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Patel A, Dharap A. An Emerging Role for Enhancer RNAs in Brain Disorders. Neuromolecular Med 2024; 26:7. [PMID: 38546891 PMCID: PMC11263973 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-024-08776-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Noncoding DNA undergoes widespread context-dependent transcription to produce noncoding RNAs. In recent decades, tremendous advances in genomics and transcriptomics have revealed important regulatory roles for noncoding DNA elements and the RNAs that they produce. Enhancers are one such element that are well-established drivers of gene expression changes in response to a variety of factors such as external stimuli, cellular responses, developmental cues, and disease states. They are known to act at long distances, interact with multiple target gene loci simultaneously, synergize with other enhancers, and associate with dynamic chromatin architectures to form a complex regulatory network. Recent advances in enhancer biology have revealed that upon activation, enhancers transcribe long noncoding RNAs, known as enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), that have been shown to play important roles in enhancer-mediated gene regulation and chromatin-modifying activities. In the brain, enhancer dysregulation and eRNA transcription has been reported in numerous disorders from acute injuries to chronic neurodegeneration. Because this is an emerging area, a comprehensive understanding of eRNA function has not yet been achieved in brain disorders; however, the findings to date have illuminated a role for eRNAs in activity-driven gene expression and phenotypic outcomes. In this review, we highlight the breadth of the current literature on eRNA biology in brain health and disease and discuss the challenges as well as focus areas and strategies for future in-depth research on eRNAs in brain health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Patel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Byrd Alzheimer's Center & Research Institute, USF Health Neuroscience Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ashutosh Dharap
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Byrd Alzheimer's Center & Research Institute, USF Health Neuroscience Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
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2
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Farahmand Y, Nabiuni M, Vafaei Mastanabad M, Sheibani M, Mahmood BS, Obayes AM, Asadi F, Davallou R. The exo-microRNA (miRNA) signaling pathways in pathogenesis and treatment of stroke diseases: Emphasize on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3917. [PMID: 38379232 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
A major factor in long-term impairment is stroke. Patients with persistent stroke and severe functional disabilities have few therapy choices. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) may contribute to the regulation of the pathophysiologic processes of ischemic stroke as shown by altered expression of lncRNAs and microRNA (miRNAs) in blood samples of acute ischemic stroke patients. On the other hand, multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) increase neurogenesis, and angiogenesis, dampen neuroinflammation, and boost brain plasticity to improve functional recovery in experimental stroke models. MSCs can be procured from various sources such as the bone marrow, adipose tissue, and peripheral blood. Under the proper circumstances, MSCs can differentiate into a variety of mature cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Accordingly, the capability of MSCs to exert neuroprotection and also neurogenesis has recently attracted more attention. Nowadays, lncRNAs and miRNAs derived from MSCs have opened new avenues to alleviate stroke symptoms. Accordingly, in this review article, we examined various studies concerning the lncRNAs and miRNAs' role in stroke pathogenesis and delivered an overview of the therapeutic role of MSC-derived miRNAs and lncRNAs in stroke conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Farahmand
- School of Medicine, Terhan University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabiuni
- Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Vafaei Mastanabad
- Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Sheibani
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Ali Mohammed Obayes
- College of Nursing, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Fatemeh Asadi
- Department of Genetics, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
- Department of Genetics, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - Rosa Davallou
- Department of Neurology, Sayyad Shirazi Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Siences, Gorgan, Iran
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3
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Geleta U, Prajapati P, Bachstetter A, Nelson PT, Wang WX. Sex-Biased Expression and Response of microRNAs in Neurological Diseases and Neurotrauma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2648. [PMID: 38473893 PMCID: PMC10931569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases and neurotrauma manifest significant sex differences in prevalence, progression, outcome, and therapeutic responses. Genetic predisposition, sex hormones, inflammation, and environmental exposures are among many physiological and pathological factors that impact the sex disparity in neurological diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a powerful class of gene expression regulator that are extensively involved in mediating biological pathways. Emerging evidence demonstrates that miRNAs play a crucial role in the sex dimorphism observed in various human diseases, including neurological diseases. Understanding the sex differences in miRNA expression and response is believed to have important implications for assessing the risk of neurological disease, defining therapeutic intervention strategies, and advancing both basic research and clinical investigations. However, there is limited research exploring the extent to which miRNAs contribute to the sex disparities observed in various neurological diseases. Here, we review the current state of knowledge related to the sexual dimorphism in miRNAs in neurological diseases and neurotrauma research. We also discuss how sex chromosomes may contribute to the miRNA sexual dimorphism phenomenon. We attempt to emphasize the significance of sexual dimorphism in miRNA biology in human diseases and to advocate a gender/sex-balanced science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urim Geleta
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (U.G.); (P.P.); (A.B.); (P.T.N.)
| | - Paresh Prajapati
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (U.G.); (P.P.); (A.B.); (P.T.N.)
| | - Adam Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (U.G.); (P.P.); (A.B.); (P.T.N.)
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Peter T. Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (U.G.); (P.P.); (A.B.); (P.T.N.)
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Wang-Xia Wang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (U.G.); (P.P.); (A.B.); (P.T.N.)
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Zhang F, Zhang L, Yu H. Potential Druggability of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell-derived Exosomes. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:1195-1209. [PMID: 38523514 DOI: 10.2174/011574888x311270240319084835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC-Exos) are advantageous candidate sources for novel acellular therapy. Despite the current standards of good manufacturing practice (GMP), the deficiency of suitable quality-control methods and the difficulties in large-scale preparation largely restrict the development of therapeutic products and their clinical applications worldwide. Herein, we mainly focus on three dominating issues commonly encountered in exosomal GMP, including issues upstream of the cell culture process, downstream of the purification process, exosomes quality control, and the drug properties of exosomes and their druggability from a corporate perspective. Collectively, in this review article, we put forward the issues of preparing clinical exosome drugs for the treatment of diverse diseases and provide new references for the clinical application of GMP-grade MSC-Exos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Leisheng Zhang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University), Jinan, 250031, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hao Yu
- The Postdoctoral Research Station, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Immunomodulatory Effects and Potential Applications in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:7538025. [PMID: 35222648 PMCID: PMC8881131 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7538025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degenerative disease is a common health problem worldwide. Administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) has been widely explored in recent years. However, transplantation of MSCs is restricted by several factors. Currently, paracrine signaling is one of the main mechanisms by which MSCs play a therapeutic role in disc regeneration. Extracellular vehicles (EVs) are the main paracrine products of MSCs. They show great potential as an effective alternative to MSCs and play immunomodulation roles such as anti-inflammatory effects, antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis, and antiextracellular matrix (ECM) degradation during treatment of IVDD. This review focuses on the immunomodulatory effect of MSC EVs and their potential applications.
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Yin X, Wang X, Wang S, Xia Y, Chen H, Yin L, Hu K. Screening for Regulatory Network of miRNA–Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Prognosis-Related mRNA in Acute Myocardial Infarction: An in silico and Validation Study. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:1715-1731. [PMID: 35210840 PMCID: PMC8863347 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s354359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which commonly leads to heart failure, is among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The aim of this study was to find potential regulatory network for miRNA-inflammation, oxidative stress and prognosis-related mRNA to uncover molecular mechanisms of AMI. Methods The expression profiles of miRNA and mRNA in the blood samples from AMI patients were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset for differential expression analysis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to further identify important mRNAs. The negatively regulatory network construction of miRNA–inflammation, oxidative stress and prognosis-related mRNAs was performed, followed by protein–protein interaction (PPI) and functional analysis of mRNAs. Results A total of three pairs of negatively regulatory network of miRNA–inflammation and prognosis-related mRNAs (hsa-miR-636/hsa-miR-491-3p/hsa-miR-188-5p/hsa-miR-188-3p-AQP9, hsa-miR-518a-3p-C5AR1 and hsa-miR-509-3-5p/hsa-miR-127-5p-PLAUR), two pairs of negatively regulatory network of miRNA–oxidative stress and prognosis-related mRNAs (hsa-miR-604-TLR4 and hsa-miR-139-5p-CXCL1) and three pairs of negatively regulatory network of miRNA-inflammation, oxidative stress and prognosis-related mRNA (hsa-miR-634/hsa-miR-591-TLR2, hsa-miR-938-NFKBIA and hsa-miR-520h/hsa-miR-450b-3p-ADM) were identified. In the KEGG analysis, some signaling pathways were identified, such as complement and coagulation cascades, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, chemokine signaling pathway and cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Conclusion Identified negatively regulatory network of miRNA-inflammation/oxidative stress and prognosis-related mRNA may be involved in the process of AMI. Those inflammation/oxidative stress and prognosis-related mRNAs may be diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunli Yin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Seventh People’s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Seventh People’s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiai Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Seventh People’s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youwei Xia
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Seventh People’s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huihui Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Seventh People’s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Yin
- Department of Conduit Room, The Seventh People’s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keqing Hu
- Cardiovascular Department, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, People's Republic of China
- Correspondence: Keqing Hu, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Cardiovascular Department,105#, Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, Shandong, China, Tel +86 0531-85695114, Fax +86 0531-86942457 Email
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Lopez MS, Morris-Blanco KC, Ly N, Maves C, Dempsey RJ, Vemuganti R. MicroRNA miR-21 Decreases Post-stroke Brain Damage in Rodents. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 13:483-493. [PMID: 34796453 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to their role in controlling translation, microRNAs emerged as novel therapeutic targets to modulate post-stroke outcomes. We previously reported that miR-21 is the most abundantly induced microRNA in the brain of rodents subjected to preconditioning-induced cerebral ischemic tolerance. We currently show that intracerebral administration of miR-21 mimic decreased the infarct volume and promoted better motor function recovery in adult male and female C57BL/6 mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. The miR-21 mimic treatment is also efficacious in aged mice of both sexes subjected to focal ischemia. Mechanistically, miR-21 mimic treatment decreased the post-ischemic levels of several pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory RNAs, which might be responsible for the observed neuroprotection. We further observed post-ischemic neuroprotection in adult mice administered with miR-21 mimic intravenously. Overall, the results of this study implicate miR-21 as a promising candidate for therapeutic translation after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Lopez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.,Cell & Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | | | - Nancy Ly
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Carly Maves
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Robert J Dempsey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA. .,Cell & Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA. .,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Pignataro G. Emerging Role of microRNAs in Stroke Protection Elicited by Remote Postconditioning. Front Neurol 2021; 12:748709. [PMID: 34744984 PMCID: PMC8567963 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.748709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) represents an innovative and attractive neuroprotective approach in brain ischemia. The purpose of this intervention is to activate endogenous tolerance mechanisms by inflicting a subliminal ischemia injury to the limbs, or to another “remote” region, leading to a protective systemic response against ischemic brain injury. Among the multiple candidates that have been proposed as putative mediators of the protective effect generated by the subthreshold peripheral ischemic insult, it has been hypothesized that microRNAs may play a vital role in the infarct-sparing effect of RIC. The effect of miRNAs can be exploited at different levels: (1) as transducers of protective messages to the brain or (2) as effectors of brain protection. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the most recent evidence supporting the involvement of microRNAs in brain protection elicited by remote conditioning, highlighting potential and pitfalls in their exploitation as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. The understanding of these processes could help provide light on the molecular pathways involved in brain protection for the future development of miRNA-based theranostic agents in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Baltan S, Sandau US, Brunet S, Bastian C, Tripathi A, Nguyen H, Liu H, Saugstad JA, Zarnegarnia Y, Dutta R. Identification of miRNAs That Mediate Protective Functions of Anti-Cancer Drugs During White Matter Ischemic Injury. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211042220. [PMID: 34619990 PMCID: PMC8642107 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211042220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that two anti-cancer drugs, CX-4945 and MS-275, protect and preserve white matter (WM) architecture and improve functional recovery in a model of WM ischemic injury. While both compounds promote recovery, CX-4945 is a selective Casein kinase 2 (CK2) inhibitor and MS-275 is a selective Class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Alterations in microRNAs (miRNAs) mediate some of the protective actions of these drugs. In this study, we aimed to (1) identify miRNAs expressed in mouse optic nerves (MONs); (2) determine which miRNAs are regulated by oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD); and (3) determine the effects of CX-4945 and MS-275 treatment on miRNA expression. RNA isolated from MONs from control and OGD-treated animals with and without CX-4945 or MS-275 treatment were quantified using NanoString nCounter® miRNA expression profiling. Comparative analysis of experimental groups revealed that 12 miRNAs were expressed at high levels in MONs. OGD upregulated five miRNAs (miR-1959, miR-501-3p, miR-146b, miR-201, and miR-335-3p) and downregulated two miRNAs (miR-1937a and miR-1937b) compared to controls. OGD with CX-4945 upregulated miR-1937a and miR-1937b, and downregulated miR-501-3p, miR-200a, miR-1959, and miR-654-3p compared to OGD alone. OGD with MS-275 upregulated miR-2134, miR-2141, miR-2133, miR-34b-5p, miR-153, miR-487b, miR-376b, and downregulated miR-717, miR-190, miR-27a, miR-1959, miR-200a, miR-501-3p, and miR-200c compared to OGD alone. Interestingly, miR-501-3p and miR-1959 were the only miRNAs upregulated by OGD, and downregulated by OGD plus CX-4945 and MS-275. Therefore, we suggest that protective functions of CX-4945 or MS-275 against WM injury maybe mediated, in part, through miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selva Baltan
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Selva Baltan, Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Mackenzie Hall 2140A, L459, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Ursula S. Sandau
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sylvain Brunet
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Chinthasagar Bastian
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ajai Tripathi
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Hung Nguyen
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Helen Liu
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Julie A. Saugstad
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yalda Zarnegarnia
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Ruiz D, Bhattarai S, Dharap A. Sex-based eRNA expression and function in ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105149. [PMID: 34358636 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enhancer-derived RNAs (eRNAs) are a new class of long noncoding RNA that have roles in modulating enhancer-mediated gene transcription, which ultimately influences phenotypic outcomes. We recently published the first study mapping genome-wide eRNA expression in the male mouse cortex during ischemic stroke and identified 77 eRNAs that were significantly altered following a 1 h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 6 h of reperfusion, as compared to sham controls. Knockdown of one such stroke-induced eRNA - eRNA_06347 - resulted in significantly larger infarcts, demonstrating a role for eRNA_06347 in modulating the post-stroke pathophysiology in males. In the current study, we applied quantitative real-time PCR to evaluate whether the 77 eRNAs identified in the male cortex also show altered expression in the post-stroke female cortex. Using age-matched and time-matched female mice, we found that only a subset of the 77 eRNAs were detected in the post-stroke female cortex. Of these, only a small fraction showed similar temporal expression characteristics as males, including eRNA_06347 which was highly induced in both sexes. Knockdown of eRNA_06347 in the female cortex resulted in significantly increased infarct volumes that were closely matched to those in males, indicating that eRNA_06347 modulates the post-stroke pathophysiology similarly in males and females. This suggests a common underlying role for eRNA_06347 in the two sexes. Overall, this is the first study to evaluate eRNA expression and perturbation in the female cortex during stroke, and present a comparative analysis between males and females. Our findings show that eRNAs have sex-dependent and sex-independent expression patterns that may be of significance to the pathophysiological responses to stroke in the two sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diandra Ruiz
- Laboratory for Stroke Research and Noncoding RNA Biology, JFK Neuroscience Institute, HackensackMeridian Health JFK University Medical Center, Edison, NJ, 08820, USA
| | - Sunil Bhattarai
- Laboratory for Stroke Research and Noncoding RNA Biology, JFK Neuroscience Institute, HackensackMeridian Health JFK University Medical Center, Edison, NJ, 08820, USA
| | - Ashutosh Dharap
- Laboratory for Stroke Research and Noncoding RNA Biology, JFK Neuroscience Institute, HackensackMeridian Health JFK University Medical Center, Edison, NJ, 08820, USA; Department of Neurology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA.
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New epigenetic players in stroke pathogenesis: From non-coding RNAs to exosomal non-coding RNAs. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111753. [PMID: 34044272 PMCID: PMC8222190 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have critical role in the pathophysiology as well as recovery after ischemic stroke. ncRNAs, particularly microRNAs, and the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are critical for angiogenesis and neuroprotection, and they have been suggested to be therapeutic, diagnostic and prognostic tools in cerebrovascular diseases, including stroke. Moreover, exosomes have been considered as nanocarriers capable of transferring various cargos, such as lncRNAs and miRNAs to recipient cells, with prominent inter-cellular roles in the mediation of neuro-restorative events following strokes and neural injuries. In this review, we summarize the pathogenic role of ncRNAs and exosomal ncRNAs in the stroke.
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12
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Klyachko NL, Arzt CJ, Li SM, Gololobova OA, Batrakova EV. Extracellular Vesicle-Based Therapeutics: Preclinical and Clinical Investigations. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1171. [PMID: 33271883 PMCID: PMC7760239 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug nanoformulations hold remarkable promise for the efficient delivery of therapeutics to a disease site. Unfortunately, artificial nanocarriers, mostly liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles, show limited applications due to the unfavorable pharmacokinetics and rapid clearance from the blood circulation by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Besides, many of them have high cytotoxicity, low biodegradability, and the inability to cross biological barriers, including the blood brain barrier. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are novel candidates for drug delivery systems with high bioavailability, exceptional biocompatibility, and low immunogenicity. They provide a means for intercellular communication and the transmission of bioactive compounds to targeted tissues, cells, and organs. These features have made them increasingly attractive as a therapeutic platform in recent years. However, there are many obstacles to designing EV-based therapeutics. In this review, we will outline the main hurdles and limitations for therapeutic and clinical applications of drug loaded EV formulations and describe various attempts to solve these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L. Klyachko
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (N.L.K.); (O.A.G.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.J.A.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Camryn J. Arzt
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.J.A.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Samuel M. Li
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.J.A.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Olesia A. Gololobova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (N.L.K.); (O.A.G.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.J.A.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Elena V. Batrakova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (N.L.K.); (O.A.G.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.J.A.); (S.M.L.)
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Rahmani A, Saleki K, Javanmehr N, Khodaparast J, Saadat P, Nouri HR. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle-based therapies protect against coupled degeneration of the central nervous and vascular systems in stroke. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101106. [PMID: 32565329 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based treatments have been suggested as promising candidates for stroke. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported as potential therapeutics for a wide range of diseases. In particular, clinical trial studies have suggested MSCs for stroke therapy. The focus of MSC treatments has been directed towards cell replacement. However, recent research has lately highlighted their paracrine actions. The secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is offered to be the main therapeutic mechanism of MSC therapy. However, EV-based treatments may provide a wider therapeutic window compared to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the traditional treatment for stroke. Exosomes are nano-sized EVs secreted by most cell types, and can be isolated from conditioned cell media or body fluids such as plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Exosomes apply their effects through targeting their cargos such as microRNAs (miRs), DNAs, messenger RNAs, and proteins at the host cells, which leads to a shift in the behavior of the recipient cells. It has been indicated that exosomes, in particular their functional cargoes, play a significant role in the coupled pathogenesis and recovery of stroke through affecting the neurovascular unit (NVU). Therefore, it seems that exosomes could be utilized as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in stroke treatment. The miRs are small endogenous non-coding RNA molecules which serve as the main functional cargo of exosomes, and apply their effects as epigenetic regulators. These versatile non-coding RNA molecules are involved in various stages of stroke and affect stroke-related factors. Moreover, the involvement of aging-induced changes to specific miRs profile in stroke further highlights the role of miRs. Thus, miRs could be utilized as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools in stroke. In this review, we discuss the roles of stem cells, exosomes, and their application in stroke therapy. We also highlight the usage of miRs as a therapeutic choice in stroke therapy.
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14
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Knock down of lncRNA H19 promotes axon sprouting and functional recovery after cerebral ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2020; 1732:146681. [PMID: 31991123 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of irreversible brain damages and disabilities. In the past decade, much attention has been focused on exploring effective strategies to promote circuit reorganization and functional recovery post injury. Here, we showed that the expression level of a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA H19) is bilaterally increased in the sensorimotor cortex after a cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Knock down of contralaterally elevated H19 robustly enhanced the midline-crossing sprouting of the intact corticospinal axons in the spinal cord. Furthermore, H19 knockdown mice showed significant improvement on the performance of the food pellet retrieval assay, a skilled, cortical dependent motor task. Mechanistically, lncRNA H19 inhibition increased IGF1R expression and activated IGF1 mediated mTOR pathway. Our research thereby provided novel insights into identifying therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke.
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15
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MicroRNAs in central nervous system diseases: A prospective role in regulating blood-brain barrier integrity. Exp Neurol 2019; 323:113094. [PMID: 31676317 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Given the essential role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the central nervous system (CNS), cumulative investigations have been performed to elucidate how modulation of BBB structural and functional integrity affects the pathogenesis of CNS diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injuries, dementia, and cerebral infection. Recent studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to the maintenance of the BBB and thereby mediate CNS homeostasis. This review summarizes emerging studies that demonstrate cerebral miRNAs regulate BBB function in CNS disorders, emphasizing the direct role of miRNAs in BBB molecular composition. Evidence presented in this review will encourage a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which miRNAs regulate BBB function, and facilitate the development of new miRNAs-based therapies in patients with CNS diseases.
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16
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Kim T, Chelluboina B, Chokkalla AK, Vemuganti R. Age and sex differences in the pathophysiology of acute CNS injury. Neurochem Int 2019; 127:22-28. [PMID: 30654116 PMCID: PMC6579702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the immeasurable burden on patients and families, no effective therapies to protect the CNS after an acute injury are available yet. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms that promote neuronal death and functional deficits after injury remain to be poorly understood. The prevalence, age of onset, pathophysiology, and symptomatology of many CNS insults differ significantly between males and females. In the case of stroke, younger males tend to show a higher risk than younger females, while this trend reverses with age. Accumulating evidence from preclinical studies have shown that sex hormones play a crucial role in providing neuroprotection following ischemic stroke and other acute CNS injuries. Estrogen, in particular, exerts a neuroprotective effect by modulating the immune responses after injury. In addition, there exists a sexual dimorphism in cell death pathways between males and females that are independent of hormones. Meanwhile, recent studies suggest that microRNAs are critically involved in the sex-specific mechanisms of cell death. This review discusses the current knowledge on the contribution of sex and age to outcome after stroke. Implication of the interplay between these two factors on other CNS injuries (spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury) from the experimental evidence were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- TaeHee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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17
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Ghoreishy A, Khosravi A, Ghaemmaghami A. Exosomal microRNA and stroke: A review. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16352-16361. [PMID: 31219202 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels rupture or occlusion in brain results in stroke. Stroke is the major reason for mortality and dysfunction worldwide. Despite several attempts, there are no any approved therapeutic approaches for stroke subjects. The most neuroprotective agents showed the positive effects in preclinical reports, while there are no significant therapeutic impacts in the clinical trials. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs which involved in the modulation of a variety of cellular and molecular pathways. Given that deregulation of these molecules is related to initiation and progression of stroke. Exosomes are nano-carriers which are able to transfer different cargos such as miRNAs to recipient cells. Increasing evidence revealed that exosomal miRNAs are one of very important factors which are involved in the pathogenesis of stroke. Hence, more understanding about the role of exosomal miRNAs in stroke pathogenesis could contribute in discovering and developing new therapeutic approaches. Moreover, it has been proved the exosomal miRNAs could be used as noninvasive biomarkers in diagnosis and monitoring response to therapy in subjects with stroke. Herein for first time, we summarized different exosomal miRNAs involved in pathogenesis of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Ghoreishy
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Alireza Khosravi
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Science, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemmaghami
- Department of Psychology, Behaviour, Genetics and Neurobiology Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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18
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Rudy RF, Charoenvimolphan N, Qian B, Berndt A, Friedlander RM, Weiss ST, Du R. A Genome-Wide Analysis of the Penumbral Volume in Inbred Mice following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5070. [PMID: 30911049 PMCID: PMC6433893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Following ischemic stroke, the penumbra, at-risk neural tissue surrounding the core infarct, survives for a variable period of time before progressing to infarction. We investigated genetic determinants of the size of penumbra in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using a genome-wide approach. 449 male mice from 33 inbred strains underwent MCAO for 6 hours (215 mice) or 24 hours (234 mice). A genome-wide association study using genetic data from the Mouse HapMap project was performed to examine the effects of genetic variants on the penumbra ratio, defined as the ratio of the infarct volume after 6 hours to the infarct volume after 24 hours of MCAO. Efficient mixed model analysis was used to account for strain interrelatedness. Penumbra ratio differed significantly by strain (F = 2.7, P < 0.001) and was associated with 18 significant SNPs, including 6 protein coding genes. We have identified 6 candidate genes for penumbra ratio: Clint1, Nbea, Smtnl2, Rin3, Dclk1, and Slc24a4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Rudy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Baogang Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annerose Berndt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert M Friedlander
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rose Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. .,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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19
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van Kralingen JC, McFall A, Ord ENJ, Coyle TF, Bissett M, McClure JD, McCabe C, Macrae IM, Dawson J, Work LM. Altered Extracellular Vesicle MicroRNA Expression in Ischemic Stroke and Small Vessel Disease. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 10:495-508. [PMID: 30617992 PMCID: PMC6733813 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Active transport of microRNAs (miRNA) in extracellular vesicles (EV) occurs in disease. Circulating EV-packaged miRNAs in the serum of stroke patients were compared to stroke mimics with matched cardio- and cerebrovascular risk factors, with corroboration of results in a pre-clinical model. An unbiased miRNA microarray was performed in stroke vs. stroke mimic patients (n = 39). Results were validated (n = 173 patients) by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. miRNA expression was quantified in total serum/EV (n = 5-7) of naïve adult spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP), their normotensive reference strain (Wistar Kyoto, WKY) and in circulating EV (n = 3), peri-infarct brain (n = 6), or EV derived from this region (n = 3) in SHRSP following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Circulating EV concentration did not differ between stroke and stroke mimic patients. The microarray identified many altered EV-packaged miRNAs: levels of miRNA-17-5p, -20b-5p and -93-5p (miRNA-17 family members) and miRNA-27b-3p were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in stroke vs. stroke mimic patients. Patients with small vessel disease (SVD) consistently had the highest miRNA levels. Circulating EV concentration was unaltered between naïve SHRSP and WKY but levels of miRNA-17-5p and -93-5p were significantly increased in SHRSP. tMCAO in SHRSP did not further alter circulating EV miRNA-17 family member expression and nor did it change total miRNA-17 family levels in peri-infarct brain tissue or in EV isolated from this region at 24 h post-tMCAO. Changes in EV packaged miRNA expression was validated in patients with stroke, particularly those with SVD and corroborated pre-clinically. Together, altered circulating EV levels of miRNA-17 family members may reflect the chronic sequelae underlying cerebrovascular SVD rather than the acute ischemic stroke itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie C van Kralingen
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aisling McFall
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emily N J Ord
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas F Coyle
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Bissett
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John D McClure
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher McCabe
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - I Mhairi Macrae
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jesse Dawson
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lorraine M Work
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. .,BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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20
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Kim T, Mehta SL, Morris-Blanco KC, Chokkalla AK, Chelluboina B, Lopez M, Sullivan R, Kim HT, Cook TD, Kim JY, Kim H, Kim C, Vemuganti R. The microRNA miR-7a-5p ameliorates ischemic brain damage by repressing α-synuclein. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaat4285. [PMID: 30538177 PMCID: PMC7005928 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat4285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, which is caused by a clot that blocks blood flow to the brain, can be severely disabling and sometimes fatal. We previously showed that transient focal ischemia in a rat model induces extensive temporal changes in the expression of cerebral microRNAs, with a sustained decrease in the abundance of miR-7a-5p (miR-7). Here, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of a miR-7 mimic oligonucleotide after cerebral ischemia in rodents according to the Stroke Treatment Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) criteria. Rodents were injected locally or systemically with miR-7 mimic before or after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Decreased miR-7 expression was observed in both young and aged rats of both sexes after cerebral ischemia. Pre- or postischemic treatment with miR-7 mimic decreased the lesion volume in both sexes and ages studied. Furthermore, systemic injection of miR-7 mimic into mice at 30 min (but not 2 hours) after cerebral ischemia substantially decreased the lesion volume and improved motor and cognitive functional recovery with minimal peripheral toxicity. The miR-7 mimic treatment substantially reduced the postischemic induction of α-synuclein (α-Syn), a protein that induces mitochondrial fragmentation, oxidative stress, and autophagy that promote neuronal cell death. Deletion of the gene encoding α-Syn abolished miR-7 mimic-dependent neuroprotection and functional recovery in young male mice. Further analysis confirmed that the transcript encoding α-Syn was bound and repressed by miR-7. Our findings suggest that miR-7 mimics may therapeutically minimize stroke-induced brain damage and disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- TaeHee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | | | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Mary Lopez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Ruth Sullivan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hung Tae Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Thomas D Cook
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Joo Yong Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - HwuiWon Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Chanul Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Williams S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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21
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Sohrabji F, Selvamani A. Sex differences in miRNA as therapies for ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2018; 127:56-63. [PMID: 30391509 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs, a subset of non-coding RNAs, are present in virtually all tissues including body fluids and are global regulators of the transcriptome. In view of the expanding number of microRNAs and the large number of gene targets that each microRNA can potentially regulate, they have been compared to hormones in the scope of their effects. MicroRNA have been implicated as biomarkers for several diseases including stroke, as well as chronic conditions that are associated with stroke. Recent research has focused on manipulating miRNA to improve stroke outcomes. Although several miRNAs have been shown to have neuroprotective properties, the overwhelming majority of these studies have employed only male animals. This review will focus on two miRNAs, Let7f and mir363-3p, whose effectiveness as a stroke neuroprotectant is sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Sohrabji
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.
| | - Amutha Selvamani
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
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22
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Kaidonis G, Rao AN, Ouyang YB, Stary CM. Elucidating sex differences in response to cerebral ischemia: immunoregulatory mechanisms and the role of microRNAs. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 176:73-85. [PMID: 30121237 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia remains a major cause of death and disability worldwide, yet therapeutic options remain limited. Differences in sex and age play an important role in the final outcome in response to cerebral ischemia in both experimental and clinical studies: males have a higher risk and worse outcome than females at younger ages and this trend reverses in older ages. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying sex dimorphism are complex and are still not well understood, studies suggest steroid hormones, sex chromosomes, differential cell death and immune pathways, and sex-specific microRNAs may contribute to the outcome following cerebral ischemia. This review focuses on differential effects between males and females on cell death and immunological pathways in response to cerebral ischemia, the central role of innate sex differences in steroid hormone signaling, and upstreamregulation of sexually dimorphic gene expression by microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kaidonis
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, United States; Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, United States
| | - Anand N Rao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, United States
| | - Yi-Bing Ouyang
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, United States
| | - Creed M Stary
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, United States.
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23
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Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injuries, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI), are important causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. MicroRNA (miRNA), small non-coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression, can serve as diagnostic biomarkers and are emerging as novel therapeutic targets for CNS injuries. MiRNA-based therapeutics include miRNA mimics and inhibitors (antagomiRs) to respectively decrease and increase the expression of target genes. In this review, we summarize current miRNA-based therapeutic applications in stroke, TBI and SCI. Administration methods, time windows and dosage for effective delivery of miRNA-based drugs into CNS are discussed. The underlying mechanisms of miRNA-based therapeutics are reviewed including oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, blood-brain barrier protection, angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Pharmacological agents that protect against CNS injuries by targeting specific miRNAs are presented along with the challenges and therapeutic potential of miRNA-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Da Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurology and the M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Glen C Jickling
- Department of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology and the M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Ke-Jie Yin, Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, BST S514, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Da Zhi Liu, Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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24
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Kaur H, Sarmah D, Saraf J, Vats K, Kalia K, Borah A, Yavagal DR, Dave KR, Ghosh Z, Bhattacharya P. Noncoding RNAs in ischemic stroke: time to translate. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1421:19-36. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar Gujarat India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar Gujarat India
| | - Jackson Saraf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar Gujarat India
| | - Kanchan Vats
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar Gujarat India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar Gujarat India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory; Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics; Assam University; Silchar Assam India
| | - Dileep R. Yavagal
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Zhumur Ghosh
- Department of Bioinformatics; Bose Institute; Kolkata India
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar Gujarat India
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
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25
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Dotson AL, Offner H. Sex differences in the immune response to experimental stroke: Implications for translational research. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:437-446. [PMID: 27870460 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. It is known that males and females respond differently to stroke. Depending on age, the incidence, prevalence, mortality rate, and disability outcome of stroke differ between the sexes. Females generally have strokes at older ages than males and, therefore, have a worse stroke outcome. There are also major differences in how the sexes respond to stroke at the cellular level. Immune response is a critical factor in determining the progress of neurodegeneration after stroke and is fundamentally different for males and females. Additionally, females respond to stroke therapies differently from males, yet they are often left out of the basic research that is focused on developing those therapies. With a resounding failure to translate stroke therapies from the bench to the bedside, it is clearer than ever that inclusion of both sexes in stroke studies is essential for future clinical success. This Mini-Review examines sex differences in the immune response to experimental stroke and its implications for therapy development. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby L Dotson
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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26
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MicroRNA-1906, a Novel Regulator of Toll-Like Receptor 4, Ameliorates Ischemic Injury after Experimental Stroke in Mice. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10498-10515. [PMID: 28924010 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1139-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a proinflammatory cascade initiator in poststroke inflammation. In this study, miR-1906, a novel regulator of TLR4, was identified via in silico analysis and microRNA profiling in male adult mice and its expression was then quantitated in the ischemic hemisphere. We found miR-1906 to be significantly brain enriched in the ischemic hemisphere and even more drastically enriched in the peri-infarct regions. Furthermore, in vitro experiments demonstrated that, during oxygen-glucose deprivation, miR-1906 expression was increased in glial cells but decreased in neurons. Surprisingly, despite the augmentation of intracellular abundance, miR-1906 expression in extracellular vesicles was decreased in astrocyte cell culture supernatants, suggesting reduced sources of miR-1906 from glia to neurons. When exogenous miR-1906 was administered, decreased TLR4 protein expression was observed both in vitro and in vivo Using Cy3 labeling, exogenous miR-1906 uptake by astrocytes, microglia, and neurons was visualized directly in vivo Reduced infarct volumes and improved functional outcomes were observed in middle cerebral artery occlusion mice receiving miR-1906. However, the protective effects of miR-1906 disappeared with the genetic knock-out of TLR4, suggesting that TLR4 is a major target of miR-1906 through which the microRNA exerts its therapeutic effects.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The current study identified miR-1906 as a novel specific regulator of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and depicted its distinct expression patterns in different cerebral regions and cell types during ischemic attack. Therefore, the therapeutic supplementation of miR-1906 can be beneficial in the modulation of poststroke inflammation. Using Cy3 labeling, exogenous miR-1906 expression was visualized and shown to enter astrocytes, microglia, and neurons successfully in vivo Supplemental therapeutic miR-1906 resulted in reduced TLR4 expression and improved outcomes after middle cerebral artery occlusion in a mouse model, but its neuroprotective function was TLR4 dependent, suggesting that TLR4 is a major target of miR-1906.
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Bhattarai S, Pontarelli F, Prendergast E, Dharap A. Discovery of novel stroke-responsive lncRNAs in the mouse cortex using genome-wide RNA-seq. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:204-212. [PMID: 28855129 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play major roles in regulating gene expression in mammals, but are poorly understood in ischemic stroke. Using a mouse model of transient focal ischemia, we applied RNA-seq to evaluate for the first time the unbiased, genome-wide expression of lncRNAs as a function of reperfusion time in the cerebral cortex. Focal ischemia was induced in adult male C57BL/6 mice followed by reperfusion for 6, 12 or 24h. Total RNA from ipsilateral cortices was used for Illumina sequencing and reads were mapped to the mouse reference genome (GRCm38). Annotated and novel transcript isoforms were identified and differential expression between the groups was estimated. We observed that the baseline expression of lncRNAs in the healthy cortex was low, but many were highly altered after stroke. Very few of these altered lncRNAs were previously annotated. A total of 259 lncRNA isoforms at 6h, 378 isoforms at 12h, and 217 isoforms at 24h of reperfusion were differentially expressed versus sham controls. Of these, 213, 322 and 171 isoforms at 6, 12 and 24h of reperfusion, respectively, were novel lncRNAs. Reperfusion time-point-specific analyses revealed that the lncRNAs reached peak expression levels at 6h of reperfusion. Positional analysis of ischemia-responsive lncRNAs with respect to ischemia-responsive protein-coding genes identified potential gene-regulatory relationships. Overall, this work shows that transient focal ischemia induces widespread changes in the expression of lncRNAs in the mouse cortex with distinct reperfusion time-point-dependent expression characteristics that may underlie progression of the ischemic pathophysiology. The detection of hundreds of novel ischemia-responsive lncRNAs marks the discovery of new disease-related genomic regions in the adult cortex and may help identify novel opportunities for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Bhattarai
- Laboratory for Stroke Research and Noncoding RNA Biology, Neuroscience Institute, JFK Medical Center, 65 James St, Edison, NJ 08820, United States
| | - Fabrizio Pontarelli
- Laboratory for Stroke Research and Noncoding RNA Biology, Neuroscience Institute, JFK Medical Center, 65 James St, Edison, NJ 08820, United States
| | - Emily Prendergast
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex County College, Edison, NJ 08837, United States
| | - Ashutosh Dharap
- Laboratory for Stroke Research and Noncoding RNA Biology, Neuroscience Institute, JFK Medical Center, 65 James St, Edison, NJ 08820, United States.
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Mirzaei H, Momeni F, Saadatpour L, Sahebkar A, Goodarzi M, Masoudifar A, Kouhpayeh S, Salehi H, Mirzaei HR, Jaafari MR. MicroRNA: Relevance to stroke diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:856-865. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Fatemeh Momeni
- School of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Leila Saadatpour
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleFlorida
| | | | - Mohammad Goodarzi
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringDepartment of BiosystemsKatholieke Universiteit Leuve—KULeuvenHeverleeBelgium
| | - Aria Masoudifar
- Department of Molecular BiotechnologyCell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECRIsfahanIran
| | - Shirin Kouhpayeh
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Hossein Salehi
- Department of Anatomical SciencesSchool of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of ImmunologySchool of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Chandran R, Mehta SL, Vemuganti R. Non-coding RNAs and neuroprotection after acute CNS injuries. Neurochem Int 2017; 111:12-22. [PMID: 28131900 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that various classes of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs (miRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in normal state as well as the diseases of the CNS. Interestingly, ncRNAs have been shown to interact with messenger RNA, DNA and proteins, and these interactions could induce epigenetic modifications and control transcription and translation, thereby adding a new layer of genomic regulation. The ncRNA expression profiles are known to be altered after acute CNS injuries including stroke, traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury that are major contributors of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Hence, a better understanding of the functional significance of ncRNAs following CNS injuries could help in developing potential therapeutic strategies to minimize the neuronal damage in those conditions. The potential of ncRNAs in blood and CSF as biomarkers for diagnosis and/or prognosis of acute CNS injuries has also gained importance in the recent years. This review highlighted the current progress in the understanding of the role of ncRNAs in initiation and progression of secondary neuronal damage and their application as biomarkers after acute CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendar Chandran
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison and William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison and William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison and William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Batrakova EV, Kim MS. Development and regulation of exosome-based therapy products. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:744-57. [PMID: 26888041 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently, various innovative therapies involving the ex vivo manipulation and subsequent reintroduction of exosome-based therapeutics into humans have been developed and validated, although no exosome-based therapeutics have yet to be brought into the clinic. Exosomes are nanosized vesicles secreted by many cells that utilize them for cell-to-cell communications to facilitate transport of proteins and genetic material. Comprised of cellular membranes with multiple adhesive proteins on their surface, exosomes offer distinct advantages that exceptionally position them as highly effective drug carriers. Additionally, exosomes can exert unique biological activity reflective of their origin that may be used for therapy of various diseases. In fact, exosomes have benefits of both synthetic nanocarriers and cell-mediated drug delivery systems, and avoid their limitations. This concise review highlights the recent developments in exosome-based drug delivery systems and the main regulatory considerations for using this type of therapeutic in clinic. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:744-757. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1395 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Batrakova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Myung Soo Kim
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Iraci N, Leonardi T, Gessler F, Vega B, Pluchino S. Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Physiological Role and Signalling Properties of Extracellular Membrane Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:171. [PMID: 26861302 PMCID: PMC4783905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of secreted membrane vesicles, with distinct biogenesis routes, biophysical properties and different functions both in physiological conditions and in disease. The release of EVs is a widespread biological process, which is conserved across species. In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated that several bioactive molecules are trafficked with(in) EVs, such as microRNAs, mRNAs, proteins and lipids. The understanding of their final impact on the biology of specific target cells remains matter of intense debate in the field. Also, EVs have attracted great interest as potential novel cell-free therapeutics. Here we describe the proposed physiological and pathological functions of EVs, with a particular focus on their molecular content. Also, we discuss the advances in the knowledge of the mechanisms regulating the secretion of EV-associated molecules and the specific pathways activated upon interaction with the target cell, highlighting the role of EVs in the context of the immune system and as mediators of the intercellular signalling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Iraci
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK.
| | - Tommaso Leonardi
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK.
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK.
| | - Florian Gessler
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK.
| | - Beatriz Vega
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK.
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK.
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Mehta SL, Kim T, Vemuganti R. Long Noncoding RNA FosDT Promotes Ischemic Brain Injury by Interacting with REST-Associated Chromatin-Modifying Proteins. J Neurosci 2015; 35:16443-9. [PMID: 26674869 PMCID: PMC4679824 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2943-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia induces extensive temporal changes in cerebral transcriptome that influences the neurologic outcome after stroke. In addition to protein-coding RNAs, many classes of noncoding RNAs, including long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs), also undergo changes in the poststroke brain. We currently evaluated the functional significance of an LncRNA called Fos downstream transcript (FosDT) that is cogenic with Fos gene. Following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in adult rats, expression of FosDT and Fos was induced. FosDT knockdown significantly ameliorated the postischemic motor deficits and reduced the infarct volume. Focal ischemia also increased FosDT binding to chromatin-modifying proteins (CMPs) Sin3a and coREST (corepressors of the transcription factor REST). Furthermore, FosDT knockdown derepressed REST-downstream genes GRIA2, NFκB2, and GRIN1 in the postischemic brain. Thus, FosDT induction and its interactions with REST-associated CMPs, and the resulting regulation of REST-downstream genes might modulate ischemic brain damage. LncRNAs, such as FosDT, can be therapeutically targeted to minimize poststroke brain damage. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Mammalian brain is abundantly enriched with long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs). Functional roles of LncRNAs in normal and pathological states are not yet understood. This study identified that LncRNA FosDT induced after transient focal ischemia modulates poststroke behavioral deficits and brain damage. These effects of FosDT in part are due to its interactions with chromatin-modifying proteins Sin3a and coREST (corepressors of the transcription factor REST) and subsequent derepression of REST-downstream genes GRIA2, NFκB2, and GRIN1. Therefore, LncRNA-mediated epigenetic remodeling could determine stroke outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - TaeHee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Neuroscience Training Program, and
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Neuroscience Training Program, and Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53792
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Batrakova EV, Kim MS. Using exosomes, naturally-equipped nanocarriers, for drug delivery. J Control Release 2015; 219:396-405. [PMID: 26241750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 708] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes offer distinct advantages that uniquely position them as highly effective drug carriers. Comprised of cellular membranes with multiple adhesive proteins on their surface, exosomes are known to specialize in cell-cell communications and provide an exclusive approach for the delivery of various therapeutic agents to target cells. In addition, exosomes can be amended through their parental cells to express a targeting moiety on their surface, or supplemented with desired biological activity. Development and validation of exosome-based drug delivery systems are the focus of this review. Different techniques of exosome isolation, characterization, drug loading, and applications in experimental disease models and clinic are discussed. Exosome-based drug formulations may be applied to a wide variety of disorders such as cancer, various infectious, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. Overall, exosomes combine benefits of both synthetic nanocarriers and cell-mediated drug delivery systems while avoiding their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Batrakova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Myung Soo Kim
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Kim TH, Vemuganti R. Effect of sex and age interactions on functional outcome after stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:327-36. [PMID: 25404174 PMCID: PMC6495347 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Experimental and clinical studies showed that sex and age play an important role in deciding the outcome after stroke. At younger ages, males were shown to have a higher risk for stroke than females. However, this trend reverses in older ages particularly when females reach menopause. Many preclinical studies indicate that steroid hormones modulate the age-dependent differential stroke outcome. In addition, patterns of cell death pathways activated following cerebral ischemia are distinct between males and females, but independent of steroid hormones. Recent studies also indicate that microRNAs play important roles in mediating sex-specific stroke outcome by regulating stroke-related genes. This review discusses the contribution of sex and age to outcome after stroke with particular emphasis on the experimental studies that examined the effects of steroid hormones, differential cell death pathways, and involvement of sex-specific microRNAs following cerebral ischemia. Current understanding of the role of thrombolytic agents in stroke therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Sex-associated differences in the modulation of vascular risk in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:684-8. [PMID: 25586143 PMCID: PMC4420889 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to identify determinants of the different sex-related stroke risk in subjects with asymptomatic internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. In all, 492 women (44.4%) and 617 men (55.6%), with unilateral ⩾ 60% asymptomatic ICA stenosis, were prospectively evaluated with a median follow-up of 37 months (interquartile range, 26 to 43). Vascular risk profile, plaque characteristics, stenosis progression, and common carotid artery intima-media thickness were investigated. Outcome measure was the occurrence of ischemic stroke ipsilateral to ICA stenosis. Myocardial infarction, contralateral stroke and transient ischemic attack were considered as competing events. The incidence rate of ipsilateral stroke over the entire follow-up period was 0.16%: 0.09% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.05 to 0.15) in women and 0.22% (95% CI 0.17 to 0.29) in men (log-rank test, P<0.001). Stenosis progression significantly influenced the risk of ipsilateral stroke in both men (subhazard ratio, SHR, 8.99) and women (SHR 4.89). Stenosis degree (71% to 90%, SHR 2.35; 91% to 99%, SHR 3.38) and irregular plaque surface (SHR 2.32) were relevant risk factors for ipsilateral stroke only in men. Our findings suggest that characteristics of the stenosis and plaque exert a different effect in modulating vascular risk in the two sexes. Understanding sex differences in cardiovascular disease could help to target sex-specific future therapies.
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Saugstad JA. Non-Coding RNAs in Stroke and Neuroprotection. Front Neurol 2015; 6:50. [PMID: 25821444 PMCID: PMC4358219 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review will focus on the current state of knowledge regarding non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) in stroke and neuroprotection. There will be a brief introduction to microRNAs (miRNA), long ncRNAs (lncRNA), and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNA), followed by evidence for the regulation of ncRNAs in ischemia. This review will also discuss the effect of neuroprotection induced by a sublethal duration of ischemia or other stimuli given before a stroke (preconditioning) on miRNA expression and the role of miRNAs in preconditioning-induced neuroprotection. Experimental manipulation of miRNAs and/or their targets to induce pre- or post-stroke protection will also be presented, as well as discussion on miRNA responses to current post-stroke therapies. This review will conclude with a brief discussion of future directions for ncRNAs studies in stroke, such as new approaches to model complex ncRNA datasets, challenges in ncRNA studies, and the impact of extracellular RNAs on human diseases such as stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Saugstad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR , USA
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Xin H, Li Y, Chopp M. Exosomes/miRNAs as mediating cell-based therapy of stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:377. [PMID: 25426026 PMCID: PMC4226157 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapy, e.g., multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) treatment, shows promise for the treatment of various diseases. The strong paracrine capacity of these cells and not their differentiation capacity, is the principal mechanism of therapeutic action. MSCs robustly release exosomes, membrane vesicles (~30–100 nm) originally derived in endosomes as intraluminal vesicles, which contain various molecular constituents including proteins and RNAs from maternal cells. Contained among these constituents, are small non-coding RNA molecules, microRNAs (miRNAs), which play a key role in mediating biological function due to their prominent role in gene regulation. The release as well as the content of the MSC generated exosomes are modified by environmental conditions. Via exosomes, MSCs transfer their therapeutic factors, especially miRNAs, to recipient cells, and therein alter gene expression and thereby promote therapeutic response. The present review focuses on the paracrine mechanism of MSC exosomes, and the regulation and transfer of exosome content, especially the packaging and transfer of miRNAs which enhance tissue repair and functional recovery. Perspectives on the developing role of MSC mediated transfer of exosomes as a therapeutic approach will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqi Xin
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI, USA ; Department of Physics, Oakland University Rochester, MI, USA
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Murphy SJ, Lusardi TA, Phillips JI, Saugstad JA. Sex differences in microRNA expression during development in rat cortex. Neurochem Int 2014; 77:24-32. [PMID: 24969725 PMCID: PMC4177314 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There are important sex differences in the risk and outcome of conditions and diseases between males and females. For example, stroke occurs with greater frequency in men than in women across diverse ethnic backgrounds and nationalities. Work from our lab and others have revealed a sex-specific sensitivity to cerebral ischemia whereby males exhibit a larger extent of brain damage following an ischemic event compared to females. Studies suggest that the difference in male and female susceptibility to ischemia may be triggered by innate variations in gene regulation and protein expression between the sexes that are independent of post-natal exposure to sex hormones. We have shown that there are differences in microRNA (miRNA) expression in adult male and female brain following focal cerebral ischemia in mouse cortex. Herein we examine a role for differential expression of miRNAs during development in male and female rat cortex as potential effectors of the phenotype that leads to sex differences to ischemia. Expression studies in male and female cortices isolated from postnatal day 0 (P0), postnatal day 7 (P7), and adult rats using TaqMan Low Density miRNA arrays and NanoString nCounter analysis revealed differential miRNA levels between males and females at each developmental stage. We focused on the miR-200 family of miRNAs that showed higher levels in females at P0, but higher levels in males at P7 that persisted into adulthood, and validated the expression of miR-200a, miR-200b, and miR-429 by individual qRT-PCR as these are clustered on chromosome 5 and may be transcriptionally co-regulated. Prediction analysis of the miR-200 miRNAs revealed that genes within the Gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor pathway are the most heavily targeted. These studies support that developmental changes in miRNA expression may influence phenotypes in adult brain that underlie sexually dimorphic responses to disease, including ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Murphy
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Theresa A Lusardi
- Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jay I Phillips
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Julie A Saugstad
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Soreq H. Novel roles of non-coding brain RNAs in health and disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:55. [PMID: 25018693 PMCID: PMC4072071 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hermona Soreq
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute for Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
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