1
|
Kumbhare D, Rajagopal M, Toms J, Freelin A, Weistroffer G, McComb N, Karnam S, Azghadi A, Murnane KS, Baron MS, Holloway KL. Deep Brain Stimulation of Nucleus Basalis of Meynert improves learning in rat model of dementia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.05.588271. [PMID: 38645266 PMCID: PMC11030230 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.05.588271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Background Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) has been preliminarily investigated as a potential treatment for dementia. The degeneration of NBM cholinergic neurons is a pathological feature of many forms of dementia. Although stimulation of the NBM has been demonstrated to improve learning, the ideal parameters for NBM stimulation have not been elucidated. This study assesses the differential effects of varying stimulation patterns and duration on learning in a dementia rat model. Methods 192-IgG-saporin (or vehicle) was injected into the NBM to produce dementia in rats. Next, all rats underwent unilateral implantation of a DBS electrode in the NBM. The experimental groups consisted of i-normal, ii-untreated demented, and iii-demented rats receiving NBM DBS. The stimulation paradigms included testing different modes (tonic and burst) and durations (1-hr, 5-hrs, and 24-hrs/day) over 10 daily sessions. Memory was assessed pre- and post-stimulation using two established learning paradigms: novel object recognition (NOR) and auditory operant chamber learning. Results Both normal and stimulated rats demonstrated improved performance in NOR and auditory learning as compared to the unstimulated demented group. The burst stimulation groups performed better than the tonic stimulated group. Increasing the daily stimulation duration to 24-hr did not further improve cognitive performance in an auditory recognition task and degraded the results on a NOR task as compared with 5-hr. Conclusion The present findings suggest that naturalistic NBM burst DBS may offer a potential effective therapy for treating dementia and suggests potential strategies for the reevaluation of current human NBM stimulation paradigms.
Collapse
|
2
|
Gamage R, Zaborszky L, Münch G, Gyengesi E. Evaluation of eGFP expression in the ChAT-eGFP transgenic mouse brain. BMC Neurosci 2023; 24:4. [PMID: 36650430 PMCID: PMC9847127 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-023-00773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A historically definitive marker for cholinergic neurons is choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), a synthesizing enzyme for acetylcholine, (ACh), which can be found in high concentrations in cholinergic neurons, both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. ChAT, is produced in the body of the neuron, transported to the nerve terminal (where its concentration is highest), and catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from the coenzyme acetyl-CoA to choline, yielding ACh. The creation of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice that express promoter-specific fluorescent reporter proteins (green fluorescent protein-[GFP]) provided an enormous advantage for neuroscience. Both in vivo and in vitro experimental methods benefited from the transgenic visualization of cholinergic neurons. Mice were created by adding a BAC clone into the ChAT locus, in which enhanced GFP (eGFP) is inserted into exon 3 at the ChAT initiation codon, robustly and supposedly selectively expressing eGFP in all cholinergic neurons and fibers in the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as in non-neuronal cells. METHODS This project systematically compared the exact distribution of the ChAT-eGFP expressing neurons in the brain with the expression of ChAT by immunohistochemistry using mapping and also made comparisons with in situ hybridization (ISH). RESULTS We qualitatively described the distribution of ChAT-eGFP neurons in the mouse brain by comparing it with the distribution of immunoreactive neurons and ISH data, paying special attention to areas where the expression did not overlap, such as the cortex, striatum, thalamus and hypothalamus. We found a complete overlap between the transgenic expression of eGFP and the immunohistochemical staining in the areas of the cholinergic basal forebrain. However, in the cortex and hippocampus, we found small neurons that were only labeled with the antibody and not expressed eGFP or vice versa. Most importantly, we found no transgenic expression of eGFP in the lateral dorsal, ventral and dorsomedial tegmental nuclei cholinergic cells. CONCLUSION While the majority of the forebrain ChAT expression was aligned in the transgenic animals with immunohistochemistry, other areas of interest, such as the brainstem should be considered before choosing this particular transgenic mouse line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Gamage
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719Pharmacology Unit, Group of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Laszlo Zaborszky
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - Gerald Münch
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719Pharmacology Unit, Group of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Erika Gyengesi
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719Pharmacology Unit, Group of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
da Silva LA, Diniz CRAF, Uliana DL, da Silva-Júnior AF, Bertacchini GL, Resstel LBM. The interaction between hippocampal cholinergic and nitrergic neurotransmission coordinates NMDA-dependent behavior and autonomic changes induced by contextual fear retrieval. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3297-3311. [PMID: 35978221 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Re-exposing an animal to an environment previously paired with an aversive stimulus evokes large alterations in behavioral and cardiovascular parameters. Dorsal hippocampus (dHC) receives important cholinergic inputs from the basal forebrain, and respective acetylcholine (ACh) levels are described to influence defensive behavior. Activation of muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors facilitates autonomic and behavioral responses along threats. Evidence show activation of cholinergic receptors promoting formation of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in dHC. Altogether, the action of ACh and NO on conditioned responses appears to converge within dHC. OBJECTIVES As answer about how ACh and NO interact to modulate defensive responses has so far been barely addressed, we aimed to shed additional light on this topic. METHODS Male Wistar rats had guide cannula implanted into the dHC before being submitted to the contextual fear conditioning (3footshocks/085 mA/2 s). A catheter was implanted in the femoral artery the next day for cardiovascular recordings. Drugs were delivered into dHC 10 min before contextual re-exposure, which occurred 48 h after the conditioning procedure. RESULTS Neostigmine (Neo) amplified the retrieval of conditioned responses. Neo effects (1 nmol) were prevented by the prior infusion of a M1-M3 antagonist (fumarate), a neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (NPLA), a NO scavenger (cPTIO), a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor (ODQ), and a NMDA antagonist (AP-7). Pretreatment with a selective M1 antagonist (pirenzepine) only prevented the increase in autonomic responses induced by Neo. CONCLUSION The results show that modulation in the retrieval of contextual fear responses involves coordination of the dHC M1-M3/NO/cGMP/NMDA pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Antero da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Campus USP, Bandeirantes Avenue, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- State University of Mato Grosso Do Sul - Medicine UEMS, Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Ricardo Alves Faria Diniz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Campus USP, Bandeirantes Avenue, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Lescano Uliana
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Campus USP, Bandeirantes Avenue, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Antonio Furtado da Silva-Júnior
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Campus USP, Bandeirantes Avenue, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Luiz Bertacchini
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Campus USP, Bandeirantes Avenue, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Barbosa Moraes Resstel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Campus USP, Bandeirantes Avenue, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Diniz CRAF, da Silva LA, Bertachini GL, da Silva-Júnior AF, Resstel LBM. Dorsal hippocampal muscarinic cholinergic receptors orchestrate behavioral and autonomic changes induced by contextual fear retrieval. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 218:173425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
5
|
Cholinergic Internal and Projection Systems of Hippocampus and Neocortex Critical for Early Spatial Memory Consolidation in Normal and Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Conditions in Rats with Different Abilities to Consolidation: The Role of Cholinergic Interneurons of the Hippocampus. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071532. [PMID: 35884837 PMCID: PMC9313465 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of cholinergic projection systems of the neocortex and hippocampus in memory consolidation in healthy and neuropathological conditions has been subject to intensive research. On the contrary, the significance of cholinergic cortical and hippocampal interneurons in learning has hardly been studied. We aimed to evaluate the role of both cholinergic projection neurons and interneurons of the neocortex and hippocampus at an early stage of spatial memory consolidation (2s1) in normal and chronic brain hypoperfusion conditions. Control rats and rats subjected to permanent two-vessel occlusion were trained with the Morris water maze, and the activity of membrane-bound and water-soluble choline acetyltransferase was evaluated in the sub-fractions of ‘light’ and ‘heavy’ synaptosomes of the neocortex and hippocampus, in which the presynapses of cholinergic projections and interneurons, respectively, are concentrated. Animals were ranked into quartiles according to their performance on stage 2s1. We found: (1) quartile-dependent cholinergic composition of 2s1 function and dynamics of cholinergic synaptic plasticity under cerebral hypoperfusion; (2) cholinergic hippocampal interneurons are necessary for successful 2s1 consolidation; (3) cholinergic neocortical interneurons and projections can be critical for 2s1 consolidation in less learning rats. We conclude that targeted modulation of cholinergic synaptic activity in the hippocampus and neocortex can be effective in reversing the cognitive disturbance of cerebral hypoperfusion. We discuss the possible ways to restore the impaired spatial memory 2s1 in the presence of cerebral hypoperfusion.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mineur YS, Mose TN, Vanopdenbosch L, Etherington IM, Ogbejesi C, Islam A, Pineda CM, Crouse RB, Zhou W, Thompson DC, Bentham MP, Picciotto MR. Hippocampal acetylcholine modulates stress-related behaviors independent of specific cholinergic inputs. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1829-1838. [PMID: 34997190 PMCID: PMC9106825 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) levels are elevated in actively depressed subjects. Conversely, antagonism of either nicotinic or muscarinic ACh receptors can have antidepressant effects in humans and decrease stress-relevant behaviors in rodents. Consistent with a role for ACh in mediating maladaptive responses to stress, brain ACh levels increase in response to stressful challenges, whereas systemically blocking acetylcholinesterase (AChE, the primary ACh degradative enzyme) elicits depression-like symptoms in human subjects, and selectively blocking AChE in the hippocampus increases relevant behaviors in rodents. We used an ACh sensor to characterize stress-evoked ACh release, then used chemogenetic, optogenetic and pharmacological approaches to determine whether cholinergic inputs from the medial septum/diagonal bands of Broca (MSDBB) or ChAT-positive neurons intrinsic to the hippocampus mediate stress-relevant behaviors in mice. Chemogenetic inhibition or activation of MSDBB cholinergic neurons did not result in significant behavioral effects, while inhibition attenuated the behavioral effects of physostigmine. In contrast, optogenetic stimulation of septohippocampal terminals or selective chemogenetic activation of ChAT-positive inputs to hippocampus increased stress-related behaviors. Finally, stimulation of sparse ChAT-positive hippocampal neurons increased stress-related behaviors in one ChAT-Cre line, which were attenuated by local infusion of cholinergic antagonists. These studies suggest that ACh signaling results in maladaptive behavioral responses to stress if the balance of signaling is shifted toward increased hippocampal engagement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann S Mineur
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, 3rd Floor Research, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA
| | - Tenna N Mose
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, 3rd Floor Research, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA
| | - Laura Vanopdenbosch
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, 3rd Floor Research, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA
| | - Ian M Etherington
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, 3rd Floor Research, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA
| | - Chika Ogbejesi
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, 3rd Floor Research, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA
| | - Ashraful Islam
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, 3rd Floor Research, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA
| | - Cristiana M Pineda
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, 3rd Floor Research, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA
| | - Richard B Crouse
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, 3rd Floor Research, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA
| | - Wenliang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, 3rd Floor Research, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, 3rd Floor Research, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA
| | - Matthew P Bentham
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, 3rd Floor Research, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA
| | - Marina R Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, 3rd Floor Research, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Deficits in Behavioral and Neuronal Pattern Separation in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9669-9686. [PMID: 34620720 PMCID: PMC8612476 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2439-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In temporal lobe epilepsy, the ability of the dentate gyrus to limit excitatory cortical input to the hippocampus breaks down, leading to seizures. The dentate gyrus is also thought to help discriminate between similar memories by performing pattern separation, but whether epilepsy leads to a breakdown in this neural computation, and thus to mnemonic discrimination impairments, remains unknown. Here we show that temporal lobe epilepsy is characterized by behavioral deficits in mnemonic discrimination tasks, in both humans (females and males) and mice (C57Bl6 males, systemic low-dose kainate model). Using a recently developed assay in brain slices of the same epileptic mice, we reveal a decreased ability of the dentate gyrus to perform certain forms of pattern separation. This is because of a subset of granule cells with abnormal bursting that can develop independently of early EEG abnormalities. Overall, our results linking physiology, computation, and cognition in the same mice advance our understanding of episodic memory mechanisms and their dysfunction in epilepsy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT People with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) often have learning and memory impairments, sometimes occurring earlier than the first seizure, but those symptoms and their biological underpinnings are poorly understood. We focused on the dentate gyrus, a brain region that is critical to avoid confusion between similar memories and is anatomically disorganized in TLE. We show that both humans and mice with TLE experience confusion between similar situations. This impairment coincides with a failure of the dentate gyrus to disambiguate similar input signals because of pathologic bursting in a subset of neurons. Our work bridges seizure-oriented and memory-oriented views of the dentate gyrus function, suggests a mechanism for cognitive symptoms in TLE, and supports a long-standing hypothesis of episodic memory theories.
Collapse
|
8
|
Storozheva ZI, Zakharova EI, Proshin AT. Evaluation of the Activity of Choline Acetyltransferase From Different Synaptosomal Fractions at the Distinct Stages of Spatial Learning in the Morris Water Maze. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:755373. [PMID: 34720900 PMCID: PMC8548380 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.755373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated data have evidenced that brain cholinergic circuits play a crucial role in learning and memory; however, our knowledge about the participation of neocortical and hippocampal cholinergic systems in spatial learning needs to be refined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the activity of membrane-bound and soluble choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the synaptosomal sub-fractions of the neocortex and hippocampus with performance of the spatial navigation task in the Morris water maze at different temporal stages of memory trace formation. To identify distinct stages of memory formation, rats were trained using a 5-day protocol with four trials per day. The mean escape latency for each trial was collected, and the entire dataset was subjected to principal component analysis. Based on the Morris water maze protocol, there were three relatively distinct stages of memory formation: days 1-2, day 3, and days 4-5. The remotely stored memory trace tested in repeated and reversal learning beginning on day 19 (14 days after the end of initial learning) was associated at the individual level mainly with performance during the second trial on day 21 (the third day or repeated or reversal learning). The ChAT activity data suggest the participation of cortical cholinergic projections mainly in the first stage of spatial learning (automatic sensory processing) and the involvement of hippocampal interneurons in the second stage (error-corrected learning). Cholinergic cortical interneurons participated mainly in the stage of asymptotic performance (days 4-5). It is advisable to evaluate other signalling pathways at the identified stages of memory formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zinaida I Storozheva
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I Zakharova
- Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Palacios-Filardo J, Udakis M, Brown GA, Tehan BG, Congreve MS, Nathan PJ, Brown AJH, Mellor JR. Acetylcholine prioritises direct synaptic inputs from entorhinal cortex to CA1 by differential modulation of feedforward inhibitory circuits. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5475. [PMID: 34531380 PMCID: PMC8445995 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine release in the hippocampus plays a central role in the formation of new memory representations. An influential but largely untested theory proposes that memory formation requires acetylcholine to enhance responses in CA1 to new sensory information from entorhinal cortex whilst depressing inputs from previously encoded representations in CA3. Here, we show that excitatory inputs from entorhinal cortex and CA3 are depressed equally by synaptic release of acetylcholine in CA1. However, feedforward inhibition from entorhinal cortex exhibits greater depression than CA3 resulting in a selective enhancement of excitatory-inhibitory balance and CA1 activation by entorhinal inputs. Entorhinal and CA3 pathways engage different feedforward interneuron subpopulations and cholinergic modulation of presynaptic function is mediated differentially by muscarinic M3 and M4 receptors, respectively. Thus, our data support a role and mechanisms for acetylcholine to prioritise novel information inputs to CA1 during memory formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Palacios-Filardo
- Center for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | - Matt Udakis
- Center for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | - Giles A Brown
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abingdon, Cambridge, UK
- OMass Therapeutics Ltd, The Schrödinger Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin G Tehan
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abingdon, Cambridge, UK
- OMass Therapeutics Ltd, The Schrödinger Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Miles S Congreve
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abingdon, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pradeep J Nathan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alastair J H Brown
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abingdon, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jack R Mellor
- Center for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pancotti L, Topolnik L. Cholinergic Modulation of Dendritic Signaling in Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons. Neuroscience 2021; 489:44-56. [PMID: 34129910 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendrites represent the "reception hub" of the neuron as they collect thousands of different inputs and send a coherent response to the cell body. A considerable portion of these signals, especially in vivo, arises from neuromodulatory sources, which affect dendritic computations and cellular activity. In this context, acetylcholine (ACh) exerts a coordinating role of different brain structures, contributing to goal-driven behaviors and sleep-wake cycles. Specifically, cholinergic neurons from the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex send numerous projections to glutamatergic principal cells and GABAergic inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus, differentially entraining them during network oscillations. Interneurons display abundant expression of cholinergic receptors and marked responses to stimulation by ACh. Nonetheless, the precise localization of ACh inputs is largely unknown, and evidence for cholinergic modulation of interneuronal dendritic signaling remains elusive. In this article, we review evidence that suggests modulatory effects of ACh on dendritic computations in three hippocampal interneuron subtypes: fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells, somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) oriens lacunosum moleculare cells and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-expressing (VIP+) interneuron-selective interneurons. We consider the distribution of cholinergic receptors on these interneurons, including information about their specific somatodendritic location, and discuss how the action of these receptors can modulate dendritic Ca2+ signaling and activity of interneurons. The implications of ACh-dependent Ca2+ signaling for dendritic plasticity are also discussed. We propose that cholinergic modulation can shape the dendritic integration and plasticity in interneurons in a cell type-specific manner, and the elucidation of these mechanisms will be required to understand the contribution of each cell type to large-scale network activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pancotti
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Laval University, Canada; Neuroscience Axis, CRCHUQ, Laval University, Canada
| | - Lisa Topolnik
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Laval University, Canada; Neuroscience Axis, CRCHUQ, Laval University, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zakharova EI, Storozheva ZI, Proshin AT, Monakov MY, Dudchenko AM. Opposite Pathways of Cholinergic Mechanisms of Hypoxic Preconditioning in the Hippocampus: Participation of Nicotinic α7 Receptors and Their Association with the Baseline Level of Startle Prepulse Inhibition. Brain Sci 2020; 11:brainsci11010012. [PMID: 33374246 PMCID: PMC7824639 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background. A one-time moderate hypobaric hypoxia (HBH) has a preconditioning effect whose neuronal mechanisms are not studied well. Previously, we found a stable correlation between the HBH efficiency and acoustic startle prepulse inhibition (PPI). This makes it possible to predict the individual efficiency of HBH in animals and to study its potential adaptive mechanisms. We revealed a bi-directional action of nicotinic α7 receptor agonist PNU-282987 and its solvent dimethyl sulfoxide on HBH efficiency with the level of PPI > or < 40%. (2) The aim of the present study was to estimate cholinergic mechanisms of HBH effects in different brain regions. (3) Methods: in rats pretested for PPI, we evaluated the activity of synaptic membrane-bound and water-soluble choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the sub-fractions of ‘light’ and ‘heavy’ synaptosomes of the neocortex, hippocampus and caudal brainstem in the intact brain and after HBH. We tested the dose-dependent influence of PNU-282987 on the HBH efficiency. (4) Results: PPI level and ChAT activity correlated negatively in all brain structures of the intact animals, so that the values of the latter were higher in rats with PPI < 40% compared to those with PPI > 40%. After HBH, this ChAT activity difference was leveled in the neocortex and caudal brainstem, while for membrane-bound ChAT in the ‘light’ synaptosomal fraction of hippocampus, it was reversed to the opposite. In addition, a pharmacological study revealed that PNU-282987 in all used doses and its solvent displayed corresponding opposite effects on HBH efficiency in rats with different levels of PPI. (5) Conclusion: We substantiate that in rats with low and high PPI two opposite hippocampal cholinergic mechanisms are involved in hypoxic preconditioning, and both are implemented by forebrain projections via nicotinic α7 receptors. Possible causes of association between general protective adaptation, HBH, PPI, forebrain cholinergic system and hippocampus are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena I. Zakharova
- Laboratory of General Pathology of Cardiorespiratory System, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya, 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.M.); (A.M.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-9199668657; Fax: +7-4991511756
| | - Zinaida I. Storozheva
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Serbsky’ National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per., 23, 111395 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrey T. Proshin
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Baltiyskaya, 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Mikhail Yu. Monakov
- Laboratory of General Pathology of Cardiorespiratory System, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya, 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.M.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Alexander M. Dudchenko
- Laboratory of General Pathology of Cardiorespiratory System, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya, 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.M.); (A.M.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Arnol D, Schapiro D, Bodenmiller B, Saez-Rodriguez J, Stegle O. Modeling Cell-Cell Interactions from Spatial Molecular Data with Spatial Variance Component Analysis. Cell Rep 2020; 29:202-211.e6. [PMID: 31577949 PMCID: PMC6899515 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological advances enable assaying multiplexed spatially resolved RNA and protein expression profiling of individual cells, thereby capturing molecular variations in physiological contexts. While these methods are increasingly accessible, computational approaches for studying the interplay of the spatial structure of tissues and cell-cell heterogeneity are only beginning to emerge. Here, we present spatial variance component analysis (SVCA), a computational framework for the analysis of spatial molecular data. SVCA enables quantifying different dimensions of spatial variation and in particular quantifies the effect of cell-cell interactions on gene expression. In a breast cancer Imaging Mass Cytometry dataset, our model yields interpretable spatial variance signatures, which reveal cell-cell interactions as a major driver of protein expression heterogeneity. Applied to high-dimensional imaging-derived RNA data, SVCA identifies plausible gene families that are linked to cell-cell interactions. SVCA is available as a free software tool that can be widely applied to spatial data from different technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Arnol
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Denis Schapiro
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Life Science Zurich Graduate School, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Bodenmiller
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK; Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Faculty of Medicine, Pauwelsstrasse 19, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, Bioquant, 69120 Heidelberg.
| | - Oliver Stegle
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Computational Genomics and Systems Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun JL, Stokoe SA, Roberts JP, Sathler MF, Nip KA, Shou J, Ko K, Tsunoda S, Kim S. Co-activation of selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is required to reverse beta amyloid-induced Ca 2+ hyperexcitation. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 84:166-177. [PMID: 31629115 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide accumulation has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hippocampal network hyperexcitability in the early stages of the disease leads to increased epileptiform activity and eventually cognitive decline. We found that acute application of 250 nM soluble Aβ42 oligomers increased Ca2+ activity in hippocampal neurons in parallel with a significant decrease in activity in Aβ42-treated interneurons. A potential target of Aβ42 is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Three major subtypes of nAChRs (α7, α4β2, and α3β4) have been reported in the human hippocampus. Simultaneous inhibition of both α7 and α4β2 nAChRs mimicked the Aβ42 effects on both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. However, inhibition of all 3 subtypes showed the opposite effect. Importantly, simultaneous activation of α7 and α4β2 nAChRs was required to reverse Aβ42-induced neuronal hyperexcitation. We suggest co-activation of α7 and α4β2 nAChRs is required to reverse Aβ42-induced Ca2+ hyperexcitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julianna L Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sarah A Stokoe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jessica P Roberts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Matheus F Sathler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kaila A Nip
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jiayi Shou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Ko
- Poudre High School, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Susan Tsunoda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Seonil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Faiq MA, Wollstein G, Schuman JS, Chan KC. Cholinergic nervous system and glaucoma: From basic science to clinical applications. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 72:100767. [PMID: 31242454 PMCID: PMC6739176 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic system has a crucial role to play in visual function. Although cholinergic drugs have been a focus of attention as glaucoma medications for reducing eye pressure, little is known about the potential modality for neuronal survival and/or enhancement in visual impairments. Citicoline, a naturally occurring compound and FDA approved dietary supplement, is a nootropic agent that is recently demonstrated to be effective in ameliorating ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular diseases, memory disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in both humans and animal models. The mechanisms of its action appear to be multifarious including (i) preservation of cardiolipin, sphingomyelin, and arachidonic acid contents of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, (ii) restoration of phosphatidylcholine, (iii) stimulation of glutathione synthesis, (iv) lowering glutamate concentrations and preventing glutamate excitotoxicity, (v) rescuing mitochondrial function thereby preventing oxidative damage and onset of neuronal apoptosis, (vi) synthesis of myelin leading to improvement in neuronal membrane integrity, (vii) improving acetylcholine synthesis and thereby reducing the effects of mental stress and (viii) preventing endothelial dysfunction. Such effects have vouched for citicoline as a neuroprotective, neurorestorative and neuroregenerative agent. Retinal ganglion cells are neurons with long myelinated axons which provide a strong rationale for citicoline use in visual pathway disorders. Since glaucoma is a form of neurodegeneration involving retinal ganglion cells, citicoline may help ameliorate glaucomatous damages in multiple facets. Additionally, trans-synaptic degeneration has been identified in humans and experimental models of glaucoma suggesting the cholinergic system as a new brain target for glaucoma management and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb A Faiq
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joel S Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kevin C Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States; Department of Radiology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States; Center for Neural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Madar AD, Ewell LA, Jones MV. Pattern separation of spiketrains in hippocampal neurons. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5282. [PMID: 30918288 PMCID: PMC6437159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern separation is a process that minimizes overlap between patterns of neuronal activity representing similar experiences. Theoretical work suggests that the dentate gyrus (DG) performs this role for memory processing but a direct demonstration is lacking. One limitation is the difficulty to measure DG inputs and outputs simultaneously. To rigorously assess pattern separation by DG circuitry, we used mouse brain slices to stimulate DG afferents and simultaneously record DG granule cells (GCs) and interneurons. Output spiketrains of GCs are more dissimilar than their input spiketrains, demonstrating for the first time temporal pattern separation at the level of single neurons in the DG. Pattern separation is larger in GCs than in fast-spiking interneurons and hilar mossy cells, and is amplified in CA3 pyramidal cells. Analysis of the neural noise and computational modelling suggest that this form of pattern separation is not explained by simple randomness and arises from specific presynaptic dynamics. Overall, by reframing the concept of pattern separation in dynamic terms and by connecting it to the physiology of different types of neurons, our study offers a new window of understanding in how hippocampal networks might support episodic memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine D Madar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology, Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Laura A Ewell
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn - Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mathew V Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Palacios-Filardo J, Mellor JR. Neuromodulation of hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 54:37-43. [PMID: 30212713 PMCID: PMC6367596 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin all facilitate long-term synaptic plasticity. Neuromodulators facilitate long-term synaptic plasticity by common and divergent mechanisms. Common mechanisms include NMDA receptor facilitation by potassium channel inhibition, gliotransmission and disinhibition. Divergent mechanisms include diversity of disinhibition and temporal and spatial neuromodulator release.
Multiple neuromodulators including acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin are released in response to uncertainty to focus attention on events where the predicted outcome does not match observed reality. In these situations, internal representations need to be updated, a process that requires long-term synaptic plasticity. Through a variety of common and divergent mechanisms, it is recently shown that all these neuromodulators facilitate the induction and/or expression of long-term synaptic plasticity within the hippocampus. Under physiological conditions, this may be critical for suprathreshold induction of plasticity endowing neuromodulators with a gating function and providing a mechanism by which neuromodulators enable the targeted updating of memory with relevant information to improve the accuracy of future predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Palacios-Filardo
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jack R Mellor
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Neuroprotective evidence of alpha-lipoic acid and desvenlafaxine on memory deficit in a neuroendocrine model of depression. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:803-817. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
18
|
Altered Baseline and Nicotine-Mediated Behavioral and Cholinergic Profiles in ChAT-Cre Mouse Lines. J Neurosci 2018; 38:2177-2188. [PMID: 29371319 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1433-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent development of transgenic rodent lines expressing cre recombinase in a cell-specific manner, along with advances in engineered viral vectors, has permitted in-depth investigations into circuit function. However, emerging evidence has begun to suggest that genetic modifications may introduce unexpected caveats. In the current studies, we sought to extensively characterize male and female mice from both the ChAT(BAC)-Cre mouse line, created with the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) method, and ChAT(IRES)-Cre mouse line, generated with the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) method. ChAT(BAC)-Cre transgenic and wild-type mice did not differ in general locomotor behavior, anxiety measures, drug-induced cataplexy, nicotine-mediated hypolocomotion, or operant food training. However, ChAT(BAC)-Cre transgenic mice did exhibit significant deficits in intravenous nicotine self-administration, which paralleled an increase in vesicular acetylcholine transporter and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) hippocampal expression. For the ChAT(IRES)-Cre line, transgenic mice exhibited deficits in baseline locomotor, nicotine-mediated hypolocomotion, and operant food training compared with wild-type and hemizygous littermates. No differences among ChAT(IRES)-Cre wild-type, hemizygous, and transgenic littermates were found in anxiety measures, drug-induced cataplexy, and nicotine self-administration. Given that increased cre expression was present in the ChAT(IRES)-Cre transgenic mice, as well as a decrease in ChAT expression in the hippocampus, altered neuronal function may underlie behavioral phenotypes. In contrast, ChAT(IRES)-Cre hemizygous mice were more similar to wild-type mice in both protein expression and the majority of behavioral assessments. As such, interpretation of data derived from ChAT-Cre rodents must consider potential limitations dependent on the line and/or genotype used in research investigations.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Altered baseline and/or nicotine-mediated behavioral profiles were discovered in transgenic mice from the ChAT(BAC)-Cre and ChAT(IRES)-Cre lines. Given that these cre-expressing mice have become increasingly used by the scientific community, either independently with chemicogenetic and optogenetic viral vectors or crossed with other transgenic lines, the current studies highlight important considerations for the interpretation of data from previous and future experimental investigations. Moreover, the current findings detail the behavioral effects of either increased or decreased baseline cholinergic signaling mechanisms on locomotor, anxiety, learning/memory, and intravenous nicotine self-administration behaviors.
Collapse
|
19
|
Ballinger EC, Ananth M, Talmage DA, Role LW. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Circuits and Signaling in Cognition and Cognitive Decline. Neuron 2017; 91:1199-1218. [PMID: 27657448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent work continues to place cholinergic circuits at center stage for normal executive and mnemonic functioning and provides compelling evidence that the loss of cholinergic signaling and cognitive decline are inextricably linked. This Review focuses on the last few years of studies on the mechanisms by which cholinergic signaling contributes to circuit activity related to cognition. We attempt to identify areas of controversy, as well as consensus, on what is and is not yet known about how cholinergic signaling in the CNS contributes to normal cognitive processes. In addition, we delineate the findings from recent work on the extent to which dysfunction of cholinergic circuits contributes to cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Ballinger
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Mala Ananth
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - David A Talmage
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lorna W Role
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Neurosciences Institute, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Treanor M, Barry TJ. Treatment of avoidance behavior as an adjunct to exposure therapy: Insights from modern learning theory. Behav Res Ther 2017; 96:30-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
21
|
Effects of Aged Garlic Extract on Cholinergic, Glutamatergic and GABAergic Systems with Regard to Cognitive Impairment in Aβ-Induced Rats. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070686. [PMID: 28671572 PMCID: PMC5537801 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been linked to the degeneration of central cholinergic and glutamatergic transmission, which correlates with progressive memory loss and the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ). It has been claimed that aged garlic extract (AGE) has a beneficial effect in preventing neurodegeneration in AD. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of AGE on Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction with a biochemical basis in the cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic systems in rats. Adult male Wistar rats were orally administered three doses of AGE (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) daily for 65 days. At day 56, they were injected with 1 μL of aggregated Aβ (1–42) into each lateral ventricle, bilaterally. After six days of Aβ injection, the rats’ working and reference memory was tested using a radial arm maze. The rats were then euthanized to investigate any changes to the cholinergic neurons, vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and 2 proteins (VGLUT1 and VGLUT2), and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) in the hippocampus. The results showed that AGE significantly improved the working memory and tended to improve the reference memory in cognitively-impaired rats. In addition, AGE significantly ameliorated the loss of cholinergic neurons and increased the VGLUT1 and GAD levels in the hippocampus of rat brains with Aβ-induced toxicity. In contrast, the VGLUT2 protein levels did not change in any of the treated groups. We concluded that AGE was able to attenuate the impairment of working memory via the modification of cholinergic neurons, VGLUT1, and GAD in the hippocampus of Aβ-induced rats.
Collapse
|
22
|
Sato K, Kerever A, Kamagata K, Tsuruta K, Irie R, Tagawa K, Okazawa H, Arikawa-Hirasawa E, Nitta N, Aoki I, Aoki S. Understanding microstructure of the brain by comparison of neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) with transparent mouse brain. Acta Radiol Open 2017; 6:2058460117703816. [PMID: 28491462 PMCID: PMC5405886 DOI: 10.1177/2058460117703816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) is a diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique with the potential to visualize the microstructure of the brain. Revolutionary histological methods to render the mouse brain transparent have recently been developed, but verification of NODDI by these methods has not been reported. Purpose To confirm the concordance of NODDI with histology in terms of density and orientation dispersion of neurites of the brain. Material and Methods Whole brain diffusion MRI of a thy-1 yellow fluorescent protein mouse was acquired with a 7-T MRI scanner, after which transparent brain sections were created from the same mouse. NODDI parameters calculated from the MR images, including the intracellular volume fraction (Vic) and the orientation dispersion index (ODI), were compared with histological findings. Neurite density, Vic, and ODI were compared between areas of the anterior commissure and the hippocampus containing crossing fibers (crossing areas) and parallel fibers (parallel areas), and the correlation between fiber density and Vic was assessed. Results The ODI was significantly higher in the crossing area compared to the parallel area in both the anterior commissure and the hippocampus (P = 0.0247, P = 0.00022, respectively). Neurite density showed a similar tendency, but was significantly different only in the hippocampus (P = 7.91E−07). There was no significant correlation between neurite density and Vic. Conclusion NODDI was verified by histology for quantification of the orientation dispersion of neurites. These results indicate that the ODI is a suitable index for understanding the microstructure of the brain in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Sato
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aurelien Kerever
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Kamagata
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Tsuruta
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Irie
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Tagawa
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okazawa
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Arikawa-Hirasawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nitta
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), QST, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), QST, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Giovannini F, Knauer B, Yoshida M, Buhry L. The CAN-In network: A biologically inspired model for self-sustained theta oscillations and memory maintenance in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2017; 27:450-463. [PMID: 28052448 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During working memory tasks, the hippocampus exhibits synchronous theta-band activity, which is thought to be correlated with the short-term memory maintenance of salient stimuli. Recent studies indicate that the hippocampus contains the necessary circuitry allowing it to generate and sustain theta oscillations without the need of extrinsic drive. However, the cellular and network mechanisms supporting synchronous rhythmic activity are far from being fully understood. Based on electrophysiological recordings from hippocampal pyramidal CA1 cells, we present a possible mechanism for the maintenance of such rhythmic theta-band activity in the isolated hippocampus. Our model network, based on the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism, comprising pyramidal neurons equipped with calcium-activated nonspecific cationic (CAN) ion channels, is able to generate and sustain synchronized theta oscillations (4-12 Hz), following a transient stimulation. The synchronous network activity is maintained by an intrinsic CAN current (ICAN ), in the absence of constant external input. When connecting the pyramidal-CAN network to fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, the dynamics of the model reveal that feedback inhibition improves the robustness of fast theta oscillations, by tightening the synchronization of the pyramidal CAN neurons. The frequency and power of the theta oscillations are both modulated by the intensity of the ICAN , which allows for a wide range of oscillation rates within the theta band. This biologically plausible mechanism for the maintenance of synchronous theta oscillations in the hippocampus aims at extending the traditional models of septum-driven hippocampal rhythmic activity. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giovannini
- Neurosys Team, INRIA CR Nancy Grand Est, Villers-lès-Nancy, France.,Neurosys Team, CNRS, LORIA UMR 7503, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, LORIA UMR 7503, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Beate Knauer
- Research School, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Motoharu Yoshida
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN) and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Laure Buhry
- Neurosys Team, INRIA CR Nancy Grand Est, Villers-lès-Nancy, France.,Neurosys Team, CNRS, LORIA UMR 7503, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, LORIA UMR 7503, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shah S, Lubeck E, Zhou W, Cai L. In Situ Transcription Profiling of Single Cells Reveals Spatial Organization of Cells in the Mouse Hippocampus. Neuron 2016; 92:342-357. [PMID: 27764670 PMCID: PMC5087994 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the spatial organization of tissues at cellular resolution from single-cell gene expression profiles is essential to understanding biological systems. Using an in situ 3D multiplexed imaging method, seqFISH, we identify unique transcriptional states by quantifying and clustering up to 249 genes in 16,958 cells to examine whether the hippocampus is organized into transcriptionally distinct subregions. We identified distinct layers in the dentate gyrus corresponding to the granule cell layer and the subgranular zone and, contrary to previous reports, discovered that distinct subregions within the CA1 and CA3 are composed of unique combinations of cells in different transcriptional states. In addition, we found that the dorsal CA1 is relatively homogeneous at the single cell level, while ventral CA1 is highly heterogeneous. These structures and patterns are observed using different mice and different sets of genes. Together, these results demonstrate the power of seqFISH in transcriptional profiling of complex tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheel Shah
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eric Lubeck
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Wen Zhou
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Long Cai
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Levels of Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript in Vagal Afferents in the Mouse Are Unaltered in Response to Metabolic Challenges. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-FTR-0174-16. [PMID: 27822503 PMCID: PMC5088776 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0174-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is one of the most abundant neuropeptides in vagal afferents, including those involved in regulating feeding. Recent observations indicate that metabolic challenges dramatically alter the neuropeptidergic profile of CART-producing vagal afferents. Here, using confocal microscopy, we reassessed the distribution and regulation of CART(55–102) immunoreactivity in vagal afferents of the male mouse in response to metabolic challenges, including fasting and high-fat-diet feeding. Importantly, the perikarya and axons of vagal C-fibers were labeled using mice expressing channelrodhopsin-2 (ChR2-YFP) in Nav1.8-Cre–expressing neurons. In these mice, approximately 82% of the nodose ganglion neurons were labeled with ChR2-YFP. Furthermore, ChR2-YFP–labeled axons could easily be identified in the dorsovagal complex. CART(55–102) immunoreactivity was observed in 55% of the ChR2-YFP–labeled neurons in the nodose ganglion and 22% of the ChR2-YFP–labeled varicosities within the area postrema of fed, fasted, and obese mice. The distribution of positive profiles was also identical across the full range of CART staining in fed, fasted, and obese mice. In contrast to previous studies, fasting did not induce melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) immunoreactivity in vagal afferents. Moreover, prepro-MCH mRNA was undetectable in the nodose ganglion of fasted mice. In summary, this study showed that the perikarya and central terminals of vagal afferents are invariably enriched in CART and devoid of MCH.
Collapse
|
26
|
Dine J, Genewsky A, Hladky F, Wotjak CT, Deussing JM, Zieglgänsberger W, Chen A, Eder M. Local Optogenetic Induction of Fast (20-40 Hz) Pyramidal-Interneuron Network Oscillations in the In Vitro and In Vivo CA1 Hippocampus: Modulation by CRF and Enforcement of Perirhinal Theta Activity. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:108. [PMID: 27199662 PMCID: PMC4844905 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurophysiological processes that can cause theta-to-gamma frequency range (4-80 Hz) network oscillations in the rhinal cortical-hippocampal system and the potential connectivity-based interactions of such forebrain rhythms are a topic of intensive investigation. Here, using selective Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expression in mouse forebrain glutamatergic cells, we were able to locally, temporally precisely, and reliably induce fast (20-40 Hz) field potential oscillations in hippocampal area CA1 in vitro (at 25°C) and in vivo (i.e., slightly anesthetized NEX-Cre-ChR2 mice). As revealed by pharmacological analyses and patch-clamp recordings from pyramidal cells and GABAergic interneurons in vitro, these light-triggered oscillations can exclusively arise from sustained suprathreshold depolarization (~200 ms or longer) and feedback inhibition of CA1 pyramidal neurons, as being mandatory for prototypic pyramidal-interneuron network (P-I) oscillations. Consistently, the oscillations comprised rhythmically occurring population spikes (generated by pyramidal cells) and their frequency increased with increasing spectral power. We further demonstrate that the optogenetically driven CA1 oscillations, which remain stable over repeated evocations, are impaired by the stress hormone corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF, 125 nM) in vitro and, even more remarkably, found that they are accompanied by concurrent states of enforced theta activity in the memory-associated perirhinal cortex (PrC) in vivo. The latter phenomenon most likely derives from neurotransmission via a known, but poorly studied excitatory CA1→PrC pathway. Collectively, our data provide evidence for the existence of a prototypic (CRF-sensitive) P-I gamma rhythm generator in area CA1 and suggest that CA1 P-I oscillations can rapidly up-regulate theta activity strength in hippocampus-innervated rhinal networks, at least in the PrC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Dine
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany; Department "Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics", Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany; Scientific Core Unit "Electrophysiology and Neuronal Network Dynamics", Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany
| | - Andreas Genewsky
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany; Department "Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics", Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany; Research Group "Neuronal Plasticity", Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany
| | - Florian Hladky
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany; Department "Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics", Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany; Scientific Core Unit "Electrophysiology and Neuronal Network Dynamics", Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany; Department "Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics", Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany; Research Group "Neuronal Plasticity", Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany; Department "Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics", Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany; Research Group "Molecular Neurogenetics", Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany
| | | | - Alon Chen
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany; Department "Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics", Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany; The Ruhman Family Laboratory for Research on the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Matthias Eder
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany; Department "Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics", Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany; Scientific Core Unit "Electrophysiology and Neuronal Network Dynamics", Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Unraveling the complex network of neural circuits that form the nervous system demands tools that can manipulate specific circuits. The recent evolution of genetic tools to target neural circuits allows an unprecedented precision in elucidating their function. Here we describe two general approaches for achieving circuit specificity. The first uses the genetic identity of a cell, such as a transcription factor unique to a circuit, to drive expression of a molecule that can manipulate cell function. The second uses the spatial connectivity of a circuit to achieve specificity: one genetic element is introduced at the origin of a circuit and the other at its termination. When the two genetic elements combine within a neuron, they can alter its function. These two general approaches can be combined to allow manipulation of neurons with a specific genetic identity by introducing a regulatory gene into the origin or termination of the circuit. We consider the advantages and disadvantages of both these general approaches with regard to specificity and efficacy of the manipulations. We also review the genetic techniques that allow gain- and loss-of-function within specific neural circuits. These approaches introduce light-sensitive channels (optogenetic) or drug sensitive channels (chemogenetic) into neurons that form specific circuits. We compare these tools with others developed for circuit-specific manipulation and describe the advantages of each. Finally, we discuss how these tools might be applied for identification of the neural circuits that mediate behavior and for repair of neural connections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Geun Park
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA.
| | - Jason B Carmel
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA
- Brain and Mind Research Institute and Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Blusztajn JK, Rinnofner J. Intrinsic Cholinergic Neurons in the Hippocampus: Fact or Artifact? Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:6. [PMID: 27014052 PMCID: PMC4785141 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally agreed that hippocampal acetylcholine (ACh) is synthesized and released exclusively from the terminals of the long-axon afferents whose cell bodies reside in the medial septum and diagonal band. The search for intrinsic cholinergic neurons in the hippocampus has a long history; however evidence for the existence of these neurons has been inconsistent, with most investigators failing to detect them using in situ hybridization or immunohistochemical staining of the cholinergic markers, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) or vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Advances in the use of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice expressing a reporter protein under the control of the genomic elements of the Chat gene (Chat-BAC mice) have facilitated studies of cholinergic neurons. Such mice show robust and faithful expression of the reporter proteins in all known cholinergic cell populations. The availability of the Chat-BAC mice re-ignited interest in hippocampal cholinergic interneurons, because a small number of such reporter-expressing cells is frequently observed in the hippocampus of these mice. However, to date, attempts to confirm that these neurons co-express the endogenous cholinergic marker ChAT, or release ACh, have been unsuccessful. Without such confirmatory evidence it is best to conclude that there are no cholinergic neurons in the hippocampus. Similar considerations apply to other BAC transgenic lines, whose utility as a discovery tool for cell populations heretofore not known to express the genes of interest encoded by the BACs, must be validated by methods that detect expression of the endogenous genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Krzysztof Blusztajn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jasmine Rinnofner
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gábriel R, Erdélyi F, Szabó G, Lawrence JJ, Wilhelm M. Ectopic transgene expression in the retina of four transgenic mouse lines. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:3729-41. [PMID: 26563404 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinal expression of transgenes was examined in four mouse lines. Two constructs were driven by the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) promoter: green fluorescent protein conjugated to tau protein (tau-GFP) or cytosolic yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) generated through CRE recombinase-induced expression of Rosa26 (ChAT-CRE/Rosa26YFP). Two other constructs targeted inhibitory interneurons: GABAergic horizontal and amacrine cells identified by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65-GFP) or parvalbumin (PV) cells (PV-CRE/Rosa26YFP). Animals were transcardially perfused and retinal sections prepared. Antibodies against PV, calretinin (CALR), calbindin (CALB), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were used to counterstain transgene-expressing cells. In PVxRosa and ChAT-tauGFP constructs, staining appeared in vertically oriented row of processes resembling Müller cells. In the ChATxRosa construct, populations of amacrine cells and neurons in the ganglion cell layer were labeled. Some cones also exhibited GFP fluorescence. CALR, PV and TH were found in none of these cells. Occasionally, we found GFP/CALR and GFP/PV double-stained cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). In the GAD65-GFP construct, all layers of the neuroretina were labeled, except photoreceptors. Not all horizontal cells expressed GFP. We did not find GFP/TH double-labeled cells and GFP was rarely present in CALR- and CALB-containing cells. Many PV-positive neurons were also labeled for GFP, including small diameter amacrines. In the GCL, single labeling for GFP and PV was ascertained, as well as several CALR/PV double-stained neurons. In the GCL, cells triple labeled with GFP/CALR/CALB were sparse. In conclusion, only one of the four transgenic constructs exhibited an expression pattern consistent with endogenous retinal protein expression, while the others strongly suggested ectopic gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gábriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1450, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1450, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Josh Lawrence
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Márta Wilhelm
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6., 7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Vijayaraghavan S, Sharma G. Editorial: Brain cholinergic mechanisms. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2015; 7:14. [PMID: 26441630 PMCID: PMC4569963 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2015.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Neuroscience Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Geeta Sharma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Neuroscience Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Neurons that produce acetylcholine (ACh) are positioned to broadly influence the brain, with axonal arborizations that extend throughout the cerebral cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. While the action of these neurons has typically been attributed entirely to ACh, neurons often release more than one primary neurotransmitter. Here, we review evidence for the cotransmission of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA from cholinergic neurons throughout the mammalian central nervous system. Functional cotransmission of ACh and GABA has been reported in the retina and cortex, and anatomical studies suggest that GABA cotransmission is a common feature of nearly all forebrain ACh-producing neurons. Further experiments are necessary to confirm the extent of GABA cotransmission from cholinergic neurons, and the contribution of GABA needs to be considered when studying the functional impact of activity in ACh-producing neurons. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Synaptopathy--from Biology to Therapy'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Granger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Mulder
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arpiar Saunders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernardo L Sabatini
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cheng Q, Yakel JL. The effect of α7 nicotinic receptor activation on glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampus. Biochem Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26212541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expressed widely in the CNS, and mediate both synaptic and perisynaptic activities of endogenous cholinergic inputs and pharmacological actions of exogenous compounds (e.g., nicotine and choline). Behavioral studies indicate that nicotine improves such cognitive functions as learning and memory, however the cellular mechanism of these actions remains elusive. With help from newly developed biosensors and optogenetic tools, recent studies provide new insights on signaling mechanisms involved in the activation of nAChRs. Here we will review α7 nAChR's action in the tri-synaptic pathway in the hippocampus. The effects of α7 nAChR activation via either exogenous compounds or endogenous cholinergic innervation are detailed for spontaneous and evoked glutamatergic synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity, as well as the underlying signaling mechanisms. In summary, α7 nAChRs trigger intracellular calcium rise and calcium-dependent signaling pathways to enhance glutamate release and induce glutamatergic synaptic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cheng
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jerrel L Yakel
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sekulić V, Chen TC, Lawrence JJ, Skinner FK. Dendritic distributions of I h channels in experimentally-derived multi-compartment models of oriens-lacunosum/moleculare (O-LM) hippocampal interneurons. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2015; 7:2. [PMID: 25774132 PMCID: PMC4343010 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2015.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The O-LM cell type mediates feedback inhibition onto hippocampal pyramidal cells and gates information flow in the CA1. Its functions depend on the presence of voltage-gated channels (VGCs), which affect its integrative properties and response to synaptic input. Given the challenges associated with determining densities and distributions of VGCs on interneuron dendrites, we take advantage of computational modeling to consider different possibilities. In this work, we focus on hyperpolarization-activated channels (h-channels) in O-LM cells. While h-channels are known to be present in O-LM cells, it is unknown whether they are present on their dendrites. In previous work, we used ensemble modeling techniques with experimental data to obtain insights into potentially important conductance balances. We found that the best O-LM models that included uniformly distributed h-channels in the dendrites could not fully capture the “sag” response. This led us to examine activation kinetics and non-uniform distributions of h-channels in the present work. In tuning our models, we found that different kinetics and non-uniform distributions could better reproduce experimental O-LM cell responses. In contrast to CA1 pyramidal cells where higher conductance densities of h-channels occur in more distal dendrites, decreasing conductance densities of h-channels away from the soma were observed in O-LM models. Via an illustrative scenario, we showed that having dendritic h-channels clearly speeds up back-propagating action potentials in O-LM cells, unlike when h-channels are present only in the soma. Although the present results were morphology-dependent, our work shows that it should be possible to determine the distributions and characteristics of O-LM cells with recordings and morphologies from the same cell. We hypothesize that h-channels are distributed in O-LM cell dendrites and endow them with particular synaptic integration properties that shape information flow in hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Sekulić
- Department of Fundamental Neurobiology, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tse-Chiang Chen
- Department of Fundamental Neurobiology, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Josh Lawrence
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA ; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Frances K Skinner
- Department of Fundamental Neurobiology, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|