, Oullier T, Naveilhan P, Pellegrini C, Tolosa E, Neunlist M, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Gelpi E, Derkinderen P. LRRK2 expression in normal and pathologic human gut and in rodent enteric neural cell lines. J Neurochem 2023; 164:193-209. [PMID: 36219522 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene, which is the gene most commonly associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), is also a susceptibility gene for Crohn's disease, thereby suggesting that LRRK2 may sit at the crossroads of gastrointestinal inflammation, Parkinson's, and Crohn's disease. LRRK2 protein has been studied intensely in both CNS neurons and in immune cells, but there are only few studies on LRRK2 in the enteric nervous system (ENS). LRRK2 is present in ENS ganglia and the existing studies on LRRK2 expression in colonic biopsies from PD subjects have yielded conflicting results. Herein, we propose to extend these findings by studying in more details LRRK2 expression in the ENS. LRRK2 expression was evaluated in full thickness segments of colon of 16 Lewy body, 12 non-Lewy body disorders cases, and 3 non-neurodegenerative controls and in various enteric neural cell lines. We showed that, in addition to enteric neurons, LRRK2 is constitutively expressed in enteric glial cells in both fetal and adult tissues. LRRK2 immunofluorescence intensity in the myenteric ganglia was not different between Lewy body and non-Lewy body disorders. Additionally, we identified the cAMP pathway as a key signaling pathway involved in the regulation of LRRK2 expression and phosphorylation in the enteric glial cells. Our study is the first detailed characterization of LRRK2 in the ENS and the first to show that enteric glial cells express LRRK2. Our findings provide a basis to unravel the functions of LRRK2 in the ENS and to further investigate the pathological changes in enteric synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martial Caillaud
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Thibauld Oullier
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Naveilhan
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Carolina Pellegrini
- Unit of Histology and Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Malvyne Rolli-Derkinderen
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobank-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pascal Derkinderen
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
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21
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Erekat NS. Autophagy and Its Association with Genetic Mutations in Parkinson Disease. Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e938519. [PMID: 36366737 PMCID: PMC9664771 DOI: 10.12659/msm.938519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 0.1-0.2% of the general population. It is a progressive debilitating disorder caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. It is characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. Parkinson disease can be caused by mutations in genes that encode proteins involved in the autophagic process, resulting in impaired autophagy. Indeed, autophagy has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease, particularly because its impairment causes the buildup of proteins. Thus, this review aims to provide an overview of Parkinson disease-related genetic mutations and their association with autophagy impairment in Parkinson disease, which can be helpful in improving the understanding of the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease, illustrating the potential therapeutic implications of agents that can enhance autophagy in Parkinson disease. Additionally, we will highlight the essential need for the development of highly sensitive and specific assays for gene-based diagnostic biomarkers. Finally, we will provide an overview on the potential gene-based therapeutic approaches for Parkinson disease, which have been most advanced and are associated with the most common targets being alpha-synuclein (SNCA), leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2), and glucocerebrosidase (GBA).
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22
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Garrido A, Pérez‐Sisqués L, Simonet C, Campoy‐Campos G, Solana‐Balaguer J, Martín‐Flores N, Fernández M, Soto M, Obiang D, Cámara A, Valldeoriola F, Muñoz E, Compta Y, Pérez‐Navarro E, Alberch J, Tolosa E, Martí M, Ezquerra M, Malagelada C, Fernández‐Santiago R. Increased Phospho-AKT in Blood Cells from LRRK2 G2019S Mutation Carriers. Ann Neurol 2022; 92:888-894. [PMID: 35929078 PMCID: PMC9827833 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether differential phosphorylation states of blood markers can identify patients with LRRK2 Parkinson's disease (PD). We assessed phospho(P)-Ser-935-LRRK2 and P-Ser-473-AKT levels in peripheral blood cells from patients with G2019S LRRK2-associated PD (L2PD, n = 31), G2019S LRRK2 non-manifesting carriers (L2NMC, n = 26), idiopathic PD (iPD, n = 25), and controls (n = 40, total n = 122). We found no differences at P-Ser-935-LRRK2 between groups but detected a specific increase of P-Ser-473-AKT levels in all G2019S carriers, either L2PD or L2NMC, absent in iPD. Although insensitive to LRRK2 inhibition, our study identifies P-Ser-473-AKT as an endogenous candidate biomarker for peripheral inflammation in G2019S carriers using accessible blood cells. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:888-894.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Garrido
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Leticia Pérez‐Sisqués
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Cristina Simonet
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Genís Campoy‐Campos
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Júlia Solana‐Balaguer
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Núria Martín‐Flores
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Manel Fernández
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marta Soto
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Donina Obiang
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ana Cámara
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Francesc Valldeoriola
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Esteban Muñoz
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Yaroslau Compta
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Esther Pérez‐Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - María‐José Martí
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Cristina Malagelada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Rubén Fernández‐Santiago
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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23
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Yan J, Yu W, Wang G, Lu C, Liu C, Jiang L, Jiang Z, Liang Z, Liu D. LRRK2 deficiency mitigates colitis progression by favoring resolution of inflammation and restoring homeostasis of gut microbiota. Genomics 2022; 114:110527. [PMID: 36455749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leucine rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been considered a susceptibility gene for ulcerative colitis (UC), and its protein abundance was enhanced in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from UC cohorts as compared to healthy volunteers. In preclinical models of colitis, Lrrk2 deficiency ameliorated dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis progression, whereas the processes were aggravated by R1441C mutation. While intestinal macrophages (MФs) from Lrrk2 knock-out (Lrrk2-/-) mice exhibited a tendency to transit to alternatively activated MФs, R1441C MФs mutation facilitated the pro-inflammatory phenotype polarization, determined by RNA sequencing and qPCR. Moreover, we characterized their microbiota profiles and found that loss of Lrrk2 increased the bacterial richness and altered bacterial community structure, and this shift contributed to the alleviation of colitis development and progression. We proposed that Lrrk2 deficiency promotes M2 MФ transition and facilitates probiotics colonization, providing a protective role during colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China.
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China
| | - Chang Lu
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China
| | - Zizheng Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China
| | - Zhenghao Liang
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining city, Shandong province 272067, China
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24
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Moreira-Júnior RE, Souza RM, de Carvalho JG, Bergamini JP, Brunialti-Godard AL. Possible association between the lrrk2 gene and anxiety behavior: a systematic literature review. J Neurogenet 2022; 36:98-107. [PMID: 36415932 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2022.2144293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alterations to the LRRK2 gene have been associated with Parkinson's disease and alcohol consumption in animals and humans. Furthermore, these disorders are strongly related to anxiety disorders (ADs). Thus, we investigated how the LRRK2 gene might influence anxiety in humans and mice. We elaborated a systematic review based on the PRISMA Statement of studies that investigated levels of anxiety in animal or human models with alterations in the LRRK2 gene. The search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, and in reference lists with descriptors related to ADs and the LRRK2. From the 62 articles assessed for eligibility, 16 were included: 11 conducted in humans and seven, in mice. Lrrk2 KO mice and the LRRK2 G2019S, LRRK2 R1441G, and LRRK2 R1441C variants were addressed. Five articles reported an increase in anxiety levels concerning the LRRK2 variants. Decreased anxiety levels were observed in two articles, one focusing on the LRRK2 G2019S and the other, on the Lrrk2 KO mice. Eight other articles reported no differences in anxiety levels in individuals with Lrrk2 alterations compared to their healthy controls. This study discusses a possible influence between the LRRK2 gene and anxiety, adding information to the existing knowledge respecting the influence of genetics on anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Moreira-Júnior
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory of Animal and Human Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - R M Souza
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory of Animal and Human Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - J G de Carvalho
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory of Animal and Human Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - J P Bergamini
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory of Animal and Human Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - A L Brunialti-Godard
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory of Animal and Human Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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25
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Pérez-Carrión MD, Posadas I, Solera J, Ceña V. LRRK2 and Proteostasis in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6808. [PMID: 35743250 PMCID: PMC9224256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative condition initially characterized by the presence of tremor, muscle stiffness and impaired balance, with the deposition of insoluble protein aggregates in Lewy's Bodies the histopathological hallmark of the disease. Although different gene variants are linked to Parkinson disease, mutations in the Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are one of the most frequent causes of Parkinson's disease related to genetic mutations. LRRK2 toxicity has been mainly explained by an increase in kinase activity, but alternative mechanisms have emerged as underlying causes for Parkinson's disease, such as the imbalance in LRRK2 homeostasis and the involvement of LRRK2 in aggregation and spreading of α-synuclein toxicity. In this review, we recapitulate the main LRRK2 pathological mutations that contribute to Parkinson's disease and the different cellular and therapeutic strategies devised to correct LRRK2 homeostasis. In this review, we describe the main cellular control mechanisms that regulate LRRK2 folding and aggregation, such as the chaperone network and the protein-clearing pathways such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagic-lysosomal pathway. We will also address the more relevant strategies to modulate neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease through the regulation of LRRK2, using small molecules or LRRK2 silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Pérez-Carrión
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (M.D.P.-C.); (I.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Consorcio CIBER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Posadas
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (M.D.P.-C.); (I.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Consorcio CIBER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Solera
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006 Albacete, Spain;
- Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Valentín Ceña
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (M.D.P.-C.); (I.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Consorcio CIBER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Kumar S, Behl T, Sehgal A, Chigurupati S, Singh S, Mani V, Aldubayan M, Alhowail A, Kaur S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Subramaniyan V, Fuloria S, Fuloria NK, Sekar M, Abdel Daim MM. Exploring the focal role of LRRK2 kinase in Parkinson's disease. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:32368-32382. [PMID: 35147886 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The major breakthroughs in our knowledge of how biology plays a role in Parkinson's disease (PD) have opened up fresh avenues designed to know the pathogenesis of disease and identify possible therapeutic targets. Mitochondrial abnormal functioning is a key cellular feature in the pathogenesis of PD. An enzyme, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), involved in both the idiopathic and familial PD risk, is a therapeutic target. LRRK2 has a link to the endolysosomal activity. Enhanced activity of the LRRK2 kinase, endolysosomal abnormalities and aggregation of autophagic vesicles with imperfectly depleted substrates, such as α-synuclein, are all seen in the substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in PD. Despite the fact that LRRK2 is involved in endolysosomal and autophagic activity, it is undefined if inhibiting LRRK2 kinase activity will prevent endolysosomal dysfunction or minimise the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The inhibitor's capability of LRRK2 kinase to inhibit endolysosomal and neuropathological alterations in human PD indicates that LRRK2 inhibitors could have significant therapeutic usefulness in PD. G2019S is perhaps the maximum common mutation in PD subjects. Even though LRRK2's well-defined structure has still not been established, numerous LRRK2 inhibitors have been discovered. This review summarises the role of LRRK2 kinase in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Aldubayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Satvinder Kaur
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | | | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedon, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedon, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistrty, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Science, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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27
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Marchand A, Sarchione A, Athanasopoulos PS, Roy HBL, Goveas L, Magnez R, Drouyer M, Emanuele M, Ho FY, Liberelle M, Melnyk P, Lebègue N, Thuru X, Nichols RJ, Greggio E, Kortholt A, Galli T, Chartier-Harlin MC, Taymans JM. A Phosphosite Mutant Approach on LRRK2 Links Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation to Protective and Deleterious Markers, Respectively. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061018. [PMID: 35326469 PMCID: PMC8946913 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene is a major genetic determinant of Parkinson’s disease (PD), encoding a homonymous multi-domain protein with two catalytic activities, GTPase and Kinase, involved in intracellular signaling and trafficking. LRRK2 is phosphorylated at multiple sites, including a cluster of autophosphorylation sites in the GTPase domain and a cluster of heterologous phosphorylation sites at residues 860 to 976. Phosphorylation at these latter sites is found to be modified in brains of PD patients, as well as for some disease mutant forms of LRRK2. The main aim of this study is to investigate the functional consequences of LRRK2 phosphorylation or dephosphorylation at LRRK2’s heterologous phosphorylation sites. To this end, we generated LRRK2 phosphorylation site mutants and studied how these affected LRRK2 catalytic activity, neurite outgrowth and lysosomal physiology in cellular models. We show that phosphorylation of RAB8a and RAB10 substrates are reduced with phosphomimicking forms of LRRK2, while RAB29 induced activation of LRRK2 kinase activity is enhanced for phosphodead forms of LRRK2. Considering the hypothesis that PD pathology is associated to increased LRRK2 kinase activity, our results suggest that for its heterologous phosphorylation sites LRRK2 phosphorylation correlates to healthy phenotypes and LRRK2 dephosphorylation correlates to phenotypes associated to the PD pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Marchand
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Alessia Sarchione
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Panagiotis S. Athanasopoulos
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.S.A.); (F.Y.H.); (A.K.)
| | | | - Liesel Goveas
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Romain Magnez
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-UMR1277—Canther—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Platform of Integrative Chemical Biology, F-59000 Lille, France; (R.M.); (X.T.)
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Marco Emanuele
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Franz Y. Ho
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.S.A.); (F.Y.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Maxime Liberelle
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Patricia Melnyk
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Nicolas Lebègue
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Xavier Thuru
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-UMR1277—Canther—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Platform of Integrative Chemical Biology, F-59000 Lille, France; (R.M.); (X.T.)
| | - R. Jeremy Nichols
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Physiology, Genetics and Behavior Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.S.A.); (F.Y.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Thierry Galli
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France;
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.-C.C.-H.); (J.-M.T.)
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.-C.C.-H.); (J.-M.T.)
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28
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Does the Expression and Epigenetics of Genes Involved in Monogenic Forms of Parkinson’s Disease Influence Sporadic Forms? Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030479. [PMID: 35328033 PMCID: PMC8951612 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a disorder characterized by a triad of motor symptoms (akinesia, rigidity, resting tremor) related to loss of dopaminergic neurons mainly in the Substantia nigra pars compacta. Diagnosis is often made after a substantial loss of neurons has already occurred, and while dopamine replacement therapies improve symptoms, they do not modify the course of the disease. Although some biological mechanisms involved in the disease have been identified, such as oxidative stress and accumulation of misfolded proteins, they do not explain entirely PD pathophysiology, and a need for a better understanding remains. Neurodegenerative diseases, including PD, appear to be the result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The latter can alter gene expression by causing epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, post-translational modification of histones and non-coding RNAs. Regulation of genes responsible for monogenic forms of PD may be involved in sporadic PD. This review will focus on the epigenetic mechanisms regulating their expression, since these are the genes for which we currently have the most information available. Despite technical challenges, epigenetic epidemiology offers new insights on revealing altered biological pathways and identifying predictive biomarkers for the onset and progression of PD.
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29
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Singh RK, Soliman A, Guaitoli G, Störmer E, von Zweydorf F, Dal Maso T, Oun A, Van Rillaer L, Schmidt SH, Chatterjee D, David JA, Pardon E, Schwartz TU, Knapp S, Kennedy EJ, Steyaert J, Herberg FW, Kortholt A, Gloeckner CJ, Versées W. Nanobodies as allosteric modulators of Parkinson's disease-associated LRRK2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2112712119. [PMID: 35217606 PMCID: PMC8892280 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112712119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene coding for leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a leading cause of the inherited form of Parkinson's disease (PD), while LRRK2 overactivation is also associated with the more common idiopathic form of PD. LRRK2 is a large multidomain protein, including a GTPase as well as a Ser/Thr protein kinase domain. Common, disease-causing mutations increase LRRK2 kinase activity, presenting LRRK2 as an attractive target for drug discovery. Currently, drug development has mainly focused on ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a variety of nanobodies that bind to different LRRK2 domains and inhibit or activate LRRK2 in cells and in in vitro. Importantly, nanobodies were identified that inhibit LRRK2 kinase activity while binding to a site that is topographically distinct from the active site and thus act through an allosteric inhibitory mechanism that does not involve binding to the ATP pocket or even to the kinase domain. Moreover, while certain nanobodies completely inhibit the LRRK2 kinase activity, we also identified nanobodies that specifically inhibit the phosphorylation of Rab protein substrates. Finally, in contrast to current type I kinase inhibitors, the studied kinase-inhibitory nanobodies did not induce LRRK2 microtubule association. These comprehensively characterized nanobodies represent versatile tools to study the LRRK2 function and mechanism and can pave the way toward novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan K Singh
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ahmed Soliman
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eliza Störmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Dal Maso
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Asmaa Oun
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Molecular Pharmacology XB10, 9700AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Van Rillaer
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sven H Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Deep Chatterjee
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Joshua A David
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Els Pardon
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas U Schwartz
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Jan Steyaert
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, Center for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wim Versées
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Neill T, Iozzo RV. The Role of Decorin Proteoglycan in Mitophagy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:804. [PMID: 35159071 PMCID: PMC8834502 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are emerging as critical regulators of intracellular catabolism. This rise in prominence has transformed our basic understanding and alerted us to the existence of non-canonical pathways, independent of nutrient deprivation, that potently control the autophagy downstream of a cell surface receptor. As a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan gene family, decorin has single-handedly pioneered the connection between extracellular matrix signaling and autophagy regulation. Soluble decorin evokes protracted endothelial cell autophagy via Peg3 and breast carcinoma cell mitophagy via mitostatin by interacting with VEGFR2 or the MET receptor tyrosine kinase, respectively. In this paper, we give a mechanistic perspective of the vital factors underlying the nutrient-independent, SLRP-dependent programs utilized for autophagic and/or mitophagic progression in breast cancer. Future protein therapies based on decorin (or fellow proteoglycan members) will represent a quantum leap forward in transforming autophagic progression into a powerful tool to control intracellular cell catabolism from the outside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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31
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Garrido A, Santamaría E, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Soto M, Simonet C, Fernández M, Obiang D, Tolosa E, Martí MJ, Padmanabhan S, Malagelada C, Ezquerra M, Fernández-Santiago R. Differential Phospho-Signatures in Blood Cells Identify LRRK2 G2019S Carriers in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2022; 37:1004-1015. [PMID: 35049090 PMCID: PMC9306798 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinicopathological phenotype of G2019S LRRK2‐associated Parkinson's disease (L2PD) is similar to idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD), and G2019S LRRK2 nonmanifesting carriers (L2NMCs) are at increased risk for development of PD. With various therapeutic strategies in the clinical and preclinical pipeline, there is an urgent need to identify biomarkers that can aid early diagnosis and patient enrichment for ongoing and future LRRK2‐targeted trials. Objective The objective of this work was to investigate differential protein and phospho‐protein changes related to G2019S mutant LRRK2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from G2019S L2PD patients and G2019S L2NMCs, identify specific phospho‐protein changes associated with the G2019S mutation and with disease status, and compare findings with patients with iPD. Methods We performed an unbiased phospho‐proteomic study by isobaric label–based mass spectrometry using peripheral blood mononuclear cell group pools from a LRRK2 cohort from Spain encompassing patients with G2019S L2PD (n = 20), G2019S L2NMCs (n = 20), healthy control subjects (n = 30), patients with iPD (n = 15), patients with R1441G L2PD (n = 5), and R1441G L2NMCs (n = 3) (total N = 93). Results Comparing G2019S carriers with healthy controls, we identified phospho‐protein changes associated with the G2019S mutation. Moreover, we uncovered a specific G2019S phospho‐signature that changes with disease status and can discriminate patients with G2019S L2PD, G2019S L2NMCs, and healthy controls. Although patients with iPD showed a differential phospho‐proteomic profile, biological enrichment analyses revealed similar changes in deregulated pathways across the three groups. Conclusions We found a differential phospho‐signature associated with LRRK2 G2019S for which, consistent with disease status, the phospho‐profile from PD at‐risk G2019S L2NMCs was more similar to healthy controls than patients with G2019S L2PD with the manifested disease. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Garrido
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Platform, Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Departamento de Salud, UPNA, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Platform, Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Departamento de Salud, UPNA, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Marta Soto
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Simonet
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manel Fernández
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Group of the Institut de Neurociències (Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Donina Obiang
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María-José Martí
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Shalini Padmanabhan
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cristina Malagelada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rubén Fernández-Santiago
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Lab of Parkinson Disease & Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Histology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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32
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LRRK2 signaling in neurodegeneration: two decades of progress. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:859-872. [PMID: 34897411 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a complex GTPase/kinase orchestrating cytoskeletal dynamics and multiple steps of the endolysosomal pathway through interaction with a host of partners and phosphorylation of a subset of Rab GTPases. Mutations in LRRK2 cause late-onset Parkinson's disease (PD) and common variants in the locus containing LRRK2 have been associated with sporadic PD, progressive supranuclear palsy as well as a number of inflammatory diseases. This review encompasses the major discoveries in the field of LRRK2 pathobiology, from the initial gene cloning to the latest progress in LRRK2 inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach to fight neurodegeneration.
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33
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Retromer dependent changes in cellular homeostasis and Parkinson's disease. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:987-998. [PMID: 34528672 PMCID: PMC8709886 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To date, mechanistic treatments targeting the initial cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) are limited due to the underlying biological cause(s) been unclear. Endosomes and their associated cellular homeostasis processes have emerged to have a significant role in the pathophysiology associated with PD. Several variants within retromer complex have been identified and characterised within familial PD patients. The retromer complex represents a key sorting platform within the endosomal system that regulates cargo sorting that maintains cellular homeostasis. In this review, we summarise the current understandings of how PD-associated retromer variants disrupt cellular trafficking and how the retromer complex can interact with other PD-associated genes to contribute to the disease progression.
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34
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Li W, Fu Y, Halliday GM, Sue CM. PARK Genes Link Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Alpha-Synuclein Pathology in Sporadic Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:612476. [PMID: 34295884 PMCID: PMC8291125 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.612476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. The disease is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and spread of Lewy pathology (α-synuclein aggregates) in the brain but the pathogenesis remains elusive. PD presents substantial clinical and genetic variability. Although its complex etiology and pathogenesis has hampered the breakthrough in targeting disease modification, recent genetic tools advanced our approaches. As such, mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as a major pathogenic hub for both familial and sporadic PD. In this review, we summarize the effect of mutations in 11 PARK genes (SNCA, PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1, LRRK2, ATP13A2, PLA2G6, FBXO7, VPS35, CHCHD2, and VPS13C) on mitochondrial function as well as their relevance in the formation of Lewy pathology. Overall, these genes play key roles in mitochondrial homeostatic control (biogenesis and mitophagy) and functions (e.g., energy production and oxidative stress), which may crosstalk with the autophagy pathway, induce proinflammatory immune responses, and increase oxidative stress that facilitate the aggregation of α-synuclein. Thus, rectifying mitochondrial dysregulation represents a promising therapeutic approach for neuroprotection in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - YuHong Fu
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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Goveas L, Mutez E, Chartier-Harlin MC, Taymans JM. Mind the Gap: LRRK2 Phenotypes in the Clinic vs. in Patient Cells. Cells 2021; 10:981. [PMID: 33922322 PMCID: PMC8145309 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Parkinson's disease (PD) protein Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been under study for more than 15 years and our understanding of the cellular phenotypes for the pathogenic mutant forms of LRRK2 has significantly advanced. In parallel to research on LRRK2 mutations in experimental systems, clinical characterization of patients carrying LRRK2 mutations has advanced, as has the analysis of cells that are derived from these patients, including fibroblasts, blood-derived cells, or cells rendered pluripotent. Under the hypothesis that patient clinical phenotypes are a consequence of a cascade of underlying molecular mechanisms gone astray, we currently have a unique opportunity to compare findings from patients and patient-derived cells to ask the question of whether the clinical phenotype of LRRK2 Parkinson's disease and cellular phenotypes of LRRK2 patient-derived cells may be mutually informative. In this review, we aim to summarize the available information on phenotypes of LRRK2 mutations in the clinic, in patient-derived cells, and in experimental models in order to better understand the relationship between the three at the molecular and cellular levels and identify trends and gaps in correlating the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesel Goveas
- UMR-S 1172—LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Eugénie Mutez
- UMR-S 1172—LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.G.); (E.M.)
- Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, CHU Lille University Hospital, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- UMR-S 1172—LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- UMR-S 1172—LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.G.); (E.M.)
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Divergent Effects of G2019S and R1441C LRRK2 Mutations on LRRK2 and Rab10 Phosphorylations in Mouse Tissues. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112344. [PMID: 33105882 PMCID: PMC7690595 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LRRK2 cause familial Parkinson’s disease and common variants increase disease risk. LRRK2 kinase activity and cellular localization are tightly regulated by phosphorylation of key residues, primarily Ser1292 and Ser935, which impacts downstream phosphorylation of its substrates, among which Rab10. A comprehensive characterization of LRRK2 activity and phosphorylation in brain as a function of age and mutations is missing. Here, we monitored Ser935 and Ser1292 phosphorylation in midbrain, striatum, and cortex of 1, 6, and 12 months-old mice carrying G2019S and R1441C mutations or murine bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-Lrrk2-G2019S. We observed that G2019S and, at a greater extent, R1441C brains display decreased phospho-Ser935, while Ser1292 autophosphorylation increased in G2019S but not in R1441C brain, lung, and kidney compared to wild-type. Further, Rab10 phosphorylation, is elevated in R1441C carrying mice, indicating that the effect of LRRK2 mutations on substrate phosphorylation is not generalizable. In BAC-Lrrk2-G2019S striatum and midbrain, Rab10 phosphorylation, but not Ser1292 autophosphorylation, decreases at 12-months, pointing to autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation as uncoupled events. Taken together, our study provides novel evidence that LRRK2 phosphorylation in mouse brain is differentially impacted by mutations, brain area, and age, with important implications as diagnostic markers of disease progression and stratification.
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