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Tullis JE, Bayer KU. Induction of LTP mechanisms in dually innervated dendritic spines. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15855. [PMID: 38982271 PMCID: PMC11233660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are the postsynaptic compartments of excitatory synapses, however, a substantial subset of spines additionally receives inhibitory input. In such dually innervated spines (DiSs), excitatory long-term potentiation (LTP) mechanisms are suppressed, but can be enabled by blocking tonic inhibitory GABAB receptor signaling. Here we show that LTP mechanisms at DiSs are also enabled by two other excitatory LTP stimuli. In hippocampal neurons, these chemical LTP (cLTP) stimuli induced robust movement of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) to DiSs. Such synaptic CaMKII accumulation is an essential LTP mechanism at singly innervated spines (SiSs). Indeed, CaMKII accumulation at DiSs was also accompanied by other readouts for successful LTP induction: spine growth and surface insertion of GluA1. Thus, DiSs are capable of the same LTP mechanisms as SiSs, although induction of these mechanism additionally requires either reduced inhibitory signaling or increased excitatory stimulation. This additional regulation may provide further computational control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Tullis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - K Ulrich Bayer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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2
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Metzbower SR, Levy AD, Dharmasri PA, Anderson MC, Blanpied TA. Distinct SAP102 and PSD-95 Nano-organization Defines Multiple Types of Synaptic Scaffold Protein Domains at Single Synapses. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1715232024. [PMID: 38777601 PMCID: PMC11211720 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1715-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
MAGUK scaffold proteins play a central role in maintaining and modulating synaptic signaling, providing a framework to retain and position receptors, signaling molecules, and other synaptic components. In particular, the MAGUKs SAP102 and PSD-95 are essential for synaptic function at distinct developmental timepoints and perform both overlapping and unique roles. While their similar structures allow for common binding partners, SAP102 is expressed earlier in synapse development and is required for synaptogenesis, whereas PSD-95 expression peaks later and is associated with synapse maturation. PSD-95 and other key synaptic proteins organize into subsynaptic nanodomains that have a significant impact on synaptic transmission, but the nanoscale organization of SAP102 is unknown. How SAP102 is organized within the synapse, and how it relates spatially to PSD-95 on a nanometer scale, could underlie its unique functions and impact how SAP102 scaffolds synaptic proteins. Here we used DNA-PAINT super-resolution microscopy to measure SAP102 nano-organization and its spatial relationship to PSD-95 at individual synapses in mixed-sex rat cultured neurons. We found that like PSD-95, SAP102 accumulates in high-density subsynaptic nanoclusters (NCs). However, SAP102 NCs were smaller and denser than PSD-95 NCs across development. Additionally, only a subset of SAP102 NCs co-organized with PSD-95, revealing MAGUK nanodomains within individual synapses containing either one or both proteins. These MAGUK nanodomain types had distinct NC properties and were differentially enriched with the presynaptic release protein Munc13-1. This organization into both shared and distinct subsynaptic nanodomains may underlie the ability of SAP102 and PSD-95 to perform both common and unique synaptic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Metzbower
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Aaron D Levy
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Poorna A Dharmasri
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Michael C Anderson
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Thomas A Blanpied
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- University of Maryland Medicine Institute for Neuroscience Discovery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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3
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Jeong J, Usman M, Li Y, Zhou XZ, Lu KP. Pin1-Catalyzed Conformation Changes Regulate Protein Ubiquitination and Degradation. Cells 2024; 13:731. [PMID: 38727267 PMCID: PMC11083468 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The unique prolyl isomerase Pin1 binds to and catalyzes cis-trans conformational changes of specific Ser/Thr-Pro motifs after phosphorylation, thereby playing a pivotal role in regulating the structure and function of its protein substrates. In particular, Pin1 activity regulates the affinity of a substrate for E3 ubiquitin ligases, thereby modulating the turnover of a subset of proteins and coordinating their activities after phosphorylation in both physiological and disease states. In this review, we highlight recent advancements in Pin1-regulated ubiquitination in the context of cancer and neurodegenerative disease. Specifically, Pin1 promotes cancer progression by increasing the stabilities of numerous oncoproteins and decreasing the stabilities of many tumor suppressors. Meanwhile, Pin1 plays a critical role in different neurodegenerative disorders via the regulation of protein turnover. Finally, we propose a novel therapeutic approach wherein the ubiquitin-proteasome system can be leveraged for therapy by targeting pathogenic intracellular targets for TRIM21-dependent degradation using stereospecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jeong
- Departments of Biochemistry and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (J.J.)
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Departments of Biochemistry and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (J.J.)
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yitong Li
- Departments of Biochemistry and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (J.J.)
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Xiao Zhen Zhou
- Departments of Biochemistry and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (J.J.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
| | - Kun Ping Lu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (J.J.)
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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Zhou L, Duan J. The role of NMDARs in the anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14464. [PMID: 37680076 PMCID: PMC11017467 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a phencyclidine (PCP) analog, ketamine can generate rapid-onset and substantial anesthetic effects. Contrary to traditional anesthetics, ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic and can induce loss of consciousness in patients. Recently, the subanaesthetic dose of ketamine was found to produce rapid-onset and lasting antidepressant effects. AIM However, how different concentrations of ketamine can induce diverse actions remains unclear. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms underlying the NMDAR-mediated anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine are not fully understood. METHOD In this review, we have introduced ketamine and its metabolism, summarized recent advances in the molecular mechanisms underlying NMDAR inhibition in the anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine, explored the possible functions of NMDAR subunits in the effects of ketamine, and discussed the future directions of ketamine-based anesthetic and antidepressant drugs. RESULT Both the anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine were thought to be mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) inhibition. CONCLUSION The roles of NMDARs have been extensively studied in the anaesthetic effects of ketamine. However, the roles of NMDARs in antidepressant effects of ketamine are complicated and controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Jingjing Duan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of MedicineSunYat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Lee SE, Chang S. nArgBP2 together with GKAP and SHANK3 forms a dynamic layered structure. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1354900. [PMID: 38440150 PMCID: PMC10909995 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1354900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
nArgBP2, a protein whose disruption is implicated in intellectual disability, concentrates in excitatory spine-synapses. By forming a triad with GKAP and SHANK, it regulates spine structural rearrangement. We here find that GKAP and SHANK3 concentrate close to the synaptic contact, whereas nArgBP2 concentrates more centrally in the spine. The three proteins collaboratively form biomolecular condensates in living fibroblasts, exhibiting distinctive layered localizations. nArgBP2 concentrates in the inner phase, SHANK3 in the outer phase, and GKAP partially in both. Upon co-expression of GKAP and nArgBP2, they evenly distribute within condensates, with a notable peripheral localization of SHANK3 persisting when co-expressed with either GKAP or nArgBP2. Co-expression of SHANK3 and GKAP with CaMKIIα results in phase-in-phase condensates, with CaMKIIα at the central locus and SHANK3 and GKAP exhibiting peripheral localization. Additional co-expression of nArgBP2 maintains the layered organizational structure within condensates. Subsequent CaMKIIα activation disperses a majority of the condensates, with an even distribution of all proteins within the extant deformed condensates. Our findings suggest that protein segregation via phase separation may contribute to establishing layered organization in dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Eun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunghoe Chang
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Zhang D, Ruan J, Peng S, Li J, Hu X, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Ge Y, Zhu Z, Xiao X, Zhu Y, Li X, Li T, Zhou L, Gao Q, Zheng G, Zhao B, Li X, Zhu Y, Wu J, Li W, Zhao J, Ge WP, Xu T, Jia JM. Synaptic-like transmission between neural axons and arteriolar smooth muscle cells drives cerebral neurovascular coupling. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:232-248. [PMID: 38168932 PMCID: PMC10849963 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Neurovascular coupling (NVC) is important for brain function and its dysfunction underlies many neuropathologies. Although cell-type specificity has been implicated in NVC, how active neural information is conveyed to the targeted arterioles in the brain remains poorly understood. Here, using two-photon focal optogenetics in the mouse cerebral cortex, we demonstrate that single glutamatergic axons dilate their innervating arterioles via synaptic-like transmission between neural-arteriolar smooth muscle cell junctions (NsMJs). The presynaptic parental-daughter bouton makes dual innervations on postsynaptic dendrites and on arteriolar smooth muscle cells (aSMCs), which express many types of neuromediator receptors, including a low level of glutamate NMDA receptor subunit 1 (Grin1). Disruption of NsMJ transmission by aSMC-specific knockout of GluN1 diminished optogenetic and whisker stimulation-caused functional hyperemia. Notably, the absence of GluN1 subunit in aSMCs reduced brain atrophy following cerebral ischemia by preventing Ca2+ overload in aSMCs during arteriolar constriction caused by the ischemia-induced spreading depolarization. Our findings reveal that NsMJ transmission drives NVC and open up a new avenue for studying stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinze Li
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianrui Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Ge
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunxu Zhu
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuzhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingzhu Gao
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoxiao Zheng
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingrui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqing Li
- College of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data for Medical Sciences, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanming Zhu
- Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Brain Function Laboratory, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai, China, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Wensheng Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwei Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Research Center of Systemic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, and Department of Pathology of the Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, The Cryo-EM Center, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Woo-Ping Ge
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Min Jia
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China.
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
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Zhu Y, Hui Q, Zhang Z, Fu H, Qin Y, Zhao Q, Li Q, Zhang J, Guo L, He W, Han C. Advancements in the study of synaptic plasticity and mitochondrial autophagy relationship. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25309. [PMID: 38400573 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Synapses serve as the points of communication between neurons, consisting primarily of three components: the presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. They transmit signals through the release and reception of neurotransmitters. Synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to undergo structural and functional changes, is influenced by proteins such as growth-associated proteins, synaptic vesicle proteins, postsynaptic density proteins, and neurotrophic growth factors. Furthermore, maintaining synaptic plasticity consumes more than half of the brain's energy, with a significant portion of this energy originating from ATP generated through mitochondrial energy metabolism. Consequently, the quantity, distribution, transport, and function of mitochondria impact the stability of brain energy metabolism, thereby participating in the regulation of fundamental processes in synaptic plasticity, including neuronal differentiation, neurite outgrowth, synapse formation, and neurotransmitter release. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the proteins associated with presynaptic plasticity, postsynaptic plasticity, and common factors between the two, as well as the relationship between mitochondrial energy metabolism and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousong Zhu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qinlong Hui
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Hao Fu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yali Qin
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qinqing Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Junlong Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wenbin He
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Cheng Han
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
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8
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Wu H, Chen X, Shen Z, Li H, Liang S, Lu Y, Zhang M. Phosphorylation-dependent membraneless organelle fusion and fission illustrated by postsynaptic density assemblies. Mol Cell 2024; 84:309-326.e7. [PMID: 38096828 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Membraneless organelles formed by phase separation of proteins and nucleic acids play diverse cellular functions. Whether and, if yes, how membraneless organelles in ways analogous to membrane-based organelles also undergo regulated fusion and fission is unknown. Here, using a partially reconstituted mammalian postsynaptic density (PSD) condensate as a paradigm, we show that membraneless organelles can undergo phosphorylation-dependent fusion and fission. Without phosphorylation of the SAPAP guanylate kinase domain-binding repeats, the upper and lower layers of PSD protein mixtures form two immiscible sub-compartments in a phase-in-phase organization. Phosphorylation of SAPAP leads to fusion of the two sub-compartments into one condensate accompanied with an increased Stargazin density in the condensate. Dephosphorylation of SAPAP can reverse this event. Preventing SAPAP phosphorylation in vivo leads to increased separation of proteins from the lower and upper layers of PSD sub-compartments. Thus, analogous to membrane-based organelles, membraneless organelles can also undergo regulated fusion and fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Wu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zeyu Shen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shiqi Liang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Youming Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518036, China; School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Fudge JL, Kelly EA, Love TM. Amygdalo-nigral inputs target dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in the primate: a view from dendrites and soma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.16.575910. [PMID: 38293165 PMCID: PMC10827221 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.16.575910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The central nucleus (CeN) of the amygdala is an important afferent to the DA system that mediates motivated learning. We previously found that CeN terminals in nonhuman primates primarily overlap the elongated lateral VTA (parabrachial pigmented nucleus, PBP, A10), and retrorubral field(A8) subregion. Here, we examined CeN afferent contacts on cell somata and proximal dendrites of DA and GABA neurons, and distal dendrites of each, using confocal and electron microscopy (EM) methods, respectively. At the soma/proximal dendrites, the proportion of TH+ and GAD1+ cells receiving at least one CeN afferent contact was surprisingly similar (TH = 0.55: GAD1=0.55 in PBP; TH = 0.56; GAD1 =0.51 in A8), with the vast majority of contacted TH+ and GAD1+ soma/proximal dendrites received 1-2 contacts. Similar numbers of tracer-labeled terminals also contacted TH-positive and GAD1-positive small dendrites and/or spines (39% of all contacted dendrites were either TH- or GAD1-labeled). Overall, axon terminals had more symmetric (putative inhibitory) axonal contacts with no difference in the relative distribution in the PBP versus A8, or onto TH+ versus GAD1+ dendrites/spines in either region. The striking uniformity in the amygdalonigral projection across the PBP-A8 terminal field suggests that neither neurotransmitter phenotype nor midbrain location dictates likelihood of a terminal contact. We discuss how this afferent uniformity can play out in recently discovered differences in DA:GABA cell densities between the PBP and A8, and affect specific outputs. Significance statement The amygdala's central nucleus (CeN) channels salient cues to influence both appetitive and aversive responses via DA outputs. In higher species, the broad CeN terminal field overlaps the parabrachial pigmented nucleus ('lateral A10') and the retrorubral field (A8). We quantified terminal contacts in each region on DA and GABAergic soma/proximal dendrites and small distal dendrites. There was striking uniformity in contacts on DA and GABAergic cells, regardless of soma and dendritic compartment, in both regions. Most contacts were symmetric (putative inhibitory) with little change in the ratio of inhibitory to excitatory contacts by region.We conclude that post-synaptic shifts in DA-GABA ratios are key to understanding how these relatively uniform inputs can produce diverse effects on outputs.
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Kelly EA, Love TM, Fudge JL. Corticotropin-releasing factor-dopamine interactions in male and female macaque: Beyond the classic VTA. Synapse 2024; 78:e22284. [PMID: 37996987 PMCID: PMC10842953 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is involved in stress and stress-related illnesses, including many psychiatric disorders. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a role in stress responses and targets the ventral midbrain DA system, which is composed of DA and non-DA cells, and divided into specific subregions. Although CRF inputs to the midline A10 nuclei ("classic VTA") are known, in monkeys, CRF-containing terminals are also highly enriched in the expanded A10 parabrachial pigmented nucleus (PBP) and in the A8 retrorubral field subregions. We characterized CRF-labeled synaptic terminals on DA (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH+) and non-DA (TH-) cell types in the PBP and A8 regions using immunoreactive electron microscopy (EM) in male and female macaques. CRF labeling was present mostly in axon terminals, which mainly contacted TH-negative dendrites in both subregions. Most CRF-positive terminals had symmetric profiles. In both PBP and A8, CRF symmetric (putative inhibitory) synapses onto TH-negative dendrites were significantly greater than asymmetric (putative excitatory) profiles. This overall pattern was similar in males and females, despite shifts in the size of these effects between regions depending on sex. Because stress and gonadal hormone shifts can influence CRF expression, we also did hormonal assays over a 6-month time period and found little variability in basal cortisol across similarly housed animals at the same age. Together our findings suggest that at baseline, CRF-positive synaptic terminals in the primate PBP and A8 are poised to regulate DA indirectly through synaptic contacts onto non-DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kelly
- Departments of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - T M Love
- Department of Biostatistics, Del Monte Institute of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - J L Fudge
- Departments of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Del Monte Institute of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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11
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Shen Z, Sun D, Savastano A, Varga SJ, Cima-Omori MS, Becker S, Honigmann A, Zweckstetter M. Multivalent Tau/PSD-95 interactions arrest in vitro condensates and clusters mimicking the postsynaptic density. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6839. [PMID: 37891164 PMCID: PMC10611757 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease begins with mild memory loss and slowly destroys memory and thinking. Cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease has been associated with the localization of the microtubule-associated protein Tau at the postsynapse. However, the correlation between Tau at the postsynapse and synaptic dysfunction remains unclear. Here, we show that Tau arrests liquid-like droplets formed by the four postsynaptic density proteins PSD-95, GKAP, Shank, Homer in solution, as well as NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)-receptor-associated protein clusters on synthetic membranes. Tau-mediated condensate/cluster arrest critically depends on the binding of multiple interaction motifs of Tau to a canonical GMP-binding pocket in the guanylate kinase domain of PSD-95. We further reveal that competitive binding of a high-affinity phosphorylated peptide to PSD-95 rescues the diffusional dynamics of an NMDA truncated construct, which contains the last five amino acids of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2B fused to the C-terminus of the tetrameric GCN4 coiled-coil domain, in postsynaptic density-like condensates/clusters. Taken together, our findings propose a molecular mechanism where Tau modulates the dynamic properties of the postsynaptic density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Shen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daxiao Sun
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Adriana Savastano
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sára Joana Varga
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria-Sol Cima-Omori
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alf Honigmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Biotechnologisches Zentrum (BIOTEC), Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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Nicoll RA, Schulman H. Synaptic memory and CaMKII. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2877-2925. [PMID: 37290118 PMCID: PMC10642921 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and long-term potentiation (LTP) were discovered within a decade of each other and have been inextricably intertwined ever since. However, like many marriages, it has had its up and downs. Based on the unique biochemical properties of CaMKII, it was proposed as a memory molecule before any physiological linkage was made to LTP. However, as reviewed here, the convincing linkage of CaMKII to synaptic physiology and behavior took many decades. New technologies were critical in this journey, including in vitro brain slices, mouse genetics, single-cell molecular genetics, pharmacological reagents, protein structure, and two-photon microscopy, as were new investigators attracted by the exciting challenge. This review tracks this journey and assesses the state of this marriage 40 years on. The collective literature impels us to propose a relatively simple model for synaptic memory involving the following steps that drive the process: 1) Ca2+ entry through N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors activates CaMKII. 2) CaMKII undergoes autophosphorylation resulting in constitutive, Ca2+-independent activity and exposure of a binding site for the NMDA receptor subunit GluN2B. 3) Active CaMKII translocates to the postsynaptic density (PSD) and binds to the cytoplasmic C-tail of GluN2B. 4) The CaMKII-GluN2B complex initiates a structural rearrangement of the PSD that may involve liquid-liquid phase separation. 5) This rearrangement involves the PSD-95 scaffolding protein, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs), and their transmembrane AMPAR-regulatory protein (TARP) auxiliary subunits, resulting in an accumulation of AMPARs in the PSD that underlies synaptic potentiation. 6) The stability of the modified PSD is maintained by the stability of the CaMKII-GluN2B complex. 7) By a process of subunit exchange or interholoenzyme phosphorylation CaMKII maintains synaptic potentiation in the face of CaMKII protein turnover. There are many other important proteins that participate in enlargement of the synaptic spine or modulation of the steps that drive and maintain the potentiation. In this review we critically discuss the data underlying each of the steps. As will become clear, some of these steps are more firmly grounded than others, and we provide suggestions as to how the evidence supporting these steps can be strengthened or, based on the new data, be replaced. Although the journey has been a long one, the prospect of having a detailed cellular and molecular understanding of learning and memory is at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Nicoll
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Howard Schulman
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
- Panorama Research Institute, Sunnyvale, California, United States
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Tao-Cheng JH, Moreira SL, Winters CA, Reese TS, Dosemeci A. Modification of the synaptic cleft under excitatory conditions. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1239098. [PMID: 37840571 PMCID: PMC10568020 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1239098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The synaptic cleft is the extracellular part of the synapse, bridging the pre- and postsynaptic membranes. The geometry and molecular organization of the cleft is gaining increased attention as an important determinant of synaptic efficacy. The present study by electron microscopy focuses on short-term morphological changes at the synaptic cleft under excitatory conditions. Depolarization of cultured hippocampal neurons with high K+ results in an increased frequency of synaptic profiles with clefts widened at the periphery (open clefts), typically exhibiting patches of membranes lined by postsynaptic density, but lacking associated presynaptic membranes (18.0% open clefts in high K+ compared to 1.8% in controls). Similarly, higher frequencies of open clefts were observed in adult brain upon a delay of perfusion fixation to promote excitatory/ischemic conditions. Inhibition of basal activity in cultured neurons through the application of TTX results in the disappearance of open clefts whereas application of NMDA increases their frequency (19.0% in NMDA vs. 5.3% in control and 2.6% in APV). Depletion of extracellular Ca2+ with EGTA also promotes an increase in the frequency of open clefts (16.6% in EGTA vs. 4.0% in controls), comparable to that by depolarization or NMDA, implicating dissociation of Ca2+-dependent trans-synaptic bridges. Dissociation of transsynaptic bridges under excitatory conditions may allow perisynaptic mobile elements, such as AMPA receptors to enter the cleft. In addition, peripheral opening of the cleft would facilitate neurotransmitter clearance and thus may have a homeostatic and/or protective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwa Tao-Cheng
- NINDS Electron Microscopy Facility, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sandra L. Moreira
- NINDS Electron Microscopy Facility, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christine A. Winters
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thomas S. Reese
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ayse Dosemeci
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Metzbower SR, Dharmasri PA, Levy AD, Anderson MC, Blanpied TA. Distinct SAP102 and PSD-95 nano-organization defines multiple types of synaptic scaffold protein domains at single synapses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.12.557372. [PMID: 37745494 PMCID: PMC10515860 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.557372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The MAGUK family of scaffold proteins plays a central role in maintaining and modulating synaptic signaling, providing a framework to retain and position receptors, signaling molecules, and other synaptic components. Of these scaffold proteins, SAP102 and PSD-95 are essential for synaptic function at distinct developmental timepoints and perform overlapping as well as unique roles. While their similar structures allow for common binding partners, SAP102 is expressed earlier in synapse development and is required for synaptogenesis, whereas PSD-95 expression peaks later in development and is associated with synapse maturation. PSD-95 and other key synaptic proteins organize into subsynaptic nanodomains that have a significant impact on synaptic transmission, but the nanoscale organization of SAP102 is unknown. How SAP102 is organized within the synapse, and how it relates spatially to PSD-95 on a nanometer scale, could impact how SAP102 clusters synaptic proteins and underlie its ability to perform its unique functions. Here we used DNA-PAINT super-resolution microscopy to measure SAP102 nano-organization and its spatial relationship to PSD-95 at individual synapses. We found that like PSD-95, SAP102 accumulates in high-density subsynaptic nanoclusters. However, SAP102 nanoclusters were smaller and denser than PSD-95 nanoclusters across development. Additionally, only a subset of SAP102 nanoclusters co-organized with PSD-95, revealing that within individual synapses there are nanodomains that contain either one or both proteins. This organization into both shared and distinct subsynaptic nanodomains may underlie the ability of SAP102 and PSD-95 to perform both common and unique synaptic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Metzbower
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Poorna A. Dharmasri
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Aaron D. Levy
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Michael C. Anderson
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Thomas A. Blanpied
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- University of Maryland Medicine Institute for Neuroscience Discovery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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Budriesi P, Tintorelli R, Correa J, Villar ME, Marchal P, Giurfa M, Viola H. A behavioral tagging account of kinase contribution to memory formation after spaced aversive training. iScience 2023; 26:107278. [PMID: 37520708 PMCID: PMC10372744 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term memory (LTM) can be induced by repeated spaced training trials. Using the weak inhibitory avoidance (wIA) task, we showed that one wIA session does not lead to a 24-h LTM, whereas two identical wIA sessions spaced by 15 min to 6 h induce a 24-h LTM. This LTM promotion depends both on hippocampal protein synthesis and the activity of several kinases. In agreement with the behavioral tagging (BT) hypothesis, our results suggest that the two training sessions induce transient learning tags and lead, via a cooperative effect, to the synthesis of plasticity-related proteins (PRPs) that become available and captured by the tag from the second session. Although ERKs1/2 are needed for PRPs synthesis and CaMKs are required for tag setting, PKA participates in both processes. We conclude that the BT mechanism accounts for the molecular constraints underlying the classic effect of spaced learning on LTM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Budriesi
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Tintorelli
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Correa
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Eugenia Villar
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Marchal
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Poe Lab, Integrative Biology and Physiology department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martin Giurfa
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Haydee Viola
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular “Dr. Héctor Maldonado” (FBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Landry O, François A, Oye Mintsa Mi-Mba MF, Traversy MT, Tremblay C, Emond V, Bennett DA, Gylys KH, Buxbaum JD, Calon F. Postsynaptic Protein Shank3a Deficiency Synergizes with Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology to Impair Cognitive Performance in the 3xTg-AD Murine Model. J Neurosci 2023; 43:4941-4954. [PMID: 37253603 PMCID: PMC10312061 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1945-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic loss is intrinsically linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology and symptoms, but its direct impact on clinical symptoms remains elusive. The postsynaptic protein Shank3 (SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains) is of particular interest, as the loss of a single allele of the SHANK3 gene is sufficient to cause profound cognitive symptoms in children. We thus sought to determine whether a SHANK3 deficiency could contribute to the emergence or worsening of AD symptoms and neuropathology. We first found a 30%-50% postmortem loss of SHANK3a associated with cognitive decline in the parietal cortex of individuals with AD. To further probe the role of SHANK3 in AD, we crossed male and female 3xTg-AD mice modelling Aβ and tau pathologies with Shank3a-deficient mice (Shank3Δex4-9). We observed synergistic deleterious effects of Shank3a deficiency and AD neuropathology on object recognition memory at 9, 12, and 18 months of age and on anxious behavior at 9 and 12 months of age in hemizygous Shank3Δex4-9-3xTg-AD mice. In addition to the expected 50% loss of Shank3a, levels of other synaptic proteins, such as PSD-95, drebrin, and homer1, remained unchanged in the parietotemporal cortex of hemizygous Shank3Δex4-9 animals. However, Shank3a deficiency increased the levels of soluble Aβ42 and human tau at 18 months of age compared with 3xTg-AD mice with normal Shank3 expression. The results of this study in human brain samples and in transgenic mice are consistent with the hypothesis that Shank3 deficiency makes a key contribution to cognitive impairment in AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although the loss of several synaptic proteins has been described in Alzheimer's disease (AD), it remains unclear whether their reduction contributes to clinical symptoms. The results of this study in human samples show lower levels of SHANK3a in AD brain, correlating with cognitive decline. Data gathered in a novel transgenic mouse suggest that Shank3a deficiency synergizes with AD neuropathology to induce cognitive impairment, consistent with a causal role in AD. Therefore, treatment aiming at preserving Shank3 in the aging brain may be beneficial to prevent AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Landry
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec G1V 4G2, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arnaud François
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec G1V 4G2, Quebec, Canada
| | - Méryl-Farelle Oye Mintsa Mi-Mba
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec G1V 4G2, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Therese Traversy
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec G1V 4G2, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cyntia Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec G1V 4G2, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Emond
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec G1V 4G2, Quebec, Canada
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Karen H Gylys
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029, New York
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec G1V 4G2, Quebec, Canada
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Mısır E, Akay GG. Synaptic dysfunction in schizophrenia. Synapse 2023:e22276. [PMID: 37210696 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic disease presented with psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms, impairment in the reward system, and widespread neurocognitive deterioration. Disruption of synaptic connections in neural circuits is responsible for the disease's development and progression. Because deterioration in synaptic connections results in the impaired effective processing of information. Although structural impairments of the synapse, such as a decrease in dendritic spine density, have been shown in previous studies, functional impairments have also been revealed with the development of genetic and molecular analysis methods. In addition to abnormalities in protein complexes regulating exocytosis in the presynaptic region and impaired vesicle release, especially, changes in proteins related to postsynaptic signaling have been reported. In particular, impairments in postsynaptic density elements, glutamate receptors, and ion channels have been shown. At the same time, effects on cellular adhesion molecular structures such as neurexin, neuroligin, and cadherin family proteins were detected. Of course, the confusing effect of antipsychotic use in schizophrenia research should also be considered. Although antipsychotics have positive and negative effects on synapses, studies indicate synaptic deterioration in schizophrenia independent of drug use. In this review, the deterioration in synapse structure and function and the effects of antipsychotics on the synapse in schizophrenia will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Mısır
- Department of Psychiatry, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Güvem Gümüş Akay
- Department of Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Brain Research Center (AÜBAUM), Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience and Advanced Microscopic Neuroimaging, Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Kilisch M, Gere-Becker M, Wüstefeld L, Bonnas C, Crauel A, Mechmershausen M, Martens H, Götzke H, Opazo F, Frey S. Simple and Highly Efficient Detection of PSD95 Using a Nanobody and Its Recombinant Heavy-Chain Antibody Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087294. [PMID: 37108454 PMCID: PMC10138605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) is a crucial scaffolding protein participating in the organization and regulation of synapses. PSD95 interacts with numerous molecules, including neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels. The functional dysregulation of PSD95 as well as its abundance and localization has been implicated with several neurological disorders, making it an attractive target for developing strategies able to monitor PSD95 accurately for diagnostics and therapeutics. This study characterizes a novel camelid single-domain antibody (nanobody) that binds strongly and with high specificity to rat, mouse, and human PSD95. This nanobody allows for more precise detection and quantification of PSD95 in various biological samples. We expect that the flexibility and unique performance of this thoroughly characterized affinity tool will help to further understand the role of PSD95 in normal and diseased neuronal synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kilisch
- NanoTag Biotechnologies GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maja Gere-Becker
- NanoTag Biotechnologies GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Liane Wüstefeld
- Synaptic Systems GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christel Bonnas
- Synaptic Systems GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Crauel
- NanoTag Biotechnologies GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maja Mechmershausen
- NanoTag Biotechnologies GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henrik Martens
- Synaptic Systems GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Götzke
- NanoTag Biotechnologies GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felipe Opazo
- NanoTag Biotechnologies GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University of Göttingen Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Frey
- NanoTag Biotechnologies GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Jung JH, Chen X, Reese TS. Cryo-EM tomography and automatic segmentation delineate modular structures in the postsynaptic density. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1123564. [PMID: 37091879 PMCID: PMC10117989 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1123564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic densities (PSDs) are large protein complexes associated with the postsynaptic membrane of excitatory synapses important for synaptic function including plasticity. Conventional electron microscopy (EM) typically depicts PSDs as compact disk-like structures of hundreds of nanometers in size. Biochemically isolated PSDs were also similar in dimension revealing a predominance of proteins with the ability to polymerize into an extensive scaffold; several EM studies noted their irregular contours with often small granular structures (<30 nm) and holes. Super-resolution light microscopy studies observed clusters of PSD elements and their activity-induced lateral movement. Furthermore, our recent EM study on PSD fractions after sonication observed PSD fragments (40–90 nm in size) separate from intact PSDs; however, such structures within PSDs remained unidentified. Here we examined isolated PSDs by cryo-EM tomography with our new approach of automatic segmentation that enables delineation of substructures and their quantitative analysis. The delineated substructures broadly varied in size, falling behind 30 nm or exceeding 100 nm and showed that a considerable portion of the substructures (>38%) in isolated PSDs was in the same size range as those fragments. Furthermore, substructures spanning the entire thickness of the PSD were found, large enough to contain both membrane-associated and cytoplasmic proteins of the PSD; interestingly, they were similar to nanodomains in frequency. The structures detected here appear to constitute the isolated PSD as modules of various compositions, and this modular nature may facilitate remodeling of the PSD for proper synaptic function and plasticity.
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20
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Diab AM, Wigerius M, Quinn DP, Qi J, Shahin I, Paffile J, Krueger K, Karten B, Krueger SR, Fawcett JP. NCK1 Modulates Neuronal Actin Dynamics and Promotes Dendritic Spine, Synapse, and Memory Formation. J Neurosci 2023; 43:885-901. [PMID: 36535770 PMCID: PMC9908320 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0495-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory formation and maintenance is a dynamic process involving the modulation of the actin cytoskeleton at synapses. Understanding the signaling pathways that contribute to actin modulation is important for our understanding of synapse formation and function, as well as learning and memory. Here, we focused on the importance of the actin regulator, noncatalytic region of tyrosine kinase adaptor protein 1 (NCK1), in hippocampal dependent behaviors and development. We report that male mice lacking NCK1 have impairments in both short-term and working memory, as well as spatial learning. Additionally, we report sex differences in memory impairment showing that female mice deficient in NCK1 fail at reversal learning in a spatial learning task. We find that NCK1 is expressed in postmitotic neurons but is dispensable for neuronal proliferation and migration in the developing hippocampus. Morphologically, NCK1 is not necessary for overall neuronal dendrite development. However, neurons lacking NCK1 have lower dendritic spine and synapse densities in vitro and in vivo EM analysis reveal increased postsynaptic density (PSD) thickness in the hippocampal CA1 region of NCK1-deficient mice. Mechanistically, we find the turnover of actin-filaments in dendritic spines is accelerated in neurons that lack NCK1. Together, these findings suggest that NCK1 contributes to hippocampal-dependent memory by stabilizing actin dynamics and dendritic spine formation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding the molecular signaling pathways that contribute to memory formation, maintenance, and elimination will lead to a better understanding of the genetic influences on cognition and cognitive disorders and will direct future therapeutics. Here, we report that the noncatalytic region of tyrosine kinase adaptor protein 1 (NCK1) adaptor protein modulates actin-filament turnover in hippocampal dendritic spines. Mice lacking NCK1 show sex-dependent deficits in hippocampal memory formation tasks, have altered postsynaptic densities, and reduced synaptic density. Together, our work implicates NCK1 in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics and normal synapse development which is essential for memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios M Diab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Michael Wigerius
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Dylan P Quinn
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jiansong Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Shahin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Julia Paffile
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Kavita Krueger
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Barbara Karten
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Stefan R Krueger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - James P Fawcett
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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21
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Hsieh MY, Tuan LH, Chang HC, Wang YC, Chen CH, Shy HT, Lee LJ, Gau SSF. Altered synaptic protein expression, aberrant spine morphology, and impaired spatial memory in Dlgap2 mutant mice, a genetic model of autism spectrum disorder. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4779-4793. [PMID: 36169576 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A microdeletion of approximately 2.4 Mb at the 8p23 terminal region has been identified in a Taiwanese autistic boy. Among the products transcribed/translated from genes mapped in this region, the reduction of DLGAP2, a postsynaptic scaffold protein, might be involved in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). DLGAP2 protein was detected in the hippocampus yet abolished in homozygous Dlgap2 knockout (Dlgap2 KO) mice. In this study, we characterized the hippocampal phenotypes in Dlgap2 mutant mice. Dlgap2 KO mice exhibited impaired spatial memory, indicating poor hippocampal function in the absence of DLGAP2. Aberrant expressions of postsynaptic proteins, including PSD95, SHANK3, HOMER1, GluN2A, GluR2, mGluR1, mGluR5, βCAMKII, ERK1/2, ARC, BDNF, were noticed in Dlgap2 mutant mice. Further, the spine density was increased in Dlgap2 KO mice, while the ratio of mushroom-type spines was decreased. We also observed a thinner postsynaptic density thickness in Dlgap2 KO mice at the ultrastructural level. These structural changes found in the hippocampus of Dlgap2 KO mice might be linked to impaired hippocampus-related cognitive functions such as spatial memory. Mice with Dlgap2 deficiency, showing signs of intellectual disability, a common co-occurring condition in patients with ASD, could be a promising animal model which may advance our understanding of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yen Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Heng Tuan
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Ching Chang
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Tzer Shy
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Angelini C, Morellato A, Alfieri A, Pavinato L, Cravero T, Bianciotto OT, Salemme V, Natalini D, Centonze G, Raspanti A, Garofalo T, Valdembri D, Serini G, Marcantoni A, Becchetti A, Giustetto M, Turco E, Defilippi P. p140Cap Regulates the Composition and Localization of the NMDAR Complex in Synaptic Lipid Rafts. J Neurosci 2022; 42:7183-7200. [PMID: 35953295 PMCID: PMC9512579 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1775-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The NMDARs are key players in both physiological and pathologic synaptic plasticity because of their involvement in many aspects of neuronal transmission as well as learning and memory. The contribution in these events of different types of GluN2A-interacting proteins is still unclear. The p140Cap scaffold protein acts as a hub for postsynaptic complexes relevant to psychiatric and neurologic disorders and regulates synaptic functions, such as the stabilization of mature dendritic spine, memory consolidation, LTP, and LTD. Here we demonstrate that p140Cap directly binds the GluN2A subunit of NMDAR and modulates GluN2A-associated molecular network. Indeed, in p140Cap KO male mice, GluN2A is less associated with PSD95 both in ex vivo synaptosomes and in cultured hippocampal neurons, and p140Cap expression in KO neurons can rescue GluN2A and PSD95 colocalization. p140Cap is crucial in the recruitment of GluN2A-containing NMDARs and, consequently, in regulating NMDARs' intrinsic properties. p140Cap is associated to synaptic lipid-raft (LR) and to soluble postsynaptic membranes, and GluN2A and PSD95 are less recruited into synaptic LR of p140Cap KO male mice. Gated-stimulated emission depletion microscopy on hippocampal neurons confirmed that p140Cap is required for embedding GluN2A clusters in LR in an activity-dependent fashion. In the synaptic compartment, p140Cap influences the association between GluN2A and PSD95 and modulates GluN2A enrichment into LR. Overall, such increase in these membrane domains rich in signaling molecules results in improved signal transduction efficiency.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here we originally show that the adaptor protein p140Cap directly binds the GluN2A subunit of NMDAR and modulates the GluN2A-associated molecular network. Moreover, we show, for the first time, that p140Cap also associates to synaptic lipid rafts and controls the selective recruitment of GluN2A and PSD95 to this specific compartment. Finally, gated-stimulated emission depletion microscopy on hippocampal neurons confirmed that p140Cap is required for embedding GluN2A clusters in lipid rafts in an activity-dependent fashion. Overall, our findings provide the molecular and functional dissection of p140Cap as a new active member of a highly dynamic synaptic network involved in memory consolidation, LTP, and LTD, which are known to be altered in neurologic and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Angelini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Alessandro Morellato
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Annalisa Alfieri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Lisa Pavinato
- Department of Medical Sciences, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cravero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Olga Teresa Bianciotto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salemme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Dora Natalini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Giorgia Centonze
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Alessandra Raspanti
- Neuroscience Department "Rita Levi Montalcini," University of Torino, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Tina Garofalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Roma, 00161, Italy
| | - Donatella Valdembri
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, 10060, Italy
| | - Guido Serini
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, 10060, Italy
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug Science, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences and NeuroMI, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Andrea Becchetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences and NeuroMI, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Maurizio Giustetto
- Neuroscience Department "Rita Levi Montalcini," University of Torino, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Emilia Turco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Paola Defilippi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
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23
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Tsumagari K, Sato Y, Shimozawa A, Aoyagi H, Okano H, Kuromitsu J. Co-expression network analysis of human tau-transgenic mice reveals protein modules associated with tau-induced pathologies. iScience 2022; 25:104832. [PMID: 35992067 PMCID: PMC9382322 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormally accumulated tau protein aggregates are one of the hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In order to investigate proteomic alteration driven by tau aggregates, we implemented quantitative proteomics to analyze disease model mice expressing human MAPT P301S transgene (hTau-Tg) and quantified more than 9,000 proteins in total. We applied the weighted gene co-expression analysis (WGCNA) algorithm to the datasets and explored protein co-expression modules that were associated with the accumulation of tau aggregates and were preserved in proteomes of AD brains. This led us to identify four modules with functions related to neuroinflammatory responses, mitochondrial energy production processes (including the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation), cholesterol biosynthesis, and postsynaptic density. Furthermore, a phosphoproteomics study uncovered phosphorylation sites that were highly correlated with these modules. Our datasets represent resources for understanding the molecular basis of tau-induced neurodegeneration, including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tsumagari
- Center for Integrated Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sato
- Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia, hhc Data Creation Center, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Aki Shimozawa
- Center for Integrated Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aoyagi
- Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia, hhc Data Creation Center, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Junro Kuromitsu
- Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia, hhc Data Creation Center, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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24
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Isolation, cryo-laser scanning confocal microscope imaging and cryo-FIB milling of mouse glutamatergic synaptosomes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271799. [PMID: 35960737 PMCID: PMC9374259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) at postsynaptic terminals mediate the majority of fast excitatory neurotransmission in response to release of glutamate from the presynaptic terminal. Obtaining structural information on the molecular organization of iGluRs in their native environment, along with other signaling and scaffolding proteins in the postsynaptic density (PSD), and associated proteins on the presynaptic terminal, would enhance understanding of the molecular basis for excitatory synaptic transmission in normal and in disease states. Cryo-electron tomography (ET) studies of synaptosomes is one attractive vehicle by which to study iGluR-containing excitatory synapses. Here we describe a workflow for the preparation of glutamatergic synaptosomes for cryo-ET studies. We describe the utilization of fluorescent markers for the facile detection of the pre and postsynaptic terminals of glutamatergic synaptosomes using cryo-laser scanning confocal microscope (cryo-LSM). We further provide the details for preparation of lamellae, between ~100 to 200 nm thick, of glutamatergic synaptosomes using cryo-focused ion-beam (FIB) milling. We monitor the lamella preparation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and following lamella production, we identify regions for subsequent cryo-ET studies by confocal fluorescent imaging, exploiting the pre and postsynaptic fluorophores.
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25
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Impact of Primary RPE Cells in a Porcine Organotypic Co-Cultivation Model. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070990. [PMID: 35883547 PMCID: PMC9313304 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological events of age-related macular degeneration are characterized by degenerative processes involving the photoreceptor cells, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and the Bruch's membrane as well as choroidal alterations. To mimic in vivo interactions between photoreceptor cells and RPE cells ex vivo, complex models are required. Hence, the aim of this study was to establish a porcine organotypic co-cultivation model and enlighten the interactions of photoreceptor and RPE cells, with a special emphasis on potential neuroprotective effects. Porcine neuroretina explants were cultured with primary porcine RPE cells (ppRPE) or medium derived from these cells (=conditioned medium). Neuroretina explants cultured alone served as controls. After eight days, RT-qPCR and immunohistology were performed to analyze photoreceptors, synapses, macroglia, microglia, complement factors, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL1B, IL6, TNF) in the neuroretina samples. The presence of ppRPE cells preserved photoreceptors, whereas synaptical density was unaltered. Interestingly, on an immunohistological as well as on an mRNA level, microglia and complement factors were comparable in all groups. Increased IL6 levels were noted in ppRPE and conditioned medium samples, while TNF was only upregulated in the ppRPE group. IL1B was elevated in conditioned medium samples. In conclusion, a co-cultivation of ppRPE cells and neuroretina seem to have beneficial effects on the neuroretina, preserving photoreceptors and maintaining synaptic vesicles in vitro. This organotypic co-cultivation model can be used to investigate the complex interactions between the retina and RPE cells, gain further insight into neurodegenerative pathomechanisms occurring in retinal diseases, and evaluate potential therapeutics.
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26
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Feng Z, Lee S, Jia B, Jian T, Kim E, Zhang M. IRSp53 promotes postsynaptic density formation and actin filament bundling. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213346. [PMID: 35819332 PMCID: PMC9280192 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202105035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IRSp53 (aka BAIAP2) is a scaffold protein that couples membranes with the cytoskeleton in actin-filled protrusions such as filopodia and lamellipodia. The protein is abundantly expressed in excitatory synapses and is essential for synapse development and synaptic plasticity, although with poorly understood mechanisms. Here we show that specific multivalent interactions between IRSp53 and its binding partners PSD-95 or Shank3 drive phase separation of the complexes in solution. IRSp53 can be enriched to the reconstituted excitatory PSD (ePSD) condensates via bridging to the core and deeper layers of ePSD. Overexpression of a mutant defective in the IRSp53/PSD-95 interaction perturbs synaptic enrichment of IRSp53 in mouse cortical neurons. The reconstituted PSD condensates promote bundled actin filament formation both in solution and on membranes, via IRSp53-mediated actin binding and bundling. Overexpression of mutants that perturb IRSp53-actin interaction leads to defects in synaptic maturation of cortical neurons. Together, our studies provide potential mechanistic insights into the physiological roles of IRSp53 in synapse formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Feng
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suho Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Bowen Jia
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Jian
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea,Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea,Correspondence to Eunjoon Kim:
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China,School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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27
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Bai G, Zhang M. Inhibitory postsynaptic density from the lens of phase separation. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac003. [PMID: 38596704 PMCID: PMC10913824 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
To faithfully transmit and decode signals released from presynaptic termini, postsynaptic compartments of neuronal synapses deploy hundreds of various proteins. In addition to distinct sets of proteins, excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic apparatuses display very different organization features and regulatory properties. Decades of extensive studies have generated a wealth of knowledge on the molecular composition, assembly architecture and activity-dependent regulatory mechanisms of excitatory postsynaptic compartments. In comparison, our understanding of the inhibitory postsynaptic apparatus trails behind. Recent studies have demonstrated that phase separation is a new paradigm underlying the formation and plasticity of both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic molecular assemblies. In this review, we discuss molecular composition, organizational and regulatory features of inhibitory postsynaptic densities through the lens of the phase separation concept and in comparison with the excitatory postsynaptic densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Bai
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518036, China
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28
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Wagner N, Safaei A, Vogt PA, Gammel MR, Dick HB, Schnichels S, Joachim SC. Coculture of ARPE-19 Cells and Porcine Neural Retina as an Ex Vivo Retinal Model. Altern Lab Anim 2022; 50:27-44. [PMID: 35302924 DOI: 10.1177/02611929221082662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural retinal organ cultures are used to investigate ocular pathomechanisms. However, these cultures lack the essential retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, which are part of the actual in vivo retina. To simulate a more realistic ex vivo model, porcine neural retina explants were cocultured with ARPE-19 cells (ARPE-19 group), which are derived from human RPE. To identify whether the entire cells or just the cell factors are necessary, in a second experimental group, porcine neural retina explants were cultured with medium derived from ARPE-19 cells (medium group). Individually cultured neural retina explants served as controls (control group). After 8 days, all neural retinas were analysed to evaluate retinal thickness, photoreceptors, microglia, complement factors and synapses (n = 6-8 per group). The neural retina thickness in the ARPE-19 group was significantly better preserved than in the control group (p = 0.031). Also, the number of L-cones was higher in the ARPE-19 group, as compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the ARPE-19 group displayed an increased presynaptic glutamate uptake (determined via vGluT1 labelling) and enhanced post-synaptic density (determined via PSD-95 labelling). Combined Iba1 and iNOS detection revealed only minor effects of ARPE-19 cells on microglial activity, with a slight downregulation of total microglia activity apparent in the medium group. Likewise, only minor beneficial effects on photoreceptors and synaptic structure were found in the medium group. This novel system offers the opportunity to investigate interactions between the neural retina and RPE cells, and suggests that the inclusion of a RPE feeder layer has beneficial effects on the ex vivo maintenance of neural retina. By modifying the culture conditions, this coculture model allows a better understanding of photoreceptor death and photoreceptor-RPE cell interactions in retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Wagner
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, 9142Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Armin Safaei
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, 9142Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Pia A Vogt
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, 9142Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Maurice R Gammel
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, 9142Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - H Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, 9142Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Sven Schnichels
- Centre for Ophthalmology Tübingen, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, 9142Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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29
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Stillman M, Lautz JD, Johnson RS, MacCoss MJ, Smith SEP. Activity dependent dissociation of the Homer1 interactome. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3207. [PMID: 35217690 PMCID: PMC8881602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons encode information by rapidly modifying synaptic protein complexes, which changes the strength of specific synaptic connections. Homer1 is abundantly expressed at glutamatergic synapses, and is known to alter its binding to metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) in response to synaptic activity. However, Homer participates in many additional known interactions whose activity-dependence is unclear. Here, we used co-immunoprecipitation and label-free quantitative mass spectrometry to characterize activity-dependent interactions in the cerebral cortex of wildtype and Homer1 knockout mice. We identified a small, high-confidence protein network consisting of mGlu5, Shank2 and 3, and Homer1–3, of which only mGlu5 and Shank3 were significantly reduced following neuronal depolarization. We identified several other proteins that reduced their co-association in an activity-dependent manner, likely mediated by Shank proteins. We conclude that Homer1 dissociates from mGlu5 and Shank3 following depolarization, but our data suggest that direct Homer1 interactions in the cortex may be more limited than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason Stillman
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center Psychiatry Residency Program, Dartmouth, NH, USA
| | - Jonathan D Lautz
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard S Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael J MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen E P Smith
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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30
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Sneve MA, Piatkevich KD. Towards a Comprehensive Optical Connectome at Single Synapse Resolution via Expansion Microscopy. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 13:754814. [PMID: 35115916 PMCID: PMC8803729 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.754814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapping and determining the molecular identity of individual synapses is a crucial step towards the comprehensive reconstruction of neuronal circuits. Throughout the history of neuroscience, microscopy has been a key technology for mapping brain circuits. However, subdiffraction size and high density of synapses in brain tissue make this process extremely challenging. Electron microscopy (EM), with its nanoscale resolution, offers one approach to this challenge yet comes with many practical limitations, and to date has only been used in very small samples such as C. elegans, tadpole larvae, fruit fly brain, or very small pieces of mammalian brain tissue. Moreover, EM datasets require tedious data tracing. Light microscopy in combination with tissue expansion via physical magnification-known as expansion microscopy (ExM)-offers an alternative approach to this problem. ExM enables nanoscale imaging of large biological samples, which in combination with multicolor neuronal and synaptic labeling offers the unprecedented capability to trace and map entire neuronal circuits in fully automated mode. Recent advances in new methods for synaptic staining as well as new types of optical molecular probes with superior stability, specificity, and brightness provide new modalities for studying brain circuits. Here we review advanced methods and molecular probes for fluorescence staining of the synapses in the brain that are compatible with currently available expansion microscopy techniques. In particular, we will describe genetically encoded probes for synaptic labeling in mice, zebrafish, Drosophila fruit flies, and C. elegans, which enable the visualization of post-synaptic scaffolds and receptors, presynaptic terminals and vesicles, and even a snapshot of the synaptic activity itself. We will address current methods for applying these probes in ExM experiments, as well as appropriate vectors for the delivery of these molecular constructs. In addition, we offer experimental considerations and limitations for using each of these tools as well as our perspective on emerging tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison A. Sneve
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Kiryl D. Piatkevich
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
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31
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Chatzi C, Westbrook GL. Revisiting I-BAR Proteins at Central Synapses. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 15:787436. [PMID: 34975417 PMCID: PMC8716821 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.787436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines, the distinctive postsynaptic feature of central nervous system (CNS) excitatory synapses, have been studied extensively as electrical and chemical compartments, as well as scaffolds for receptor cycling and positioning of signaling molecules. The dynamics of the shape, number, and molecular composition of spines, and how they are regulated by neural activity, are critically important in synaptic efficacy, synaptic plasticity, and ultimately learning and memory. Dendritic spines originate as outward protrusions of the cell membrane, but this aspect of spine formation and stabilization has not been a major focus of investigation compared to studies of membrane protrusions in non-neuronal cells. We review here one family of proteins involved in membrane curvature at synapses, the BAR (Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs) domain proteins. The subfamily of inverse BAR (I-BAR) proteins sense and introduce outward membrane curvature, and serve as bridges between the cell membrane and the cytoskeleton. We focus on three I-BAR domain proteins that are expressed in the central nervous system: Mtss2, MIM, and IRSp53 that promote negative, concave curvature based on their ability to self-associate. Recent studies suggest that each has distinct functions in synapse formation and synaptic plasticity. The action of I-BARs is also shaped by crosstalk with other signaling components, forming signaling platforms that can function in a circuit-dependent manner. We discuss another potentially important feature-the ability of some BAR domain proteins to impact the function of other family members by heterooligomerization. Understanding the spatiotemporal resolution of synaptic I-BAR protein expression and their interactions should provide insights into the interplay between activity-dependent neural plasticity and network rewiring in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Chatzi
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Gary L Westbrook
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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32
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Xie MJ, Iwata K, Ishikawa Y, Nomura Y, Tani T, Murata K, Fukazawa Y, Matsuzaki H. Autistic-Like Behavior and Impairment of Serotonin Transporter and AMPA Receptor Trafficking in N-Ethylmaleimide Sensitive Factor Gene-Deficient Mice. Front Genet 2021; 12:748627. [PMID: 34745222 PMCID: PMC8563833 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.748627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), characterized by profound impairment in social interactions and communication skills, is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder. Many studies on the mechanisms underlying the development of ASD have focused on the serotonergic system; however, these studies have failed to completely elucidate the mechanisms. We previously identified N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) as a new serotonin transporter (SERT)-binding protein and described its importance in SERT membrane trafficking and uptake in vitro. In the present study, we generated Nsf +/- mice and investigated their behavioral, neurotransmitter, and neurophysiological phenotypes in vivo. Nsf +/- mice exhibited abnormalities in sociability, communication, repetitiveness, and anxiety. Additionally, Nsf loss led to a decrease in membrane SERT expression in the raphe and accumulation of glutamate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors at the synaptic membrane surface in the hippocampal CA1 region. We found that postsynaptic density and long-term depression were impaired in the hippocampal CA1 region of Nsf +/- mice. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that NSF plays a role in synaptic plasticity and glutamatergic and serotonergic systems, suggesting a possible mechanism by which the gene is linked to the pathophysiology of autistic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jue Xie
- Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Iwata
- Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ishikawa
- Department of Systems Life Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yuki Nomura
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tani
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Koshi Murata
- Division of Brain Structures and Function, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Division of Brain Structures and Function, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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33
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Vallés AS, Barrantes FJ. Dendritic spine membrane proteome and its alterations in autistic spectrum disorder. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 128:435-474. [PMID: 35034726 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small protrusions stemming from the dendritic shaft that constitute the primary specialization for receiving and processing excitatory neurotransmission in brain synapses. The disruption of dendritic spine function in several neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases leads to severe information-processing deficits with impairments in neuronal connectivity and plasticity. Spine dysregulation is usually accompanied by morphological alterations to spine shape, size and/or number that may occur at early pathophysiological stages and not necessarily be reflected in clinical manifestations. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one such group of diseases involving changes in neuronal connectivity and abnormal morphology of dendritic spines on postsynaptic neurons. These alterations at the subcellular level correlate with molecular changes in the spine proteome, with alterations in the copy number, topography, or in severe cases in the phenotype of the molecular components, predominantly of those proteins involved in spine recognition and adhesion, reflected in abnormally short lifetimes of the synapse and compensatory increases in synaptic connections. Since cholinergic neurotransmission participates in the regulation of cognitive function (attention, memory, learning processes, cognitive flexibility, social interactions) brain acetylcholine receptors are likely to play an important role in the dysfunctional synapses in ASD, either directly or indirectly via the modulatory functions exerted on other neurotransmitter receptor proteins and spine-resident proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofía Vallés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Francisco J Barrantes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), UCA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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34
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Su Q, Mehta S, Zhang J. Liquid-liquid phase separation: Orchestrating cell signaling through time and space. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4137-4146. [PMID: 34619090 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell signaling is a complex process. The faithful transduction of information into specific cellular actions depends on the synergistic effects of many regulatory molecules, nurtured by their strict spatiotemporal regulation. Over the years, we have gained copious insights into the subcellular architecture supporting this spatiotemporal control, including the roles of membrane-bound organelles and various signaling nanodomains. Recently, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has been recognized as another potentially ubiquitous framework for organizing signaling molecules with high specificity and precise spatiotemporal control in cells. Here, we review the pervasive role of LLPS in signal transduction, highlighting several key pathways that intersect with LLPS, including examples in which LLPS is controlled by signaling events. We also examine how LLPS orchestrates signaling by compartmentalizing signaling molecules, amplifying signals non-linearly, and moderating signaling dynamics. We focus on the specific molecules that drive LLPS and highlight the known functional and pathological consequences of LLPS in each pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sohum Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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35
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Śliwińska MA, Cały A, Borczyk M, Ziółkowska M, Skonieczna E, Chilimoniuk M, Bernaś T, Giese KP, Radwanska K. Long-term Memory Upscales Volume of Postsynaptic Densities in the Process that Requires Autophosphorylation of αCaMKII. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:2573-2585. [PMID: 31800021 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that formation and storage of memory relies on alterations of the structure and function of brain circuits. However, the structural data, which show learning-induced and long-lasting remodeling of synapses, are still very sparse. Here, we reconstruct 1927 dendritic spines and their postsynaptic densities (PSDs), representing a postsynaptic part of the glutamatergic synapse, in the hippocampal area CA1 of the mice that underwent spatial training. We observe that in young adult (5 months), mice volume of PSDs, but not the volume of the spines, is increased 26 h after the training. The training-induced growth of PSDs is specific for the dendritic spines that lack smooth endoplasmic reticulum and spine apparatuses, and requires autophosphorylation of αCaMKII. Interestingly, aging alters training-induced ultrastructural remodeling of dendritic spines. In old mice, both the median volumes of dendritic spines and PSDs shift after training toward bigger values. Overall, our data support the hypothesis that formation of memory leaves long-lasting footprint on the ultrastructure of brain circuits; however, the form of circuit remodeling changes with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Alicja Śliwińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland.,Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Anna Cały
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Borczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ziółkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Edyta Skonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chilimoniuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Tytus Bernaś
- Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland.,Department of Anatomy and Neurology, VCU School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - K Peter Giese
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Kasia Radwanska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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36
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Tao-Cheng JH, Crocker V, Moreira SL, Azzam R. Optimization of protocols for pre-embedding immunogold electron microscopy of neurons in cell cultures and brains. Mol Brain 2021; 14:86. [PMID: 34082785 PMCID: PMC8173732 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogold labeling allows localization of proteins at the electron microscopy (EM) level of resolution, and quantification of signals. The present paper summarizes methodological issues and experiences gained from studies on the distribution of synaptic and other neuron-specific proteins in cell cultures and brain tissues via a pre-embedding method. An optimal protocol includes careful determination of a fixation condition for any particular antibody, a well-planned tissue processing procedure, and a strict evaluation of the credibility of the labeling. Here, tips and caveats on different steps of the sample preparation protocol are illustrated with examples. A good starting condition for EM-compatible fixation and permeabilization is 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 30 min at room temperature, followed by 30 min incubation with 0.1% saponin. An optimal condition can then be readjusted for each particular antibody. Each lot of the secondary antibody (conjugated with a 1.4 nm small gold particle) needs to be evaluated against known standards for labeling efficiency. Silver enhancement is required to make the small gold visible, and quality of the silver-enhanced signals can be affected by subsequent steps of osmium tetroxide treatment, uranyl acetate en bloc staining, and by detergent or ethanol used to clean the diamond knife for cutting thin sections. Most importantly, verification of signals requires understanding of the protein of interest in order to validate for correct localization of antibodies at expected epitopes on particular organelles, and quantification of signals needs to take into consideration the penetration gradient of reagents and clumping of secondary antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwa Tao-Cheng
- NINDS Electron Microscopy Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Virginia Crocker
- NINDS Electron Microscopy Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sandra Lara Moreira
- NINDS Electron Microscopy Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rita Azzam
- NINDS Electron Microscopy Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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37
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Feng Z, Wu X, Zhang M. Presynaptic bouton compartmentalization and postsynaptic density-mediated glutamate receptor clustering via phase separation. Neuropharmacology 2021; 193:108622. [PMID: 34051266 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal synapses encompass three compartments: presynaptic axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic dendrite. Each compartment contains densely packed molecular machineries that are involved in synaptic transmission. In recent years, emerging evidence indicates that the assembly of these membraneless substructures or assemblies that are not enclosed by membranes are driven by liquid-liquid phase separation. We review here recent studies that suggest the phase separation-mediated organization of these synaptic compartments. We discuss how synaptic function may be linked to its organization as biomolecular condensates. We conclude with a discussion of areas of future interest in the field for better understanding of the structural architecture of neuronal synapses and its contribution to synaptic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Feng
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiandeng Wu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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38
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Suzuki T, Terada N, Higashiyama S, Kametani K, Shirai Y, Honda M, Kai T, Li W, Tabuchi K. Non-microtubule tubulin-based backbone and subordinate components of postsynaptic density lattices. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/7/e202000945. [PMID: 34006534 PMCID: PMC8326785 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a postsynaptic density (PSD) lattice model comprising a non-microtubule tubulin-based backbone structure and its associated proteins, including various PSD scaffold/adaptor proteins and other PSD proteins. A purification protocol was developed to identify and analyze the component proteins of a postsynaptic density (PSD) lattice, a core structure of the PSD of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. “Enriched”- and “lean”-type PSD lattices were purified by synaptic plasma membrane treatment to identify the protein components by comprehensive shotgun mass spectrometry and group them into minimum essential cytoskeleton (MEC) and non-MEC components. Tubulin was found to be a major component of the MEC, with non-microtubule tubulin widely distributed on the purified PSD lattice. The presence of tubulin in and around PSDs was verified by post-embedding immunogold labeling EM of cerebral cortex. Non-MEC proteins included various typical scaffold/adaptor PSD proteins and other class PSD proteins. Thus, this study provides a new PSD lattice model consisting of non-microtubule tubulin-based backbone and various non-MEC proteins. Our findings suggest that tubulin is a key component constructing the backbone and that the associated components are essential for the versatile functions of the PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Suzuki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University Academic Assembly, Institute of Medicine, Shinshu University Academic Assembly, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Nobuo Terada
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Department of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, To-on, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Kametani
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Shirai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University Academic Assembly, Institute of Medicine, Shinshu University Academic Assembly, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Mamoru Honda
- Bioscience Group, Center for Precision Medicine Supports, Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, INC, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kai
- Bioscience Group, Center for Precision Medicine Supports, Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, INC, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Weidong Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tabuchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University Academic Assembly, Institute of Medicine, Shinshu University Academic Assembly, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences for Intractable Neurological Diseases, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
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39
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The importance of ultrastructural analysis of memory. Brain Res Bull 2021; 173:28-36. [PMID: 33984429 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampus is believed to underlie learning and memory processes. Surprisingly, very few studies report long-lasting structural changes of synapses induced by behavioral training. It remains, therefore, unclear which synaptic changes in the hippocampus contribute to memory storage. Here, we systematically compare how long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission (LTP) (a primary form of synaptic plasticity and cellular model of memory) and behavioral training affect hippocampal glutamatergic synapses at the ultrastructural level enabled by electron microscopy. The review of the literature indicates that while LTP induces growth of dendritic spines and post-synaptic densities (PSD), that represent postsynaptic part of a glutamatergic synapse, after behavioral training there is transient (< 6 h) synaptogenesis and long-lasting (> 24 h) increase in PSD volume (without a significant change of dendritic spine volume), indicating that training-induced PSD growth may reflect long-term enhancement of synaptic functions. Additionally, formation of multi-innervated spines (MIS), is associated with long-term memory in aged mice and LTP-deficient mutant mice. Since volume of PSD, as well as atypical synapses, can be reliably observed only with electron microscopy, we argue that the ultrastructural level of analysis is required to reveal synaptic changes that are associated with long-term storage of information in the brain.
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40
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Dąbrowska-Bouta B, Sulkowski G, Sałek M, Frontczak-Baniewicz M, Strużyńska L. Early and Delayed Impact of Nanosilver on the Glutamatergic NMDA Receptor Complex in Immature Rat Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3067. [PMID: 33802775 PMCID: PMC8002467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the one of the most extensively used nanomaterials. The strong antimicrobial properties of AgNPs have led to their use in a wide range of medical and consumer products. Although the neurotoxicity of AgNPs has been confirmed, the molecular mechanisms have not been extensively studied, particularly in immature organisms. Based on information gained from previous in vitro studies, in the present work, we examine whether ionotropic NMDA glutamate receptors contribute to AgNP-induced neurotoxicity in an animal model of exposure. In brains of immature rats subjected to a low dose of AgNPs, we identified ultrastructural and molecular alterations in the postsynaptic region of synapses where NMDA receptors are localized as a multiprotein complex. We revealed decreased expression of several NMDA receptor complex-related proteins, such as GluN1 and GluN2B subunits, scaffolding proteins PSD95 and SynGAP, as well as neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Elucidating the changes in NMDA receptor-mediated molecular mechanisms induced by AgNPs, we also identified downregulation of the GluN2B-PSD95-nNOS-cGMP signaling pathway which maintains LTP/LTD processes underlying learning and memory formation during development. This observation is accompanied by decreased density of NMDA receptors, as assessed by a radioligand binding assay. The observed effects are reversible over the post-exposure time. This investigation reveals that NMDA receptors in immature rats are a target of AgNPs, thereby indicating the potential health hazard for children and infants resulting from the extensive use of products containing AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Dąbrowska-Bouta
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Department of Neurochemistr, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (B.D.-B.); (G.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Grzegorz Sulkowski
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Department of Neurochemistr, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (B.D.-B.); (G.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Mikołaj Sałek
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Department of Neurochemistr, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (B.D.-B.); (G.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Frontczak-Baniewicz
- Electron Microscopy Platform, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Lidia Strużyńska
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Department of Neurochemistr, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (B.D.-B.); (G.S.); (M.S.)
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41
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Cai Q, Zeng M, Wu X, Wu H, Zhan Y, Tian R, Zhang M. CaMKIIα-driven, phosphatase-checked postsynaptic plasticity via phase separation. Cell Res 2020; 31:37-51. [PMID: 33235361 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-00439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) is essential for synaptic plasticity and learning by decoding synaptic Ca2+ oscillations. Despite decades of extensive research, new mechanisms underlying CaMKIIα's function in synapses are still being discovered. Here, we discover that Shank3 is a specific binding partner for autoinhibited CaMKIIα. We demonstrate that Shank3 and GluN2B, via combined actions of Ca2+ and phosphatases, reciprocally bind to CaMKIIα. Under basal condition, CaMKIIα is recruited to the Shank3 subcompartment of postsynaptic density (PSD) via phase separation. Rise of Ca2+ concentration induces GluN2B-mediated recruitment of active CaMKIIα and formation of the CaMKIIα/GluN2B/PSD-95 condensates, which are autonomously dispersed upon Ca2+ removal. Protein phosphatases control the Ca2+-dependent shuttling of CaMKIIα between the two PSD subcompartments and PSD condensate formation. Activation of CaMKIIα further enlarges the PSD assembly and induces structural LTP. Thus, Ca2+-induced and phosphatase-checked shuttling of CaMKIIα between distinct PSD nano-domains can regulate phase separation-mediated PSD assembly and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixu Cai
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Menglong Zeng
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xiandeng Wu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haowei Wu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yumeng Zhan
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruijun Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. .,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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42
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Dudola D, Hinsenkamp A, Gáspári Z. Ensemble-Based Analysis of the Dynamic Allostery in the PSD-95 PDZ3 Domain in Relation to the General Variability of PDZ Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218348. [PMID: 33172212 PMCID: PMC7672539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PDZ domains are abundant interaction hubs found in a number of different proteins and they exhibit characteristic differences in their structure and ligand specificity. Their internal dynamics have been proposed to contribute to their biological activity via changes in conformational entropy upon ligand binding and allosteric modulation. Here we investigate dynamic structural ensembles of PDZ3 of the postsynaptic protein PSD-95, calculated based on previously published backbone and side-chain S2 order parameters. We show that there are distinct but interdependent structural rearrangements in PDZ3 upon ligand binding and the presence of the intramolecular allosteric modulator helix α3. We have also compared these rearrangements in PDZ1-2 of PSD-95 and the conformational diversity of an extended set of PDZ domains available in the PDB database. We conclude that although the opening-closing rearrangement, occurring upon ligand binding, is likely a general feature for all PDZ domains, the conformer redistribution upon ligand binding along this mode is domain-dependent. Our findings suggest that the structural and functional diversity of PDZ domains is accompanied by a diversity of internal motional modes and their interdependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Dudola
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50/A, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.D.); (A.H.)
| | - Anett Hinsenkamp
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50/A, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.D.); (A.H.)
- 3in-PPCU Research Group, 2500 Esztergom, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Gáspári
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50/A, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.D.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence:
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43
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Mesophasic organization of GABA A receptors in hippocampal inhibitory synapses. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:1589-1596. [PMID: 33139942 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00729-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Information processing in the brain depends on specialized organization of neurotransmitter receptors and scaffolding proteins within the postsynaptic density. However, how these molecules are organized in situ remains largely unknown. In this study, template-free classification of oversampled sub-tomograms was used to analyze cryo-electron tomograms of hippocampal synapses. We identified type-A GABA receptors (GABAARs) in inhibitory synapses and determined their in situ structure at 19-Å resolution. These receptors are organized hierarchically: from GABAAR super-complexes with a preferred inter-receptor distance of 11 nm but variable relative angles, through semi-ordered, two-dimensional receptor networks with reduced Voronoi entropy, to mesophasic assembly with a sharp phase boundary. These assemblies likely form via interactions among postsynaptic scaffolding proteins and receptors and align with putative presynaptic vesicle release sites. Such mesophasic self-organization might allow synapses to achieve a 'Goldilocks' state, striking a balance between stability and flexibility and enabling plasticity in information processing.
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44
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Clifton NE, Thomas KL, Wilkinson LS, Hall J, Trent S. FMRP and CYFIP1 at the Synapse and Their Role in Psychiatric Vulnerability. Complex Psychiatry 2020; 6:5-19. [PMID: 34883502 PMCID: PMC7673588 DOI: 10.1159/000506858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing awareness of the role genetic risk variants have in mediating vulnerability to psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Many of these risk variants encode synaptic proteins, influencing biological pathways of the postsynaptic density and, ultimately, synaptic plasticity. Fragile-X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) and cytoplasmic fragile-X mental retardation protein (FMRP)-interacting protein 1 (CYFIP1) contain 2 such examples of highly penetrant risk variants and encode synaptic proteins with shared functional significance. In this review, we discuss the biological actions of FMRP and CYFIP1, including their regulation of (i) protein synthesis and specifically FMRP targets, (ii) dendritic and spine morphology, and (iii) forms of synaptic plasticity such as long-term depression. We draw upon a range of preclinical studies that have used genetic dosage models of FMR1 and CYFIP1 to determine their biological function. In parallel, we discuss how clinical studies of fragile X syndrome or 15q11.2 deletion patients have informed our understanding of FMRP and CYFIP1, and highlight the latest psychiatric genomic findings that continue to implicate FMRP and CYFIP1. Lastly, we assess the current limitations in our understanding of FMRP and CYFIP1 biology and how they must be addressed before mechanism-led therapeutic strategies can be developed for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. Clifton
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kerrie L. Thomas
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Trent
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
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45
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Schrott R, Rajavel M, Acharya K, Huang Z, Acharya C, Hawkey A, Pippen E, Lyerly HK, Levin ED, Murphy SK. Sperm DNA methylation altered by THC and nicotine: Vulnerability of neurodevelopmental genes with bivalent chromatin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16022. [PMID: 32994467 PMCID: PMC7525661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Men consume the most nicotine and cannabis products but impacts on sperm epigenetics are poorly characterized. Evidence suggests that preconception exposure to these drugs alters offspring neurodevelopment. Epigenetics may in part facilitate heritability. We therefore compared effects of exposure to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and nicotine on DNA methylation in rat sperm at genes involved in neurodevelopment. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing data from sperm of rats exposed to THC via oral gavage showed that seven neurodevelopmentally active genes were significantly differentially methylated versus controls. Pyrosequencing data revealed majority overlap in differential methylation in sperm from rats exposed to THC via injection as well as those exposed to nicotine. Neurodevelopmental genes including autism candidates are vulnerable to environmental exposures and common features may mediate this vulnerability. We discovered that autism candidate genes are significantly enriched for bivalent chromatin structure, suggesting this configuration may increase vulnerability of genes in sperm to disrupted methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Schrott
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Chesterfield Building, 701 W. Main Street, Suite 510, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.,Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maya Rajavel
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Chesterfield Building, 701 W. Main Street, Suite 510, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Kelly Acharya
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Chesterfield Building, 701 W. Main Street, Suite 510, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Chaitanya Acharya
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Center for Applied Therapeutics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Hawkey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Erica Pippen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Center for Applied Therapeutics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Chesterfield Building, 701 W. Main Street, Suite 510, Durham, NC, 27701, USA. .,Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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46
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Wang S, Cortes CJ. Interactions with PDZ proteins diversify voltage-gated calcium channel signaling. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:332-348. [PMID: 32476168 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated Ca2+ (CaV ) channels are crucial for neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission upon depolarization. Their properties in vivo are modulated by their interaction with a variety of scaffolding proteins. Such interactions can influence the function and localization of CaV channels, as well as their coupling to intracellular second messengers and regulatory pathways, thus amplifying their signaling potential. Among these scaffolding proteins, a subset of PDZ (postsynaptic density-95, Drosophila discs-large, and zona occludens)-domain containing proteins play diverse roles in modulating CaV channel properties. At the presynaptic terminal, PDZ proteins enrich CaV channels in the active zone, enabling neurotransmitter release by maintaining a tight and vital link between channels and vesicles. In the postsynaptic density, these interactions are essential in regulating dendritic spine morphology and postsynaptic signaling cascades. In this review, we highlight the studies that demonstrate dynamic regulations of neuronal CaV channels by PDZ proteins. We discuss the role of PDZ proteins in controlling channel activity, regulating channel cell surface density, and influencing channel-mediated downstream signaling events. We highlight the importance of PDZ protein regulations of CaV channels and evaluate the link between this regulatory effect and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Constanza J Cortes
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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47
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Tao-Cheng JH. Activity-dependent redistribution of CaMKII in the postsynaptic compartment of hippocampal neurons. Mol Brain 2020; 13:53. [PMID: 32238193 PMCID: PMC7110642 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), an abundant protein in neurons, is involved in synaptic plasticity and learning. CaMKII associates with multiple proteins located at or near the postsynaptic density (PSD), and CaMKII is known to translocate from cytoplasm to PSD under excitatory conditions. The present study examined the laminar distribution of CaMKII at the PSD by immunogold labeling in dissociated hippocampal cultures under low calcium (EGTA or APV), control, and stimulated (depolarization with high K+ or NMDA) conditions. The patterns of CaMKII distribution are classified with particular reference to the two layers of the PSD: (1) the PSD core, a layer within ~ 30-40 nm to the postsynaptic membrane, and (2) the PSD pallium, a deeper layer beyond the PSD core, ~ 100-120 nm from the postsynaptic membrane. Under low calcium conditions, a subpopulation (40%) of synapses stood out with no CaMKII labeling at the PSD, indicating that localization of CaMKII at the PSD is sensitive to calcium levels. Under control conditions, the majority (~ 60-70%) of synapses had label for CaMKII dispersed evenly in the spine, including the PSD and the nearby cytoplasm. Upon stimulation, the majority (60-75%) of synapses had label for CaMKII concentrated at the PSD, delineating the PSD pallium from the cytoplasm. Median distance of label for CaMKII to postsynaptic membrane was higher in low calcium samples (68-77 nm), than in control (59-63 nm) and stimulated samples (49-53 nm). Thus, upon stimulation, not only more CaMKII translocated to the PSD, but they also were closer to the postsynaptic membrane. Additionally, there were two relatively infrequent labeling patterns that may represent intermediate stages of CaMKII distribution between basal and stimulated conditions: (1) one type showed label preferentially localized near the PSD core where CaMKII may be binding to NR2B, an NMDA receptor concentrated at the PSD core, and (2) the second type showed label preferentially in the PSD pallium, where CaMKII may be binding to Shank, a PSD scaffold protein located in the PSD pallium. Both of these distribution patterns may portray the initial stages of CaMKII translocation upon synaptic activation. In addition to binding to PSD proteins, the concentrated CaMKII labeling at the PSD under heightened excitatory conditions could also be formed by self-clustering of CaMKII molecules recruited to the PSD. Most importantly, these accumulated CaMKII molecules do not extend beyond the border of the PSD pallium, and are likely held in the pallium by binding to Shank under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwa Tao-Cheng
- NINDS Electron Microscopy Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that liquid-liquid phase separation, the formation of a condensed molecular assembly within another diluted aqueous solution, is a means for cells to organize highly condensed biological assemblies (also known as biological condensates or membraneless compartments) with very broad functions and regulatory properties in different subcellular regions. Molecular machineries dictating synaptic transmissions in both presynaptic boutons and postsynaptic densities of neuronal synapses may be such biological condensates. Here we review recent developments showing how phase separation can build dense synaptic molecular clusters, highlight unique features of such condensed clusters in the context of synaptic development and signaling, discuss how aberrant phase-separation-mediated synaptic assembly formation may contribute to dysfunctional signaling in psychiatric disorders, and present some challenges and opportunities of phase separation in synaptic biology.
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49
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Schrott R, Acharya K, Itchon-Ramos N, Hawkey AB, Pippen E, Mitchell JT, Kollins SH, Levin ED, Murphy SK. Cannabis use is associated with potentially heritable widespread changes in autism candidate gene DLGAP2 DNA methylation in sperm. Epigenetics 2019; 15:161-173. [PMID: 31451081 PMCID: PMC6961656 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1656158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental cannabis use has been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring, but how such phenotypes are transmitted is largely unknown. Using reduced representation bisulphite sequencing (RRBS), we recently demonstrated that cannabis use is associated with widespread DNA methylation changes in human and rat sperm. Discs-Large Associated Protein 2 (DLGAP2), involved in synapse organization, neuronal signaling, and strongly implicated in autism, exhibited significant hypomethylation (p < 0.05) at 17 CpG sites in human sperm. We successfully validated the differential methylation present in DLGAP2 for nine CpG sites located in intron seven (p < 0.05) using quantitative bisulphite pyrosequencing. Intron 7 DNA methylation and DLGAP2 expression in human conceptal brain tissue were inversely correlated (p < 0.01). Adult male rats exposed to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) showed differential DNA methylation at Dlgap2 in sperm (p < 0.03), as did the nucleus accumbens of rats whose fathers were exposed to THC prior to conception (p < 0.05). Altogether, these results warrant further investigation into the effects of preconception cannabis use in males and the potential effects on subsequent generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Schrott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kelly Acharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nilda Itchon-Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew B Hawkey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Erica Pippen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John T Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Scott H Kollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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50
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Dosemeci A, Tao-Cheng JH, Bakly V, Reese TS. Postsynaptic densities fragment into subcomplexes upon sonication. Mol Brain 2019; 12:72. [PMID: 31439005 PMCID: PMC6704671 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic density (PSD) fractions were isolated from rat forebrain and sonicated. Pellets from sonicated samples examined by electron microscopy revealed particles with an electron density similar to PSDs that appeared to be fragments of PSDs. Immuno-gold labeling confirmed that some of these contained PSD-95 and/or SynGAP. Biochemical analysis of supernatant and pellet fractions from sonicated samples showed almost complete recovery of several major PSD components (SynGAP, PSD-95, Shank3, Homer and Glutamate receptors) in the pellet, while the supernatant contained known contaminants of PSD fractions, such as glial acidic fibrillary protein and neurofilament protein, as well as actin and α-actinin, indicating susceptibility of these cytoskeletal elements to mechanical disruption. Size distributions of particulate material in control and sonicated samples were clearly different, with particles in the 40–90 nm range observed only in sonicated samples. Fragmentation of the PSD into subcomplexes containing major constituents suggests a patchwork structure consisting of weakly bound modules, that can be readily dissociated from each other through mechanical disruption. Modular organization and weak association between modules would endow the PSD with lateral structural flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Dosemeci
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jung-Hwa Tao-Cheng
- EM Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Valerie Bakly
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas S Reese
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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