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S Mesquita F, Abrami L, Linder ME, Bamji SX, Dickinson BC, van der Goot FG. Mechanisms and functions of protein S-acylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:488-509. [PMID: 38355760 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, protein S-acylation (often referred to as S-palmitoylation) has emerged as an important regulator of vital signalling pathways. S-Acylation is a reversible post-translational modification that involves the attachment of a fatty acid to a protein. Maintenance of the equilibrium between protein S-acylation and deacylation has demonstrated profound effects on various cellular processes, including innate immunity, inflammation, glucose metabolism and fat metabolism, as well as on brain and heart function. This Review provides an overview of current understanding of S-acylation and deacylation enzymes, their spatiotemporal regulation by sophisticated multilayered mechanisms, and their influence on protein function, cellular processes and physiological pathways. Furthermore, we examine how disruptions in protein S-acylation are associated with a broad spectrum of diseases from cancer to autoinflammatory disorders and neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco S Mesquita
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurine E Linder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shernaz X Bamji
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Koster KP, Fyke Z, Nguyen TTA, Niqula A, Noriega-González LY, Woolfrey KM, Dell’Acqua ML, Cologna SM, Yoshii A. Akap5 links synaptic dysfunction to neuroinflammatory signaling in a mouse model of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2024; 16:1384625. [PMID: 38798824 PMCID: PMC11116793 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2024.1384625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation and depalmitoylation represent dichotomic processes by which a labile posttranslational lipid modification regulates protein trafficking and degradation. The depalmitoylating enzyme, palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1), is associated with the devastating pediatric neurodegenerative condition, infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN1). CLN1 is characterized by the accumulation of autofluorescent lysosomal storage material (AFSM) in neurons and robust neuroinflammation. Converging lines of evidence suggest that in addition to cellular waste accumulation, the symptomology of CLN1 corresponds with disruption of synaptic processes. Indeed, loss of Ppt1 function in cortical neurons dysregulates the synaptic incorporation of the GluA1 AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit during a type of synaptic plasticity called synaptic scaling. However, the mechanisms causing this aberration are unknown. Here, we used the Ppt1-/- mouse model (both sexes) to further investigate how Ppt1 regulates synaptic plasticity and how its disruption affects downstream signaling pathways. To this end, we performed a palmitoyl-proteomic screen, which provoked the discovery that Akap5 is excessively palmitoylated at Ppt1-/- synapses. Extending our previous data, in vivo induction of synaptic scaling, which is regulated by Akap5, caused an excessive upregulation of GluA1 in Ppt1-/- mice. This synaptic change was associated with exacerbated disease pathology. Furthermore, the Akap5- and inflammation-associated transcriptional regulator, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), was sensitized in Ppt1-/- cortical neurons. Suppressing the upstream regulator of NFAT activation, calcineurin, with the FDA-approved therapeutic FK506 (Tacrolimus) modestly improved neuroinflammation in Ppt1-/- mice. These findings indicate that the absence of depalmitoylation stifles synaptic protein trafficking and contributes to neuroinflammation via an Akap5-associated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P. Koster
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Zach Fyke
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Thu T. A. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Amanda Niqula
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Kevin M. Woolfrey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mark L. Dell’Acqua
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Akira Yoshii
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Laurent J, Diop M, Amara R, Fisson C, Armengaud J, Labadie P, Budzinski H, Couteau J, Maillet G, Le Floch S, Laroche J, Pichereau V. Relevance of flounder caging and proteomics to explore the impact of a major industrial accident caused by fire on the Seine estuarine water quality. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116178. [PMID: 38401391 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
On September 26th 2019, a major fire occurred in the Lubrizol factory located near the Seine estuary, in Rouen-France. Juvenile flounders were captured in the Canche estuary (a reference system) and caged one month in the Canche and in the Seine downstream the accident site. No significant increases of PAHs, PCBs and PFAS was detected in Seine vs Canche sediments after the accident, but a significant increase of dioxins and furans was observed in water and sewage sludge in the Rouen wastewater treatment plant. The proteomics approach highlighted a dysregulation of proteins associated with cholesterol synthesis and lipid metabolism, in fish caged in the Seine. The overall results suggested that the fire produced air borne dioxins and furans that got deposited on soil and subsequently entered in the Seine estuarine waters via runoff; thus contaminating fish preys and caged flounders in the Seine estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Laurent
- Univ Brest - CNRS - IRD - Ifremer, UMR 6539 LEMAR, IUEM-Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Rue Dumont D'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France; CEDRE, 715 rue Alain Colas, 29200 Brest, France.
| | - Mamadou Diop
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Univ. Lille, CNRS, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, F-62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Rachid Amara
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Univ. Lille, CNRS, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, F-62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Cédric Fisson
- GIP Seine-Aval, Hangar C - Espace des Marégraphes, CS 41174, 76176 Rouen Cedex 1, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Laboratoire Innovations Technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRAe, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Pierre Labadie
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Jérôme Couteau
- TOXEM, 12 rue des 4 saisons, 76290 Montivilliers, France
| | | | | | - Jean Laroche
- Univ Brest - CNRS - IRD - Ifremer, UMR 6539 LEMAR, IUEM-Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Rue Dumont D'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Vianney Pichereau
- Univ Brest - CNRS - IRD - Ifremer, UMR 6539 LEMAR, IUEM-Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Rue Dumont D'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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Puhl AC, Raman R, Havener TM, Minerali E, Hickey AJ, Ekins S. Identification of New Modulators and Inhibitors of Palmitoyl-Protein Thioesterase 1 for CLN1 Batten Disease and Cancer. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:11870-11882. [PMID: 38496939 PMCID: PMC10938339 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) is an understudied enzyme that is gaining attention due to its role in the depalmitoylation of several proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. PPT1 is overexpressed in several cancers, specifically cholangiocarcinoma and esophageal cancers. Inhibitors of PPT1 lead to cell death and have been shown to enhance the killing of tumor cells alongside known chemotherapeutics. PPT1 is hence a viable target for anticancer drug development. Furthermore, mutations in PPT1 cause a lysosomal storage disorder called infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN1 disease). Molecules that can inhibit, stabilize, or modulate the activity of this target are needed to address these diseases. We used PPT1 enzymatic assays to identify molecules that were subsequently tested by using differential scanning fluorimetry and microscale thermophoresis. Selected compounds were also tested in neuroblastoma cell lines. The resulting PPT1 screening data was used for building machine learning models to help select additional compounds for testing. We discovered two of the most potent PPT1 inhibitors reported to date, orlistat (IC50 178.8 nM) and palmostatin B (IC50 11.8 nM). When tested in HepG2 cells, it was found that these molecules had decreased activity, indicating that they were likely not penetrating the cells. The combination of in vitro enzymatic and biophysical assays enabled the identification of several molecules that can bind or inhibit PPT1 and may aid in the discovery of modulators or chaperones. The molecules identified could be used as a starting point for further optimization as treatments for other potential therapeutic applications outside CLN1 disease, such as cancer and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Puhl
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Renuka Raman
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Tammy M. Havener
- UNC
Catalyst for Rare Diseases, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Eni Minerali
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Anthony J. Hickey
- UNC
Catalyst for Rare Diseases, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- RTI
International, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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Liao D, Huang Y, Liu D, Zhang H, Shi X, Li X, Luo P. The role of s-palmitoylation in neurological diseases: implication for zDHHC family. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1342830. [PMID: 38293675 PMCID: PMC10824933 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1342830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is a reversible posttranslational modification, and the palmitoylation reaction in human-derived cells is mediated by the zDHHC family, which is composed of S-acyltransferase enzymes that possess the DHHC (Asp-His-His-Cys) structural domain. zDHHC proteins form an autoacylation intermediate, which then attaches the fatty acid to cysteine a residue in the target protein. zDHHC proteins sublocalize in different neuronal structures and exert dif-ferential effects on neurons. In humans, many zDHHC proteins are closely related to human neu-rological disor-ders. This review focuses on a variety of neurological disorders, such as AD (Alz-heimer's disease), HD (Huntington's disease), SCZ (schizophrenia), XLID (X-linked intellectual disability), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and glioma. In this paper, we will discuss and summarize the research progress regarding the role of zDHHC proteins in these neu-rological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yutao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haofuzi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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Koster KP, Flores-Barrera E, Artur de la Villarmois E, Caballero A, Tseng KY, Yoshii A. Loss of Depalmitoylation Disrupts Homeostatic Plasticity of AMPARs in a Mouse Model of Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. J Neurosci 2023; 43:8317-8335. [PMID: 37884348 PMCID: PMC10711723 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1113-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation is the only reversible post-translational lipid modification. Palmitoylation is held in delicate balance by depalmitoylation to precisely regulate protein turnover. While over 20 palmitoylation enzymes are known, depalmitoylation is conducted by fewer enzymes. Of particular interest is the lack of the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) that causes the devastating pediatric neurodegenerative condition infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN1). While most of the research on Ppt1 function has centered on its role in the lysosome, recent findings demonstrated that many Ppt1 substrates are synaptic proteins, including the AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit GluA1. Still, the impact of Ppt1-mediated depalmitoylation on synaptic transmission and plasticity remains elusive. Thus, the goal of the present study was to use the Ppt1 -/- mouse model (both sexes) to determine whether Ppt1 regulates AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission and plasticity, which are crucial for the maintenance of homeostatic adaptations in cortical circuits. Here, we found that basal excitatory transmission in the Ppt1 -/- visual cortex is developmentally regulated and that chemogenetic silencing of the Ppt1 -/- visual cortex excessively enhanced the synaptic expression of GluA1. Furthermore, triggering homeostatic plasticity in Ppt1 -/- primary neurons caused an exaggerated incorporation of GluA1-containing, calcium-permeable AMPARs, which correlated with increased GluA1 palmitoylation. Finally, Ca2+ imaging in awake Ppt1 -/- mice showed visual cortical neurons favor a state of synchronous firing. Collectively, our results elucidate a crucial role for Ppt1 in AMPAR trafficking and show that impeded proteostasis of palmitoylated synaptic proteins drives maladaptive homeostatic plasticity and abnormal recruitment of cortical activity in CLN1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuronal communication is orchestrated by the movement of receptors to and from the synaptic membrane. Protein palmitoylation is the only reversible post-translational lipid modification, a process that must be balanced precisely by depalmitoylation. The significance of depalmitoylation is evidenced by the discovery that mutation of the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (Ppt1) causes severe pediatric neurodegeneration. In this study, we found that the equilibrium provided by Ppt1-mediated depalmitoylation is critical for AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated plasticity and associated homeostatic adaptations of synaptic transmission in cortical circuits. This finding complements the recent explosion of palmitoylation research by emphasizing the necessity of balanced depalmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Koster
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Eden Flores-Barrera
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | | | - Adriana Caballero
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Kuei Y Tseng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Akira Yoshii
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
- Department of Neurology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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7
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Anwar MU, van der Goot FG. Refining S-acylation: Structure, regulation, dynamics, and therapeutic implications. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202307103. [PMID: 37756661 PMCID: PMC10533364 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With a limited number of genes, cells achieve remarkable diversity. This is to a large extent achieved by chemical posttranslational modifications of proteins. Amongst these are the lipid modifications that have the unique ability to confer hydrophobicity. The last decade has revealed that lipid modifications of proteins are extremely frequent and affect a great variety of cellular pathways and physiological processes. This is particularly true for S-acylation, the only reversible lipid modification. The enzymes involved in S-acylation and deacylation are only starting to be understood, and the list of proteins that undergo this modification is ever-increasing. We will describe the state of knowledge on the enzymes that regulate S-acylation, from their structure to their regulation, how S-acylation influences target proteins, and finally will offer a perspective on how alterations in the balance between S-acylation and deacylation may contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad U. Anwar
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Bestion E, Raymond E, Mezouar S, Halfon P. Update on Autophagy Inhibitors in Cancer: Opening up to a Therapeutic Combination with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Cells 2023; 12:1702. [PMID: 37443736 PMCID: PMC10341243 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved and natural degradation process that helps maintain cell homeostasis through the elimination of old, worn, and defective cellular components, ensuring proper cell energy intake. The degradative pathway constitutes a protective barrier against diverse human diseases including cancer. Autophagy basal level has been reported to be completely dysregulated during the entire oncogenic process. Autophagy influences not only cancer initiation, development, and maintenance but also regulates cancer response to therapy. Currently, autophagy inhibitor candidates mainly target the early autophagy process without any successful preclinical/clinical development. Lessons learned from autophagy pharmaceutical manipulation as a curative option progressively help to improve drug design and to encounter new targets of interest. Combinatorial strategies with autophagy modulators are supported by abundant evidence, especially dealing with immune checkpoint inhibitors, for which encouraging preclinical results have been recently published. GNS561, a PPT1 inhibitor, is a promising autophagy modulator as it has started a phase 2 clinical trial in liver cancer indication, combined with atezolizumab and bevacizumab, an assessment without precedent in the field. This approach paves a new road, leading to the resurgence of anticancer autophagy inhibitors as an attractive therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïne Bestion
- Genoscience Pharma, 13006 Marseille, France; (E.R.); (S.M.); (P.H.)
| | - Eric Raymond
- Genoscience Pharma, 13006 Marseille, France; (E.R.); (S.M.); (P.H.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Paris Saint-Joseph Hospital Group, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Genoscience Pharma, 13006 Marseille, France; (E.R.); (S.M.); (P.H.)
- Établissement Français du Sang, Provence Alpes Côte d’Azur et Corse, Marseille, France; «Biologie des Groupes Sanguins», Aix Marseille Univ-CNRS-EFS-ADÉS, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Halfon
- Genoscience Pharma, 13006 Marseille, France; (E.R.); (S.M.); (P.H.)
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Kim KM. Unveiling the Differences in Signaling and Regulatory Mechanisms between Dopamine D2 and D3 Receptors and Their Impact on Behavioral Sensitization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076742. [PMID: 37047716 PMCID: PMC10095578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine receptors are classified into five subtypes, with D2R and D3R playing a crucial role in regulating mood, motivation, reward, and movement. Whereas D2R are distributed widely across the brain, including regions responsible for motor functions, D3R are primarily found in specific areas related to cognitive and emotional functions, such as the nucleus accumbens, limbic system, and prefrontal cortex. Despite their high sequence homology and similar signaling pathways, D2R and D3R have distinct regulatory properties involving desensitization, endocytosis, posttranslational modification, and interactions with other cellular components. In vivo, D3R is closely associated with behavioral sensitization, which leads to increased dopaminergic responses. Behavioral sensitization is believed to result from D3R desensitization, which removes the inhibitory effect of D3R on related behaviors. Whereas D2R maintains continuous signal transduction through agonist-induced receptor phosphorylation, arrestin recruitment, and endocytosis, which recycle and resensitize desensitized receptors, D3R rarely undergoes agonist-induced endocytosis and instead is desensitized after repeated agonist exposure. In addition, D3R undergoes more extensive posttranslational modifications, such as glycosylation and palmitoylation, which are needed for its desensitization. Overall, a series of biochemical settings more closely related to D3R could be linked to D3R-mediated behavioral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Man Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea
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10
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Buszka A, Pytyś A, Colvin D, Włodarczyk J, Wójtowicz T. S-Palmitoylation of Synaptic Proteins in Neuronal Plasticity in Normal and Pathological Brains. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030387. [PMID: 36766729 PMCID: PMC9913408 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein lipidation is a common post-translational modification of proteins that plays an important role in human physiology and pathology. One form of protein lipidation, S-palmitoylation, involves the addition of a 16-carbon fatty acid (palmitate) onto proteins. This reversible modification may affect the regulation of protein trafficking and stability in membranes. From multiple recent experimental studies, a picture emerges whereby protein S-palmitoylation is a ubiquitous yet discrete molecular switch enabling the expansion of protein functions and subcellular localization in minutes to hours. Neural tissue is particularly rich in proteins that are regulated by S-palmitoylation. A surge of novel methods of detection of protein lipidation at high resolution allowed us to get better insights into the roles of protein palmitoylation in brain physiology and pathophysiology. In this review, we specifically discuss experimental work devoted to understanding the impact of protein palmitoylation on functional changes in the excitatory and inhibitory synapses associated with neuronal activity and neuronal plasticity. The accumulated evidence also implies a crucial role of S-palmitoylation in learning and memory, and brain disorders associated with impaired cognitive functions.
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Majumder P, Edmison D, Rodger C, Patel S, Reid E, Gowrishankar S. AP-4 regulates neuronal lysosome composition, function, and transport via regulating export of critical lysosome receptor proteins at the trans-Golgi network. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar102. [PMID: 35976706 PMCID: PMC9635302 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-09-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein complex-4 or AP-4 is known to mediate autophagosome maturation through regulating sorting of transmembrane cargo such as ATG9A at the Golgi. There is a need to understand AP-4 function in neurons, as mutations in any of its four subunits cause a complex form of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) with intellectual disability. While AP-4 has been implicated in regulating trafficking and distribution of cargo such as ATG9A and APP, little is known about its effect on neuronal lysosomal protein traffic, lysosome biogenesis and function. In this study, we demonstrate that in human iPSC-derived neurons AP-4 regulates lysosome composition, function and transport via regulating export of critical lysosomal receptors, including Sortilin 1, from the trans-Golgi network to endo-lysosomes. Additionally, loss of AP-4 causes endo-lysosomes to stall and build up in axonal swellings potentially through reduced recruitment of retrograde transport machinery to the organelle. These findings of axonal lysosome build-up are highly reminiscent of those observed in Alzheimer's disease as well as in neurons modelling the most common form of HSP, caused by spastin mutations. Our findings implicate AP-4 as a critical regulator of neuronal lysosome biogenesis and altered lysosome function and axonal endo-lysosome transport as an underlying defect in AP-4 deficient HSP. Additionally, our results also demonstrate the utility of the human i3Neuronal model system in investigating neuronal phenotypes observed in AP-4 deficient mice and/or the human AP-4 deficiency syndrome. [Media: see text] [Media: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Majumder
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daisy Edmison
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Catherine Rodger
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - Sruchi Patel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Evan Reid
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - Swetha Gowrishankar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Wild AR, Hogg PW, Flibotte S, Nasseri G, Hollman R, Abazari D, Haas K, Bamji SX. Exploring the expression patterns of palmitoylating and de-palmitoylating enzymes in the mouse brain using the curated RNA-seq database BrainPalmSeq. eLife 2022; 11:75804. [PMID: 35819139 PMCID: PMC9365392 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation is a reversible post-translational lipid modification that plays a critical role in neuronal development and plasticity, while dysregulated S-palmitoylation underlies a number of severe neurological disorders. Dynamic S-palmitoylation is regulated by a large family of ZDHHC palmitoylating enzymes, their accessory proteins, and a small number of known de-palmitoylating enzymes. Here, we curated and analyzed expression data for the proteins that regulate S-palmitoylation from publicly available RNAseq datasets, providing a comprehensive overview of their distribution in the mouse nervous system. We developed a web-tool that enables interactive visualization of the expression patterns for these proteins in the nervous system (http://brainpalmseq.med.ubc.ca/), and explored this resource to find region and cell-type specific expression patterns that give insight into the function of palmitoylating and de-palmitoylating enzymes in the brain and neurological disorders. We found coordinated expression of ZDHHC enzymes with their accessory proteins, de-palmitoylating enzymes and other brain-expressed genes that included an enrichment of S-palmitoylation substrates. Finally, we utilized ZDHHC expression patterns to predict and validate palmitoylating enzyme-substrate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Wild
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Peter W Hogg
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stephane Flibotte
- Life Sciences Institute Bioinformatics Facility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Glory Nasseri
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rocio Hollman
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Danya Abazari
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kurt Haas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shernaz X Bamji
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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13
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Kluever V, Russo B, Mandad S, Kumar NH, Alevra M, Ori A, Rizzoli SO, Urlaub H, Schneider A, Fornasiero EF. Protein lifetimes in aged brains reveal a proteostatic adaptation linking physiological aging to neurodegeneration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn4437. [PMID: 35594347 PMCID: PMC9122331 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn4437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a prominent risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs); however, the molecular mechanisms rendering the aged brain particularly susceptible to neurodegeneration remain unclear. Here, we aim to determine the link between physiological aging and NDDs by exploring protein turnover using metabolic labeling and quantitative pulse-SILAC proteomics. By comparing protein lifetimes between physiologically aged and young adult mice, we found that in aged brains protein lifetimes are increased by ~20% and that aging affects distinct pathways linked to NDDs. Specifically, a set of neuroprotective proteins are longer-lived in aged brains, while some mitochondrial proteins linked to neurodegeneration are shorter-lived. Strikingly, we observed a previously unknown alteration in proteostasis that correlates to parsimonious turnover of proteins with high biosynthetic costs, revealing an overall metabolic adaptation that preludes neurodegeneration. Our findings suggest that future therapeutic paradigms, aimed at addressing these metabolic adaptations, might be able to delay NDD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kluever
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Belisa Russo
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sunit Mandad
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nisha Hemandhar Kumar
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mihai Alevra
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alessandro Ori
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Silvio O. Rizzoli
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Schneider
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eugenio F. Fornasiero
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Gorenberg EL, Massaro Tieze S, Yücel B, Zhao HR, Chou V, Wirak GS, Tomita S, Lam TT, Chandra SS. Identification of substrates of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 highlights roles of depalmitoylation in disulfide bond formation and synaptic function. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001590. [PMID: 35358180 PMCID: PMC9004782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a devastating neurodegenerative disease. The substrates of PPT1 are largely undescribed, posing a limitation on molecular dissection of disease mechanisms and therapeutic development. Here, we provide a resource identifying >100 novel PPT1 substrates. We utilized Acyl Resin-Assisted Capture (Acyl RAC) and mass spectrometry to identify proteins with increased in vivo palmitoylation in PPT1 knockout (KO) mouse brains. We then validated putative substrates through direct depalmitoylation with recombinant PPT1. This stringent screen elucidated diverse PPT1 substrates at the synapse, including channels and transporters, G-protein–associated molecules, endo/exocytic components, synaptic adhesion molecules, and mitochondrial proteins. Cysteine depalmitoylation sites in transmembrane PPT1 substrates frequently participate in disulfide bonds in the mature protein. We confirmed that depalmitoylation plays a role in disulfide bond formation in a tertiary screen analyzing posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Collectively, these data highlight the role of PPT1 in mediating synapse functions, implicate molecular pathways in the etiology of NCL and other neurodegenerative diseases, and advance our basic understanding of the purpose of depalmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L. Gorenberg
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sofia Massaro Tieze
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Betül Yücel
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Helen R. Zhao
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vicky Chou
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Wirak
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Susumu Tomita
- Departments of Neuroscience and of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - TuKiet T. Lam
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Keck MS & Proteomics Resource, WM Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sreeganga S. Chandra
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Luo Q, Li X, Gan G, Yang M, Chen X, Chen F. PPT1 Reduction Contributes to Erianin-Induced Growth Inhibition in Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:764263. [PMID: 35004674 PMCID: PMC8740138 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.764263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The anticancer properties of erianin have been recently discovered. However, the antitumor effect of erianin in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that erianin can hamper OSCC cells growth both in vitro and in vivo. Erianin induced obvious G2/M arrest as well as apoptosis and gasdermin E (GSDME)-dependent pyroptosis in OSCC cells. Moreover, erianin increased autophagosome formation but decreased autolysosome function. Further study indicated that erianin significantly suppressed the expression of protein-palmitoyl thioesterase 1 (PPT1) and mTOR signaling. PPT1 has been reported to be a critical regulator of cancer progression by its modulation of autophagy and mTOR signaling. According to online databases, higher expression of PPT1 has been observed in OSCC tissues and is associated with poorer patient prognosis. As overexpression of PPT1 significantly reversed erianin-induced growth inhibition in OSCC cells, we identified the importance of PPT1 reduction in erianin-induced growth suppression. With the xenograft model, we confirmed the antitumor effect of erianin in vivo. Erianin efficiently decreased the tumor sizes, together with visibly reduced expression of PPT1 and phosphorylation of mTOR in the xenograft tumor tissues. Therefore, the present study indicated that erianin may be potentially used in OSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqiong Luo
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guifang Gan
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuxiang Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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Wang Y, Chen X, Fan W, Zhang X, Zhan S, Zhong T, Guo J, Cao J, Li L, Zhang H, Wang L. Integrated application of metabolomics and RNA-seq reveals thermogenic regulation in goat brown adipose tissues. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21868. [PMID: 34449920 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100493rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role on no shivering thermogenesis during cold exposure to maintain animal body temperature and energy homeostasis. However, knowledge of the cellular transition from white adipose tissue (WAT) to BAT is still limited. In this study, we provided a comprehensive metabolomics and transcriptional signatures of goat BAT and WAT. A total of 157 metabolites were significantly changed, including 81 upregulated and 76 downregulated metabolites. In addition, we identified the citric acid cycle, fatty acid elongation, and degradation pathways as coordinately activated in BAT. Interestingly, five unsaturated fatty acids (Eicosadienoic Acid, C20:2; γ-Linolenic acid, C20:3; Arachidonic Acid, C20:4; Adrenic acid, C22:4; Docosahexaenoic acid, C22:6), Succinate, L-carnitine, and L-palmitoyl-carnitine were found to be abundant in BAT. Furthermore, L-carnitine, an intermediate of fatty acid degradation, is required for goat brown adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis through activating AMPK pathway. However, L-carnitine decreased lipid accumulation through inducing lipolysis and thermogenesis in white adipocytes. These results revealed that there are the significant alterations in transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles between goat WAT and BAT, which may contribute to better understanding the roles of metabolites in BAT thermogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xingyue Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Wenli Fan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xujia Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Zhan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhong
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jiazhong Guo
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxue Cao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hongping Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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17
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Gupta R, Sahu M, Srivastava D, Tiwari S, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Post-translational modifications: Regulators of neurodegenerative proteinopathies. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101336. [PMID: 33775891 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmark features in the neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) is the accumulation of aggregated and/or non-functional protein in the cellular milieu. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are an essential regulator of non-functional protein aggregation in the pathogenesis of NDDs. Any alteration in the post-translational mechanism and the protein quality control system, for instance, molecular chaperone, ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy-lysosomal degradation pathway, enhances the accumulation of misfolded protein, which causes neuronal dysfunction. Post-translational modification plays many roles in protein turnover rate, accumulation of aggregate and can also help in the degradation of disease-causing toxic metabolites. PTMs such as acetylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, palmitoylation, SUMOylation, nitration, oxidation, and many others regulate protein homeostasis, which includes protein structure, functions and aggregation propensity. Different studies demonstrated the involvement of PTMs in the regulation of signaling cascades such as PI3K/Akt/GSK3β, MAPK cascade, AMPK pathway, and Wnt signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of NDDs. Further, mounting evidence suggests that targeting different PTMs with small chemical molecules, which acts as an inhibitor or activator, reverse misfolded protein accumulation and thus enhances the neuroprotection. Herein, we briefly discuss the protein aggregation and various domain structures of different proteins involved in the NDDs, indicating critical amino acid residues where PTMs occur. We also describe the implementation and involvement of various PTMs on signaling cascade and cellular processes in NDDs. Lastly, we implement our current understanding of the therapeutic importance of PTMs in neurodegeneration, along with emerging techniques targeting various PTMs.
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18
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Chen JJ, Fan Y, Boehning D. Regulation of Dynamic Protein S-Acylation. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:656440. [PMID: 33981723 PMCID: PMC8107437 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.656440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-acylation is the reversible addition of fatty acids to the cysteine residues of target proteins. It regulates multiple aspects of protein function, including the localization to membranes, intracellular trafficking, protein interactions, protein stability, and protein conformation. This process is regulated by palmitoyl acyltransferases that have the conserved amino acid sequence DHHC at their active site. Although they have conserved catalytic cores, DHHC enzymes vary in their protein substrate selection, lipid substrate preference, and regulatory mechanisms. Alterations in DHHC enzyme function are associated with many human diseases, including cancers and neurological conditions. The removal of fatty acids from acylated cysteine residues is catalyzed by acyl protein thioesterases. Notably, S-acylation is now known to be a highly dynamic process, and plays crucial roles in signaling transduction in various cell types. In this review, we will explore the recent findings on protein S-acylation, the enzymatic regulation of this process, and discuss examples of dynamic S-acylation.
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19
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Vergoten G, Bailly C. Binding of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine dimers to palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) and its glycosylated forms: a computational approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:8197-8205. [PMID: 33876698 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1908167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) removes thioester-linked fatty acid groups from membrane-bound proteins to facilitate their proteolysis. A lack of PPT1 (due to gene mutations) causes the progressive death of cortical neurons and is responsible for infantile neural ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL), a severe neurodegenerative disorder in children. Conversely, PPT1 is often over-expressed in cancer, and considered as a valid target to control tumor growth. Potent and selective inhibitors of PPT1 have been designed, in particular 4-amino-7-chloro-quinoline derivatives such as hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and the dimeric analogues Lys05 and DC661. We have modeled the interaction of these three compounds with the enzyme, taking advantage of the PPT1 crystallographic structure. The molecules can fit into the palmitate site of the protein, with the dimeric compounds forming more stable complexes than the monomer. But the molecular modeling suggests that the most favorable binding sites are located outside the active site. Two sites centered on residues Met112 and Gln144 were identified, offering suitable cavities for drug binding. According to the calculated empirical energies of interaction (ΔE), the dimer DC661 forms the most stable complex at site Met112 of palmitate-bound PPT1. N-glycosylated forms of PPT1 were elaborated. Paucimannosidic glycans (M2FA and M3F) and a bulkier tetra-antennary complex glycan were introduced at asparagine residues N197, N212 and N232. These N-glycans do not impede drug binding, thus suggesting that all glycoforms of PPT1 can be targeted with these compounds.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Vergoten
- Inserm, INFINITE - U1286, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculté de Pharmacie, University of Lille, Lille, France
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20
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported an inverse correlation between cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, and increasing evidence shows that similar genes and pathways are dysregulated in both diseases but in a contrasting manner. Given the genetic convergence of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), a family of rare neurodegenerative disorders commonly known as Batten disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases, we sought to explore the relationship between cancer and the NCLs. In this review, we survey data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and available literature on the roles of NCL genes in different oncogenic processes to reveal links between all the NCL genes and cancer-related processes. We also discuss the potential contributions of NCL genes to cancer immunology. Based on our findings, we propose that further research on the relationship between cancer and the NCLs may help shed light on the roles of NCL genes in both diseases and possibly guide therapy development.
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21
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Meslin C, Bozzolan F, Braman V, Chardonnet S, Pionneau C, François MC, Severac D, Gadenne C, Anton S, Maibèche M, Jacquin-Joly E, Siaussat D. Sublethal Exposure Effects of the Neonicotinoid Clothianidin Strongly Modify the Brain Transcriptome and Proteome in the Male Moth Agrotis ipsilon. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020152. [PMID: 33670203 PMCID: PMC7916958 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insect pest management relies mainly on neurotoxic insecticides, including neonicotinoids such as clothianidin. Low doses of insecticides can stimulate various life traits in target pest insects, whereas negative effects are expected. We recently showed that treatments with different low doses of clothianidin could modify behavioral and neuronal sex pheromone responses in the male moth, Agrotis ipsilon. In this study, we showed that clothianidin disrupted 1229 genes and 49 proteins at the molecular level, including numerous enzymes of detoxification and neuronal actors, which could explain the acclimatization in pest insects to the insecticide-contaminated environment. Abstract Insect pest management relies mainly on neurotoxic insecticides, including neonicotinoids such as clothianidin. The residual accumulation of low concentrations of these insecticides can have positive effects on target pest insects by enhancing various life traits. Because pest insects often rely on sex pheromones for reproduction and olfactory synaptic transmission is cholinergic, neonicotinoid residues could indeed modify chemical communication. We recently showed that treatments with low doses of clothianidin could induce hormetic effects on behavioral and neuronal sex pheromone responses in the male moth, Agrotis ipsilon. In this study, we used high-throughput RNAseq and proteomic analyses from brains of A. ipsilon males that were intoxicated with a low dose of clothianidin to investigate the molecular mechanisms leading to the observed hormetic effect. Our results showed that clothianidin induced significant changes in transcript levels and protein quantity in the brain of treated moths: 1229 genes and 49 proteins were differentially expressed upon clothianidin exposure. In particular, our analyses highlighted a regulation in numerous enzymes as a possible detoxification response to the insecticide and also numerous changes in neuronal processes, which could act as a form of acclimatization to the insecticide-contaminated environment, both leading to enhanced neuronal and behavioral responses to sex pheromone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Meslin
- Département Ecologie Sensorielle, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France; (C.M.); (F.B.); (V.B.); (M.-C.F.); (M.M.); (E.J.-J.)
- Département Ecologie Sensorielle, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Françoise Bozzolan
- Département Ecologie Sensorielle, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France; (C.M.); (F.B.); (V.B.); (M.-C.F.); (M.M.); (E.J.-J.)
- Département Ecologie Sensorielle, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Virginie Braman
- Département Ecologie Sensorielle, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France; (C.M.); (F.B.); (V.B.); (M.-C.F.); (M.M.); (E.J.-J.)
- Département Ecologie Sensorielle, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Solenne Chardonnet
- Plateforme Post-Génomique de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (P3S), UMS 37 PASS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (S.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Cédric Pionneau
- Plateforme Post-Génomique de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (P3S), UMS 37 PASS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (S.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Marie-Christine François
- Département Ecologie Sensorielle, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France; (C.M.); (F.B.); (V.B.); (M.-C.F.); (M.M.); (E.J.-J.)
- Département Ecologie Sensorielle, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Dany Severac
- MGX, BioCampus Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France;
| | - Christophe Gadenne
- Institut de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Rennes, 49045 Angers, France; (C.G.); (S.A.)
| | - Sylvia Anton
- Institut de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Rennes, 49045 Angers, France; (C.G.); (S.A.)
| | - Martine Maibèche
- Département Ecologie Sensorielle, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France; (C.M.); (F.B.); (V.B.); (M.-C.F.); (M.M.); (E.J.-J.)
- Département Ecologie Sensorielle, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- Département Ecologie Sensorielle, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France; (C.M.); (F.B.); (V.B.); (M.-C.F.); (M.M.); (E.J.-J.)
- Département Ecologie Sensorielle, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - David Siaussat
- Département Ecologie Sensorielle, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France; (C.M.); (F.B.); (V.B.); (M.-C.F.); (M.M.); (E.J.-J.)
- Département Ecologie Sensorielle, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, 78026 Versailles, France
- Correspondence:
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22
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Demontis GC, Pezzini F, Margari E, Bianchi M, Longoni B, Doccini S, Lalowski MM, Santorelli FM, Simonati A. Electrophysiological Profile Remodeling via Selective Suppression of Voltage-Gated Currents by CLN1/PPT1 Overexpression in Human Neuronal-Like Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:569598. [PMID: 33390903 PMCID: PMC7772423 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.569598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CLN1 disease (OMIM #256730) is an inherited neurological disorder of early childhood with epileptic seizures and premature death. It is associated with mutations in CLN1 coding for Palmitoyl-Protein Thioesterase 1 (PPT1), a lysosomal enzyme which affects the recycling and degradation of lipid-modified (S-acylated) proteins by removing palmitate residues. Transcriptomic evidence from a neuronal-like cellular model derived from differentiated SH-SY5Y cells disclosed the potential negative roles of CLN1 overexpression, affecting the elongation of neuronal processes and the expression of selected proteins of the synaptic region. Bioinformatic inquiries of transcriptomic data pinpointed a dysregulated expression of several genes coding for proteins related to voltage-gated ion channels, including subunits of calcium and potassium channels (VGCC and VGKC). In SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing CLN1 (SH-CLN1 cells), the resting potential and the membrane conductance in the range of voltages close to the resting potential were not affected. However, patch-clamp recordings indicated a reduction of Ba2+ currents through VGCC of SH-CLN1 cells; Ca2+ imaging revealed reduced Ca2+ influx in the same cellular setting. The results of the biochemical and morphological investigations of CACNA2D2/α2δ-2, an accessory subunit of VGCC, were in accordance with the downregulation of the corresponding gene and consistent with the hypothesis that a lower number of functional channels may reach the plasma membrane. The combined use of 4-AP and NS-1643, two drugs with opposing effects on Kv11 and Kv12 subfamilies of VGKC coded by the KCNH gene family, provides evidence for reduced functional Kv12 channels in SH-CLN1 cells, consistent with transcriptomic data indicating the downregulation of KCNH4. The lack of compelling evidence supporting the palmitoylation of many ion channels subunits investigated in this study stimulates inquiries about the role of PPT1 in the trafficking of channels to the plasma membrane. Altogether, these results indicate a reduction of functional voltage-gated ion channels in response to CLN1/PPT1 overexpression in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and provide new insights into the altered neuronal excitability which may underlie the severe epileptic phenotype of CLN1 disease. It remains to be shown if remodeling of such functional channels on plasma membrane can occur as a downstream effect of CLN1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Pezzini
- Neurology (Child Neurology and Neuropathology), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Margari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marzia Bianchi
- Research Unit for Multi-factorial Diseases, Obesity and Diabetes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Longoni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Doccini
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maciej Maurycy Lalowski
- Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology and HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Filippo Maria Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Simonati
- Neurology (Child Neurology and Neuropathology), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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23
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Yang X, Chatterjee V, Ma Y, Zheng E, Yuan SY. Protein Palmitoylation in Leukocyte Signaling and Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:600368. [PMID: 33195285 PMCID: PMC7655920 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.600368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) based on thioester-linkage between palmitic acid and the cysteine residue of a protein. This covalent attachment of palmitate is reversibly and dynamically regulated by two opposing sets of enzymes: palmitoyl acyltransferases containing a zinc finger aspartate-histidine-histidine-cysteine motif (PAT-DHHCs) and thioesterases. The reversible nature of palmitoylation enables fine-tuned regulation of protein conformation, stability, and ability to interact with other proteins. More importantly, the proper function of many surface receptors and signaling proteins requires palmitoylation-meditated partitioning into lipid rafts. A growing number of leukocyte proteins have been reported to undergo palmitoylation, including cytokine/chemokine receptors, adhesion molecules, pattern recognition receptors, scavenger receptors, T cell co-receptors, transmembrane adaptor proteins, and signaling effectors including the Src family of protein kinases. This review provides the latest findings of palmitoylated proteins in leukocytes and focuses on the functional impact of palmitoylation in leukocyte function related to adhesion, transmigration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pathogen recognition, signaling activation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Victor Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Yonggang Ma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Ethan Zheng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Sarah Y Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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24
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Yun HR, Jo YH, Kim J, Nguyen NNY, Shin Y, Kim SS, Choi TG. Palmitoyl Protein Thioesterase 1 Is Essential for Myogenic Autophagy of C2C12 Skeletal Myoblast. Front Physiol 2020; 11:569221. [PMID: 33178040 PMCID: PMC7593845 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.569221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle differentiation is an essential process for the maintenance of muscle development and homeostasis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical signaling molecules involved in muscle differentiation. Palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1), a lysosomal enzyme, is involved in removing thioester-linked fatty acid groups from modified cysteine residues in proteins. However, the role of PPT1 in muscle differentiation remains to be elucidated. Here, we found that PPT1 plays a critical role in the differentiation of C2C12 skeletal myoblasts. The expression of PPT1 gradually increased in response to mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) during muscle differentiation, which was attenuated by treatment with antioxidants. Moreover, we revealed that PPT1 transactivation occurs through nuclear factor erythroid 2-regulated factor 2 (Nrf2) binding the antioxidant response element (ARE) in its promoter region. Knockdown of PPT1 with specific small interference RNA (siRNA) disrupted lysosomal function by increasing its pH. Subsequently, it caused excessive accumulation of autophagy flux, thereby impairing muscle fiber formation. In conclusion, we suggest that PPT1 is factor a responsible for myogenic autophagy in differentiating C2C12 myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Rok Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Hwa Jo
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ngoc Ngo Yen Nguyen
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoonhwa Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sung Soo Kim,
| | - Tae Gyu Choi
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Tae Gyu Choi,
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25
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Huang M, Modeste E, Dammer E, Merino P, Taylor G, Duong DM, Deng Q, Holler CJ, Gearing M, Dickson D, Seyfried NT, Kukar T. Network analysis of the progranulin-deficient mouse brain proteome reveals pathogenic mechanisms shared in human frontotemporal dementia caused by GRN mutations. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:163. [PMID: 33028409 PMCID: PMC7541308 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous, loss-of-function mutations in the granulin gene (GRN) encoding progranulin (PGRN) are a common cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Homozygous GRN mutations cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis-11 (CLN11), a lysosome storage disease. PGRN is a secreted glycoprotein that can be proteolytically cleaved into seven bioactive 6 kDa granulins. However, it is unclear how deficiency of PGRN and granulins causes neurodegeneration. To gain insight into the mechanisms of FTD pathogenesis, we utilized Tandem Mass Tag isobaric labeling mass spectrometry to perform an unbiased quantitative proteomic analysis of whole-brain tissue from wild type (Grn+/+) and Grn knockout (Grn-/-) mice at 3- and 19-months of age. At 3-months lysosomal proteins (i.e. Gns, Scarb2, Hexb) are selectively increased indicating lysosomal dysfunction is an early consequence of PGRN deficiency. Additionally, proteins involved in lipid metabolism (Acly, Apoc3, Asah1, Gpld1, Ppt1, and Naaa) are decreased; suggesting lysosomal degradation of lipids may be impaired in the Grn-/- brain. Systems biology using weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) of the Grn-/- brain proteome identified 26 modules of highly co-expressed proteins. Three modules strongly correlated to Grn deficiency and were enriched with lysosomal proteins (Gpnmb, CtsD, CtsZ, and Tpp1) and inflammatory proteins (Lgals3, GFAP, CD44, S100a, and C1qa). We find that lysosomal dysregulation is exacerbated with age in the Grn-/- mouse brain leading to neuroinflammation, synaptic loss, and decreased markers of oligodendrocytes, myelin, and neurons. In particular, GPNMB and LGALS3 (galectin-3) were upregulated by microglia and elevated in FTD-GRN brain samples, indicating common pathogenic pathways are dysregulated in human FTD cases and Grn-/- mice. GPNMB levels were significantly increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of FTD-GRN patients, but not in MAPT or C9orf72 carriers, suggesting GPNMB could be a biomarker specific to FTD-GRN to monitor disease onset, progression, and drug response. Our findings support the idea that insufficiency of PGRN and granulins in humans causes neurodegeneration through lysosomal dysfunction, defects in autophagy, and neuroinflammation, which could be targeted to develop effective therapies.
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Endosomal Trafficking in Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00262-20. [PMID: 32690545 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00262-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders of early life, Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder of midlife, while Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder of late life. While they are phenotypically distinct, recent studies suggest that they share a biological pathway, retromer-dependent endosomal trafficking. A retromer is a multimodular protein assembly critical for sorting and trafficking cargo out of the endosome. As a lysosomal storage disease, all 13 of NCL's causative genes affect endolysosomal function, and at least four have been directly linked to retromer. PD has several known causative genes, with one directly linked to retromer and others causing endolysosomal dysfunction. AD has over 25 causative genes/risk factors, with several of them linked to retromer or endosomal trafficking dysfunction. In this article, we summarize the emerging evidence on the association of genes causing NCL with retromer function and endosomal trafficking, review the recent evidence linking NCL genes to AD, and discuss how NCL, AD, and PD converge on a shared molecular pathway. We also discuss this pathway's role in microglia and neurons, cell populations which are critical to proper brain homeostasis and whose dysfunction plays a key role in neurodegeneration.
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27
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Álvarez-Izquierdo M, Guillermo Esteban J, Muñoz-Antoli C, Toledo R. Ileal proteomic changes associated with IL-25-mediated resistance against intestinal trematode infections. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:336. [PMID: 32616023 PMCID: PMC7331265 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) is an intestinal trematode, which has been extensively used to investigate the factors that determine the rejection of intestinal helminths. In this sense, several studies have shown that IL-25 is critical for the development of resistance against E. caproni in mice. In fact, treatment of mice with recombinant IL-25 generates resistance against primary E. caproni infection. However, the mechanisms by which IL-25 induces resistance remain unknown. Methods To study the mechanisms responsible for resistance elicited by IL-25, we analyzed the ileal proteomic changes induced by IL-25 in mice and their potential role in resistance. To this purpose, we compared the protein expression profiles in the ileum of four experimental groups of mice: naïve controls; E. caproni-infected mice; rIL-25-treated mice; and rIL-25-treated mice exposed to E. caproni metacercariae. Results Quantitative comparison by 2D-DIGE showed significant changes in a total of 41 spots. Of these, 40 validated protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry corresponding to 24 proteins. Conclusions Our results indicate that resistance to infection is associated with the maintenance of the intestinal epithelial homeostasis and the regulation of proliferation and cell death. These results provide new insights into the proteins involved in the regulation of tissue homeostasis after intestinal infection and its transcendence in resistance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- María Álvarez-Izquierdo
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Guillermo Esteban
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Muñoz-Antoli
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Toledo
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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28
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Lemos Duarte M, Devi LA. Post-translational Modifications of Opioid Receptors. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:417-432. [PMID: 32459993 PMCID: PMC7323054 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are key events in signal transduction since they affect protein function by regulating their abundance and/or activity. PTMs involve the covalent attachment of functional groups to specific amino acids. Since they tend to be generally reversible, PTMs serve as regulators of signal transduction pathways. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are major signaling proteins that undergo multiple types of PTMs. In this Review, we focus on the opioid receptors, members of GPCR family A, and highlight recent advances in the field that have underscored the importance of PTMs in the functional regulation of these receptors. Since opioid receptor activity plays a central role in the development of tolerance and addiction to morphine and other drugs of abuse, understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating receptor activity is of fundamental importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Lemos Duarte
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lakshmi A Devi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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29
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Wang Y, Deng S, Xu J. Proteasomal and lysosomal degradation for specific and durable suppression of immunotherapeutic targets. Cancer Biol Med 2020; 17:583-598. [PMID: 32944392 PMCID: PMC7476092 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy harness the body’s immune system to eliminate cancer, by using a broad panel of soluble and membrane proteins as therapeutic targets. Immunosuppression signaling mediated by ligand-receptor interaction may be blocked by monoclonal antibodies, but because of repopulation of the membrane via intracellular organelles, targets must be eliminated in whole cells. Targeted protein degradation, as exemplified in proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) studies, is a promising strategy for selective inhibition of target proteins. The recently reported use of lysosomal targeting molecules to eliminate immune checkpoint proteins has paved the way for targeted degradation of membrane proteins as crucial anti-cancer targets. Further studies on these molecules’ modes of action, target-binding “warheads”, lysosomal sorting signals, and linker design should facilitate their rational design. Modifications and derivatives may improve their cell-penetrating ability and the in vivo stability of these pro-drugs. These studies suggest the promise of alternative strategies for cancer immunotherapy, with the aim of achieving more potent and durable suppression of tumor growth. Here, the successes and limitations of antibody inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy, as well as research progress on PROTAC- and lysosomal-dependent degradation of target proteins, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungang Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng 224006, China
| | - Shouyan Deng
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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