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Shang B, Duan F, Fu R, Gao J, Sik H, Meng X, Chang C. EEG-based investigation of effects of mindfulness meditation training on state and trait by deep learning and traditional machine learning. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1033420. [PMID: 37719770 PMCID: PMC10500069 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1033420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examines the state and trait effects of short-term mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) training using convolutional neural networks (CNN) based deep learning methods and traditional machine learning methods, including shallow and deep ConvNets as well as support vector machine (SVM) with features extracted from common spatial pattern (CSP) and filter bank CSP (FBCSP). Methods We investigated the electroencephalogram (EEG) measurements of 11 novice MBSR practitioners (6 males, 5 females; mean age 35.7 years; 7 Asians and 4 Caucasians) during resting and meditation at early and late training stages. The classifiers are trained and evaluated using inter-subject, mix-subject, intra-subject, and subject-transfer classification strategies, each according to a specific application scenario. Results For MBSR state effect recognition, trait effect recognition using meditation EEG, and trait effect recognition using resting EEG, from shallow ConvNet classifier we get mix-subject/intra-subject classification accuracies superior to related previous studies for both novice and expert meditators with a variety of meditation types including yoga, Tibetan, and mindfulness, whereas from FBSCP + SVM classifier we get inter-subject classification accuracies of 68.50, 85.00, and 78.96%, respectively. Conclusion Deep learning is superior for state effect recognition of novice meditators and slightly inferior but still comparable for both state and trait effects recognition of expert meditators when compared to the literatures. This study supports previous findings that short-term meditation training has EEG-recognizable state and trait effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxiang Shang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feiyan Duan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Deepbay Innovation Technology Corporation Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruiqi Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junling Gao
- Buddhist Practice and Counselling Science Lab, Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hinhung Sik
- Buddhist Practice and Counselling Science Lab, Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xianghong Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunqi Chang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Waring JD, Williams SE, Stevens A, Pogarčić A, Shimony JS, Snyder AZ, Bowie CR, Lenze EJ. Combined Cognitive Training and Vortioxetine Mitigates Age-Related Declines in Functional Brain Network Integrity. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2023; 31:385-397. [PMID: 36739247 PMCID: PMC10164685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Age-related cognitive decline is common and potentially modifiable with cognitive training. Combining cognitive training with pro-cognitive medication offers an opportunity to modify brain networks to mitigate age-related cognitive decline. We tested the hypothesis that the efficacy of cognitive training could be amplified by combining it with vortioxetine, a pro-cognitive and pro-neuroplastic multimodal antidepressant. METHODS We evaluated the effects of 6 months of computerized cognitive training plus vortioxetine (versus placebo) on resting state functional connectivity in older adults (age 65+) with age-related cognitive decline. We first evaluated the association of functional connectivity with age and cognitive performance (N = 66). Then we compared the effects of vortioxetine plus cognitive training versus placebo plus cognitive training on connectivity changes over the training period (n = 20). RESULTS At baseline, greater age was significantly associated with lower within-network strength and network segregation, and poorer cognitive function. Cognitive training plus vortioxetine over 6 months positively impacted the relationship between age to mean network segregation. These effects were not observed in the placebo group. In contrast, vortioxetine did not modify the relationship of age to change in mean within-network strength. Exploratory analyses identified the cingulo-opercular network as the network most affected by cognitive training plus vortioxetine. CONCLUSION This preliminary study provides evidence that combining cognitive training with pro-cognitive medication may modulate the effects of aging on functional brain networks. Results indicate that for older adults experiencing age-related cognitive decline, vortioxetine has a potentially beneficial effect on the correspondence between aging and functional brain network segregation. These results await replication in a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill D Waring
- Department of Psychology (JDW, SEW, AP), Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO.
| | - Samantha E Williams
- Department of Psychology (JDW, SEW, AP), Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Angela Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry (AS, EJL), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Anja Pogarčić
- Department of Psychology (JDW, SEW, AP), Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Joshua S Shimony
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (JSS, AZS), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Abraham Z Snyder
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (JSS, AZS), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Christopher R Bowie
- Department of Psychology (CRB), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric J Lenze
- Department of Psychiatry (AS, EJL), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Lenze EJ, Voegtle M, Miller JP, Ances BM, Balota DA, Barch D, Depp CA, Diniz BS, Eyler LT, Foster ER, Gettinger TR, Head D, Hershey T, Klein S, Nichols JF, Nicol GE, Nishino T, Patterson BW, Rodebaugh TL, Schweiger J, Shimony JS, Sinacore DR, Snyder AZ, Tate S, Twamley EW, Wing D, Wu GF, Yang L, Yingling MD, Wetherell JL. Effects of Mindfulness Training and Exercise on Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2022; 328:2218-2229. [PMID: 36511926 PMCID: PMC9856438 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.21680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Episodic memory and executive function are essential aspects of cognitive functioning that decline with aging. This decline may be ameliorable with lifestyle interventions. OBJECTIVE To determine whether mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), exercise, or a combination of both improve cognitive function in older adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This 2 × 2 factorial randomized clinical trial was conducted at 2 US sites (Washington University in St Louis and University of California, San Diego). A total of 585 older adults (aged 65-84 y) with subjective cognitive concerns, but not dementia, were randomized (enrollment from November 19, 2015, to January 23, 2019; final follow-up on March 16, 2020). INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomized to undergo the following interventions: MBSR with a target of 60 minutes daily of meditation (n = 150); exercise with aerobic, strength, and functional components with a target of at least 300 minutes weekly (n = 138); combined MBSR and exercise (n = 144); or a health education control group (n = 153). Interventions lasted 18 months and consisted of group-based classes and home practice. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The 2 primary outcomes were composites of episodic memory and executive function (standardized to a mean [SD] of 0 [1]; higher composite scores indicate better cognitive performance) from neuropsychological testing; the primary end point was 6 months and the secondary end point was 18 months. There were 5 reported secondary outcomes: hippocampal volume and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex thickness and surface area from structural magnetic resonance imaging and functional cognitive capacity and self-reported cognitive concerns. RESULTS Among 585 randomized participants (mean age, 71.5 years; 424 [72.5%] women), 568 (97.1%) completed 6 months in the trial and 475 (81.2%) completed 18 months. At 6 months, there was no significant effect of mindfulness training or exercise on episodic memory (MBSR vs no MBSR: 0.44 vs 0.48; mean difference, -0.04 points [95% CI, -0.15 to 0.07]; P = .50; exercise vs no exercise: 0.49 vs 0.42; difference, 0.07 [95% CI, -0.04 to 0.17]; P = .23) or executive function (MBSR vs no MBSR: 0.39 vs 0.31; mean difference, 0.08 points [95% CI, -0.02 to 0.19]; P = .12; exercise vs no exercise: 0.39 vs 0.32; difference, 0.07 [95% CI, -0.03 to 0.18]; P = .17) and there were no intervention effects at the secondary end point of 18 months. There was no significant interaction between mindfulness training and exercise (P = .93 for memory and P = .29 for executive function) at 6 months. Of the 5 prespecified secondary outcomes, none showed a significant improvement with either intervention compared with those not receiving the intervention. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among older adults with subjective cognitive concerns, mindfulness training, exercise, or both did not result in significant differences in improvement in episodic memory or executive function at 6 months. The findings do not support the use of these interventions for improving cognition in older adults with subjective cognitive concerns. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02665481.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Lenze
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Michelle Voegtle
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - J. Philip Miller
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Beau M. Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - David A. Balota
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Deanna Barch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Colin A. Depp
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Mental Health Division, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Breno Satler Diniz
- The University of Connecticut Center on Aging & Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
| | - Lisa T. Eyler
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Mental Health Division, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Erin R. Foster
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Torie R. Gettinger
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Denise Head
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Tamara Hershey
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Samuel Klein
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeanne F. Nichols
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego
| | - Ginger E. Nicol
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Tomoyuki Nishino
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Bruce W. Patterson
- The University of Connecticut Center on Aging & Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
| | - Thomas L. Rodebaugh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Julie Schweiger
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Joshua S. Shimony
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - David R. Sinacore
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina
| | - Abraham Z. Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Susan Tate
- Health Sciences, University of California, San Diego
| | - Elizabeth W. Twamley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System
| | - David Wing
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego
| | - Gregory F. Wu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Lei Yang
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael D. Yingling
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Julie Loebach Wetherell
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Mental Health Division, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
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Strain JF, Brier MR, Tanenbaum A, Gordon BA, McCarthy JE, Dincer A, Marcus DS, Chhatwal JP, Graff-Radford NR, Day GS, la Fougère C, Perrin RJ, Salloway S, Schofield PR, Yakushev I, Ikeuchi T, Vöglein J, Morris JC, Benzinger TLS, Bateman RJ, Ances BM, Snyder AZ. Covariance-based vs. correlation-based functional connectivity dissociates healthy aging from Alzheimer disease. Neuroimage 2022; 261:119511. [PMID: 35914670 PMCID: PMC9750733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior studies of aging and Alzheimer disease have evaluated resting state functional connectivity (FC) using either seed-based correlation (SBC) or independent component analysis (ICA), with a focus on particular functional systems. SBC and ICA both are insensitive to differences in signal amplitude. At the same time, accumulating evidence indicates that the amplitude of spontaneous BOLD signal fluctuations is physiologically meaningful. We systematically compared covariance-based FC, which is sensitive to amplitude, vs. correlation-based FC, which is not, in affected individuals and controls drawn from two cohorts of participants including autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (ADAD), late onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD), and age-matched controls. Functional connectivity was computed over 222 regions of interest and group differences were evaluated in terms of components projected onto a space of lower dimension. Our principal observations are: (1) Aging is associated with global loss of resting state fMRI signal amplitude that is approximately uniform across resting state networks. (2) Thus, covariance FC measures decrease with age whereas correlation FC is relatively preserved in healthy aging. (3) In contrast, symptomatic ADAD and LOAD both lead to loss of spontaneous activity amplitude as well as severely degraded correlation structure. These results demonstrate a double dissociation between age vs. Alzheimer disease and the amplitude vs. correlation structure of resting state BOLD signals. Modeling results suggest that the AD-associated loss of correlation structure is attributable to a relative increase in the fraction of locally restricted as opposed to widely shared variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Strain
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew R Brier
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaron Tanenbaum
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian A Gordon
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Box 8225, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John E McCarthy
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Aylin Dincer
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Box 8225, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel S Marcus
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Box 8225, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jasmeer P Chhatwal
- Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St Room 2662, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Neill R Graff-Radford
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Fl 32224, USA
| | - Gregory S Day
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Fl 32224, USA
| | - Christian la Fougère
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Universityhospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen, Germany
| | - Richard J Perrin
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen Salloway
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2131, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Igor Yakushev
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Jonathan Vöglein
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Germany
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Box 8225, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Beau M Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Box 8225, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Abraham Z Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Box 8225, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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