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Filippini M, Borra D, Ursino M, Magosso E, Fattori P. Decoding sensorimotor information from superior parietal lobule of macaque via Convolutional Neural Networks. Neural Netw 2022; 151:276-294. [PMID: 35452895 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2022.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the well-recognized role of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in processing sensory information to guide action, the differential encoding properties of this dynamic processing, as operated by different PPC brain areas, are scarcely known. Within the monkey's PPC, the superior parietal lobule hosts areas V6A, PEc, and PE included in the dorso-medial visual stream that is specialized in planning and guiding reaching movements. Here, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) approach is used to investigate how the information is processed in these areas. We trained two macaque monkeys to perform a delayed reaching task towards 9 positions (distributed on 3 different depth and direction levels) in the 3D peripersonal space. The activity of single cells was recorded from V6A, PEc, PE and fed to convolutional neural networks that were designed and trained to exploit the temporal structure of neuronal activation patterns, to decode the target positions reached by the monkey. Bayesian Optimization was used to define the main CNN hyper-parameters. In addition to discrete positions in space, we used the same network architecture to decode plausible reaching trajectories. We found that data from the most caudal V6A and PEc areas outperformed PE area in the spatial position decoding. In all areas, decoding accuracies started to increase at the time the target to reach was instructed to the monkey, and reached a plateau at movement onset. The results support a dynamic encoding of the different phases and properties of the reaching movement differentially distributed over a network of interconnected areas. This study highlights the usefulness of neurons' firing rate decoding via CNNs to improve our understanding of how sensorimotor information is encoded in PPC to perform reaching movements. The obtained results may have implications in the perspective of novel neuroprosthetic devices based on the decoding of these rich signals for faithfully carrying out patient's intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Filippini
- University of Bologna, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Davide Borra
- University of Bologna, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi", Cesena Campus, Cesena, Italy
| | - Mauro Ursino
- University of Bologna, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi", Cesena Campus, Cesena, Italy; Alma Mater Research Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Magosso
- University of Bologna, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi", Cesena Campus, Cesena, Italy; Alma Mater Research Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- University of Bologna, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Bologna, Italy; Alma Mater Research Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Bologna, Italy.
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Pereira J, Kobler R, Ofner P, Schwarz A, Müller-Putz GR. Online detection of movement during natural and self-initiated reach-and-grasp actions from EEG signals. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34130267 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac0b52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Movement intention detection using electroencephalography (EEG) is a challenging but essential component of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for people with motor disabilities.Objective.The goal of this study is to develop a new experimental paradigm to perform asynchronous online detection of movement based on low-frequency time-domain EEG features, concretely on movement-related cortical potentials. The paradigm must be easily transferable to people without any residual upper-limb movement function and the BCI must be independent of upper-limb movement onset measurements and external cues.Approach. In a study with non-disabled participants, we evaluated a novel BCI paradigm to detect self-initiated reach-and-grasp movements. Two experimental conditions were involved. In one condition, participants performed reach-and-grasp movements to a target and simultaneously shifted their gaze towards it. In a control condition, participants solely shifted their gaze towards the target (oculomotor task). The participants freely decided when to initiate the tasks. After eye artefact correction, the EEG signals were time-locked to the saccade onset and the resulting amplitude features were exploited on a hierarchical classification approach to detect movement asynchronously.Main results. With regards to BCI performance, 54.1% (14.4% SD) of the movements were correctly identified, and all participants achieved a performance above chance-level (around 12%). An average of 21.5% (14.1% SD) of the oculomotor tasks were falsely detected as upper-limb movement. In an additional rest condition, 1.7 (1.6 SD) false positives per minute were measured. Through source imaging, movement information was mapped to sensorimotor, posterior parietal and occipital areas.Significance. We present a novel approach for movement detection using EEG signals which does not rely on upper-limb movement onset measurements or on the presentation of external cues. The participants' behaviour closely matches the natural behaviour during goal-directed reach-and-grasp movements, which also constitutes an advantage with respect to current BCI protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Pereira
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Reinmar Kobler
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Patrick Ofner
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Schwarz
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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Nasiriavanaki Z, Barbour T, Farabaugh AH, Fava M, Holmes AJ, Tootell RBH, Holt DJ. Anxious attachment is associated with heightened responsivity of a parietofrontal cortical network that monitors peri-personal space. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 30:102585. [PMID: 33773165 PMCID: PMC8024770 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A parietofrontal cortical network is more active when stimuli are near the body. Responses of this network were positively correlated with “attachment anxiety”. No other types of attachment or symptoms accounted for this association. Connectivity strength within this network was not linked with attachment anxiety.
Background Attachment, or affiliative bonding among conspecifics, is thought to involve neural mechanisms underlying behavioral responses to threat and reward-related social signals. However, attachment-oriented responses may also rely on basic sensorimotor processes. One sensorimotor system that may play a role in attachment is the parietofrontal cortical network that responds to stimuli that are near or approaching the body, the peripersonal space (PPS) monitoring system. We hypothesized that this network may vary in responsivity to such potentially harmful stimuli, particularly those with social salience, based on individual differences in attachment styles. Methods Young adults viewed images of human faces or cars that appeared to move towards or away from them, while functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected. Correlations between each of four adult attachment styles, measured using the Relationship Questionnaire, and responses of the PPS network to approaching (versus withdrawing) stimuli were measured. Results A region-of-interest (ROI) analysis, focused on six cortical regions of the PPS network that showed significant responses to approaching versus withdrawing face stimuli in an independent sample (n = 80), revealed that anxious attachment style (but not the other 3 attachment styles) was significantly positively correlated with responses to faces (but not to cars) in all six ROIs (r = 0.33–0.49, p = 0.01–0.0001, n = 50). Conclusions These findings suggest that anxious attachment is associated with over-responsivity of a sensorimotor network involved in attending to social stimuli near the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Nasiriavanaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tracy Barbour
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Amy H Farabaugh
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Avram J Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Roger B H Tootell
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Daphne J Holt
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
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Choi MH, Kim HS, Chung SC. Evaluation of Effective Connectivity Between Brain Areas Activated During Simulated Driving Using Dynamic Causal Modeling. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:158. [PMID: 33173471 PMCID: PMC7538660 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was examined the effective connectivity between brain areas activated during driving. Using a driving simulator, the subjects controlled a wheel with both of their hands as well as an accelerator and brake pedal with their right foot. Of the areas activated during driving, three areas from each hemisphere were analyzed for effective connectivity using dynamic causal modeling. In the right hemisphere, bidirectional connectivity was prominent between the inferior temporal gyrus, precuneus, and lingual gyrus, which provided driving input (driving input refers to the area of input among areas connected with effective connectivity). In the left hemisphere, the superior temporal gyrus provided driving input, and bidirectional connectivity was prominent between the superior temporal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and inferior frontal gyrus. The visual attention pathway was activated in the right hemisphere, whereas the inhibitory control movement and task-switching pathways, which are responsible for synesthesia, were activated in the left hemisphere. In both of the hemispheres, the visual attention, inhibitory control movement, and episodic memory retrieval pathways were prominent. The activation of these pathways indicates that driving requires multi-domain executive function in addition to vision. Moreover, pathway activation is influenced by the driving experience and familiarity of the driver. This study elucidated the overall effective connectivity between brain areas related to driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyun Choi
- Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of ICT Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kim
- Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of ICT Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Soon-Cheol Chung
- Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of ICT Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
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Filippini M, Morris AP, Breveglieri R, Hadjidimitrakis K, Fattori P. Decoding of standard and non-standard visuomotor associations from parietal cortex. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:046027. [PMID: 32698164 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aba87e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neural signals can be decoded and used to move neural prostheses with the purpose of restoring motor function in patients with mobility impairments. Such patients typically have intact eye movement control and visual function, suggesting that cortical visuospatial signals could be used to guide external devices. Neurons in parietal cortex mediate sensory-motor transformations, encode the spatial coordinates for reaching goals, hand position and movements, and other spatial variables. We studied how spatial information is represented at the population level, and the possibility to decode not only the position of visual targets and the plans to reach them, but also conditional, non-spatial motor responses. APPROACH The animals first fixated one of nine targets in 3D space and then, after the target changed color, either reached toward it, or performed a non-spatial motor response (lift hand from a button). Spiking activity of parietal neurons was recorded in monkeys during two tasks. We then decoded different task related parameters. MAIN RESULTS We first show that a maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) algorithm trained separately in each task transformed neural activity into accurate metric predictions of target location. Furthermore, by combining MLE with a Naïve Bayes classifier, we decoded the monkey's motor intention (reach or hand lift) and the different phases of the tasks. These results show that, although V6A encodes the spatial location of a target during a delay period, the signals they carry are updated around the movement execution in an intention/motor specific way. SIGNIFICANCE These findings show the presence of multiple levels of information in parietal cortex that could be decoded and used in brain machine interfaces to control both goal-directed movements and more cognitive visuomotor associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Filippini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, Bologna 40126, Italy. ALMA-AI: Alma Mater Research Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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6
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Lv X, Chen Y, Tan W, Yu Y, Zou H, Shao Y, Zan S, Tao J, Miao W. Functional Neuroanatomy of the Human Accommodation Response to an "E" Target Varying from -3 to -6 Diopters. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14:29. [PMID: 32508603 PMCID: PMC7253675 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to identify the functional brain networks involved in the regulation of visual accommodation by contrasting the cortical functional areas evoked by foveal fixation to an "E" target, which were subservient to the accommodation responses to a -3/-6 diopter stimulus. Methods: Neural activity was assessed in healthy volunteers by changes in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty-five right-handed subjects viewed the "E" target presented in a hierarchical block design. They participated in two monocular tasks: (i) sustained foveal fixation upon an "E" target on a white background at 33 cm (-3.03D accommodative demand); and (ii) sustained fixation through an attached -3D concave lens (-6D accommodative demand) in front of the fixated eye; each condition cycled through a standard alternating 30-s eye open/30-s eye closed design to provide the BOLD contrast. The total sustained period was 480 s. Results: The contrast between the -3D and the rest condition revealed activation in the occipital lobe (Lingual gyrus, Cuneus, Calcarine_L, and Calcarine_R); cerebellum (Cerebellum_Crus1_L and Cerebellum_6_L); precentral lobe (Precentral_R); frontal lobe (Frontal_Inf_Oper_R and Frontal_Mid_R); and cingulate cortex (Cingulum_Ant_L). With the -3D concave lenses (-6D accommodative demand) in front of the fixated eye, the voxel size and peak intensity of activation in the occipital lobe and cerebellum were greater than with the -3D accommodative demand; emergent activated brain areas included the parietal lobe (bilateral precuneus gyrus and right supramarginal gyrus); the precentral lobe and cingulate cortex failed to reach the threshold in the -6D vs. rest contrast. In the -3D and -6D contrast comparison, the frontal lobe (Frontal_Sup_Medial_L) and parietal lobe (Precuneus_L and Precuneus_R) passed the significance threshold of cluster-level family-wise error (FWE) correction. The mean activation in the -3D and -6D contrast revealed an incremental summation of the activations than that found in the previous -3D vs. rest and -6D vs. rest comparisons. Conclusions: Neural circuits were selectively activated during the -3D/-6D accommodative response to blur cues. Cognitive-perceptual processing is involved in signal regulation of ocular accommodative functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yilei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenli Tan
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songhua Zan
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhua Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanhong Miao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Hadjidimitrakis K, Ghodrati M, Breveglieri R, Rosa MGP, Fattori P. Neural coding of action in three dimensions: Task- and time-invariant reference frames for visuospatial and motor-related activity in parietal area V6A. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:3108-3122. [PMID: 32080849 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Goal-directed movements involve a series of neural computations that compare the sensory representations of goal location and effector position, and transform these into motor commands. Neurons in posterior parietal cortex (PPC) control several effectors (e.g., eye, hand, foot) and encode goal location in a variety of spatial coordinate systems, including those anchored to gaze direction, and to the positions of the head, shoulder, or hand. However, there is little evidence on whether reference frames depend also on the effector and/or type of motor response. We addressed this issue in macaque PPC area V6A, where previous reports using a fixate-to-reach in depth task, from different starting arm positions, indicated that most units use mixed body/hand-centered coordinates. Here, we applied singular value decomposition and gradient analyses to characterize the reference frames in V6A while the animals, instead of arm reaching, performed a nonspatial motor response (hand lift). We found that most neurons used mixed body/hand coordinates, instead of "pure" body-, or hand-centered coordinates. During the task progress the effect of hand position on activity became stronger compared to target location. Activity consistent with body-centered coding was present only in a subset of neurons active early in the task. Applying the same analyses to a population of V6A neurons recorded during the fixate-to-reach task yielded similar results. These findings suggest that V6A neurons use consistent reference frames between spatial and nonspatial motor responses, a functional property that may allow the integration of spatial awareness and movement control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Hadjidimitrakis
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Masoud Ghodrati
- Department of Physiology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rossella Breveglieri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Albertini D, Gerbella M, Lanzilotto M, Livi A, Maranesi M, Ferroni CG, Bonini L. Connectional gradients underlie functional transitions in monkey pre-supplementary motor area. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 184:101699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Structural connectivity and functional properties of the macaque superior parietal lobule. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 225:1349-1367. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01976-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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The neglected medial part of macaque area PE: segregated processing of reach depth and direction. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2537-2557. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01923-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Pereira-Pedro AS, Beaudet A, Bruner E. Parietal lobe variation in cercopithecid endocasts. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e23025. [PMID: 31241198 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In extant primates, the posterior parietal cortex is involved in visuospatial integration, attention, and eye-hand coordination, which are crucial functions for foraging and feeding behaviors. Paleoneurology studies brain evolution through the analysis of endocasts, that is molds of the inner surface of the braincase. These may preserve imprints of cortical structures, such as sulci, which might be of interest for locating the boundaries of major cortical regions. Old World monkeys (Cercopithecidae) represent an interesting zoological group for evolutionary studies, because of their diverse ecologies and locomotor behaviors. In this study, we quantify parietal lobe variation within the cercopithecid family, in a sample of 30 endocasts including 11 genera and 17 species, by combining landmark-based and landmark-free geometric morphometric analyses. More specifically, we quantitatively assess variation of the parietal proportions based on landmarks placed on reliable anatomical references and of parietal lobe surface morphology through deformation-based methods. The main feature associated with the cercopithecid endocranial variation regards the inverse proportions of parietal and occipital lobes, with colobines, Theropithecus, and Papio displaying relatively larger parietal lobes and smaller occipital lobes compared with cercopithecins. The parietal surface is anteroposteriorly longer and mediolaterally flatter in colobines, while longitudinally shorter but laterally bulging in baboons. Large parietal lobes in colobines and baboons are likely to be independent evolutionary traits, and not necessarily associated with analogous functions or morphogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Pereira-Pedro
- Programa de Paleobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
| | - Amélie Beaudet
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Emiliano Bruner
- Programa de Paleobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
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Hadjidimitrakis K, Bakola S, Wong YT, Hagan MA. Mixed Spatial and Movement Representations in the Primate Posterior Parietal Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:15. [PMID: 30914925 PMCID: PMC6421332 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of humans and non-human primates plays a key role in the sensory and motor transformations required to guide motor actions to objects of interest in the environment. Despite decades of research, the anatomical and functional organization of this region is still a matter of contention. It is generally accepted that specialized parietal subregions and their functional counterparts in the frontal cortex participate in distinct segregated networks related to eye, arm and hand movements. However, experimental evidence obtained primarily from single neuron recording studies in non-human primates has demonstrated a rich mixing of signals processed by parietal neurons, calling into question ideas for a strict functional specialization. Here, we present a brief account of this line of research together with the basic trends in the anatomical connectivity patterns of the parietal subregions. We review, the evidence related to the functional communication between subregions of the PPC and describe progress towards using parietal neuron activity in neuroprosthetic applications. Recent literature suggests a role for the PPC not as a constellation of specialized functional subdomains, but as a dynamic network of sensorimotor loci that combine multiple signals and work in concert to guide motor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Hadjidimitrakis
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophia Bakola
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Yan T Wong
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Electrical and Computer Science Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Maureen A Hagan
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Filippini M, Breveglieri R, Hadjidimitrakis K, Bosco A, Fattori P. Prediction of Reach Goals in Depth and Direction from the Parietal Cortex. Cell Rep 2018; 23:725-732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Alizadeh AM, Van Dromme I, Verhoef BE, Janssen P. Caudal Intraparietal Sulcus and three-dimensional vision: A combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and single-cell study. Neuroimage 2018; 166:46-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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15
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Cortical Afferents and Myeloarchitecture Distinguish the Medial Intraparietal Area (MIP) from Neighboring Subdivisions of the Macaque Cortex. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0344-17. [PMID: 29379868 PMCID: PMC5779118 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0344-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The parietal reach region (PRR) in the medial bank of the macaque intraparietal sulcus has been a subject of considerable interest in research aimed at the development of brain-controlled prosthetic arms, but its anatomical organization remains poorly characterized. We examined the anatomical organization of the putative PRR territory based on myeloarchitecture and retrograde tracer injections. We found that the medial bank includes three areas: an extension of the dorsal subdivision of V6A (V6Ad), the medial intraparietal area (MIP), and a subdivision of area PE (PEip). Analysis of corticocortical connections revealed that both V6Ad and MIP receive inputs from visual area V6; the ventral subdivision of V6A (V6Av); medial (PGm, 31), superior (PEc), and inferior (PFG/PF) parietal association areas; and intraparietal areas AIP and VIP. They also receive long-range projections from the superior temporal sulcus (MST, TPO), cingulate area 23, and the dorsocaudal (area F2) and ventral (areas F4/F5) premotor areas. In comparison with V6Ad, MIP receives denser input from somatosensory areas, the primary motor cortex, and the medial motor fields, as well as from visual cortex in the ventral precuneate cortex and frontal regions associated with oculomotor guidance. Unlike MIP, V6Ad receives stronger visual input, from the caudal inferior parietal cortex (PG/Opt) and V6Av, whereas PEip shows marked emphasis on anterior parietal, primary motor, and ventral premotor connections. These anatomical results suggest that MIP and V6A have complementary roles in sensorimotor behavior, with MIP more directly involved in movement planning and execution in comparison with V6A.
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Hadjidimitrakis K, Bertozzi F, Breveglieri R, Galletti C, Fattori P. Temporal stability of reference frames in monkey area V6A during a reaching task in 3D space. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1959-1970. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gonzales LA, Benefit BR, McCrossin ML, Spoor F. Cerebral complexity preceded enlarged brain size and reduced olfactory bulbs in Old World monkeys. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7580. [PMID: 26138795 PMCID: PMC4506532 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the only complete early cercopithecoid (Old World monkey) endocast currently known, that of 15-million-year (Myr)-old Victoriapithecus, reveals an unexpectedly small endocranial volume (ECV) relative to body size and a large olfactory bulb volume relative to ECV, similar to extant lemurs and Oligocene anthropoids. However, the Victoriapithecus brain has principal and arcuate sulci of the frontal lobe not seen in the stem catarrhine Aegyptopithecus, as well as a distinctive cercopithecoid pattern of gyrification, indicating that cerebral complexity preceded encephalization in cercopithecoids. Since larger ECVs, expanded frontal lobes, and reduced olfactory bulbs are already present in the 17- to 18-Myr-old ape Proconsul these features evolved independently in hominoids (apes) and cercopithecoids and much earlier in the former. Moreover, the order of encephalization and brain reorganization was apparently different in hominoids and cercopithecoids, showing that brain size and cerebral organization evolve independently. The evolution of the brain in Old World monkeys (cercopithecoids) is poorly understood. Here the authors describe a complete endocast of Victoriapithecus, a 15 Myr old cercopithecoid, which shows that the brain size was much smaller and the olfactory bulbs much larger than in any extant catarrhine primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Gonzales
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 104 Biological Sciences Building, Box 90383, Durham, North Carolina 27708-9976, USA
| | - Brenda R Benefit
- Department of Anthropology, New Mexico State University, PO Box 30001, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003-8001, USA
| | - Monte L McCrossin
- Department of Anthropology, New Mexico State University, PO Box 30001, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003-8001, USA
| | - Fred Spoor
- 1] Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany [2] Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Cléry J, Guipponi O, Wardak C, Ben Hamed S. Neuronal bases of peripersonal and extrapersonal spaces, their plasticity and their dynamics: Knowns and unknowns. Neuropsychologia 2015; 70:313-26. [PMID: 25447371 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Cléry
- Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, UMR5229, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 67 Boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Olivier Guipponi
- Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, UMR5229, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 67 Boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Claire Wardak
- Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, UMR5229, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 67 Boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Suliann Ben Hamed
- Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, UMR5229, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 67 Boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron, France.
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Mitchell JF, Leopold DA. The marmoset monkey as a model for visual neuroscience. Neurosci Res 2015; 93:20-46. [PMID: 25683292 PMCID: PMC4408257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has been valuable as a primate model in biomedical research. Interest in this species has grown recently, in part due to the successful demonstration of transgenic marmosets. Here we examine the prospects of the marmoset model for visual neuroscience research, adopting a comparative framework to place the marmoset within a broader evolutionary context. The marmoset's small brain bears most of the organizational features of other primates, and its smooth surface offers practical advantages over the macaque for areal mapping, laminar electrode penetration, and two-photon and optical imaging. Behaviorally, marmosets are more limited at performing regimented psychophysical tasks, but do readily accept the head restraint that is necessary for accurate eye tracking and neurophysiology, and can perform simple discriminations. Their natural gaze behavior closely resembles that of other primates, with a tendency to focus on objects of social interest including faces. Their immaturity at birth and routine twinning also makes them ideal for the study of postnatal visual development. These experimental factors, together with the theoretical advantages inherent in comparing anatomy, physiology, and behavior across related species, make the marmoset an excellent model for visual neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude F Mitchell
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Meliora Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - David A Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Constantinidis C, Bucci DJ, Rugg MD. Cognitive functions of the posterior parietal cortex. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:35. [PMID: 23675328 PMCID: PMC3648698 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Constantinidis
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Pitzalis S, Sdoia S, Bultrini A, Committeri G, Di Russo F, Fattori P, Galletti C, Galati G. Selectivity to translational egomotion in human brain motion areas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60241. [PMID: 23577096 PMCID: PMC3618224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The optic flow generated when a person moves through the environment can be locally decomposed into several basic components, including radial, circular, translational and spiral motion. Since their analysis plays an important part in the visual perception and control of locomotion and posture it is likely that some brain regions in the primate dorsal visual pathway are specialized to distinguish among them. The aim of this study is to explore the sensitivity to different types of egomotion-compatible visual stimulations in the human motion-sensitive regions of the brain. Event-related fMRI experiments, 3D motion and wide-field stimulation, functional localizers and brain mapping methods were used to study the sensitivity of six distinct motion areas (V6, MT, MST+, V3A, CSv and an Intra-Parietal Sulcus motion [IPSmot] region) to different types of optic flow stimuli. Results show that only areas V6, MST+ and IPSmot are specialized in distinguishing among the various types of flow patterns, with a high response for the translational flow which was maximum in V6 and IPSmot and less marked in MST+. Given that during egomotion the translational optic flow conveys differential information about the near and far external objects, areas V6 and IPSmot likely process visual egomotion signals to extract information about the relative distance of objects with respect to the observer. Since area V6 is also involved in distinguishing object-motion from self-motion, it could provide information about location in space of moving and static objects during self-motion, particularly in a dynamically unstable environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Pitzalis
- Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy.
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Bremmer F, Schlack A, Kaminiarz A, Hoffmann KP. Encoding of movement in near extrapersonal space in primate area VIP. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:8. [PMID: 23407621 PMCID: PMC3570769 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neurons in the macaque ventral intraparietal area (VIP) are multimodal, i.e., they respond not only to visual but also to tactile, auditory and vestibular stimulation. Anatomical studies have shown distinct projections between area VIP and a region of premotor cortex controlling head movements. A specific function of area VIP could be to guide movements in order to head for and/or to avoid objects in near extrapersonal space. This behavioral role would require a consistent representation of visual motion within 3-D space and enhanced activity for nearby motion signals. Accordingly, in our present study we investigated whether neurons in area VIP are sensitive to moving visual stimuli containing depth signals from horizontal disparity. We recorded single unit activity from area VIP of two awake behaving monkeys (Macaca mulatta) fixating a central target on a projection screen. Sensitivity of neurons to horizontal disparity was assessed by presenting large field moving images (random dot fields) stereoscopically to the two eyes by means of LCD shutter goggles synchronized with the stimulus computer. During an individual trial, stimuli had one of seven different disparity values ranging from 3° uncrossed- (far) to 3° crossed- (near) disparity in 1° steps. Stimuli moved at constant speed in all simulated depth planes. Different disparity values were presented across trials in pseudo-randomized order. Sixty-one percent of the motion sensitive cells had a statistically significant selectivity for the horizontal disparity of the stimulus (p < 0.05, distribution free ANOVA). Seventy-five percent of them preferred crossed-disparity values, i.e., moving stimuli in near space, with the highest mean activity for the nearest stimulus. At the population level, preferred direction of visual stimulus motion was not affected by horizontal disparity. Thus, our findings are in agreement with the behavioral role of area VIP in the representation of movement in near extrapersonal space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Bremmer
- Department of Neurophysics, Philipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany
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