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Zhang W, Zhang Y, Wang H, Sun X, Chen L, Zhou J. Animal Models of Chronic Migraine: From the Bench to Therapy. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2024:10.1007/s11916-024-01290-y. [PMID: 38954246 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-024-01290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic migraine is a disabling progressive disorder without effective management approaches. Animal models have been developed and used in chronic migraine research. However, there are several problems with existing models. Therefore, we aimed to summarize and analyze existing animal models to facilitate translation from basic to clinical. RECENT FINDINGS The most commonly used models are the inflammatory soup induction model and the nitric oxide donor induction model. In addition, KATP openers have also been used in model induction. Based on the above models, some molecular targets have been identified, such as glutamate receptors. However, each model has its shortcomings and characteristics, and there are still some common problems that need to be solved, such as spontaneous headache, evaluation criteria after model establishment, and identification methods. In this review, we summarized and highlighted the advantages and limitations of the currently commonly used animal models of chronic migraine with a special focus on drug discovery and current therapeutic strategies, and discussed the directions that can be worked on in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Han Wang
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xuechun Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixue Chen
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Jiying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Alpay B, Cimen B, Akaydin E, Onat F, Bolay H, Sara Y. Extrasynaptic δGABAA receptors mediate resistance to migraine-like phenotype in rats. J Headache Pain 2024; 25:75. [PMID: 38724972 PMCID: PMC11083752 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-024-01777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GABA, a key inhibitory neurotransmitter, has synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. Background GABA, which spills over from the synaptic cleft, acts on extrasynaptic delta subunit containing GABAA receptors. The role of extrasynaptic GABAergic input in migraine is unknown. We investigated the susceptibility to valid migraine-provoking substances with clinically relevant behavioral readouts in Genetic Absence Epilepsy of Rats Strasbourg (GAERS), in which the GABAergic tonus was altered. Subsequently, we screened relevant GABAergic mechanisms in Wistar rats by pharmacological means to identify the mechanisms. METHODS Wistar and GAERS rats were administered nitroglycerin (10 mg/kg) or levcromakalim (1 mg/kg). Mechanical allodynia and photophobia were assessed using von Frey monofilaments and a dark-light box. Effects of GAT-1 blocker tiagabine (5 mg/kg), GABAB receptor agonist baclofen (2 mg/kg), synaptic GABAA receptor agonist diazepam (1 mg/kg), extrasynaptic GABAA receptor agonists gaboxadol (4 mg/kg), and muscimol (0.75 mg/kg), T-type calcium channel blocker ethosuximide (100 mg/kg) or synaptic GABAA receptor antagonist flumazenil (15 mg/kg) on levcromakalim-induced migraine phenotype were screened. RESULTS Unlike Wistar rats, GAERS exhibited no reduction in mechanical pain thresholds or light aversion following nitroglycerin or levcromakalim injection. Ethosuximide did not reverse the resistant phenotype in GAERS, excluding the role of T-type calcium channel dysfunction in this phenomenon. Tiagabine prevented levcromakalim-induced mechanical allodynia in Wistar rats, suggesting a key role in enhanced GABA spillover. Baclofen did not alleviate mechanical allodynia. Diazepam failed to mitigate levcromakalim-induced migraine phenotype. Additionally, the resistant phenotype in GAERS was not affected by flumazenil. Extrasynaptic GABAA receptor agonists gaboxadol and muscimol inhibited periorbital allodynia in Wistar rats. CONCLUSION Our study introduced a rat strain resistant to migraine-provoking agents and signified a critical involvement of extrasynaptic δGABAergic receptors. Extrasynaptic δ GABAA receptors, by mediating constant background inhibition on the excitability of neurons, stand as a novel drug target with a therapeutic potential in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkay Alpay
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, 06320, Türkiye
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Excellence Joint Application and Research Center (NÖROM), Ankara, 06560, Türkiye
| | - Bariscan Cimen
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, 06320, Türkiye
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Excellence Joint Application and Research Center (NÖROM), Ankara, 06560, Türkiye
| | - Elif Akaydin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, 06320, Türkiye
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Excellence Joint Application and Research Center (NÖROM), Ankara, 06560, Türkiye
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, 34752, Türkiye
| | - Hayrunnisa Bolay
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Excellence Joint Application and Research Center (NÖROM), Ankara, 06560, Türkiye.
- Department of Neurology and Algology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, 06560, Türkiye.
| | - Yildirim Sara
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, 06320, Türkiye.
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Excellence Joint Application and Research Center (NÖROM), Ankara, 06560, Türkiye.
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Li K, McClenahan SJ, Han C, Bungard JD, Rathnayake U, Boutaud O, Bauer JA, Days EL, Lindsley CW, Shelton EL, Denton JS. Discovery and Characterization of VU0542270, the First Selective Inhibitor of Vascular Kir6.1/SUR2B K ATP Channels. Mol Pharmacol 2024; 105:202-212. [PMID: 38302135 PMCID: PMC10877733 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle KATP channels critically regulate blood flow and blood pressure by modulating vascular tone and therefore represent attractive drug targets for treating several cardiovascular disorders. However, the lack of potent inhibitors that can selectively inhibit Kir6.1/SUR2B (vascular KATP) over Kir6.2/SUR1 (pancreatic KATP) has eluded discovery despite decades of intensive research. We therefore screened 47,872 chemically diverse compounds for novel inhibitors of heterologously expressed Kir6.1/SUR2B channels. The most potent inhibitor identified in the screen was an N-aryl-N'-benzyl urea compound termed VU0542270. VU0542270 inhibits Kir6.1/SUR2B with an IC50 of approximately 100 nM but has no apparent activity toward Kir6.2/SUR1 or several other members of the Kir channel family at doses up to 30 µM (>300-fold selectivity). By expressing different combinations of Kir6.1 or Kir6.2 with SUR1, SUR2A, or SUR2B, the VU0542270 binding site was localized to SUR2. Initial structure-activity relationship exploration around VU0542270 revealed basic texture related to structural elements that are required for Kir6.1/SUR2B inhibition. Analysis of the pharmacokinetic properties of VU0542270 showed that it has a short in vivo half-life due to extensive metabolism. In pressure myography experiments on isolated mouse ductus arteriosus vessels, VU0542270 induced ductus arteriosus constriction in a dose-dependent manner similar to that of the nonspecific KATP channel inhibitor glibenclamide. The discovery of VU0542270 provides conceptual proof that SUR2-specific KATP channel inhibitors can be developed using a molecular target-based approach and offers hope for developing cardiovascular therapeutics targeting Kir6.1/SUR2B. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Small-molecule inhibitors of vascular smooth muscle KATP channels might represent novel therapeutics for patent ductus arteriosus, migraine headache, and sepsis; however, the lack of selective channel inhibitors has slowed progress in these therapeutic areas. Here, this study describes the discovery and characterization of the first vascular-specific KATP channel inhibitor, VU0542270.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangjun Li
- Departments of Anesthesiology (K.L., S.J.M., J.S.D.), Pharmacology (K.L., C.H., J.D.B., U.R., O.B., C.W.L., J.S.D.), Pediatrics (E.L.S.), and Biochemistry (J.A.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (J.A.B., E.L.D., J.S.D.)
| | - Samantha J McClenahan
- Departments of Anesthesiology (K.L., S.J.M., J.S.D.), Pharmacology (K.L., C.H., J.D.B., U.R., O.B., C.W.L., J.S.D.), Pediatrics (E.L.S.), and Biochemistry (J.A.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (J.A.B., E.L.D., J.S.D.)
| | - Changho Han
- Departments of Anesthesiology (K.L., S.J.M., J.S.D.), Pharmacology (K.L., C.H., J.D.B., U.R., O.B., C.W.L., J.S.D.), Pediatrics (E.L.S.), and Biochemistry (J.A.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (J.A.B., E.L.D., J.S.D.)
| | - Joseph D Bungard
- Departments of Anesthesiology (K.L., S.J.M., J.S.D.), Pharmacology (K.L., C.H., J.D.B., U.R., O.B., C.W.L., J.S.D.), Pediatrics (E.L.S.), and Biochemistry (J.A.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (J.A.B., E.L.D., J.S.D.)
| | - Upendra Rathnayake
- Departments of Anesthesiology (K.L., S.J.M., J.S.D.), Pharmacology (K.L., C.H., J.D.B., U.R., O.B., C.W.L., J.S.D.), Pediatrics (E.L.S.), and Biochemistry (J.A.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (J.A.B., E.L.D., J.S.D.)
| | - Olivier Boutaud
- Departments of Anesthesiology (K.L., S.J.M., J.S.D.), Pharmacology (K.L., C.H., J.D.B., U.R., O.B., C.W.L., J.S.D.), Pediatrics (E.L.S.), and Biochemistry (J.A.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (J.A.B., E.L.D., J.S.D.)
| | - Joshua A Bauer
- Departments of Anesthesiology (K.L., S.J.M., J.S.D.), Pharmacology (K.L., C.H., J.D.B., U.R., O.B., C.W.L., J.S.D.), Pediatrics (E.L.S.), and Biochemistry (J.A.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (J.A.B., E.L.D., J.S.D.)
| | - Emily L Days
- Departments of Anesthesiology (K.L., S.J.M., J.S.D.), Pharmacology (K.L., C.H., J.D.B., U.R., O.B., C.W.L., J.S.D.), Pediatrics (E.L.S.), and Biochemistry (J.A.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (J.A.B., E.L.D., J.S.D.)
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Departments of Anesthesiology (K.L., S.J.M., J.S.D.), Pharmacology (K.L., C.H., J.D.B., U.R., O.B., C.W.L., J.S.D.), Pediatrics (E.L.S.), and Biochemistry (J.A.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (J.A.B., E.L.D., J.S.D.)
| | - Elaine L Shelton
- Departments of Anesthesiology (K.L., S.J.M., J.S.D.), Pharmacology (K.L., C.H., J.D.B., U.R., O.B., C.W.L., J.S.D.), Pediatrics (E.L.S.), and Biochemistry (J.A.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (J.A.B., E.L.D., J.S.D.)
| | - Jerod S Denton
- Departments of Anesthesiology (K.L., S.J.M., J.S.D.), Pharmacology (K.L., C.H., J.D.B., U.R., O.B., C.W.L., J.S.D.), Pediatrics (E.L.S.), and Biochemistry (J.A.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (J.A.B., E.L.D., J.S.D.)
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ElSheikh A, Driggers CM, Shyng SL. Non-radioactive Rb + Efflux Assay for Screening K ATP Channel Modulators. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2796:191-210. [PMID: 38856903 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3818-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels function as metabolic sensors that link cell membrane excitability to the cellular energy status by controlling potassium ion (K+) flow across the cell membrane according to intracellular ATP and ADP concentrations. As such, KATP channels influence a broad spectrum of physiological processes, including insulin secretion and cardiovascular functions. KATP channels are hetero-octamers, consisting of four inward rectifier potassium channel subunits, Kir6.1 or Kir6.2, and four sulfonylurea receptors (SURs), SUR1, SUR2A, or SUR2B. Different Kir6 and SUR isoforms assemble into KATP channel subtypes with distinct tissue distributions and physiological functions. Mutations in the genes encoding KATP channel subunits underlie various human diseases. Targeted treatment for these diseases requires subtype-specific KATP channel modulators. Rubidium ions (Rb+) also pass through KATP channels, and Rb+ efflux assays can be used to assess KATP channel function and activity. Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (Flame-AAS) combined with microsampling can measure Rb+ in small volume, which provides an efficient tool to screen for compounds that alter KATP channel activity in Rb+ efflux assays. In this chapter, we describe a detailed protocol for Rb+ efflux assays designed to identify new KATP channel modulators with potential therapeutic utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assmaa ElSheikh
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Camden M Driggers
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Show-Ling Shyng
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Spekker E, Nagy-Grócz G, Vécsei L. Ion Channel Disturbances in Migraine Headache: Exploring the Potential Role of the Kynurenine System in the Context of the Trigeminovascular System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16574. [PMID: 38068897 PMCID: PMC10706278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a primary headache disorder, which is an enormous burden to the healthcare system. While some aspects of the pathomechanism of migraines remain unknown, the most accepted theory is that activation and sensitization of the trigeminovascular system are essential during migraine attacks. In recent decades, it has been suggested that ion channels may be important participants in the pathogenesis of migraine. Numerous ion channels are expressed in the peripheral and central nervous systems, including the trigeminovascular system, affecting neuron excitability, synaptic energy homeostasis, inflammatory signaling, and pain sensation. Dysfunction of ion channels could result in neuronal excitability and peripheral or central sensitization. This narrative review covers the current understanding of the biological mechanisms leading to activation and sensitization of the trigeminovascular pain pathway, with a focus on recent findings on ion channel activation and modulation. Furthermore, we focus on the kynurenine pathway since this system contains kynurenic acid, which is an endogenous glutamate receptor antagonist substance, and it has a role in migraine pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gábor Nagy-Grócz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Preventive Health Sciences Research Group, Incubation Competence Centre of the Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
- HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
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