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Amada N, Sato S, Ishikawa D, Nakamura M, Suzuki M, Futamura T, Maeda K. Brexpiprazole: A new option in treating agitation in Alzheimer's dementia-Insights from transgenic mouse models. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2024. [PMID: 38924384 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM Brexpiprazole is the first FDA-approved treatment for agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. Agitation in Alzheimer's dementia (AAD) occurs in high prevalence and is a great burden for patients and caregivers. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of brexpiprazole were demonstrated in the AAD clinical trials. To demonstrate the agitation-ameliorating effect of brexpiprazole in animals, we evaluated brexpiprazole in two AAD mouse models. METHODS The resident-intruder test was conducted in 5- to 6-month-old Tg2576 mice, given vehicle or brexpiprazole (0.01 or 0.03 mg/kg) orally 1 h before the test. Locomotor activity was measured in 6-month-old APPSL-Tg mice given vehicle or brexpiprazole (0.01 or 0.03 mg/kg) orally the evening before the start of locomotor measurement for 3 days. RESULTS In the resident-intruder test, Tg2576 mice showed significantly higher attack number and shorter latency to first attack compared to non-Tg mice. In the Tg mice, brexpiprazole treatment (0.03 mg/kg) significantly delayed the latency to first attack and showed a trend toward a decrease in attack number. APPSL-Tg mice (≧6 months old) showed significantly higher locomotion during dark period Phase II (Zeitgeber time [ZT] 16-20) and Phase III (ZT20-24) compared to non-Tg mice, correlating with the clinical observations of late afternoon agitation in Alzheimer's disease. Brexpiprazole treatment (0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg) significantly decreased hyperlocomotion during the Phase III in APPSL-Tg mice. CONCLUSION The suppression of attack behavior and the reduction of nocturnal hyperlocomotion in these Tg mice may be indicative of the therapeutic effect of brexpiprazole on AAD, as demonstrated in the clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Amada
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shinji Sato
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Ishikawa
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mai Nakamura
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mikio Suzuki
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Maeda
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Canet G, Monteiro FDG, Rocaboy E, Diego-Diaz S, Khelaifia B, Kim J, Valencia D, Yin A, Wu HT, Howell J, Blank E, Laliberté F, Fortin N, Boscher E, Fereydouni-Forouzandeh P, Champagne S, Guisle I, Hébert S, Pernet V, Liu H, Lu W, Debure L, Rapoport D, Ayappa I, Varga A, Parekh A, Osorio R, Lacroix S, Lucey B, Blessing E, Planel E. Sleep-wake body temperature regulates tau secretion in mice and correlates with CSF and plasma tau in humans. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4384494. [PMID: 38798432 PMCID: PMC11118695 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4384494/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The sleep-wake cycle regulates interstitial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau levels in both mouse and human by mechanisms that remain unestablished. Here, we reveal a novel pathway by which wakefulness increases extracellular tau levels in mouse and humans. In mice, higher body temperature (BT) associated with wakefulness and sleep deprivation increased CSF tau. In vitro, wakefulness temperatures upregulated tau secretion via a temperature-dependent increase in activity and expression of unconventional protein secretion pathway-1 components, namely caspase-3-mediated C-terminal cleavage of tau (TauC3), and membrane expression of PIP2 and syndecan-3. In humans, the increase in both CSF and plasma tau levels observed post-wakefulness correlated with BT increase during wakefulness. Our findings suggest sleep-wake variation in BT may contribute to regulating extracellular tau levels, highlighting the importance of thermoregulation in pathways linking sleep disturbance to neurodegeneration, and the potential for thermal intervention to prevent or delay tau-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Rocaboy
- Research Center of CHU de Quebec - Laval University
| | | | | | - Jessica Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Daphne Valencia
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Audrey Yin
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Hau-Tieng Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Jordan Howell
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Emily Blank
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine
| | | | - Nadia Fortin
- Research Center of CHU de Quebec - Laval University
| | - Emmanuelle Boscher
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, CHUL, Axe Neurosciences, Faculté de médecine, Département de psychiatrie et de neurosciences, Québec, C
| | | | | | | | - Sébastien Hébert
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Axe neurosciences, Québec
| | | | | | - William Lu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | - David Rapoport
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Indu Ayappa
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Andrew Varga
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Ankit Parekh
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | | | | | - Brendan Lucey
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | - Emmanuel Planel
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Axe neurosciences, Québec
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3
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Ono D, Weaver DR, Hastings MH, Honma KI, Honma S, Silver R. The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus at 50: Looking Back, Then Looking Forward. J Biol Rhythms 2024; 39:135-165. [PMID: 38366616 PMCID: PMC7615910 DOI: 10.1177/07487304231225706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
It has been 50 years since the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was first identified as the central circadian clock and 25 years since the last overview of developments in the field was published in the Journal of Biological Rhythms. Here, we explore new mechanisms and concepts that have emerged in the subsequent 25 years. Since 1997, methodological developments, such as luminescent and fluorescent reporter techniques, have revealed intricate relationships between cellular and network-level mechanisms. In particular, specific neuropeptides such as arginine vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and gastrin-releasing peptide have been identified as key players in the synchronization of cellular circadian rhythms within the SCN. The discovery of multiple oscillators governing behavioral and physiological rhythms has significantly advanced our understanding of the circadian clock. The interaction between neurons and glial cells has been found to play a crucial role in regulating these circadian rhythms within the SCN. Furthermore, the properties of the SCN network vary across ontogenetic stages. The application of cell type-specific genetic manipulations has revealed components of the functional input-output system of the SCN and their correlation with physiological functions. This review concludes with the high-risk effort of identifying open questions and challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ono
- Stress Recognition and Response, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - David R Weaver
- Department of Neurobiology and NeuroNexus Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael H Hastings
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ken-Ichi Honma
- Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disorders, Sapporo Hanazono Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sato Honma
- Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disorders, Sapporo Hanazono Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rae Silver
- Stress Recognition and Response, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience & Behavior, Barnard College and Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
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4
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Warfield AE, Gupta P, Ruhmann MM, Jeffs QL, Guidone GC, Rhymes HW, Thompson MI, Todd WD. A brainstem to circadian system circuit links Tau pathology to sundowning-related disturbances in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5027. [PMID: 37596279 PMCID: PMC10439113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40546-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients exhibit progressive disruption of entrained circadian rhythms and an aberrant circadian input pathway may underlie such dysfunction. Here we examine AD-related pathology and circadian dysfunction in the APPSwe-Tau (TAPP) model of AD. We show these mice exhibit phase delayed body temperature and locomotor activity with increases around the active-to-rest phase transition. Similar AD-related disruptions are associated with sundowning, characterized by late afternoon and early evening agitation and aggression, and we show TAPP mice exhibit increased aggression around this transition. We show such circadian dysfunction and aggression coincide with hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau) development in lateral parabrachial (LPB) neurons, with these disturbances appearing earlier in females. Finally, we show LPB neurons, including those expressing dynorphin (LPBdyn), project to circadian structures and are affected by pTau, and LPBdyn ablations partially recapitulate the hyperthermia of TAPP mice. Altogether we link pTau in a brainstem circadian input pathway to AD-related disturbances relevant to sundowning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Warfield
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Pooja Gupta
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Madison M Ruhmann
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Quiana L Jeffs
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Genevieve C Guidone
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Hannah W Rhymes
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - McKenzi I Thompson
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William D Todd
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
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5
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Toccaceli Blasi M, Valletta M, Trebbastoni A, D'Antonio F, Talarico G, Campanelli A, Sepe Monti M, Salati E, Gasparini M, Buscarnera S, Salzillo M, Canevelli M, Bruno G. Sundowning in Patients with Dementia: Identification, Prevalence, and Clinical Correlates. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD230094. [PMID: 37334595 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The term sundowning is used to describe the emergence or worsening of neuropsychiatric symptoms in late afternoon or early evening in people with dementia. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate sundowning's prevalence and clinical manifestations among patients attending a tertiary memory clinic and to investigate its clinical and neuropsychological correlates. METHODS Patients with dementia attending our memory clinic were enrolled in the study. Sundowning was identified through a specifically designed questionnaire. Sociodemographic and clinical features of sundowners and non-sundowners were compared, and a logistic regression was performed to identify the variables associated with the phenomenon. A subgroup of patients underwent a complete neuropsychological assessment. RESULTS Among 184 recruited patients, 39 (21.2%) exhibited sundowning, mostly expressed as agitation (56.4%), irritability (53.8%), and anxiety (46.2%). Sundowners were significantly older, had a later dementia onset, exhibited more severe cognitive and functional impairment, more frequent nocturnal awakenings, and hearing loss relative to non-sundowners. They were also more likely to use anticholinergic medications and antipsychotics, and less likely to use memantine. In a multi-adjusted model, the factors significantly associated with sundowning were the Clinical Dementia Rating score (OR 3.88, 95% CI 1.39-10.90) and the use of memantine (OR 0.20; 95% CI 0.05-0.74). Participants with and without sundowning obtained similar results in single domain neuropsychological tests. CONCLUSION Sundowning is commonly experienced by patients with dementia and appears as a multiply determined condition. Its presence should always be evaluated in clinical practice and a multidimensional approach should be adopted to identify its predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Valletta
- Department of Neurobiology, Aging Research Center, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Trebbastoni
- Department of Human Neuroscience, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
- Stroke Unit, Department of Emergency, Ospedale dei Castelli - ASL Roma 6, Ariccia, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Emanuela Salati
- Department of Human Neuroscience, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Gasparini
- Department of Human Neuroscience, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Buscarnera
- Department of Human Neuroscience, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Salzillo
- Department of Human Neuroscience, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Canevelli
- Department of Human Neuroscience, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurobiology, Aging Research Center, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Bruno
- Department of Human Neuroscience, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
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Cho E, Kim S, Heo SJ, Shin J, Hwang S, Kwon E, Lee S, Kim S, Kang B. Machine learning-based predictive models for the occurrence of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: model development and validation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8073. [PMID: 37202454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are challenging aspects of dementia care. This study used machine learning models to predict the occurrence of BPSD among community-dwelling older adults with dementia. We included 187 older adults with dementia for model training and 35 older adults with dementia for external validation. Demographic and health data and premorbid personality traits were examined at the baseline, and actigraphy was utilized to monitor sleep and activity levels. A symptom diary tracked caregiver-perceived symptom triggers and the daily occurrence of 12 BPSD classified into seven subsyndromes. Several prediction models were also employed, including logistic regression, random forest, gradient boosting machine, and support vector machine. The random forest models revealed the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values for hyperactivity, euphoria/elation, and appetite and eating disorders; the gradient boosting machine models for psychotic and affective symptoms; and the support vector machine model showed the highest AUC. The gradient boosting machine model achieved the best performance in terms of average AUC scores across the seven subsyndromes. Caregiver-perceived triggers demonstrated higher feature importance values across the seven subsyndromes than other features. Our findings demonstrate the possibility of predicting BPSD using a machine learning approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Cho
- Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Nursing, 50-1, Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Nursing, Yong-In Arts and Science University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seok-Jae Heo
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinhee Shin
- College of Nursing, Woosuk University, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Sinwoo Hwang
- Korea Armed Forces Nursing Academy, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eunji Kwon
- Korea Armed Forces Nursing Academy, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | | | - Bada Kang
- Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Nursing, 50-1, Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Khazaie H, Najafi F, Chehri A, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Amin-Esmaeili M, Moradinazar M, Zakiei A, Pasdar Y, Brühl AB, Brand S, Sadeghi-Bahmani D. Physical Activity Patterns, Circadian Rhythms, and Aggressive and Suicidal Behavior among a Larger Sample of the General Population Aged 15 to 34 Years. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082821. [PMID: 37109158 PMCID: PMC10141705 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From a psychological perspective, aggressive behavior, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior could be considered dysfunctional coping strategies. Poor sleep patterns may further increase such dysfunctional coping. In contrast, regular physical activity may have the power to counteract such dysfunctional coping. Given this background, the aim of the present study was to combine categories of circadian rhythms as a proxy of normative sleep patterns and categories of physical activity patterns, and to associate these categories with aggressive behavior, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior among a larger sample of adolescents and young adults, aged 15 to 34 years. METHOD A total of 2991 (55.6% females) individuals aged 15 to 34 years of the so-called Ravansar non-communicable disease cohort study (RaNCD) took part in this study. Participants completed self-rating questionnaires covering circadian-related sleep patterns, regular physical activity, socio-demographic information and dimensions of aggression, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior. RESULTS In a first step, both sleep patterns (circadian rhythm disorder: yes vs. no) and physical activity patterns (high vs. low) were dichotomized. Next, participants were assigned to one of four prototypical clusters: No circadian sleep disorders and high physical activity ("Hi-Sleep-Hi-PA"); no circadian sleep disorders and low physical activity ("Hi-Sleep-Lo-PA"); circadian sleep disorders and high physical activity ("Lo-Sleep-Hi-PA"); circadian sleep disorders and low physical activity ("Lo-Sleep-Lo-PA"). Projecting these four clusters on dimensions of aggressive behavior, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior, the following findings were observed: Participants of the "Hi-Sleep-Hi-PA" reported the lowest scores for aggressive behavior, self-injury and suicidal behavior, compared to participants of the "Lo-Sleep-Lo-PA" cluster. No differences for aggressive behavior, self-injury and suicidal behavior were observed among participants of the "Hi-Sleep-Lo-PA" and the "Lo-Sleep-Hi-PA" clusters. CONCLUSIONS It appeared that the combination of favorable circadian sleep patterns and high physical activity patterns was associated with lower aggressive behavior, lower self-injury and suicidal behavior as proxies of favorable psychological functioning. In contrast, persons reporting high circadian sleep disorders and low physical activity patterns appeared to demand particular attention and counseling for both their lifestyle issues (sleep and physical activity) and their dysfunctional coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibolah Khazaie
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Azita Chehri
- Department of Psychology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah 6714673159, Iran
| | - Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Amin-Esmaeili
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran
| | - Mahdi Moradinazar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Ali Zakiei
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Yahya Pasdar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Annette Beatrix Brühl
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serge Brand
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Sport Science and Psychosocial Health, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Addiction Research Prevention Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran
- Center for Disaster Psychiatry and Disaster Psychology, Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dena Sadeghi-Bahmani
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
- Department of Psychology and Department of Epidemiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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8
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Morton AJ. Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Dysfunction in Animal Models of Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2023; 12:133-148. [PMID: 37334613 PMCID: PMC10473141 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-230574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Sleep and circadian disruption affects most individuals with Huntington's disease (HD) at some stage in their lives. Sleep and circadian dysregulation are also present in many mouse and the sheep models of HD. Here I review evidence for sleep and/or circadian dysfunction in HD transgenic animal models and discuss two key questions: 1) How relevant are such findings to people with HD, and 2) Whether or not therapeutic interventions that ameliorate deficits in animal models of HD might translate to meaningful therapies for people with HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Jennifer Morton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Yu F, Luo HR, Cui XF, Wu YJ, Li JL, Feng WR, Tang YK, Su SY, Xiao J, Hou ZS, Xu P. Changes in aggression and locomotor behaviors in response to zinc is accompanied by brain cell heterogeneity and metabolic and circadian dysregulation of the brain-liver axis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 248:114303. [PMID: 36403304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient for life, but over-accumulation can result in toxicity. Anthropogenic activities can increase zinc concentrations in aquatic environments (e.g., to ∼0.46-1.00 mg/L), which are above the safe level of 0.1 mg/L. We investigated the behavior and physiology of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in response to environment-related exposure to zinc chloride at 0.0 (Ctrl), 1.0 (ZnCl2-low) and 1.5 (ZnCl2-high) mg/L for 6 weeks (the zinc conversion ratio of zinc chloride is ∼0.48 and the nominal (measured) values were: Ctrl, 0 (∼0.01); ZnCl2-low, 0.48 (∼0.51); ZnCl2-high, 0.72 (∼0.69) mg/L). Low-zinc exposure resulted in significantly increased locomotion and fast moving behaviors, while high-zinc exposure resulted in significantly increased aggression and freezing frequency. Single cell RNA-seq of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes of the brain revealed expression of genes related to ion transport, neuron generation, and immunomodulation that were heterogeneously regulated by zinc exposure. Astrocyte-induced central nervous system inflammation potentially integrated neurotoxicity and behavior. Integrated analyses of brain and hepatic transcriptional signatures showed that genes (and pathways) dysregulated by zinc were associated with sensory functions, circadian rhythm, glucose and lipid metabolism, and amyloid β-protein clearance. Our results showed that environment-related zinc contamination can be heterogeneously toxic to brain cells and can disturb coordination of brain-liver physiology. This may disrupt neurobehavior and cause a neurodegeneration-like syndrome in adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Hong-Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xue-Fan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi-Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of China (Guangxi) and ASEAN (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jian-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Wen-Rong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Yong-Kai Tang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Sheng-Yan Su
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of China (Guangxi) and ASEAN (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Zhi-Shuai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Pao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
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Pontrello CG, McWhirt JM, Glabe CG, Brewer GJ. Age-Related Oxidative Redox and Metabolic Changes Precede Intraneuronal Amyloid-β Accumulation and Plaque Deposition in a Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:1501-1521. [PMID: 36278355 PMCID: PMC9789488 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many identified mechanisms could be upstream of the prominent amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To profile the progression of pathology in AD. METHODS We monitored metabolic signaling, redox stress, intraneuronal amyloid-β (iAβ) accumulation, and extracellular plaque deposition in the brains of 3xTg-AD mice across the lifespan. RESULTS Intracellular accumulation of aggregated Aβ in the CA1 pyramidal cells at 9 months preceded extracellular plaques that first presented in the CA1 at 16 months of age. In biochemical assays, brain glutathione (GSH) declined with age in both 3xTg-AD and non-transgenic controls, but the decline was accelerated in 3xTg-AD brains from 2 to 4 months. The decline in GSH correlated exponentially with the rise in iAβ. Integrated metabolic signaling as the ratio of phospho-Akt (pAkt) to total Akt (tAkt) in the PI3kinase and mTOR pathway declined at 6, 9, and 12 months, before rising at 16 and 20 months. These pAkt/tAkt ratios correlated with both iAβ and GSH levels in a U-shaped relationship. Selective vulnerability of age-related AD-genotype-specific pAkt changes was greatest in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer. To demonstrate redox causation, iAβ accumulation was lowered in cultured middle-age adult 3xTg-AD neurons by treatment of the oxidized redox state in the neurons with exogenous cysteine. CONCLUSION The order of pathologic progression in the 3xTg-AD mouse was loss of GSH (oxidative redox shift) followed by a pAkt/tAkt metabolic shift in CA1, iAβ accumulation in CA1, and extracellular Aβ deposition. Upstream targets may prove strategically more effective for therapy before irreversible changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal G. Pontrello
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA,
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joshua M. McWhirt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Charles G. Glabe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA,
Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA,
MIND Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gregory J. Brewer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA,
Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA,
MIND Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA,Correspondence to: Gregory J. Brewer, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. Tel.: +1 217 502 4511; E-mail:
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11
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Iacobelli P. Circadian dysregulation and Alzheimer’s disease: A comprehensive review. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2022.9050021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the foremost variant of dementia, has been associated with a menagerie of risk factors, many of which are considered to be modifiable. Among these modifiable risk factors is circadian rhythm, the chronobiological system that regulates sleep‐wake cycles, food consumption timing, hydration timing, and immune responses amongst many other necessary physiological processes. Circadian rhythm at the level of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), is tightly regulated in the human body by a host of biomolecular substances, principally the hormones melatonin, cortisol, and serotonin. In addition, photic information projected along afferent pathways to the SCN and peripheral oscillators regulates the synthesis of these hormones and mediates the manner in which they act on the SCN and its substructures. Dysregulation of this cycle, whether induced by environmental changes involving irregular exposure to light, or through endogenous pathology, will have a negative impact on immune system optimization and will heighten the deposition of Aβ and the hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein. Given these correlations, it appears that there is a physiologic association between circadian rhythm dysregulation and AD. This review will explore the physiology of circadian dysregulation in the AD brain, and will propose a basic model for its role in AD‐typical pathology, derived from the literature compiled and referenced throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Iacobelli
- Department of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
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12
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Bergamini G, Massinet H, Durkin S, Steiner MA. Longitudinal assessment of aggression and circadian rhythms in the APPswe mouse model of Alzheimer`s disease. Physiol Behav 2022; 250:113787. [PMID: 35346733 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Agitation, which comprises verbal or physical aggression and hyperactivity, is one of the most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). It often co-occurs with dysregulated circadian rhythms. Current medications are associated with serious adverse effects, and novel therapeutics are therefore needed. Rodent models can be instrumental to provide a first signal for potential efficacy of novel drug candidates. Longitudinal data assessing the face validity of such models for AD-related agitation are largely missing. We employed telemeterized APPswe mice, a frequently used AD transgenic mouse line overexpressing the human beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) with the Swedish KM670/671NL mutation, to study the occurrence and progression of changes in reactive aggressive behavior as well as the circadian profile of locomotor activity and body temperature. Analysis was conducted between 5 and 11 months of age, at regular 2-months intervals. The aggressivity of all mice was highest at 5 months and waned with increasing age. APPswe mice were more aggressive than WT at 5 and 7 months of age. The locomotor activity and body temperature of WT mice declined with increasing age, while that of APPswe mice remained rather constant. This genotype difference was solely evident during the active, dark phase. APPswe mice did not display a phase shift of their circadian rhythms. We conclude that the APPswe mouse line can recapitulate some of the behavioral disturbances observed in AD, including an agitation-relevant phenotype characterized by active phase hyperactivity and aggressivity. It does not recapitulate the nighttime disturbances (also characterized by hyperactivity) and the shift of circadian rhythms observed in AD patients. Therefore, the APPswe strain could be used at specific ages to model a subset of agitation-relevant behavioral problems and to test the modulatory effects of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sean Durkin
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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13
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Guu T, Aarsland D, ffytche D. Light, sleep-wake rhythm, and behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in care home patients: Revisiting the sundowning syndrome. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022; 37:10.1002/gps.5712. [PMID: 35470491 PMCID: PMC9324910 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is believed that inadequate environmental light, especially in facilities such as care homes, contribute to the diurnal changes of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) historically referred to as "sundowning syndrome". Conceptual models of sundowning phenomena have shifted emphasis from the role of light in vision (image forming) to its role in circadian rhythm modulation. However, the grounds for this change are unclear and the evidence on which it is based has not been examined comprehensively. METHODS We have searched literature on sundowning syndrome and its association with light and studies evaluating BPSD, behavioural rhythm and environmental light in care homes in four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library) from inception to 31 January 2021. RESULTS Of the nine studies investigating light, behavioural rhythm and BPSD in care homes identified, we found evidence that insufficient natural light exposure was associated with worsening of BPSD and disrupted activity rhythm but it was not clear whether this related to image forming or disrupted circadian rhythm. There was a paucity of evidence in relation to the role of low levels of light for image forming in the context of a specific BPSD symptom: visual hallucinations. We also found literature on the possible role of light outside the visible spectrum influencing cognition. Based on the evidence, we proposed a new model integrating different components of light in BPSD and sundowning syndrome that combines its image forming and circadian roles. CONCLUSIONS Inadequate light may be a risk factor for BPSD and sundowning syndrome for dementia patients through a range of different mechanisms. It is recommended that multiple neuro-endocrinological and socio-environmental factors relevant to light such as adjusting the environmental setting, increasing light exposure, and scheduling activities should be considered when treating dementia patients with BPSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta‐Wei Guu
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Division of PsychiatryChina Medical University Beigang HospitalYunlinTaiwan,Sleep Medicine Center and Mind‐Body Interface Laboratory (MBI‐Lab)China Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan,Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK,Centre for Age‐Related MedicineStavanger University HospitalStavangerNorway
| | - Dominic ffytche
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
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14
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Zou C, Mei X, Li X, Hu J, Xu T, Zheng C. Effect of light therapy on delirium in older patients with Alzheimer's disease-related dementia. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 149:124-127. [PMID: 35272209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Light therapy has been used as a non-pharmacologic treatment to modulate biorhythms in patients with mental and psychological conditions. These conditions include affective disorders and depression. Delirium is a syndrome characterized by an acute change in a patient's mental status. We hypothesized that light therapy might suppress delirium in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). A 4-week randomized controlled trial was conducted in which AD participants were randomly assigned to a treatment group or a control group. Delirium, defined by the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), was evaluated at baseline and after 4 weeks. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZBI) were also conducted to assess the behavior of patients and the burden of their caregivers. For this study, 61 participants were initially recruited. A total of 34 and 27 participants were included in the treatment and control groups, respectively. After treatment with light therapy, the CAM score decreased during the second and fourth week. The NPI score in the therapy group also decreased during the second and fourth week. From the caregiver's perspective, after light therapy, the ZBI score significantly decreased during the second and fourth week. Compared with the control group, patients who underwent CAM and NPI assessments showed a small but significant improvement after 4 weeks of light therapy. In conclusion, a course of 4-week light therapy significantly suppressed delirium in patients with AD. The combined effects of light therapy and conventional treatment were superior to that of conventional treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjun Zou
- Department of Geriatric, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Zhuangyu South Road 1#, Zhenhai District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, 315200, China.
| | - Xi Mei
- Key Lab of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Zhuangyu South Road 1#, Zhenhai District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, 315200, China.
| | - Xingxing Li
- Key Lab of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Zhuangyu South Road 1#, Zhenhai District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, 315200, China.
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Geriatric, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Zhuangyu South Road 1#, Zhenhai District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, 315200, China.
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Geriatric, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Zhuangyu South Road 1#, Zhenhai District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, 315200, China.
| | - Chengying Zheng
- Department of Geriatric, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Zhuangyu South Road 1#, Zhenhai District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, 315200, China.
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15
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Tran T, Mach J, Gemikonakli G, Wu H, Allore H, Howlett SE, Little CB, Hilmer SN. Diurnal effects of polypharmacy with high drug burden index on physical activities over 23 h differ with age and sex. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2168. [PMID: 35140291 PMCID: PMC8828819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging, polypharmacy (concurrent use of ≥ 5 medications), and functional impairment are global healthcare challenges. However, knowledge of the age/sex-specific effects of polypharmacy is limited, particularly on daily physical activities. Using continuous monitoring, we demonstrated how polypharmacy with high Drug Burden Index (DBI—cumulative anticholinergic/sedative exposure) affected behaviors over 23 h in male/female, young/old mice. For comparison, we also evaluated how different drug regimens (polypharmacy/monotherapy) influenced activities in young mice. We found that after 4 weeks of treatment, high DBI (HDBI) polypharmacy decreased exploration (reduced mean gait speed and climbing) during the habituation period, but increased it during other periods, particularly in old mice during the transition to inactivity. After HDBI polypharmacy, mean gait speed consistently decreased throughout the experiment. Some behavioral declines after HDBI were more marked in females than males, indicating treatment × sex interactions. Metoprolol and simvastatin monotherapies increased activities in young mice, compared to control/polypharmacy. These findings highlight that in mice, some polypharmacy-associated behavioral changes are greater in old age and females. The observed diurnal behavioral changes are analogous to drug-induced delirium and sundowning seen in older adults. Future mechanistic investigations are needed to further inform considerations of age, sex, and polypharmacy to optimize quality use of medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Tran
- Laboratory of Ageing and Pharmacology, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia. .,Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Aged Care, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.
| | - John Mach
- Laboratory of Ageing and Pharmacology, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Aged Care, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Gizem Gemikonakli
- Laboratory of Ageing and Pharmacology, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Aged Care, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Harry Wu
- Laboratory of Ageing and Pharmacology, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Aged Care, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Heather Allore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Susan E Howlett
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine (Geriatric Medicine), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E1, Canada
| | - Christopher B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Sarah N Hilmer
- Laboratory of Ageing and Pharmacology, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Aged Care, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
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16
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Abuelezz NZ, Nasr FE, AbdulKader MA, Bassiouny AR, Zaky A. MicroRNAs as Potential Orchestrators of Alzheimer's Disease-Related Pathologies: Insights on Current Status and Future Possibilities. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:743573. [PMID: 34712129 PMCID: PMC8546247 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.743573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and deleterious neurodegenerative disease, strongly affecting the cognitive functions and memory of seniors worldwide. Around 58% of the affected patients live in low and middle-income countries, with estimates of increasing deaths caused by AD in the coming decade. AD is a multifactor pathology. Mitochondrial function declines in AD brain and is currently emerging as a hallmark of this disease. It has been considered as one of the intracellular processes severely compromised in AD. Many mitochondrial parameters decline already during aging; mitochondrial efficiency for energy production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines, to reach an extensive functional failure, concomitant with the onset of neurodegenerative conditions. Besides its impact on cognitive functions, AD is characterized by loss of synapses, extracellular amyloid plaques composed of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), and intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, accompanied by drastic sleep disorders, sensory function alterations and pain sensitization. Unfortunately, till date, effective management of AD-related disorders and early, non-invasive AD diagnostic markers are yet to be found. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding nucleic acids that regulate key signaling pathway(s) in various disease conditions. About 70% of experimentally detectable miRNAs are expressed in the brain where they regulate neurite outgrowth, dendritic spine morphology, and synaptic plasticity. Increasing studies suggest that miRNAs are intimately involved in synaptic function and specific signals during memory formation. This has been the pivotal key for considering miRNAs crucial molecules to be studied in AD. MicroRNAs dysfunctions are increasingly acknowledged as a pivotal contributor in AD via deregulating genes involved in AD pathogenesis. Moreover, miRNAs have been proved to control pain sensitization processes and regulate circadian clock system that affects the sleep process. Interestingly, the differential expression of miRNA panels implies their emerging potential as diagnostic AD biomarkers. In this review, we will present an updated analysis of miRNAs role in regulating signaling processes that are involved in AD-related pathologies. We will discuss the current challenges against wider use of miRNAs and the future promising capabilities of miRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic means for better management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen Z Abuelezz
- Biochemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fayza Eid Nasr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmad R Bassiouny
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amira Zaky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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17
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Van Drunen R, Eckel-Mahan K. Circadian Rhythms of the Hypothalamus: From Function to Physiology. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:189-226. [PMID: 33668705 PMCID: PMC7931002 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nearly ubiquitous expression of endogenous 24 h oscillations known as circadian rhythms regulate the timing of physiological functions in the body. These intrinsic rhythms are sensitive to external cues, known as zeitgebers, which entrain the internal biological processes to the daily environmental changes in light, temperature, and food availability. Light directly entrains the master clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which lies in the hypothalamus of the brain and is responsible for synchronizing internal rhythms. However, recent evidence underscores the importance of other hypothalamic nuclei in regulating several essential rhythmic biological functions. These extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei also express circadian rhythms, suggesting distinct regions that oscillate either semi-autonomously or independent of SCN innervation. Concurrently, the extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei are also sensitized to fluctuations in nutrient and hormonal signals. Thus, food intake acts as another powerful entrainer for the hypothalamic oscillators' mediation of energy homeostasis. Ablation studies and genetic mouse models with perturbed extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei function reveal their critical downstream involvement in an array of functions including metabolism, thermogenesis, food consumption, thirst, mood and sleep. Large epidemiological studies of individuals whose internal circadian cycle is chronically disrupted reveal that disruption of our internal clock is associated with an increased risk of obesity and several neurological diseases and disorders. In this review, we discuss the profound role of the extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei in rhythmically regulating and coordinating body wide functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Van Drunen
- MD Anderson UTHealth School Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston TX 77030, USA;
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kristin Eckel-Mahan
- MD Anderson UTHealth School Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston TX 77030, USA;
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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18
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Unda SR, Antoniazzi AM, Altschul DJ, Marongiu R. Peripheral Leukocytosis Predicts Cognitive Decline but Not Behavioral Disturbances: A Nationwide Study of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease Patients. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2021; 50:143-152. [PMID: 34058741 PMCID: PMC8376803 DOI: 10.1159/000516340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peripheral and central nervous system inflammation have been linked to the classic symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains unclear whether the analysis of routine systemic inflammatory markers could represent a useful prediction tool to identify clinical subtypes in patients with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's at higher risk of dementia-associated symptoms, such as behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). METHODS We performed a multivariate logistic regression using the 2016 and 2017 National Inpatient Sample with International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes to assess if pro-inflammatory white blood cells (WBCs) anomalies correlate with dementia and BPSD in patients with these disorders. RESULTS We found that leukocytosis was the most common WBC inflammatory marker identified in 3.9% of Alzheimer's and 3.3% Parkinson's patients. Leukocytosis was also found to be an independent risk factor for Parkinson's dementia. Multivariate analysis of both cohorts showed that leukocytosis is significantly decreased in patients with BPSD compared to patients without BPSD. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a link between leukocytosis and the pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunction in both PD and AD. A better understanding of the role of systemic neuroinflammation on these devastating neurodegenerative disorders may facilitate the development of cost-effective blood biomarkers for patient's early diagnosis and more accurate prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago R. Unda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - David J. Altschul
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Roberta Marongiu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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