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Taub M, Goldshtein A, Boonman A, Eitan O, Hurme E, Greif S, Yovel Y. What determines the information update rate in echolocating bats. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1187. [PMID: 37989853 PMCID: PMC10663583 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate of sensory update is one of the most important parameters of any sensory system. The acquisition rate of most sensory systems is fixed and has been optimized by evolution to the needs of the animal. Echolocating bats have the ability to adjust their sensory update rate which is determined by the intervals between emissions - the inter-pulse intervals (IPI). The IPI is routinely adjusted, but the exact factors driving its regulation are unknown. We use on-board audio recordings to determine how four species of echolocating bats with different foraging strategies regulate their sensory update rate during commute flights. We reveal strong correlations between the IPI and various echolocation and movement parameters. Specifically, the update rate increases when the signals' peak-energy frequency and intensity increases while the update rate decreases when flight speed and altitude increases. We suggest that bats control their information update rate according to the behavioral mode they are engaged in, while always maintaining sensory continuity. Specifically, we suggest that bats apply two modes of attention during commute flights. Our data moreover suggests that bats emit echolocation signals at accurate intervals without the need for external feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor Taub
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Aya Goldshtein
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour, Konstanz, 78464, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Arjan Boonman
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Ofri Eitan
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Edward Hurme
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Greif
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Yossi Yovel
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
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2
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Ahissar E, Nelinger G, Assa E, Karp O, Saraf-Sinik I. Thalamocortical loops as temporal demodulators across senses. Commun Biol 2023; 6:562. [PMID: 37237075 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory information is coded in space and in time. The organization of neuronal activity in space maintains straightforward relationships with the spatial organization of the perceived environment. In contrast, the temporal organization of neuronal activity is not trivially related to external features due to sensor motion. Still, the temporal organization shares similar principles across sensory modalities. Likewise, thalamocortical circuits exhibit common features across senses. Focusing on touch, vision, and audition, we review their shared coding principles and suggest that thalamocortical systems include circuits that allow analogous recoding mechanisms in all three senses. These thalamocortical circuits constitute oscillations-based phase-locked loops, that translate temporally-coded sensory information to rate-coded cortical signals, signals that can integrate information across sensory and motor modalities. The loop also allows predictive locking to the onset of future modulations of the sensory signal. The paper thus suggests a theoretical framework in which a common thalamocortical mechanism implements temporal demodulation across senses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Ahissar
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Guy Nelinger
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Eldad Assa
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ofer Karp
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Inbar Saraf-Sinik
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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3
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Nentwich M, Leszczynski M, Russ BE, Hirsch L, Markowitz N, Sapru K, Schroeder CE, Mehta AD, Bickel S, Parra LC. Semantic novelty modulates neural responses to visual change across the human brain. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2910. [PMID: 37217478 PMCID: PMC10203305 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Our continuous visual experience in daily life is dominated by change. Previous research has focused on visual change due to stimulus motion, eye movements or unfolding events, but not their combined impact across the brain, or their interactions with semantic novelty. We investigate the neural responses to these sources of novelty during film viewing. We analyzed intracranial recordings in humans across 6328 electrodes from 23 individuals. Responses associated with saccades and film cuts were dominant across the entire brain. Film cuts at semantic event boundaries were particularly effective in the temporal and medial temporal lobe. Saccades to visual targets with high visual novelty were also associated with strong neural responses. Specific locations in higher-order association areas showed selectivity to either high or low-novelty saccades. We conclude that neural activity associated with film cuts and eye movements is widespread across the brain and is modulated by semantic novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Nentwich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Marcin Leszczynski
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Translational Neuroscience Lab Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Cognitive Science Department, Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Brian E Russ
- Translational Neuroscience Lab Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University at Langone, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lukas Hirsch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Noah Markowitz
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Kaustubh Sapru
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Translational Neuroscience Lab Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Ashesh D Mehta
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Stephan Bickel
- Translational Neuroscience Lab Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Lucas C Parra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Bullock T, Pickett K, Salimian A, Gregory C, MacLean MH, Giesbrecht B. Eye movements disrupt EEG alpha-band coding of behaviorally relevant and irrelevant spatial locations held in working memory. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:1191-1211. [PMID: 36988227 PMCID: PMC10190932 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00302.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oscillations in the alpha frequency band (∼8-12 Hz) of the human electroencephalogram play an important role in supporting selective attention to visual items and maintaining their spatial locations in working memory (WM). Recent findings suggest that spatial information maintained in alpha is modulated by interruptions to continuous visual input, such that attention shifts, eye closure, and backward masking of the encoded item cause reconstructed representations of remembered locations to become degraded. Here, we investigated how another common visual disruption-eye movements-modulates reconstructions of behaviorally relevant and irrelevant item locations held in WM. Participants completed a delayed estimation task, where they encoded and recalled either the location or color of an object after a brief retention period. During retention, participants either fixated at the center or executed a sequence of eye movements. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded at the scalp and eye position was monitored with an eye tracker. Inverted encoding modeling (IEM) was applied to reconstruct location-selective responses across multiple frequency bands during encoding and retention. Location-selective responses were successfully reconstructed from alpha activity during retention where participants fixated at the center, but these reconstructions were disrupted during eye movements. Recall performance decreased during eye-movements conditions but remained largely intact, and further analyses revealed that under specific task conditions, it was possible to reconstruct retained location information from lower frequency bands (1-4 Hz) during eye movements. These results suggest that eye movements disrupt maintained spatial information in alpha in a manner consistent with other acute interruptions to continuous visual input, but this information may be represented in other frequency bands.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neural oscillations in the alpha frequency band support selective attention to visual items and maintenance of their spatial locations in human working memory. Here, we investigate how eye movements disrupt representations of item locations held in working memory. Although it was not possible to recover item locations from alpha during eye movements, retained location information could be recovered from select lower frequency bands. This suggests that during eye movements, stored spatial information may be represented in other frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bullock
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Kamryn Pickett
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Anabel Salimian
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Caitlin Gregory
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Mary H MacLean
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Barry Giesbrecht
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Dynamical Neuroscience, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
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5
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Leszczynski M, Bickel S, Nentwich M, Russ BE, Parra L, Lakatos P, Mehta A, Schroeder CE. Saccadic modulation of neural excitability in auditory areas of the neocortex. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1185-1195.e6. [PMID: 36863343 PMCID: PMC10424710 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
In natural "active" vision, humans and other primates use eye movements (saccades) to sample bits of information from visual scenes. In the visual cortex, non-retinal signals linked to saccades shift visual cortical neurons into a high excitability state as each saccade ends. The extent of this saccadic modulation outside of the visual system is unknown. Here, we show that during natural viewing, saccades modulate excitability in numerous auditory cortical areas with a temporal pattern complementary to that seen in visual areas. Control somatosensory cortical recordings indicate that the temporal pattern is unique to auditory areas. Bidirectional functional connectivity patterns suggest that these effects may arise from regions involved in saccade generation. We propose that by using saccadic signals to yoke excitability states in auditory areas to those in visual areas, the brain can improve information processing in complex natural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Leszczynski
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Translational Neuroscience Lab Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Cognitive Science Department, Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 31-007, Poland.
| | - Stephan Bickel
- Translational Neuroscience Lab Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY 11549, USA
| | - Maximilian Nentwich
- Biomedical Engineering Department, City College, CUNY, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Brian E Russ
- Translational Neuroscience Lab Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University at Langone, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lucas Parra
- Biomedical Engineering Department, City College, CUNY, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Peter Lakatos
- Translational Neuroscience Lab Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University at Langone, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ashesh Mehta
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY 11549, USA
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Translational Neuroscience Lab Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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6
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Russ BE, Koyano KW, Day-Cooney J, Perwez N, Leopold DA. Temporal continuity shapes visual responses of macaque face patch neurons. Neuron 2023; 111:903-914.e3. [PMID: 36630962 PMCID: PMC10023462 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Macaque inferior temporal cortex neurons respond selectively to complex visual images, with recent work showing that they are also entrained reliably by the evolving content of natural movies. To what extent does temporal continuity itself shape the responses of high-level visual neurons? We addressed this question by measuring how cells in face-selective regions of the macaque visual cortex were affected by the manipulation of a movie's temporal structure. Sampling a 5-min movie at 1 s intervals, we measured neural responses to randomized, brief stimuli of different lengths, ranging from 800 ms dynamic movie snippets to 100 ms static frames. We found that the disruption of temporal continuity strongly altered neural response profiles, particularly in the early response period after stimulus onset. The results suggest that models of visual system function based on discrete and randomized visual presentations may not translate well to the brain's natural modes of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Russ
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University at Langone, New York City, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Kenji W Koyano
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Julian Day-Cooney
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Neda Perwez
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - David A Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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7
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Pan Y, Popov T, Frisson S, Jensen O. Saccades are locked to the phase of alpha oscillations during natural reading. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001968. [PMID: 36649331 PMCID: PMC9882905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We saccade 3 to 5 times per second when reading. However, little is known about the neuronal mechanisms coordinating the oculomotor and visual systems during such rapid processing. Here, we ask if brain oscillations play a role in the temporal coordination of the visuomotor integration. We simultaneously acquired MEG and eye-tracking data while participants read sentences silently. Every sentence was embedded with a target word of either high or low lexical frequency. Our key finding demonstrated that saccade onsets were locked to the phase of alpha oscillations (8 to 13 Hz), and in particular, for saccades towards low frequency words. Source modelling demonstrated that the alpha oscillations to which the saccades were locked, were generated in the right-visual motor cortex (BA 7). Our findings suggest that the alpha oscillations serve to time the processing between the oculomotor and visual systems during natural reading, and that this coordination becomes more pronounced for demanding words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Pan
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tzvetan Popov
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steven Frisson
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ole Jensen
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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8
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Myers JC, Smith EH, Leszczynski M, O'Sullivan J, Yates MJ, McKhann G, Mesgarani N, Schroeder C, Schevon C, Sheth SA. The Spatial Reach of Neuronal Coherence and Spike-Field Coupling across the Human Neocortex. J Neurosci 2022; 42:6285-6294. [PMID: 35790403 PMCID: PMC9374135 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0050-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal coherence is thought to be a fundamental mechanism of communication in the brain, where synchronized field potentials coordinate synaptic and spiking events to support plasticity and learning. Although the spread of field potentials has garnered great interest, little is known about the spatial reach of phase synchronization, or neuronal coherence. Functional connectivity between different brain regions is known to occur across long distances, but the locality of synchronization across the neocortex is understudied. Here we used simultaneous recordings from electrocorticography (ECoG) grids and high-density microelectrode arrays to estimate the spatial reach of neuronal coherence and spike-field coherence (SFC) across frontal, temporal, and occipital cortices during cognitive tasks in humans. We observed the strongest coherence within a 2-3 cm distance from the microelectrode arrays, potentially defining an effective range for local communication. This range was relatively consistent across brain regions, spectral frequencies, and cognitive tasks. The magnitude of coherence showed power law decay with increasing distance from the microelectrode arrays, where the highest coherence occurred between ECoG contacts, followed by coherence between ECoG and deep cortical local field potential (LFP), and then SFC (i.e., ECoG > LFP > SFC). The spectral frequency of coherence also affected its magnitude. Alpha coherence (8-14 Hz) was generally higher than other frequencies for signals nearest the microelectrode arrays, whereas delta coherence (1-3 Hz) was higher for signals that were farther away. Action potentials in all brain regions were most coherent with the phase of alpha oscillations, which suggests that alpha waves could play a larger, more spatially local role in spike timing than other frequencies. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the spatial and spectral dynamics of neuronal synchronization, further advancing knowledge about how activity propagates across the human brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Coherence is theorized to facilitate information transfer across cerebral space by providing a convenient electrophysiological mechanism to modulate membrane potentials in spatiotemporally complex patterns. Our work uses a multiscale approach to evaluate the spatial reach of phase coherence and spike-field coherence during cognitive tasks in humans. Locally, coherence can reach up to 3 cm around a given area of neocortex. The spectral properties of coherence revealed that alpha phase-field and spike-field coherence were higher within ranges <2 cm, whereas lower-frequency delta coherence was higher for contacts farther away. Spatiotemporally shared information (i.e., coherence) across neocortex seems to reach farther than field potentials alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Myers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Elliot H Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | | | - James O'Sullivan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Mark J Yates
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Guy McKhann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Nima Mesgarani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Charles Schroeder
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Catherine Schevon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Sameer A Sheth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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9
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Katz CN, Schjetnan AGP, Patel K, Barkley V, Hoffman KL, Kalia SK, Duncan KD, Valiante TA. A corollary discharge mediates saccade-related inhibition of single units in mnemonic structures of the human brain. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3082-3094.e4. [PMID: 35779529 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the critical link between visual exploration and memory, little is known about how neuronal activity in the human mesial temporal lobe (MTL) is modulated by saccades. Here, we characterize saccade-associated neuronal modulations, unit-by-unit, and contrast them to image onset and to occipital lobe neurons. We reveal evidence for a corollary discharge (CD)-like modulatory signal that accompanies saccades, inhibiting/exciting a unique population of broad-/narrow-spiking units, respectively, before and during saccades and with directional selectivity. These findings comport well with the timing, directional nature, and inhibitory circuit implementation of a CD. Additionally, by linking neuronal activity to event-related potentials (ERPs), which are directionally modulated following saccades, we recontextualize the ERP associated with saccades as a proxy for both the strength of inhibition and saccade direction, providing a mechanistic underpinning for the more commonly recorded saccade-related ERP in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim N Katz
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), Toronto, ON M5T 1M8, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Andrea G P Schjetnan
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), Toronto, ON M5T 1M8, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Kramay Patel
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), Toronto, ON M5T 1M8, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Victoria Barkley
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), Toronto, ON M5T 1M8, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Kari L Hoffman
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), Toronto, ON M5T 1M8, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada; The KITE Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Katherine D Duncan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Taufik A Valiante
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), Toronto, ON M5T 1M8, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada; The KITE Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada; Max Planck-University of Toronto Center for Neural Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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10
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Young A, Robbins I, Shelat S. From Micro to Macro: The Combination of Consciousness. Front Psychol 2022; 13:755465. [PMID: 35432082 PMCID: PMC9008346 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.755465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crick and Koch’s 1990 “neurobiological theory of consciousness” sparked the race for the physical correlates of subjective experience. 30 years later, cognitive sciences trend toward consideration of the brain’s electromagnetic field as the primary seat of consciousness, the “to be” of the individual. Recent advancements in laboratory tools have preceded an influx of studies reporting a synchronization between the neuronally generated EM fields of interacting individuals. An embodied and enactive neuroscientific approach has gained traction in the wake of these findings wherein consciousness and cognition are theorized to be regulated and distributed beyond the individual. We approach this frontier to extend the implications of person-to-person synchrony to propose a process of combination whereby coupled individual agents merge into a hierarchical cognitive system to which they are subsidiary. Such is to say, the complex mammalian consciousness humans possess may not be the tip of the iceberg, but another step in a succeeding staircase. To this end, the axioms and conjectures of General Resonance Theory are utilized to describe this phenomenon of interpersonal resonant combination. Our proposal describes a coupled system of spatially distributed EM fields that are synchronized through recurrent, entraining behavioral interactions. The system, having achieved sufficient synchronization, enjoys an optimization of information flow that alters the conscious states of its merging agents and enhances group performance capabilities. In the race for the neurobiological correlates of subjective experience, we attempt the first steps in the journey toward defining the physical basis of “group consciousness.” The establishment of a concrete account of the combination of consciousness at a scale superseding individual human consciousness remains speculation, but our suggested approach provides a framework for empirical testing of these possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Young
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Isabella Robbins
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Shivang Shelat
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
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11
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Staudigl T, Minxha J, Mamelak AN, Gothard KM, Rutishauser U. Saccade-related neural communication in the human medial temporal lobe is modulated by the social relevance of stimuli. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl6037. [PMID: 35302856 PMCID: PMC8932656 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl6037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Humans predominantly explore their environment by moving their eyes. To optimally communicate and process visual information, neural activity needs to be coordinated with the execution of eye movements. We investigated the coordination between visual exploration and interareal neural communication by analyzing local field potentials and single neuron activity in patients with epilepsy. We demonstrated that during the free viewing of images, neural communication between the human amygdala and hippocampus is coordinated with the execution of eye movements. The strength and direction of neural communication and hippocampal saccade-related phase alignment were strongest for fixations that landed on human faces. Our results argue that the state of the human medial temporal lobe network is selectively coordinated with motor behavior. Interareal neural communication was facilitated for social stimuli as indexed by the category of the attended information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Staudigl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Juri Minxha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Adam N. Mamelak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Katalin M. Gothard
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucscon, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Ueli Rutishauser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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12
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Young A, Hunt T, Ericson M. The Slowest Shared Resonance: A Review of Electromagnetic Field Oscillations Between Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:796455. [PMID: 35250508 PMCID: PMC8888685 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.796455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic field oscillations produced by the brain are increasingly being viewed as causal drivers of consciousness. Recent research has highlighted the importance of the body's various endogenous rhythms in organizing these brain-generated fields through various types of entrainment. We expand this approach by examining evidence of extracerebral shared oscillations between the brain and other parts of the body, in both humans and animals. We then examine the degree to which these data support one of General Resonance Theory's (GRT) principles: the Slowest Shared Resonance (SSR) principle, which states that the combination of micro- to macro-consciousness in coupled field systems is a function of the slowest common denominator frequency or resonance. This principle may be utilized to develop a spatiotemporal hierarchy of brain-body shared resonance systems. It is predicted that a system's SSR decreases with distance between the brain and various resonating structures in the body. The various resonance relationships examined, including between the brain and gastric neurons, brain and sensory organs, and brain and spinal cord, generally match the predicted SSR relationships, empirically supporting this principle of GRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Young
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Tam Hunt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Marissa Ericson
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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13
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Leszczynski M, Chaieb L, Staudigl T, Enkirch SJ, Fell J, Schroeder CE. Neural activity in the human anterior thalamus during natural vision. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17480. [PMID: 34471183 PMCID: PMC8410783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In natural vision humans and other primates explore environment by active sensing, using saccadic eye movements to relocate the fovea and sample different bits of information multiple times per second. Saccades induce a phase reset of ongoing neuronal oscillations in primary and higher-order visual cortices and in the medial temporal lobe. As a result, neuron ensembles are shifted to a common state at the time visual input propagates through the system (i.e., just after fixation). The extent of the brain’s circuitry that is modulated by saccades is not yet known. Here, we evaluate the possibility that saccadic phase reset impacts the anterior nuclei of the thalamus (ANT). Using recordings in the human thalamus of three surgical patients during natural vision, we found that saccades and visual stimulus onset both modulate neural activity, but with distinct field potential morphologies. Specifically, we found that fixation-locked field potentials had a component that preceded saccade onset. It was followed by an early negativity around 50 ms after fixation onset which is significantly faster than any response to visual stimulus presentation. The timing of these events suggests that the ANT is predictively modulated before the saccadic eye movement. We also found oscillatory phase concentration, peaking at 3–4 Hz, coincident with suppression of Broadband High-frequency Activity (BHA; 80–180 Hz), both locked to fixation onset supporting the idea that neural oscillations in these nuclei are reorganized to a low excitability state right after fixation onset. These findings show that during real-world natural visual exploration neural dynamics in the human ANT is influenced by visual and oculomotor events, which supports the idea that ANT, apart from their contribution to episodic memory, also play a role in natural vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Leszczynski
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive Kolb Annex Rm 561, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Translational Neuroscience Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
| | - Leila Chaieb
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Staudigl
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Juergen Fell
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive Kolb Annex Rm 561, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Translational Neuroscience Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
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14
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Oculo-retinal dynamics can explain the perception of minimal recognizable configurations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022792118. [PMID: 34417308 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022792118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural vision is a dynamic and continuous process. Under natural conditions, visual object recognition typically involves continuous interactions between ocular motion and visual contrasts, resulting in dynamic retinal activations. In order to identify the dynamic variables that participate in this process and are relevant for image recognition, we used a set of images that are just above and below the human recognition threshold and whose recognition typically requires >2 s of viewing. We recorded eye movements of participants while attempting to recognize these images within trials lasting 3 s. We then assessed the activation dynamics of retinal ganglion cells resulting from ocular dynamics using a computational model. We found that while the saccadic rate was similar between recognized and unrecognized trials, the fixational ocular speed was significantly larger for unrecognized trials. Interestingly, however, retinal activation level was significantly lower during these unrecognized trials. We used retinal activation patterns and oculomotor parameters of each fixation to train a binary classifier, classifying recognized from unrecognized trials. Only retinal activation patterns could predict recognition, reaching 80% correct classifications on the fourth fixation (on average, ∼2.5 s from trial onset). We thus conclude that the information that is relevant for visual perception is embedded in the dynamic interactions between the oculomotor sequence and the image. Hence, our results suggest that ocular dynamics play an important role in recognition and that understanding the dynamics of retinal activation is crucial for understanding natural vision.
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15
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Huber-Huber C, Buonocore A, Melcher D. The extrafoveal preview paradigm as a measure of predictive, active sampling in visual perception. J Vis 2021; 21:12. [PMID: 34283203 PMCID: PMC8300052 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.7.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A key feature of visual processing in humans is the use of saccadic eye movements to look around the environment. Saccades are typically used to bring relevant information, which is glimpsed with extrafoveal vision, into the high-resolution fovea for further processing. With the exception of some unusual circumstances, such as the first fixation when walking into a room, our saccades are mainly guided based on this extrafoveal preview. In contrast, the majority of experimental studies in vision science have investigated "passive" behavioral and neural responses to suddenly appearing and often temporally or spatially unpredictable stimuli. As reviewed here, a growing number of studies have investigated visual processing of objects under more natural viewing conditions in which observers move their eyes to a stationary stimulus, visible previously in extrafoveal vision, during each trial. These studies demonstrate that the extrafoveal preview has a profound influence on visual processing of objects, both for behavior and neural activity. Starting from the preview effect in reading research we follow subsequent developments in vision research more generally and finally argue that taking such evidence seriously leads to a reconceptualization of the nature of human visual perception that incorporates the strong influence of prediction and action on sensory processing. We review theoretical perspectives on visual perception under naturalistic viewing conditions, including theories of active vision, active sensing, and sampling. Although the extrafoveal preview paradigm has already provided useful information about the timing of, and potential mechanisms for, the close interaction of the oculomotor and visual systems while reading and in natural scenes, the findings thus far also raise many new questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Huber-Huber
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, The Netherlands
- CIMeC, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Antimo Buonocore
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tübingen University, Tübingen, BW, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen, BW, Germany
| | - David Melcher
- CIMeC, University of Trento, Italy
- Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, UAE
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16
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Thiery T, Saive AL, Combrisson E, Dehgan A, Bastin J, Kahane P, Berthoz A, Lachaux JP, Jerbi K. Decoding the neural dynamics of free choice in humans. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000864. [PMID: 33301439 PMCID: PMC7755286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How do we choose a particular action among equally valid alternatives? Nonhuman primate findings have shown that decision-making implicates modulations in unit firing rates and local field potentials (LFPs) across frontal and parietal cortices. Yet the electrophysiological brain mechanisms that underlie free choice in humans remain ill defined. Here, we address this question using rare intracerebral electroencephalography (EEG) recordings in surgical epilepsy patients performing a delayed oculomotor decision task. We find that the temporal dynamics of high-gamma (HG, 60-140 Hz) neural activity in distinct frontal and parietal brain areas robustly discriminate free choice from instructed saccade planning at the level of single trials. Classification analysis was applied to the LFP signals to isolate decision-related activity from sensory and motor planning processes. Compared with instructed saccades, free-choice trials exhibited delayed and longer-lasting HG activity during the delay period. The temporal dynamics of the decision-specific sustained HG activity indexed the unfolding of a deliberation process, rather than memory maintenance. Taken together, these findings provide the first direct electrophysiological evidence in humans for the role of sustained high-frequency neural activation in frontoparietal cortex in mediating the intrinsically driven process of freely choosing among competing behavioral alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Thiery
- Cognitive & Computational Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Department, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Lise Saive
- Cognitive & Computational Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Department, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Etienne Combrisson
- Cognitive & Computational Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Department, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Lyon, France
| | - Arthur Dehgan
- Cognitive & Computational Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Department, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julien Bastin
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | - Karim Jerbi
- Cognitive & Computational Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Department, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
- MILA (Québec Artificial Intelligence Institute), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre UNIQUE (Union Neurosciences & Intelligence Artificielle), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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17
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Tomassini A, Maris E, Hilt P, Fadiga L, D’Ausilio A. Visual detection is locked to the internal dynamics of cortico-motor control. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000898. [PMID: 33079930 PMCID: PMC7598921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Movements overtly sample sensory information, making sensory analysis an active-sensing process. In this study, we show that visual information sampling is not just locked to the (overt) movement dynamics but to the internal (covert) dynamics of cortico-motor control. We asked human participants to perform continuous isometric contraction while detecting unrelated and unpredictable near-threshold visual stimuli. The motor output (force) shows zero-lag coherence with brain activity (recorded via electroencephalography) in the beta-band, as previously reported. In contrast, cortical rhythms in the alpha-band systematically forerun the motor output by 200 milliseconds. Importantly, visual detection is facilitated when cortico-motor alpha (not beta) synchronization is enhanced immediately before stimulus onset, namely, at the optimal phase relationship for sensorimotor communication. These findings demonstrate an ongoing coupling between visual sampling and motor control, suggesting the operation of an internal and alpha-cycling visuomotor loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Tomassini
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Ferrara, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Eric Maris
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Cognition (DCC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Hilt
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Ferrara, Italy
- Università di Ferrara, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgico Specialistiche, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro D’Ausilio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Ferrara, Italy
- Università di Ferrara, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgico Specialistiche, Ferrara, Italy
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18
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Eles JR, Stieger KC, Kozai TDY. The temporal pattern of Intracortical Microstimulation pulses elicits distinct temporal and spatial recruitment of cortical neuropil and neurons. J Neural Eng 2020; 18. [PMID: 33075762 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abc29c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The spacing or distribution of stimulation pulses of therapeutic neurostimulation waveforms-referred to here as the Temporal Pattern (TP)-has emerged as an important parameter for tuning the response to deep-brain stimulation and intracortical microstimulation (ICMS). While it has long been assumed that modulating the TP of ICMS may be effective by altering the rate coding of the neural response, it is unclear how it alters the neural response at the neural network level. The present study is designed to elucidate the neural response to TP at the network level. APPROACH We use in vivo two-photon imaging of ICMS in mice expressing the calcium sensor Thy1-GCaMP or the glutamate sensor hSyn-iGluSnFr to examine the layer II/III neural response to stimulations with different TPs. We study the neuronal calcium and glutamate response to TPs with the same average frequency (10Hz) and same total charge injection, but varying degrees of bursting. We also investigate one control pattern with an average frequency of 100Hz and 10X the charge injection. MAIN RESULTS Stimulation trains with the same average frequency (10 Hz) and same total charge injection but distinct temporal patterns recruits distinct sets of neurons. More-than-half (60% of 309 cells) prefer one temporal pattern over the other. Despite their distinct spatial recruitment patterns, both cells exhibit similar ability to follow 30s trains of both TPs without failing, and they exhibit similar levels of glutamate release during stimulation. Both neuronal calcium and glutamate release train to the bursting TP pattern (~21-fold increase in relative power at the frequency of bursting. Bursting also results in a statistically significant elevation in the correlation between somatic calcium activity and neuropil activity, which we explore as a metric for inhibitory-excitatory tone. Interestingly, soma-neuropil correlation during the bursting pattern is a statistically significant predictor of cell preference for TP, which exposes a key link between inhibitory-excitatory tone. Finally, using mesoscale imaging, we show that both TPs result in distal inhibition during stimulation, which reveals complex spatial and temporal interactions between temporal pattern and inhibitory-excitatory tone in ICMS. SIGNIFICANCE Our results may ultimately suggest that TP is a valuable parameter space to modulate inhibitory-excitatory tone as well as distinct network activity in ICMS. This presents a broader mechanism of action than rate coding, as previously thought. By implicating these additional mechanisms, TP may have broader utility in the clinic and should be pursued to expand the efficacy of ICMS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Eles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, UNITED STATES
| | - Kevin C Stieger
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, UNITED STATES
| | - Takashi D Yoshida Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, 5059-BST3, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, UNITED STATES
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19
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Gruber LZ, Ahissar E. Closed loop motor-sensory dynamics in human vision. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240660. [PMID: 33057398 PMCID: PMC7561174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision is obtained with a continuous motion of the eyes. The kinematic analysis of eye motion, during any visual or ocular task, typically reveals two (kinematic) components: saccades, which quickly replace the visual content in the retinal fovea, and drifts, which slowly scan the image after each saccade. While the saccadic exchange of regions of interest (ROIs) is commonly considered to be included in motor-sensory closed-loops, it is commonly assumed that drifts function in an open-loop manner, that is, independent of the concurrent visual input. Accordingly, visual perception is assumed to be based on a sequence of open-loop processes, each initiated by a saccade-triggered retinal snapshot. Here we directly challenged this assumption by testing the dependency of drift kinematics on concurrent visual inputs using real-time gaze-contingent-display. Our results demonstrate a dependency of the trajectory on the concurrent visual input, convergence of speed to condition-specific values and maintenance of selected drift-related motor-sensory controlled variables, all strongly indicative of drifts being included in a closed-loop brain-world process, and thus suggesting that vision is inherently a closed-loop process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ehud Ahissar
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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20
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Zweifel NO, Hartmann MJZ. Defining "active sensing" through an analysis of sensing energetics: homeoactive and alloactive sensing. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:40-48. [PMID: 32432502 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00608.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The term "active sensing" has been defined in multiple ways. Most strictly, the term refers to sensing that uses self-generated energy to sample the environment (e.g., echolocation). More broadly, the definition includes all sensing that occurs when the sensor is moving (e.g., tactile stimuli obtained by an immobile versus moving fingertip) and, broader still, includes all sensing guided by attention or intent (e.g., purposeful eye movements). The present work offers a framework to help disambiguate aspects of the "active sensing" terminology and reveals properties of tactile sensing unique among all modalities. The framework begins with the well-described "sensorimotor loop," which expresses the perceptual process as a cycle involving four subsystems: environment, sensor, nervous system, and actuator. Using system dynamics, we examine how information flows through the loop. This "sensory-energetic loop" reveals two distinct sensing mechanisms that subdivide active sensing into homeoactive and alloactive sensing. In homeoactive sensing, the animal can change the state of the environment, while in alloactive sensing the animal can alter only the sensor's configurational parameters and thus the mapping between input and output. Given these new definitions, examination of the sensory-energetic loop helps identify two unique characteristics of tactile sensing: 1) in tactile systems, alloactive and homeoactive sensing merge to a mutually controlled sensing mechanism, and 2) tactile sensing may require fundamentally different predictions to anticipate reafferent input. We expect this framework may help resolve ambiguities in the active sensing community and form a basis for future theoretical and experimental work regarding alloactive and homeoactive sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadina O Zweifel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Mitra J Z Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
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21
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Predictive whisker kinematics reveal context-dependent sensorimotor strategies. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000571. [PMID: 32453721 PMCID: PMC7274460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals actively move their sensory organs in order to acquire sensory information. Some rodents, such as mice and rats, employ cyclic scanning motions of their facial whiskers to explore their proximal surrounding, a behavior known as whisking. Here, we investigated the contingency of whisking kinematics on the animal's behavioral context that arises from both internal processes (attention and expectations) and external constraints (available sensory and motor degrees of freedom). We recorded rat whisking at high temporal resolution in 2 experimental contexts-freely moving or head-fixed-and 2 spatial sensory configurations-a single row or 3 caudal whiskers on each side of the snout. We found that rapid sensorimotor twitches, called pumps, occurring during free-air whisking carry information about the rat's upcoming exploratory direction, as demonstrated by the ability of these pumps to predict consequent head and body locomotion. Specifically, pump behavior during both voluntary motionlessness and imposed head fixation exposed a backward redistribution of sensorimotor exploratory resources. Further, head-fixed rats employed a wide range of whisking profiles to compensate for the loss of head- and body-motor degrees of freedom. Finally, changing the number of intact vibrissae available to a rat resulted in an alteration of whisking strategy consistent with the rat actively reallocating its remaining resources. In sum, this work shows that rats adapt their active exploratory behavior in a homeostatic attempt to preserve sensorimotor coverage under changing environmental conditions and changing sensory capacities, including those imposed by various laboratory conditions.
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22
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Zalta A, Petkoski S, Morillon B. Natural rhythms of periodic temporal attention. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1051. [PMID: 32103014 PMCID: PMC7044316 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14888-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
That attention is a fundamentally rhythmic process has recently received abundant empirical evidence. The essence of temporal attention, however, is to flexibly focus in time. Whether this function is constrained by an underlying rhythmic neural mechanism is unknown. In six interrelated experiments, we behaviourally quantify the sampling capacities of periodic temporal attention during auditory or visual perception. We reveal the presence of limited attentional capacities, with an optimal sampling rate of ~1.4 Hz in audition and ~0.7 Hz in vision. Investigating the motor contribution to temporal attention, we show that it scales with motor rhythmic precision, maximal at ~1.7 Hz. Critically, motor modulation is beneficial to auditory but detrimental to visual temporal attention. These results are captured by a computational model of coupled oscillators, that reveals the underlying structural constraints governing the temporal alignment between motor and attention fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Zalta
- Inserm, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Aix Marseille University, 13005, Marseille, France
- APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, Aix Marseille University, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Spase Petkoski
- Inserm, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Aix Marseille University, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Morillon
- Inserm, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Aix Marseille University, 13005, Marseille, France.
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