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Daskalakis NP, Iatrou A, Chatzinakos C, Jajoo A, Snijders C, Wylie D, DiPietro CP, Tsatsani I, Chen CY, Pernia CD, Soliva-Estruch M, Arasappan D, Bharadwaj RA, Collado-Torres L, Wuchty S, Alvarez VE, Dammer EB, Deep-Soboslay A, Duong DM, Eagles N, Huber BR, Huuki L, Holstein VL, Logue ΜW, Lugenbühl JF, Maihofer AX, Miller MW, Nievergelt CM, Pertea G, Ross D, Sendi MSE, Sun BB, Tao R, Tooke J, Wolf EJ, Zeier Z, Berretta S, Champagne FA, Hyde T, Seyfried NT, Shin JH, Weinberger DR, Nemeroff CB, Kleinman JE, Ressler KJ. Systems biology dissection of PTSD and MDD across brain regions, cell types, and blood. Science 2024; 384:eadh3707. [PMID: 38781393 PMCID: PMC11203158 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The molecular pathology of stress-related disorders remains elusive. Our brain multiregion, multiomic study of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) included the central nucleus of the amygdala, hippocampal dentate gyrus, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Genes and exons within the mPFC carried most disease signals replicated across two independent cohorts. Pathways pointed to immune function, neuronal and synaptic regulation, and stress hormones. Multiomic factor and gene network analyses provided the underlying genomic structure. Single nucleus RNA sequencing in dorsolateral PFC revealed dysregulated (stress-related) signals in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. Analyses of brain-blood intersections in >50,000 UK Biobank participants were conducted along with fine-mapping of the results of PTSD and MDD genome-wide association studies to distinguish risk from disease processes. Our data suggest shared and distinct molecular pathology in both disorders and propose potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos P. Daskalakis
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Artemis Iatrou
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Chris Chatzinakos
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, 11209, USA
| | - Aarti Jajoo
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Clara Snijders
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Dennis Wylie
- Center for Biomedical Research Support, The University of Texas at Austin; Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Christopher P. DiPietro
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ioulia Tsatsani
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health, and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cameron D. Pernia
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Marina Soliva-Estruch
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health, and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Dhivya Arasappan
- Center for Biomedical Research Support, The University of Texas at Austin; Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Rahul A. Bharadwaj
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Leonardo Collado-Torres
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stefan Wuchty
- Departments of Computer Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33146, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Victor E. Alvarez
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
- National Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Brain Bank, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory School of Medicine; Atlanta GA, 30329, USA
| | - Amy Deep-Soboslay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Duc M. Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory School of Medicine; Atlanta GA, 30329, USA
| | - Nick Eagles
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Bertrand R. Huber
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- National Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Brain Bank, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Louise Huuki
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Vincent L Holstein
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Μark W. Logue
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Justina F. Lugenbühl
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health, and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Adam X. Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego; La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center for Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System; San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System; San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Mark W. Miller
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego; La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center for Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System; San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System; San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Geo Pertea
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Deanna Ross
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin; Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Mohammad S. E Sendi
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Ran Tao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - James Tooke
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Erika J. Wolf
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Zane Zeier
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | | | - Sabina Berretta
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Thomas Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas T. Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory School of Medicine; Atlanta GA, 30329, USA
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Charles B. Nemeroff
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin; Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin; Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Joel E. Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kerry J. Ressler
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Owens HA, Thorburn LE, Walsby E, Moon OR, Rizkallah P, Sherwani S, Tinsley CL, Rogers L, Cerutti C, Ridley AJ, Williams J, Knäuper V, Ager A. Alzheimer's disease-associated P460L variant of EphA1 dysregulates receptor activity and blood-brain barrier function. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:2016-2033. [PMID: 38184788 PMCID: PMC10984439 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genome-wide association studies link susceptibility to late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) with EphA1. Sequencing identified a non-synonymous substitution P460L as a LOAD risk variant. Other Ephs regulate vascular permeability and immune cell recruitment. We hypothesized that P460L dysregulates EphA1 receptor activity and impacts neuroinflammation. METHODS EphA1/P460L receptor activity was assayed in isogenic Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) cells. Soluble EphA1/P460L (sEphA1/sP460L) reverse signaling in brain endothelial cells was assessed by T-cell recruitment and barrier function assays. RESULTS EphA1 and P460L were expressed in HEK cells, but membrane and soluble P460L were significantly reduced. Ligand engagement induced Y781 phosphorylation of EphA1 but not P460L. sEphA1 primed brain endothelial cells for increased T-cell recruitment; however, sP460L was less effective. sEphA1 decreased the integrity of the brain endothelial barrier, while sP460L had no effect. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that P460L alters EphA1-dependent forward and reverse signaling, which may impact blood-brain barrier function in LOAD. HIGHLIGHTS EphA1-dependent reverse signaling controls recruitment of T cells by brain endothelial cells. EphA1-dependent reverse signaling remodels brain endothelial cell contacts. LOAD-associated P460L variant of EphA1 shows reduced membrane expression and reduced ligand responses. LOAD-associated P460L variant of EphA1 fails to reverse signal to brain endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen A. Owens
- Division of Infection and ImmunitySchool of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- School of DentistryCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Lauren E. Thorburn
- Division of Infection and ImmunitySchool of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Elisabeth Walsby
- Division of Cancer & GeneticsSchool of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Owen R. Moon
- Division of Infection and ImmunitySchool of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Pierre Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and ImmunitySchool of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Subuhi Sherwani
- Division of Infection and ImmunitySchool of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Caroline L. Tinsley
- Division of Infection and ImmunitySchool of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Louise Rogers
- Division of Infection and ImmunitySchool of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Camilla Cerutti
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUK
| | | | | | - Ann Ager
- Division of Infection and ImmunitySchool of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Systems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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Zhou J, Guo P, Duan M, Li J, Ru X, Li L, Guo Z, Zhang JH, Feng H, Chen Y, Sun X. EphA4/EphrinB2 signaling mediates pericyte-induced transient glia limitans formation as a secondary protective barrier after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. Exp Neurol 2023; 360:114293. [PMID: 36493862 PMCID: PMC10561606 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) do not exhibit brain parenchymal injury upon imaging but present significant blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and secondary neurological deficits. The aim of this study was to investigate whether stressed astrocytes act as a secondary barrier to exert a protective effect after SAH and to investigate the mechanism of glial limitan formation. METHODS A total of 204 adult male C57BL/6 mice and an endovascular perforation SAH model were employed. The spatiotemporal characteristics of glial limitan formation after SAH were determined by immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy. The molecular mechanisms by which pericytes regulate glia limitans formation were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining and ELISA in a pericyte-astrocyte contact coculture system. The findings were validated ex vivo and in vivo using lentiviruses and inhibitors. Finally, pericytes were targeted to regulate glial limitan formation, and the effect of the glia limitans on secondary brain injury after SAH was evaluated by flow cytometry and analysis of neurological function. RESULTS Stress-induced glial limitan formation occurred 1 day after SAH and markedly subsided 3 days after ictus. Pericytes regulated astrocyte glia limitan formation via EphA4/EphrinB2 signaling, inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration and altered neurological function. CONCLUSIONS Astrocyte-derived glia limitans serve as a secondary protective barrier following BBB disruption after SAH in mice, and pericytes can regulate glial limitan formation and alter neurological function via EphA4/EphrinB2 signaling. Strategies for maintaining this secondary protective barrier may be novel treatment approaches for alleviating early brain injury after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiru Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Peiwen Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Mingxu Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Junhan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xufang Ru
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Zheng S, Sun F, Tian X, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Zheng W, Liu T, Wang W. Roles of Eph/ephrin signaling pathway in repair and regeneration for ischemic cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. JOURNAL OF NEURORESTORATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnrt.2022.100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Casas BS, Arancibia-Altamirano D, Acevedo-La Rosa F, Garrido-Jara D, Maksaev V, Pérez-Monje D, Palma V. It takes two to tango: Widening our understanding of the onset of schizophrenia from a neuro-angiogenic perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:946706. [PMID: 36092733 PMCID: PMC9448889 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.946706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic debilitating mental disorder characterized by perturbations in thinking, perception, and behavior, along with brain connectivity deficiencies, neurotransmitter dysfunctions, and loss of gray brain matter. To date, schizophrenia has no cure and pharmacological treatments are only partially efficacious, with about 30% of patients describing little to no improvement after treatment. As in most neurological disorders, the main descriptions of schizophrenia physiopathology have been focused on neural network deficiencies. However, to sustain proper neural activity in the brain, another, no less important network is operating: the vast, complex and fascinating vascular network. Increasing research has characterized schizophrenia as a systemic disease where vascular involvement is important. Several neuro-angiogenic pathway disturbances have been related to schizophrenia. Alterations, ranging from genetic polymorphisms, mRNA, and protein alterations to microRNA and abnormal metabolite processing, have been evaluated in plasma, post-mortem brain, animal models, and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) models. During embryonic brain development, the coordinated formation of blood vessels parallels neuro/gliogenesis and results in the structuration of the neurovascular niche, which brings together physical and molecular signals from both systems conforming to the Blood-Brain barrier. In this review, we offer an upfront perspective on distinctive angiogenic and neurogenic signaling pathways that might be involved in the biological causality of schizophrenia. We analyze the role of pivotal angiogenic-related pathways such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and HIF signaling related to hypoxia and oxidative stress events; classic developmental pathways such as the NOTCH pathway, metabolic pathways such as the mTOR/AKT cascade; emerging neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative processes such as UPR, and also discuss non-canonic angiogenic/axonal guidance factor signaling. Considering that all of the mentioned above pathways converge at the Blood-Brain barrier, reported neurovascular alterations could have deleterious repercussions on overall brain functioning in schizophrenia.
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Central Nervous System Pericytes Contribute to Health and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101707. [PMID: 35626743 PMCID: PMC9139243 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful neuroprotection is only possible with contemporary microvascular protection. The prevention of disease-induced vascular modifications that accelerate brain damage remains largely elusive. An improved understanding of pericyte (PC) signalling could provide important insight into the function of the neurovascular unit (NVU), and into the injury-provoked responses that modify cell–cell interactions and crosstalk. Due to sharing the same basement membrane with endothelial cells, PCs have a crucial role in the control of endothelial, astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte precursor functions and hence blood–brain barrier stability. Both cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases impair oxygen delivery and functionally impair the NVU. In this review, the role of PCs in central nervous system health and disease is discussed, considering their origin, multipotency, functions and also dysfunction, focusing on new possible avenues to modulate neuroprotection. Dysfunctional PC signalling could also be considered as a potential biomarker of NVU pathology, allowing us to individualize therapeutic interventions, monitor responses, or predict outcomes.
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Yuan M, Wu H. Astrocytes in the Traumatic Brain Injury: the Good and the Bad. Exp Neurol 2021; 348:113943. [PMID: 34863998 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes control many processes of the nervous system in health and disease, and respond to injury quickly. Astrocytes produce neuroprotective factors in the injured brain to clear cellular debris and to orchestrate neurorestorative processes that are beneficial for neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, astrocytes also become dysregulated and produce cytotoxic mediators that hinder CNS repair by induction of neuronal dysfunction and cell death. Hence, we discuss the potential role of astrocytes in neuropathological processes such as neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and blood-brain barrier repair after TBI. Thus, an improved understanding of the dual role of astrocytes may advance our knowledge of post-brain injury recovery, and provide opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Haitao Wu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 100850 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR), 102206 Beijing, China.
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Elorza Ridaura I, Sorrentino S, Moroni L. Parallels between the Developing Vascular and Neural Systems: Signaling Pathways and Future Perspectives for Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101837. [PMID: 34693660 PMCID: PMC8655224 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Neurovascular disorders, which involve the vascular and nervous systems, are common. Research on such disorders usually focuses on either vascular or nervous components, without looking at how they interact. Adopting a neurovascular perspective is essential to improve current treatments. Therefore, comparing molecular processes known to be involved in both systems separately can provide insight into promising areas of future research. Since development and regeneration share many mechanisms, comparing signaling molecules involved in both the developing vascular and nervous systems and shedding light to those that they have in common can reveal processes, which have not yet been studied from a regenerative perspective, yet hold great potential. Hence, this review discusses and compares processes involved in the development of the vascular and nervous systems, in order to provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms, which are most promising with regards to treatment for neurovascular disorders. Vascular endothelial growth factor, semaphorins, and ephrins are found to hold the most potential, while fibroblast growth factor, bone morphogenic protein, slits, and sonic hedgehog are shown to participate in both the developing vascular and nervous systems, yet have not been studied at the neurovascular level, therefore being of special interest for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Elorza Ridaura
- Complex Tissue Regeneration DepartmentMERLN Institute for Technology‐Inspired Regenerative MedicineMaastricht UniversityUniversiteitssingel 40Maastricht6229ERThe Netherlands
| | - Stefano Sorrentino
- CNR Nanotec – Institute of NanotechnologyCampus Ecotekne, via MonteroniLecce73100Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Complex Tissue Regeneration DepartmentMERLN Institute for Technology‐Inspired Regenerative MedicineMaastricht UniversityUniversiteitssingel 40Maastricht6229ERThe Netherlands
- CNR Nanotec – Institute of NanotechnologyCampus Ecotekne, via MonteroniLecce73100Italy
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9
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Kugler EC, Greenwood J, MacDonald RB. The "Neuro-Glial-Vascular" Unit: The Role of Glia in Neurovascular Unit Formation and Dysfunction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:732820. [PMID: 34646826 PMCID: PMC8502923 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.732820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a complex multi-cellular structure consisting of endothelial cells (ECs), neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and pericytes. Each component is closely linked to each other, establishing a structural and functional unit, regulating central nervous system (CNS) blood flow and energy metabolism as well as forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and inner blood-retina barrier (BRB). As the name suggests, the “neuro” and “vascular” components of the NVU are well recognized and neurovascular coupling is the key function of the NVU. However, the NVU consists of multiple cell types and its functionality goes beyond the resulting neurovascular coupling, with cross-component links of signaling, metabolism, and homeostasis. Within the NVU, glia cells have gained increased attention and it is increasingly clear that they fulfill various multi-level functions in the NVU. Glial dysfunctions were shown to precede neuronal and vascular pathologies suggesting central roles for glia in NVU functionality and pathogenesis of disease. In this review, we take a “glio-centric” view on NVU development and function in the retina and brain, how these change in disease, and how advancing experimental techniques will help us address unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth C Kugler
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Greenwood
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan B MacDonald
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Beura SK, Panigrahi AR, Yadav P, Agrawal S, Singh SK. Role of Neurons and Glia Cells in Wound Healing as a Novel Perspective Considering Platelet as a Conventional Player. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:137-160. [PMID: 34633653 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex physiological process in which the damaged or injured tissue is replaced or regenerated by new cells or existing cells respectively in their synthesized and secreted matrices. Several cells modulate the process of wound healing including macrophages, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes. Apart from these cells, platelet has been considered as a major cellular fragment to be involved in wound healing at several stages by secreting its granular contents including growth factors, thus resulting in coagulation, inflammation, and angiogenesis. A distant cell, which is gaining significant attention nowadays due to its resemblance with platelet in several aspects, is the neuron. Not only neurons but also glia cells are also confirmed to regulate wound healing at different stages in an orchestrated manner. Furthermore, these neurons and glia cells mediate wound healing inducing tissue repair and regeneration apart from hemostasis, angiogenesis, and inflammation by secreting various growth factors, coagulation molecules, immunomodulatory molecules as well as neurohormones, neuropeptides, and neurotrophins. Therefore, in wound healing platelets, neurons and glia cells not only contribute to tissue repair but are also responsible for establishing the wound microenvironment, thus affecting the proliferation of immune cells, fibroblast, and keratinocytes. Here in this review, we will enlighten the physiological roles of neurons and glia cells in coordination with platelets to understand various cellular and molecular mechanism in brain injury and associated neurocognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir K Beura
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Abhishek R Panigrahi
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Siwani Agrawal
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil K Singh
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India.
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11
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Borozdenko DA, Ezdoglian AA, Shmigol TA, Gonchar DI, Lyakhmun DN, Tarasenko DV, Golubev YV, Cherkashova EA, Namestnikova DD, Gubskiy IL, Lagunin AA, Gubsky LV, Chekhonin VP, Borisevich SS, Gureev MA, Shagina AD, Kiseleva NM, Negrebetsky VV, Baukov YI. A Novel Phenylpyrrolidine Derivative: Synthesis and Effect on Cognitive Functions in Rats with Experimental Ishemic Stroke. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206124. [PMID: 34684709 PMCID: PMC8541353 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed an in silico, in vitro, and in vivo assessment of a potassium 2-[2-(2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl) acetamido]ethanesulfonate (compound 1) as a potential prodrug for cognitive function improvement in ischemic brain injury. Using in silico methods, we predicted the pharmacological efficacy and possible safety in rat models. In addition, in silico data showed neuroprotective features of compound 1, which were further supported by in vitro experiments in a glutamate excitotoxicity-induced model in newborn rat cortical neuron cultures. Next, we checked whether compound 1 is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier in intact and ischemic animals. Compound 1 improved animal behavior both in intact and ischemic rats and, even though the concentration in intact brains was low, we still observed a significant anxiety reduction and activity escalation. We used molecular docking and molecular dynamics to support our hypothesis that compound 1 could affect the AMPA receptor function. In a rat model of acute focal cerebral ischemia, we studied the effects of compound 1 on the behavior and neurological deficit. An in vivo experiment demonstrated that compound 1 significantly reduced the neurological deficit and improved neurological symptom regression, exploratory behavior, and anxiety. Thus, here, for the first time, we show that compound 1 can be considered as an agent for restoring cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis A. Borozdenko
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.B.); (A.A.E.); (T.A.S.); (D.I.G.); (D.N.L.); (D.V.T.); (Y.V.G.); (A.A.L.); (L.V.G.); (A.D.S.); (N.M.K.); (V.V.N.)
| | - Aiarpi A. Ezdoglian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.B.); (A.A.E.); (T.A.S.); (D.I.G.); (D.N.L.); (D.V.T.); (Y.V.G.); (A.A.L.); (L.V.G.); (A.D.S.); (N.M.K.); (V.V.N.)
| | - Tatiana A. Shmigol
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.B.); (A.A.E.); (T.A.S.); (D.I.G.); (D.N.L.); (D.V.T.); (Y.V.G.); (A.A.L.); (L.V.G.); (A.D.S.); (N.M.K.); (V.V.N.)
| | - Darya I. Gonchar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.B.); (A.A.E.); (T.A.S.); (D.I.G.); (D.N.L.); (D.V.T.); (Y.V.G.); (A.A.L.); (L.V.G.); (A.D.S.); (N.M.K.); (V.V.N.)
| | - Dmitri N. Lyakhmun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.B.); (A.A.E.); (T.A.S.); (D.I.G.); (D.N.L.); (D.V.T.); (Y.V.G.); (A.A.L.); (L.V.G.); (A.D.S.); (N.M.K.); (V.V.N.)
| | - Dmitri V. Tarasenko
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.B.); (A.A.E.); (T.A.S.); (D.I.G.); (D.N.L.); (D.V.T.); (Y.V.G.); (A.A.L.); (L.V.G.); (A.D.S.); (N.M.K.); (V.V.N.)
| | - Yaroslav V. Golubev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.B.); (A.A.E.); (T.A.S.); (D.I.G.); (D.N.L.); (D.V.T.); (Y.V.G.); (A.A.L.); (L.V.G.); (A.D.S.); (N.M.K.); (V.V.N.)
| | - Elvira A. Cherkashova
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Federal State Budgetary Institution, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Bio-logical Agency, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.C.); (D.D.N.); (I.L.G.)
| | - Daria D. Namestnikova
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Federal State Budgetary Institution, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Bio-logical Agency, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.C.); (D.D.N.); (I.L.G.)
| | - Ilya L. Gubskiy
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Federal State Budgetary Institution, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Bio-logical Agency, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.C.); (D.D.N.); (I.L.G.)
| | - Alexey A. Lagunin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.B.); (A.A.E.); (T.A.S.); (D.I.G.); (D.N.L.); (D.V.T.); (Y.V.G.); (A.A.L.); (L.V.G.); (A.D.S.); (N.M.K.); (V.V.N.)
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid V. Gubsky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.B.); (A.A.E.); (T.A.S.); (D.I.G.); (D.N.L.); (D.V.T.); (Y.V.G.); (A.A.L.); (L.V.G.); (A.D.S.); (N.M.K.); (V.V.N.)
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Federal State Budgetary Institution, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Bio-logical Agency, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.C.); (D.D.N.); (I.L.G.)
| | - Vladimir P. Chekhonin
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnologies, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Sophia S. Borisevich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRS RAS, pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054 Ufa, Russia;
| | - Maxim A. Gureev
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, I.M. Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Modelling of Biological Systems, Department of Computational Biology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Anastasia D. Shagina
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.B.); (A.A.E.); (T.A.S.); (D.I.G.); (D.N.L.); (D.V.T.); (Y.V.G.); (A.A.L.); (L.V.G.); (A.D.S.); (N.M.K.); (V.V.N.)
| | - Nina M. Kiseleva
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.B.); (A.A.E.); (T.A.S.); (D.I.G.); (D.N.L.); (D.V.T.); (Y.V.G.); (A.A.L.); (L.V.G.); (A.D.S.); (N.M.K.); (V.V.N.)
| | - Vadim V. Negrebetsky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.B.); (A.A.E.); (T.A.S.); (D.I.G.); (D.N.L.); (D.V.T.); (Y.V.G.); (A.A.L.); (L.V.G.); (A.D.S.); (N.M.K.); (V.V.N.)
| | - Yuri I. Baukov
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.B.); (A.A.E.); (T.A.S.); (D.I.G.); (D.N.L.); (D.V.T.); (Y.V.G.); (A.A.L.); (L.V.G.); (A.D.S.); (N.M.K.); (V.V.N.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Niu T, Fang J, Shi X, Zhao M, Xing X, Wang Y, Zhu S, Liu K. Pathogenesis Study Based on High-Throughput Single-Cell Sequencing Analysis Reveals Novel Transcriptional Landscape and Heterogeneity of Retinal Cells in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2021; 70:1185-1197. [PMID: 33674409 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of acquired blindness in middle-aged people. The complex pathology of DR is difficult to dissect, given the convoluted cytoarchitecture of the retina. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of retina from a model of type 2 diabetes, induced in leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) and control db/m mice, with the aim of elucidating the factors mediating the pathogenesis of DR. We identified 11 cell types and determined cell-type-specific expression of DR-associated loci via genome-wide association study (GWAS)-based enrichment analysis. DR also impacted cell-type-specific genes and altered cell-cell communication. Based on the scRNA-seq results, retinaldehyde-binding protein 1 (RLBP1) was investigated as a promising therapeutic target for DR. Retinal RLBP1 expression was decreased in diabetes, and its overexpression in Müller glia mitigated DR-associated neurovascular degeneration. These data provide a detailed analysis of the retina under diabetic and normal conditions, revealing new insights into pathogenic factors that may be targeted to treat DR and related dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Niu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photo Medicine; and Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Junwei Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photo Medicine; and Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photo Medicine; and Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengya Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photo Medicine; and Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xindan Xing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photo Medicine; and Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photo Medicine; and Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaopin Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photo Medicine; and Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photo Medicine; and Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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13
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Yu Y, Singh H, Kwon K, Tsitrin T, Petrini J, Nelson KE, Pieper R. Protein signatures from blood plasma and urine suggest changes in vascular function and IL-12 signaling in elderly with a history of chronic diseases compared with an age-matched healthy cohort. GeroScience 2021. [PMID: 32974878 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00269-y/figures/10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Key processes characterizing human aging are immunosenescence and inflammaging. The capacity of the immune system to adequately respond to external perturbations (e.g., pathogens, injuries, and biochemical irritants) and to repair somatic mutations that may cause cancers or cellular senescence declines. An important goal remains to identify genetic or biochemical, predictive biomarkers for healthy aging. We recruited two cohorts in the age range 70 to 82, one afflicted by chronic illnesses (non-healthy aging, NHA) and the other in good health (healthy aging, HA). NHA criteria included major cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and chronic pulmonary diseases, diabetes, and cancers. Quantitative analysis of forty proinflammatory cytokines in blood plasma and more than 500 proteins in urine was performed to identify candidate biomarkers for and biological pathway implications of healthy aging. Nine cytokines revealed lower quantities in blood plasma for the NHA compared with the HA groups (fold change > 1.5; p value < 0.025) including IL-12p40 and IL-12p70. We note that, sampling at two timepoints, intra-individual cytokine abundance patterns clustered in 86% of all 60 cases, indicative of person-specific, highly controlled multi-cytokine signatures in blood plasma. Twenty-three urinary proteins were differentially abundant (HA versus NHA; fold change > 1.5; p value < 0.01). Among the proteins increased in abundance in the HA cohort were glycoprotein MUC18, ephrin type-B receptor 4, matrix remodeling-associated protein 8, angiopoietin-related protein 2, K-cadherin, and plasma protease C1 inhibitor. These proteins have been linked to the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, and vascular remodeling and repair processes. In silico network analysis identified the regulation of coagulation, antimicrobial humoral immune responses, and the IL-12 signaling pathway as enriched GO terms. To validate links of these preliminary biomarkers and IL-12 signaling with healthy aging, clinical studies using larger cohorts and functional characterization of the genes/proteins in cellular models of aging need to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbao Yu
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Harinder Singh
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Keehwan Kwon
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Tamara Tsitrin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Joann Petrini
- Western Connecticut Health Network, 24 Hospital Avenue, Danbury, CT, 06810, USA
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Rembert Pieper
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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14
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Koyama Y, Tsuboi S, Mizogui F. Endothelin-1 decreases the expression of Ephrin-A and B subtypes in cultured rat astrocytes through ET B receptors. Neurosci Lett 2021; 741:135393. [PMID: 33279571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ephrin family proteins are cell surface molecules that regulate several cellular functions through cell-cell interactions. During nervous tissue repair after injury, the expression of ephrin subtypes in astrocytes is altered, affecting the axonal elongation and migration of neuronal precursors. However, the mechanism regulating the expression of ephrin subtypes in astrocytes has not been investigated. Herein, we studied the effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on the expression of ephrin subtypes in cultured rat astrocytes. Our results showed that ET-1 (100 nM) treatment for 1-24 h reduced the expression of ephrin-A2, -A4, -B2, and -B3 mRNA and protein in astrocytes, whereas the expression of ephrin-A1, -A3, -A5, and -B1 mRNA were not affected. Sarafotoxin S6c, a selective ETB receptor agonist, decreased the expression of ephrin-A2, -A4, -B2, and -B3 in cultured astrocytes. The decrease in ephrin-A2, -A4, -B2, and -B3 expression by ET-1 treatment was reduced in the presence of BQ788, an ETB receptor antagonist, while FR139317, an ETA receptor antagonist, had no effects. These results suggest that ET-1 is a signaling molecule that downregulates ephrin-A2, -A4, -B2, and -B3 expression in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Koyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-Kita Higashinada, Kobe 668-8558 Japan.
| | - Sayaka Tsuboi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-Kita Higashinada, Kobe 668-8558 Japan
| | - Fuka Mizogui
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-Kita Higashinada, Kobe 668-8558 Japan
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15
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Yu Y, Singh H, Kwon K, Tsitrin T, Petrini J, Nelson KE, Pieper R. Protein signatures from blood plasma and urine suggest changes in vascular function and IL-12 signaling in elderly with a history of chronic diseases compared with an age-matched healthy cohort. GeroScience 2020; 43:593-606. [PMID: 32974878 PMCID: PMC8110643 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Key processes characterizing human aging are immunosenescence and inflammaging. The capacity of the immune system to adequately respond to external perturbations (e.g., pathogens, injuries, and biochemical irritants) and to repair somatic mutations that may cause cancers or cellular senescence declines. An important goal remains to identify genetic or biochemical, predictive biomarkers for healthy aging. We recruited two cohorts in the age range 70 to 82, one afflicted by chronic illnesses (non-healthy aging, NHA) and the other in good health (healthy aging, HA). NHA criteria included major cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and chronic pulmonary diseases, diabetes, and cancers. Quantitative analysis of forty proinflammatory cytokines in blood plasma and more than 500 proteins in urine was performed to identify candidate biomarkers for and biological pathway implications of healthy aging. Nine cytokines revealed lower quantities in blood plasma for the NHA compared with the HA groups (fold change > 1.5; p value < 0.025) including IL-12p40 and IL-12p70. We note that, sampling at two timepoints, intra-individual cytokine abundance patterns clustered in 86% of all 60 cases, indicative of person-specific, highly controlled multi-cytokine signatures in blood plasma. Twenty-three urinary proteins were differentially abundant (HA versus NHA; fold change > 1.5; p value < 0.01). Among the proteins increased in abundance in the HA cohort were glycoprotein MUC18, ephrin type-B receptor 4, matrix remodeling-associated protein 8, angiopoietin-related protein 2, K-cadherin, and plasma protease C1 inhibitor. These proteins have been linked to the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, and vascular remodeling and repair processes. In silico network analysis identified the regulation of coagulation, antimicrobial humoral immune responses, and the IL-12 signaling pathway as enriched GO terms. To validate links of these preliminary biomarkers and IL-12 signaling with healthy aging, clinical studies using larger cohorts and functional characterization of the genes/proteins in cellular models of aging need to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbao Yu
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Harinder Singh
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Keehwan Kwon
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Tamara Tsitrin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Joann Petrini
- Western Connecticut Health Network, 24 Hospital Avenue, Danbury, CT, 06810, USA
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.,J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Rembert Pieper
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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16
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Kurakin A, Bredesen DE. Alzheimer's disease as a systems network disorder: chronic stress/dyshomeostasis, innate immunity, and genetics. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:17815-17844. [PMID: 32957083 PMCID: PMC7585078 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ineffective results of clinical trials of over 200 anti-Alzheimer's drug candidates, with a 99.6% attrition rate, suggest that the current paradigm of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be incomplete, necessitating exploration of alternative and complementary frameworks.Using algorithms for hypothesis independent search and expert-assisted synthesis of heterogeneous data, we attempted to reconcile multimodal clinical profiles of early-stage AD patients and accumulated research data within a parsimonious framework. Results of our analysis suggest that Alzheimer's may not be a brain disease but a progressive system-level network disorder, which is driven by chronic network stress and dyshomeostasis. The latter can be caused by various endogenous and exogenous factors, such as chronic inflammatory conditions, infections, vascular dysfunction, head trauma, environmental toxicity, and immune disorders. Whether originating in the brain or on the periphery, chronic stress, toxicity, and inflammation are communicated to the central nervous system (CNS) via humoral and neural routes, preferentially targeting high-centrality regulatory nodes and circuits of the nervous system, and eventually manifesting as a neurodegenerative CNS disease.In this report, we outline an alternative perspective on AD as a systems network disorder and discuss biochemical and genetic evidence suggesting the central role of chronic tissue injury/dyshomeostasis, innate immune reactivity, and inflammation in the etiopathobiology of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Kurakin
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dale E. Bredesen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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17
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Cash A, Theus MH. Mechanisms of Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093344. [PMID: 32397302 PMCID: PMC7246537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) account for the majority of injury-related deaths in the United States with roughly two million TBIs occurring annually. Due to the spectrum of severity and heterogeneity in TBIs, investigation into the secondary injury is necessary in order to formulate an effective treatment. A mechanical consequence of trauma involves dysregulation of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) which contributes to secondary injury and exposure of peripheral components to the brain parenchyma. Recent studies have shed light on the mechanisms of BBB breakdown in TBI including novel intracellular signaling and cell–cell interactions within the BBB niche. The current review provides an overview of the BBB, novel detection methods for disruption, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms implicated in regulating its stability following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Cash
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Michelle H. Theus
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
- The Center for Regenerative Medicine, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 1-540-231-0909; Fax: 1-540-231-7425
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18
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Roy R, Pattnaik S, Sivagurunathan S, Chidambaram S. Small ncRNA binding protein, PIWI: A potential molecular bridge between blood brain barrier and neuropathological conditions. Med Hypotheses 2020; 138:109609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Rust R, Weber RZ, Grönnert L, Mulders G, Maurer MA, Hofer AS, Sartori AM, Schwab ME. Anti-Nogo-A antibodies prevent vascular leakage and act as pro-angiogenic factors following stroke. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20040. [PMID: 31882970 PMCID: PMC6934709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a key restorative process following stroke but has also been linked to increased vascular permeability and blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Previous pre-clinical approaches primarily focused on the administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to promote vascular repair after stroke. Although shown to improve angiogenesis and functional recovery from stroke, VEGF increased the risk of blood brain barrier disruption and bleedings to such an extent that its clinical use is contraindicated. As an alternative strategy, antibodies against the neurite growth inhibitory factor Nogo-A have recently been shown to enhance vascular regeneration in the ischemic central nervous system (CNS); however, their effect on vascular permeability is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that antibody-mediated Nogo-A neutralization following stroke has strong pro-angiogenic effects but does not increase vascular permeability as opposed to VEGF. Moreover, VEGF-induced vascular permeability was partially prevented when VEGF was co-administered with anti-Nogo-A antibodies. This study may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for vascular repair and maturation in the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Rust
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Dept. of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Lisa Grönnert
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Geertje Mulders
- Dept. of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Maurer
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Sophie Hofer
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland.,Dept. of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea M Sartori
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland.,Dept. of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland.,Dept. of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Merelli A, Ramos AJ, Lazarowski A, Auzmendi J. Convulsive Stress Mimics Brain Hypoxia and Promotes the P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) and Erythropoietin Receptor Overexpression. Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Effect on P-gp Activity. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:750. [PMID: 31379495 PMCID: PMC6652211 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is not only a hormone that promotes erythropoiesis but also has a neuroprotective effect on neurons attributed to its known anti-apoptotic action. Previously, our group has demonstrated that recombinant-human EPO (rHu-EPO) can protect neurons and recovery motor activity in a chemical focal brain hypoxia model (Merelli et al., 2011). We and others also have reported that repetitive seizures can mimic a hypoxic- like condition by HIF-1α nuclear translocation and high neuronal expression P-gp. Here, we report that a single 20-min status epilepticus (SE) induces P-gp and EPO-R expression in cortical pyramidal neurons and only P-gp expression in astrocytes. In vitro, excitotoxic stress (300 μM glutamate, 5 min), can also induce the expression of EPO-R and P-gp simultaneously with both HIF-1α and NFkB nuclear translocation in primary cortical neurons. Primary astrocytes exposed to chemical hypoxia with CoCl2 (0.3 mM, 6 h) increased P-gp expression as well as an increased efflux of Rhodamine 123 (Rho123) that is a P-gp substrate. Tariquidar, a specific 3er generation P-gp-blocker was used as an efflux inhibitor control. Astrocytes treated with rHu-EPO showed a significant recovery of the Rho123 retention in a similar way as seen by Tariquidar, demonstrating for first time that rHu-EPO can inhibit the P-gp-dependent efflux activity. Taking together, these data suggest that stimulation of EPO depending signaling system could not only play a central role in brain cell protection, but this system could be a new tool for reverse the pharmacoresistant phenotype in refractory epilepsy as well as in other pharmacoresistant hypoxic brain diseases expressing P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Merelli
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto Javier Ramos
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" IBCN-UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto Lazarowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jeronimo Auzmendi
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" IBCN-UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Refueling the Ischemic CNS: Guidance Molecules for Vascular Repair. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:644-656. [PMID: 31285047 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stroke patients have only limited therapeutic options and often remain with considerable disabilities. To promote neurological recovery, angiogenesis in the ischemic peri-infarct region has been recognized as an encouraging therapeutic target. Despite advances in mechanistic understanding of vascular growth and repair, effective and safe angiogenic treatments are currently missing. Besides the most intensively studied angiogenic growth factors, recent research has indicated that the process of vascular sprouting and migration also requires the participation of guidance molecules, many of which were initially identified as regulators of axonal growth. Here, we review the inhibitory and growth-promoting effects of guidance molecules on the vascular system and discuss their potential as novel angiogenic targets for neurovascular diseases.
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22
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Darling TK, Lamb TJ. Emerging Roles for Eph Receptors and Ephrin Ligands in Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1473. [PMID: 31333644 PMCID: PMC6620610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph receptors are the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases and mediate a myriad of essential processes in humans from embryonic development to adult tissue homeostasis through interactions with membrane-bound ephrin ligands. The ubiquitous expression of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands among the cellular players of the immune system underscores the importance of these molecules in orchestrating an optimal immune response. This review provides an overview of the various roles of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands in immune cell development, activation, and migration. We also discuss the role of Eph receptors in disease pathogenesis as well as the implications of Eph receptors as future immunotherapy targets. Given the diverse and critical roles of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands throughout the immune system during both resting and activated states, this review aims to highlight the critical yet underappreciated roles of this family of signaling molecules in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayer K Darling
- Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Emory University Laney Graduate School, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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23
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Hallof-Büstrich H, Di Benedetto B. Examining the Coverage of Blood Vessels by Astrocyte Endfeet in an Animal Model of Major Depressive Disorder. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1938:255-263. [PMID: 30617986 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9068-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of immunofluorescent immunohistochemical methods has been instrumental to characterize the distribution and extents of colocalization of molecules located in various cellular compartments. Such information has been pivotal to formulate hypothesis about their roles in physiological and pathological conditions.In the brain, astrocytes interact with endothelial cells to form the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Astrocytes regulate features of the BBB through the tips of their processes, called astrocyte endfeet, which surround and contact brain microvessels. Any disruption in astrocyte endfeet can have dramatic consequences on the integrity of the BBB, with consequent development of brain disorders.Here we describe a method to characterize the integrity of astrocyte endfeet around blood vessels in an animal model of major depressive disorder (MDD) using confocal microscopy, Adobe Photoshop, and the AutoQuantX3 software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Hallof-Büstrich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Di Benedetto
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. .,Regensburg Center of Neuroscience, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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