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Amada N, Hirose T, Suzuki M, Kakumoto Y, Futamura T, Maeda K, Kikuchi T. Synergistic anti-depressive effect of combination treatment of Brexpiprazole and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on forced swimming test in mice. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2023; 43:132-136. [PMID: 36649966 PMCID: PMC10009414 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD) and other psychiatric disorders (e.g., obsessive compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder). In MDD treatment, SSRIs do not show remission in approximately 30% of patients, indicating a need for a better treatment option. Forced swimming test (FST) is a behavioral assay to evaluate depression-like behavior and antidepressant efficacy in rodents. In the present study, we evaluated the combination effect of brexpiprazole with SSRIs on FST in mice, in order to investigate their synergistic effect. METHODS Brexpiprazole (0.003 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected to mice 15 min before testing. Escitalopram (10 mg/kg), fluoxetine (75 mg/kg), paroxetine (10 mg/kg), or sertraline (15 mg/kg) were orally administered to mice 60 min before testing. Then, the mice were placed in water and immobility time was measured. Data from animals treated with escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline were pooled as SSRI-treated group data. RESULTS Combination treatment of brexpiprazole with SSRIs reduced immobility time in FST more than vehicle or each single treatment. A significant interaction effect was confirmed in the combination of brexpiprazole and SSRIs (p = 0.0411). CONCLUSION Efficacy of adjunctive brexpiprazole has already been demonstrated in clinical trials in MDD patients not adequately responding to antidepressants including escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline. The synergistic antidepressant-like effect of brexpiprazole with SSRIs found in this study supports the already known clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Amada
- Department of CNS Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirose
- Department of CNS Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mikio Suzuki
- Department of CNS Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kakumoto
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Futamura
- Department of CNS Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kikuchi
- Pharmaceutical Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
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Amada N, Kakumoto Y, Futamura T, Maeda K. Prenatal methotrexate injection increases behaviors possibly associated with depression and/or autism in rat offspring; A new animal model for mental disorder, based on folate metabolism deficit during pregnancy. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2022; 42:263-271. [PMID: 35502620 PMCID: PMC9515720 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deficiency of folate, an essential vitamin for DNA synthesis and methylation, is reported as a risk factor for mental disorders. Considering a possibility that folate metabolism deficit during pregnancy may disturb CNS development and increase mental disorders in offspring, we treated pregnant rats with methotrexate (MTX), an inhibitor of folate metabolic enzyme, and evaluated offspring behaviors. Methods Saline or MTX was intraperitoneally administered to female SD rats on gestational day 17. Offspring behaviors were evaluated during approximately 6–9 weeks old; prepulse inhibition (PPI), social interaction (SI), locomotor activity (LA), and forced swimming test (FST) for evaluation of schizophrenia, depression, and autism related behaviors; the elevated plus maze (EPM) and the light–dark box (LD) test for evaluation of anxiety. Results Compared to saline‐treated group, MTX‐treated group showed decrease of SI and increase of immobility time in FST. In addition, increases of time spent in the light box and shuttling between the light–dark boxes were observed in LD test. On the other hand, no changes were confirmed in EPM, LA, and PPI. Conclusion Decrease of SI and increase of immobility time in FST may suggest association of this animal model with depression and/or autism. Increase of time spent in the light box and shuttling between the light–dark boxes may indicate changes in anxiety or cognitive level to environment, or repetitive behaviors in autism. Although further studies are warranted to characterize this animal model, at least we can say that prenatal MTX exposure, possibly causing folate metabolism deficit, affects offspring behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Amada
- Department of CNS Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kakumoto
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Futamura
- Department of CNS Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
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Amada N, Akazawa H, Ohgi Y, Maeda K, Sugino H, Kurahashi N, Kikuchi T, Futamura T. Brexpiprazole has a low risk of dopamine D 2 receptor sensitization and inhibits rebound phenomena related to D 2 and serotonin 5-HT 2A receptors in rats. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2019; 39:279-288. [PMID: 31487433 PMCID: PMC7292306 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long‐term antipsychotic treatment in patients with schizophrenia can induce supersensitivity psychosis and tardive dyskinesia which is thought to be caused by dopamine D2 receptor sensitization. We evaluated the effects of brexpiprazole on D2 receptor sensitivity after subchronic treatment in rats. We also evaluated whether brexpiprazole could suppress enhanced response to D2 receptors in rats subchronically dosed with another atypical antipsychotic. Methods The maximum D2 receptor density (Bmax) and apomorphine (a D2 receptor agonist)‐induced stereotypy were measured in rats orally dosed with vehicle, haloperidol (1 mg/kg), or brexpiprazole (4 or 30 mg/kg for Bmax, 6 or 30 mg/kg for stereotypy) for 21 days. Then, effects of oral administrations of brexpiprazole (3 mg/kg), aripiprazole (10 mg/kg), and olanzapine (3 mg/kg) against increases in apomorphine‐induced hyperlocomotion and (±)‐2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodoamphetamine hydrochloride (DOI: a 5‐HT2A receptor agonist)‐induced head twitches were evaluated in rats subcutaneously treated with risperidone (1.5 mg/kg/d) via minipumps for 21 days. Results Haloperidol and brexpiprazole (30 mg/kg: approximately tenfold ED50 of anti‐apomorphine‐induced stereotypy) but not brexpiprazole (4 or 6 mg/kg) significantly increased the Bmax and apomorphine‐induced stereotypy. Brexpiprazole (3 mg/kg) and olanzapine (3 mg/kg) significantly suppressed both increases in apomorphine‐induced hyperlocomotion and also DOI‐induced head twitches in rats subchronically treated with risperidone, but aripiprazole (10 mg/kg) significantly suppressed only apomorphine‐induced hyperlocomotion. Conclusion Brexpiprazole has a low risk of D2 receptor sensitization after a repeated administration and suppresses the rebound phenomena related to D2 and 5‐HT2A receptors after a repeated administration of risperidone. Brexpiprazole has less potential to evoke dopamine D2 receptor supersensitivity in rats after repeated administration compared to haloperidol. In addition, brexpiprazole may have a lower risk for producing rebound symptoms associated with D2 receptor, 5‐HT2A receptor sensitization when switching from other antipsychotics such as risperidone.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Amada
- Department of CNS Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hitomi Akazawa
- Department of CNS Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuta Ohgi
- Department of CNS Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sugino
- Global Business Development, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development and Commercialization, Ltd., Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Nobuyuki Kurahashi
- Global CNS Business, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development and Commercialization, Ltd., Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Tetsuro Kikuchi
- Pharmaceutical Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Futamura
- Department of CNS Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
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Modebadze T, Morgan NH, Pérès IAA, Hadid RD, Amada N, Hill C, Williams C, Stanford IM, Morris CM, Jones RSG, Whalley BJ, Woodhall GL. A Low Mortality, High Morbidity Reduced Intensity Status Epilepticus (RISE) Model of Epilepsy and Epileptogenesis in the Rat. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147265. [PMID: 26909803 PMCID: PMC4765932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of acquired epilepsies aim to provide researchers with tools for use in understanding the processes underlying the acquisition, development and establishment of the disorder. Typically, following a systemic or local insult, vulnerable brain regions undergo a process leading to the development, over time, of spontaneous recurrent seizures. Many such models make use of a period of intense seizure activity or status epilepticus, and this may be associated with high mortality and/or global damage to large areas of the brain. These undesirable elements have driven improvements in the design of chronic epilepsy models, for example the lithium-pilocarpine epileptogenesis model. Here, we present an optimised model of chronic epilepsy that reduces mortality to 1% whilst retaining features of high epileptogenicity and development of spontaneous seizures. Using local field potential recordings from hippocampus in vitro as a probe, we show that the model does not result in significant loss of neuronal network function in area CA3 and, instead, subtle alterations in network dynamics appear during a process of epileptogenesis, which eventually leads to a chronic seizure state. The model’s features of very low mortality and high morbidity in the absence of global neuronal damage offer the chance to explore the processes underlying epileptogenesis in detail, in a population of animals not defined by their resistance to seizures, whilst acknowledging and being driven by the 3Rs (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of animal use in scientific procedures) principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Modebadze
- Aston Brain Centre, Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola H. Morgan
- Aston Brain Centre, Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle A. A. Pérès
- School of Pharmacy, Hopkins Life Sciences Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca D. Hadid
- School of Pharmacy, Hopkins Life Sciences Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Naoki Amada
- School of Pharmacy, Hopkins Life Sciences Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Hill
- School of Pharmacy, Hopkins Life Sciences Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Williams
- School of Pharmacy, Hopkins Life Sciences Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Stanford
- Aston Brain Centre, Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M. Morris
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Wolfson Building, Claremont Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Roland S. G. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J. Whalley
- School of Pharmacy, Hopkins Life Sciences Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin L. Woodhall
- Aston Brain Centre, Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Sugino H, Watanabe A, Amada N, Yamamoto M, Ohgi Y, Kostic D, Sanchez R. Global Trends in Alzheimer Disease Clinical Development: Increasing the Probability of Success. Clin Ther 2015; 37:1632-42. [PMID: 26243073 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alzheimer disease (AD) is a growing global health and economic issue as elderly populations increase dramatically across the world. Despite the many clinical trials conducted, currently no approved disease-modifying treatment exists. In this commentary, the present status of AD drug development and the grounds for collaborations between government, academia, and industry to accelerate the development of disease-modifying AD therapies are discussed. METHODS Official government documents, literature, and news releases were surveyed by MEDLINE and website research. FINDINGS Currently approved anti-AD drugs provide only short-lived symptomatic improvements, which have no effect on the underlying pathogenic mechanisms or progression of the disease. The failure to approve a disease-modifying drug for AD may be because the progression of AD in the patient populations enrolled in clinical studies was too advanced for drugs to demonstrate cognitive and functional improvements. The US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency recently published draft guidance for industry which discusses approaches for conducting clinical studies with patients in early AD stages. For successful clinical trials in early-stage AD, however, it will be necessary to identify biomarkers highly correlated with the clinical onset and the longitudinal progress of AD. In addition, because of the high cost and length of clinical AD studies, support in the form of global initiatives and collaborations between government, industry, and academia is needed. IMPLICATIONS In response to this situation, national guidance and international collaborations have been established. Global initiatives are focusing on 2025 as a goal to provide new treatment options, and early signs of success in biomarker and drug development are already emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Sugino
- Global CNS Business, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development and Commercialization, Ltd (OPDC), Princeton, New Jersey.
| | - Akihito Watanabe
- Global Pharmaceutical Business, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Amada
- Qs' Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Miho Yamamoto
- Global Pharmaceutical Business, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Ohgi
- Qs' Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Raymond Sanchez
- Global Clinical Development, OPDC, USA, Princeton, New Jersey
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Nakamura A, Amada N, Haga I, Tokodai K, Kashiwadate T. Effects of elevated tacrolimus trough levels in association with infectious enteritis on graft function in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2014; 46:592-4. [PMID: 24656020 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bioavailability of oral tacrolimus is influenced by enterocyte metabolism, which involves CYP3A and P-glycoprotein. Viral infection-induced intestinal inflammation damages the enterocytes and causes unfavorable elevations in blood tacrolimus levels in transplant recipients, which may lead to nephrotoxicity. METHODS From May 2000 to May 2011, 56 renal transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus at our hospital suffered from infectious enteritis with diarrhea. We investigated the tacrolimus trough levels before and after the onset of enteritis and evaluated the influence of elevated tacrolimus trough levels on the rate of changes in serum creatinine levels. RESULTS Elevated tacrolimus trough levels were observed in 52 recipients (93%) after the onset of diarrhea, and the mean value was 2.3 times higher than that before the onset of enteritis (P = .0175). Tacrolimus trough levels returned to their previous levels 2 weeks after the onset of enteritis, even in recipients with >2-fold increase, following dose adjustments. Serum creatinine levels did not significantly differ between recipients with >2-fold increase in tacrolimus trough levels and those with <2-fold increase in trough levels during a 6-month period after the onset of enteritis. CONCLUSIONS Elevations in the tacrolimus trough levels due to infectious enteritis with diarrhea can improve in ∼2 weeks by adjusting the tacrolimus dosage. Such temporary elevations in the tacrolimus trough levels may not produce serious nephrotoxicity even in recipients with remarkably elevated trough levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Sendai, Japan.
| | - N Amada
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - I Haga
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - K Tokodai
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - T Kashiwadate
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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Tokodai K, Amada N, Haga I, Takayama T, Nakamura A, Kashiwadate T. Insulin resistance as a risk factor for new-onset diabetes after kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 2014; 46:537-9. [PMID: 24656006 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) is a serious and common complication after kidney transplantation. Insulin resistance, together with β-cell dysfunction, plays an essential role in the development of diabetes. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), which is calculated as [fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) × fasting insulin (mU/L)]/22.5, is widely used as an index of insulin resistance. However, the correlation between pretransplant HOMA-IR and the development of NODAT has not been fully established. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of 44 nondiabetic patients who underwent living donor kidney transplantation in our hospital from July 2006 to October 2009. We compared the HOMA-IR and demographic variables of patients who developed NODAT with those who did not. RESULTS Five patients (11.4%) developed NODAT within 3 years after transplantation. There were no differences in demographic variables between patients who developed NODAT and those who did not. Logistic regression analysis revealed that HOMA-IR was a predictive factor of NODAT (odds ratio, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.11-9.59; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that high HOMA-IR might be an important predictive factor for NODAT. These findings underline the importance of routine pretransplant measurements of fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin for evaluating HOMA-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tokodai
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - N Amada
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Miyagi, Japan
| | - I Haga
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Miyagi, Japan
| | - T Takayama
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Miyagi, Japan
| | - A Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Miyagi, Japan
| | - T Kashiwadate
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Miyagi, Japan
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Maeda K, Lerdrup L, Sugino H, Akazawa H, Amada N, McQuade RD, Stensbøl TB, Bundgaard C, Arnt J, Kikuchi T. Brexpiprazole II: Antipsychotic-Like and Procognitive Effects of a Novel Serotonin-Dopamine Activity Modulator. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:605-14. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.213819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Maeda K, Sugino H, Akazawa H, Amada N, Shimada J, Futamura T, Yamashita H, Ito N, McQuade RD, Mørk A, Pehrson AL, Hentzer M, Nielsen V, Bundgaard C, Arnt J, Stensbøl TB, Kikuchi T. Brexpiprazole I: In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of a Novel Serotonin-Dopamine Activity Modulator. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:589-604. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.213793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Kadowaki M, Saito M, Amada N, Haga I, Nakamura A, Tokodai K. Medication Compliance in Renal Transplant Patients During the Great East Japan Earthquake. Transplant Proc 2014; 46:610-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tokodai K, Amada N, Kikuchi H, Haga I, Takayama T, Nakamura A. Body fat percentage as a marker of new-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 2013. [PMID: 23726616 DOI: 10.106/j.transporiceed.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) is a serious metabolic complication that can follow kidney transplantation. Several risk factors, including obesity, have been related to NODAT development. Obesity is defined as an excessive accumulation of body fat, and body fat percentage (BF%) has been commonly measured by different techniques, including bioelectrical impedance analysis. However, the correlation between an increase in BF% and the development of NODAT during outpatient follow-up has not yet been explored. We aimed to elucidate the association between BF% changes and the development of NODAT. METHODS We performed a retrospective study involving 45 patients without diabetes who underwent kidney transplantation in our hospital between March 2008 and December 2010. We compared the BF% and demographic variables of patients who did and did not develop NODAT during follow-up. RESULTS Four patients (8.9%) developed NODAT during a mean follow-up period of 30.3 months. The post-transplantation increase in BF% was much higher in NODAT+ patients than the NODAT- patients. Univariate analysis indicated that the rate of increase in BF% was a risk factor for NODAT (hazard ratio [HR], 1.08 [1.02-1.18]; P < .005). CONCLUSIONS A large increase in BF% may be a risk factor for NODAT. These findings underline the importance of routine BF% measurements in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tokodai
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Sendai, Japan.
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Amada N, Yamasaki Y, Williams CM, Whalley BJ. Cannabidivarin (CBDV) suppresses pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced increases in epilepsy-related gene expression. PeerJ 2013; 1:e214. [PMID: 24282673 PMCID: PMC3840466 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, anticonvulsant effects of the plant cannabinoid, cannabidivarin (CBDV), have been reported in several animal models of seizure. However, these behaviourally observed anticonvulsant effects have not been confirmed at the molecular level. To examine changes to epilepsy-related gene expression following chemical convulsant treatment and their subsequent control by phytocannabinoid administration, we behaviourally evaluated effects of CBDV (400 mg/kg, p.o.) on acute, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ: 95 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced seizures, quantified expression levels of several epilepsy-related genes (Fos, Casp 3, Ccl3, Ccl4, Npy, Arc, Penk, Camk2a, Bdnf and Egr1) by qPCR using hippocampal, neocortical and prefrontal cortical tissue samples before examining correlations between expression changes and seizure severity. PTZ treatment alone produced generalised seizures (median: 5.00) and significantly increased expression of Fos, Egr1, Arc, Ccl4 and Bdnf. Consistent with previous findings, CBDV significantly decreased PTZ-induced seizure severity (median: 3.25) and increased latency to the first sign of seizure. Furthermore, there were correlations between reductions of seizure severity and mRNA expression of Fos, Egr1, Arc, Ccl4 and Bdnf in the majority of brain regions in the CBDV+PTZ treated group. When CBDV treated animals were grouped into CBDV responders (criterion: seizure severity ≤3.25) and non-responders (criterion: seizure severity >3.25), PTZ-induced increases of Fos, Egr1, Arc, Ccl4 and Bdnf expression were suppressed in CBDV responders. These results provide the first molecular confirmation of behaviourally observed effects of the non-psychoactive, anticonvulsant cannabinoid, CBDV, upon chemically-induced seizures and serve to underscore its suitability for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Amada
- School of Chemistry, Food and Nutritional Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Reading , Reading, Berkshire , UK ; School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, The University of Reading , Reading, Berkshire , UK ; Qs' Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Co. Ltd. , Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima , Japan
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Deiana S, Watanabe A, Yamasaki Y, Amada N, Arthur M, Fleming S, Woodcock H, Dorward P, Pigliacampo B, Close S, Platt B, Riedel G. Plasma and brain pharmacokinetic profile of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidivarine (CBDV), Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabigerol (CBG) in rats and mice following oral and intraperitoneal administration and CBD action on obsessive-compulsive behaviour. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:859-73. [PMID: 21796370 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Phytocannabinoids are useful therapeutics for multiple applications including treatments of constipation, malaria, rheumatism, alleviation of intraocular pressure, emesis, anxiety and some neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Consistent with these medicinal properties, extracted cannabinoids have recently gained much interest in research, and some are currently in advanced stages of clinical testing. Other constituents of Cannabis sativa, the hemp plant, however, remain relatively unexplored in vivo. These include cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidivarine (CBDV), Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THCV) and cannabigerol (CBG). OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We here determined pharmacokinetic profiles of the above phytocannabinoids after acute single-dose intraperitoneal and oral administration in mice and rats. The pharmacodynamic-pharmacokinetic relationship of CBD (120 mg/kg, ip and oral) was further assessed using a marble burying test in mice. RESULTS All phytocannabinoids readily penetrated the blood-brain barrier and solutol, despite producing moderate behavioural anomalies, led to higher brain penetration than cremophor after oral, but not intraperitoneal exposure. In mice, cremophor-based intraperitoneal administration always attained higher plasma and brain concentrations, independent of substance given. In rats, oral administration offered higher brain concentrations for CBD (120 mg/kg) and CBDV (60 mg/kg), but not for Δ(9)-THCV (30 mg/kg) and CBG (120 mg/kg), for which the intraperitoneal route was more effective. CBD inhibited obsessive-compulsive behaviour in a time-dependent manner matching its pharmacokinetic profile. CONCLUSIONS These data provide important information on the brain and plasma exposure of new phytocannabinoids and guidance for the most efficacious administration route and time points for determination of drug effects under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Deiana
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
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Tokodai K, Amada N, Kikuchi H, Haga I, Takayama T, Nakamura A. Outcomes of Renal Transplantation After End-Stage Renal Disease Due to Diabetic Nephropathy: A Single-Center Experience. Transplant Proc 2012; 44:77-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Sato A, Amada N, Kikuchi H, Fukumori T, Haga I, Takahashi Y. Pneumonia Due to Varicella-Zoster Virus Reinfection in a Renal Transplant Recipient. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:3959-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.06.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Amada N, Kikuchi H, Haga I, Fukumori T, Sato A, Sato T. Successful Steroid Withdrawal After Long-Term Adminstration in Renal Transplant Patients. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:135-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 09/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Ca2+ influx through the N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptor leads to activation and postsynaptic accumulation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. NR1 and NR2B subunits of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor serve as high-affinity Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II docking sites in dendritic spines on autophosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. By comparative Western blot analysis, we show a reduction of NR1 and phosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease brains. We also found a significant correlation between phosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and NR1 levels. Our study extends the view that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor deficiency underlies memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease, and that this process likely involves insufficient activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Amada
- Second Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, Japan
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Amada N, Okazaki H, Sato T, Ohashi Y, Kikuchi H. Deoxyspergualin Prophylaxis With Tacrolimus Further Improves Long-Term Graft Survival in Living-Related Renal-Transplant Recipients Transfused With Donor-Specific Blood. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:927-9. [PMID: 15848577 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.12.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined whether deoxyspergualin (DSG) prophylaxis in combination with cyclosporine (CsA)- or tacrolimus (Tac)-based immunosuppression augments the effect of donor-specific blood transfusions (DSTs) to improve long-term survival of living-related renal-transplants. METHODS From May 1985 to January 1998, 176 patients received DST from one-haplotype-identical donors prior to kidney transplantation. Group A (n = 64, 1985 to 1989) received CsA, prednisolone (PSL), antilymphocyte globulin (ALG), and azathioprine (AZA). Group B (n = 89, 1989 to 1996) received CsA, PSL, ALG, and DSG. Group C (n = 23, 1996 to 1998) received Tac, PSL, ALG, and DSG, with DSG followed by AZA. Rejection episodes were classified as acute rejection (AR, within the first 3 months) or late acute rejection (LAR, from 4 months to 1 year). RESULTS Five-year graft survivals were 73.4%, 88.8%, and 91.3% for groups A, B, and C, respectively. The incidence of AR was 34%, 30%, and 13%, and that of LAR was 23%, 26%, and 30% for groups A, B, and C, respectively. There was no significant difference in the incidence of AR or LAR among the three groups. However, an elevated serum creatinine (sCr) > or =1 mg/dL was observed in 73%, 15%, and 0% of patients during AR, and in 53%, 30%, and 14% during LAR for groups A, B, and C, respectively. These results suggest that the severity of AR or LAR was lowest among group C, contributing to the improved long-term graft survival in these patients. CONCLUSIONS DSG prophylaxis with Tac-based immunosuppression further improves long-term graft survival among living-related renal-transplant recipients treated with DST by decreasing the severity of acute rejection episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Amada
- Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Sendai, Japan.
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Amada N, Tezuka T, Mayeda A, Araki K, Takei N, Todokoro K, Nawa H. A novel rat orthologue and homologue for the Drosophila crooked neck gene in neural stem cells and their immediate descendants. J Biochem 2003; 133:615-23. [PMID: 12801913 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvg079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The crooked neck (crn) gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes a scaffold protein carrying multiple tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs, and its mutation results in a reduction in the number of neuroblasts and lethality during larval stages. Here, we isolated two structurally related genes from a rat embryonic brain cDNA library. One gene is the rat orthologue of crn, which encodes 690 amino acids including 16 copies of TPR. The other gene, ATH55, encodes an 855 amino acid protein including 21 TPR motifs, which presumably represents a rat crn homologue and an orthologue of human XAB2. Both genes are highly expressed in embryonic brain but their expressions decrease during development. ATH55-like immunoreactivity is present in the ventricular zone and newly formed cortical plate, while CRN-like immunoreactivity is more abundant in a younger ventricular zone. In agreement, both proteins were found to be enriched in cultured neural stem cells and to decrease in response to cell differentiation signals. As indicated for the yeast CRN-like protein, ATH55 and CRN immunoreactivities were both recovered in the nuclear fraction and detected in the splicing complex carrying pre-mRNA. These findings suggest that both TPR-motif-containing proteins are involved in RNA processing of mammalian neural stem cells and their immediate descendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Amada
- Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Asahimachi-dori 1-757, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
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Amada N, Okazaki H, Sato T, Miura S, Ohashi Y. The effect of evening administration of prednisolone on postrenal transplant diabetes mellitus patients. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:1776-7. [PMID: 12176571 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)03062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Amada
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, 3-16-1 Tsutsumimachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8501, Japan
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Miura S, Okazaki H, Sato T, Amada N, Ohashi Y, Sato K. Long-term results of spousal renal donor transplants with donor-specific blood transfusions. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:3417-9. [PMID: 11750463 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(01)02473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Miura
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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Amada N, Okazaki H, Sato T, Miura S, Ohashi Y. Prophylactic use of deoxyspergualin improves long-term graft survival in living related renal transplant recipients transfused with donor-specific blood. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:2256-7. [PMID: 11377520 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(01)01982-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Amada
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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Miura S, Okazaki H, Satoh T, Amada N, Ohashi Y. Long-term follow-up of living donor renal transplant recipients sensitized after donor specific blood transfusion. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:1221-3. [PMID: 11267267 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)02395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Miura
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohashi
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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25
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Miura S, Okazaki H, Sato T, Amada N, Ohashi Y, Hashizume E. The beneficial effects of FK 506 on living-related renal transplantation in presensitized recipients. Transplant Proc 1999; 31:1973-5. [PMID: 10455940 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(99)00233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Miura
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Japan
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26
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Amada N, Okazaki H, Sato T, Miura S, Ohashi Y. Beneficial effects of 15-deoxyspergualin on late acute rejection occurring more than three months after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:2246-7. [PMID: 9723458 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)00607-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Amada
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Japan
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27
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Miura S, Okazaki H, Sato T, Amada N, Ohashi Y. Effect of tacrolimus on the outcome of renal transplantation with donor-specific blood transfusion. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:1212-3. [PMID: 9636492 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)00214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Miura
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- H Okazaki
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Japan
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Sakurada M, Okazaki H, Sato T, Miura S, Amada N, Ohkohchi N, Satomi S. Peripheral blood chimerism in renal allograft recipients transfused with donor-specific blood. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:1187-8. [PMID: 9123266 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Sakurada
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Japan
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Miura S, Okazaki H, Sato T, Amada N, Sakurada M. Successful renal transplantation in presensitized recipients with double-filtration plasmapheresis and 15-deoxyspergualin. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:350-1. [PMID: 9123034 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Miura
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Japan
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31
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Miura S, Okazaki H, Sato T, Amada N, Terashima T. Beneficial effects of double-filtration plasmapheresis on living related donor renal transplantation in presensitized recipients. Transplant Proc 1995; 27:1040-1. [PMID: 7878794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Miura
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Japan
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Okazaki H, Sato T, Amada N. Further study of deoxyspergualin prophylaxis in living related renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1993; 25:772-3. [PMID: 8438475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Okazaki
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Japan
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Okazaki H, Sato T, Jimbo M, Senga S, Amada N, Oguma S. Prophylactic use of deoxyspergualin in living related renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1991; 23:1094-5. [PMID: 1989157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Okazaki
- Department of Surgery, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Japan
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Amada N. [Effects of partial hepatectomy on the alloimmune responses in mice]. Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 1990; 91:1784-95. [PMID: 2079932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The alloimmune responses in mice were studied. As a model of hepatic damage, groups of 6-8 week old male BALB/c mice were subjected to 70% partial hepatectomy (PH). When PH was performed 5-8 days prior to C3H/HeN skin grafting, the mean skin graft survival time of ALS-treated mice was prolonged. In addition, inhibited delayed type hypersensitivity against allogeneic spleen cells in PH mice was measured by a footpad increment assay. Immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) levels increased in the sera from 5 to 8 days following PH, then decreased within 14 days. Chemiluminescence analysis specific to each subclass of spleen macrophage Fc-receptors (FcRs) revealed pronounced expression of not only FcR-I but FcR-II in mice from 5 to 8 days following PH. Alloreactive CTL induction in the spleen cells of mice 8 days following PH was suppressed. Its immunosuppressive property was found in the macrophage fraction which was activated in the spleen of PH mice. In conclusion, suppressed alloimmune responses were observed in PH mice. This suggests that in the process of liver regeneration following PH, the activated suppressor macrophages in the spleen may be playing an important role in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Amada
- Second Department of Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Satomi S, Sakurada M, Morimoto K, Satake M, Ohtsuki S, Takeda Y, Amada N, Taguchi Y, Mori S. New method of immunosuppression by selective destruction of CTL by a photodynamic effect. Transplant Proc 1989; 21:1134-6. [PMID: 2650078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Satomi
- Second Department of Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Sato T, Amada N, Fujimori K, Sawada H, Satake M, Taguchi Y, Kasai M. Effect of antilymphocyte serum-treated bone marrow on skin graft survival in rats. Transplant Proc 1987; 19:578. [PMID: 3274824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Sato
- Second Department of Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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