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Asci F, Falletti M, Zampogna A, Patera M, Hallett M, Rothwell J, Suppa A. Rigidity in Parkinson's disease: evidence from biomechanical and neurophysiological measures. Brain 2023; 146:3705-3718. [PMID: 37018058 PMCID: PMC10681667 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although rigidity is a cardinal motor sign in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), the instrumental measurement of this clinical phenomenon is largely lacking, and its pathophysiological underpinning remains still unclear. Further advances in the field would require innovative methodological approaches able to measure parkinsonian rigidity objectively, discriminate the different biomechanical sources of muscle tone (neural or visco-elastic components), and finally clarify the contribution to 'objective rigidity' exerted by neurophysiological responses, which have previously been associated with this clinical sign (i.e. the long-latency stretch-induced reflex). Twenty patients with PD (67.3 ± 6.9 years) and 25 age- and sex-matched controls (66.9 ± 7.4 years) were recruited. Rigidity was measured clinically and through a robotic device. Participants underwent robot-assisted wrist extensions at seven different angular velocities randomly applied, when ON therapy. For each value of angular velocity, several biomechanical (i.e. elastic, viscous and neural components) and neurophysiological measures (i.e. short and long-latency reflex and shortening reaction) were synchronously assessed and correlated with the clinical score of rigidity (i.e. Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-part III, subitems for the upper limb). The biomechanical investigation allowed us to measure 'objective rigidity' in PD and estimate the neuronal source of this phenomenon. In patients, 'objective rigidity' progressively increased along with the rise of angular velocities during robot-assisted wrist extensions. The neurophysiological examination disclosed increased long-latency reflexes, but not short-latency reflexes nor shortening reaction, in PD compared with control subjects. Long-latency reflexes progressively increased according to angular velocities only in patients with PD. Lastly, specific biomechanical and neurophysiological abnormalities correlated with the clinical score of rigidity. 'Objective rigidity' in PD correlates with velocity-dependent abnormal neuronal activity. The observations overall (i.e. the velocity-dependent feature of biomechanical and neurophysiological measures of objective rigidity) would point to a putative subcortical network responsible for 'objective rigidity' in PD, which requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Asci
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed Institute, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Marco Falletti
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zampogna
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Patera
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - John Rothwell
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Antonio Suppa
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed Institute, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
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2
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Wu C, Wu H, Zhou C, Guan X, Guo T, Cao Z, Wu J, Liu X, Chen J, Wen J, Qin J, Tan S, Duanmu X, Zhang B, Huang P, Xu X, Zhang M. Normalization effect of dopamine replacement therapy on brain functional connectome in Parkinson's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:3845-3858. [PMID: 37126590 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) represents the standard treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), however, instant and long-term medication influence on patients' brain function have not been delineated. Here, a total of 97 drug-naïve patients, 43 patients under long-term DRT, and 94 normal control (NC) were, retrospectively, enrolled. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data and motor symptom assessments were conducted before and after levodopa challenge test. Whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) matrices were constructed. Network-based statistics were performed to assess FC difference between drug-naïve patients and NC, and these significant FCs were defined as disease-related connectomes, which were used for further statistical analyses. Patients showed better motor performances after both long-term DRT and levodopa challenge test. Two disease-related connectomes were observed with distinct patterns. The FC of the increased connectome, which mainly consisted of the motor, visual, subcortical, and cerebellum networks, was higher in drug-naïve patients than that in NC and was normalized after long-term DRT (p-value <.050). The decreased connectome was mainly composed of the motor, medial frontal, and salience networks and showed significantly lower FC in all patients than NC (p-value <.050). The global FC of both increased and decreased connectome was significantly enhanced after levodopa challenge test (q-value <0.050, false discovery rate-corrected). The global FC of increased connectome in ON-state was negatively associated with levodopa equivalency dose (r = -.496, q-value = 0.007). Higher global FC of the decreased connectome was related to better motor performances (r = -.310, q-value = 0.022). Our findings provided insights into brain functional alterations under dopaminergic medication and its benefit on motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenqing Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoting Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Guan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengye Cao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaocao Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Wen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmei Qin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sijia Tan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Duanmu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiyu Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minming Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Chen R, Berardelli A, Bhattacharya A, Bologna M, Chen KHS, Fasano A, Helmich RC, Hutchison WD, Kamble N, Kühn AA, Macerollo A, Neumann WJ, Pal PK, Paparella G, Suppa A, Udupa K. Clinical neurophysiology of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2022; 7:201-227. [PMID: 35899019 PMCID: PMC9309229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is part of the series on the clinical neurophysiology of movement disorders and focuses on Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonism. The pathophysiology of cardinal parkinsonian motor symptoms and myoclonus are reviewed. The recordings from microelectrode and deep brain stimulation electrodes are reported in detail.
This review is part of the series on the clinical neurophysiology of movement disorders. It focuses on Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonism. The topics covered include the pathophysiology of tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia, balance and gait disturbance and myoclonus in Parkinson’s disease. The use of electroencephalography, electromyography, long latency reflexes, cutaneous silent period, studies of cortical excitability with single and paired transcranial magnetic stimulation, studies of plasticity, intraoperative microelectrode recordings and recording of local field potentials from deep brain stimulation, and electrocorticography are also reviewed. In addition to advancing knowledge of pathophysiology, neurophysiological studies can be useful in refining the diagnosis, localization of surgical targets, and help to develop novel therapies for Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Chen
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Amitabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Matteo Bologna
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Kai-Hsiang Stanley Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rick C Helmich
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology and Centre of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - William D Hutchison
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nitish Kamble
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonella Macerollo
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.,The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Wolf-Julian Neumann
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | | | - Antonio Suppa
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Kaviraja Udupa
- Department of Neurophysiology National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
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4
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Li M, Zhang X, He Q, Chen D, Chen F, Wang X, Sun S, Sun Y, Li Y, Zhu Z, Fang H, Shi X, Yao X, Sun H, Wang M. Functional Interactions Between the Parafascicular Thalamic Nucleus and Motor Cortex Are Altered in Hemiparkinsonian Rat. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:800159. [PMID: 35677204 PMCID: PMC9168077 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.800159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by aberrant discharge patterns and exaggerated oscillatory activity within basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits. We have previously observed substantial alterations in spike and local field potential (LFP) activities recorded in the thalamic parafascicular nucleus (PF) and motor cortex (M1), respectively, of hemiparkinsonian rats during rest or catching movements. This study explored whether the mutual effects of the PF and M1 depended on the amplitude and phase relationship in their identified neuron spikes or group rhythmic activities. Microwire electrode arrays were paired and implanted in the PF and M1 of rats with unilateral dopaminergic cell lesions. The results showed that the identified PF neurons exhibited aberrant cell type-selective firing rates and preferential and excessive phase-locked firing to cortical LFP oscillations mainly at 12–35 Hz (beta frequencies), consistent with the observation of identified M1 neurons with ongoing PF LFP oscillations. Experimental evidence also showed a decrease in phase-locking at 0.7–12 Hz and 35–70 Hz in the PF and M1 circuits in the hemiparkinsonian rats. Furthermore, anatomical evidence was provided for the existence of afferent and efferent bidirectional reciprocal connectivity pathways between the PF and M1 using an anterograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracing virus. Collectively, our results suggested that multiple alterations may be present in regional anatomical and functional modes with which the PF and M1 interact, and that parkinsonism-associated changes in PF integrate M1 activity in a manner that varies with frequency, behavioral state, and integrity of the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Editorial Department of Journal of Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Dadian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Feiyu Chen
- School of International Education, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- The First Hospital Affiliated With Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuchuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Heyi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoman Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yao
- School of Nursing, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Haiji Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Haiji Sun,
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Min Wang,
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5
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Villalba RM, Behnke JA, Pare JF, Smith Y. Comparative Ultrastructural Analysis of Thalamocortical Innervation of the Primary Motor Cortex and Supplementary Motor Area in Control and MPTP-Treated Parkinsonian Monkeys. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:3408-3425. [PMID: 33676368 PMCID: PMC8599722 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The synaptic organization of thalamic inputs to motor cortices remains poorly understood in primates. Thus, we compared the regional and synaptic connections of vGluT2-positive thalamocortical glutamatergic terminals in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the primary motor cortex (M1) between control and MPTP-treated parkinsonian monkeys. In controls, vGluT2-containing fibers and terminal-like profiles invaded layer II-III and Vb of M1 and SMA. A significant reduction of vGluT2 labeling was found in layer Vb, but not in layer II-III, of parkinsonian animals, suggesting a potential thalamic denervation of deep cortical layers in parkinsonism. There was a significant difference in the pattern of synaptic connectivity in layers II-III, but not in layer Vb, between M1 and SMA of control monkeys. However, this difference was abolished in parkinsonian animals. No major difference was found in the proportion of perforated versus macular post-synaptic densities at thalamocortical synapses between control and parkinsonian monkeys in both cortical regions, except for a slight increase in the prevalence of perforated axo-dendritic synapses in the SMA of parkinsonian monkeys. Our findings suggest that disruption of the thalamic innervation of M1 and SMA may underlie pathophysiological changes of the motor thalamocortical loop in the state of parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Villalba
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Joseph A Behnke
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Pare
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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6
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Li M, Wang X, Yao X, Wang X, Chen F, Zhang X, Sun S, He F, Jia Q, Guo M, Chen D, Sun Y, Li Y, He Q, Zhu Z, Wang M. Roles of Motor Cortex Neuron Classes in Reach-Related Modulation for Hemiparkinsonian Rats. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:645849. [PMID: 33986639 PMCID: PMC8111217 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the function of the primary motor cortex (M1) is thought to play a critical role in motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). Detailed information regarding the specific aspects of M1 circuits that become abnormal is lacking. We recorded single units and local field potentials (LFPs) of M1 neurons in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion rats and control rats to assess the impact of dopamine (DA) cell loss during rest and a forelimb reaching task. Our results indicated that M1 neurons can be classified into two groups (putative pyramidal neurons and putative interneurons) and that 6-OHDA could modify the activity of different M1 subpopulations to a large extent. Reduced activation of putative pyramidal neurons during inattentive rest and reaching was observed. In addition, 6-OHDA intoxication was associated with an increase in certain LFP frequencies, especially those in the beta range (broadly defined here as any frequency between 12 and 35 Hz), which become pathologically exaggerated throughout cortico-basal ganglia circuits after dopamine depletion. Furthermore, assessment of different spike-LFP coupling parameters revealed that the putative pyramidal neurons were particularly prone to being phase-locked to ongoing cortical oscillations at 12-35 Hz during reaching. Conversely, putative interneurons were neither hypoactive nor synchronized to ongoing cortical oscillations. These data collectively demonstrate a neuron type-selective alteration in the M1 in hemiparkinsonian rats. These alterations hamper the ability of the M1 to contribute to motor conduction and are likely some of the main contributors to motor impairments in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuenan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.,Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yao
- School of Nursing, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- The First Hospital Affiliated With Shandong First Medicine University, Jinan, China
| | - Feiyu Chen
- School of International Education, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Editorial Department of Journal of Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Qingmei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Mengnan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Dadian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuchuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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Altered Recruitment of Motor Cortex Neuronal Activity During the Grasping Phase of Skilled Reaching in a Chronic Rat Model of Unilateral Parkinsonism. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9660-9672. [PMID: 31641050 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0720-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease causes prominent difficulties in the generation and execution of voluntary limb movements, including regulation of distal muscles and coordination of proximal and distal movement components to achieve accurate grasping. Difficulties with manual dexterity have a major impact on activities of daily living. We used extracellular single neuron recordings to investigate the neural underpinnings of parkinsonian movement deficits in the motor cortex of chronic unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion male rats performing a skilled reach-to-grasp task the. Both normal movements and parkinsonian deficits in this task have striking homology to human performance. In lesioned animals there were several differences in the activity of cortical neurons during reaches by the affected limb compared with control rats. These included an increase in proportions of neurons showing rate decreases, along with increased amplitude of their average rate-decrease response at specific times during the reach, suggesting a shift in the balance of net excitation and inhibition of cortical neurons; a significant increase in the duration of rate-increase responses, which could result from reduced coupling of cortical activity to specific movement components; and changes in the timing and incidence of neurons with pure rate-increase or biphasic responses, particularly at the end of reach when grasping would normally be occurring. The changes in cortical activity may account for the deficits that occur in skilled distal motor control following dopamine depletion, and highlight the need for treatment strategies targeted toward modulating cortical mechanisms for fine distal motor control in patients.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show for the first time in a chronic lesion rat model of Parkinson's disease movement deficits that there are specific changes in motor cortex neuron activity associated with the grasping phase of a skilled motor task. Such changes provide a possible mechanism underpinning the problems with manual dexterity seen in Parkinson's patients and highlight the need for treatment strategies targeted toward distal motor control.
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8
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Specialized Subpopulations of Deep-Layer Pyramidal Neurons in the Neocortex: Bridging Cellular Properties to Functional Consequences. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5441-5455. [PMID: 29798890 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0150-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical pyramidal neurons with somata in layers 5 and 6 are among the most visually striking and enigmatic neurons in the brain. These deep-layer pyramidal neurons (DLPNs) integrate a plethora of cortical and extracortical synaptic inputs along their impressive dendritic arbors. The pattern of cortical output to both local and long-distance targets is sculpted by the unique physiological properties of specific DLPN subpopulations. Here we revisit two broad DLPN subpopulations: those that send their axons within the telencephalon (intratelencephalic neurons) and those that project to additional target areas outside the telencephalon (extratelencephalic neurons). While neuroscientists across many subdisciplines have characterized the intrinsic and synaptic physiological properties of DLPN subpopulations, our increasing ability to selectively target and manipulate these output neuron subtypes advances our understanding of their distinct functional contributions. This Viewpoints article summarizes our current knowledge about DLPNs and highlights recent work elucidating the functional differences between DLPN subpopulations.
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9
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Xu T, Wang S, Lalchandani RR, Ding JB. Motor learning in animal models of Parkinson's disease: Aberrant synaptic plasticity in the motor cortex. Mov Disord 2017; 32:487-497. [PMID: 28343366 PMCID: PMC5483329 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), dopamine depletion causes major changes in the brain, resulting in the typical cardinal motor features of the disease. PD neuropathology has been restricted to postmortem examinations, which are limited to only a single time of PD progression. Models of PD in which dopamine tone in the brain is chemically or physically disrupted are valuable tools in understanding the mechanisms of the disease. The basal ganglia have been well studied in the context of PD, and circuit changes in response to dopamine loss have been linked to the motor dysfunctions in PD. However, the etiology of the cognitive dysfunctions that are comorbid in PD patients has remained unclear until now. In this article, we review recent studies exploring how dopamine depletion affects the motor cortex at the synaptic level. In particular, we highlight our recent findings on abnormal spine dynamics in the motor cortex of PD mouse models through in vivo time-lapse imaging and motor skill behavior assays. In combination with previous studies, a role of the motor cortex in skill learning and the impairment of this ability with the loss of dopamine are becoming more apparent. Taken together, we conclude with a discussion on the potential role for the motor cortex in PD, with the possibility of targeting the motor cortex for future PD therapeutics. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonghui Xu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics–Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Education (MoE) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaofang Wang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics–Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Education (MoE) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rupa R. Lalchandani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Jun B Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
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10
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Abstract
The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease are not limited to the cardinal symptoms of bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor, but also include a variety of interrelated motor phenomena such as deficits in spatiotemporal planning and movement sequencing, scaling and timing of movements, and intermuscular coordination that can be clinically observed. Although many of these phenomena overlap, a review of the full breadth of the motor phenomenon can aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. Hess
- University of Florida Center for Movement Disorders & Neurorestoration, Gainesville, FL, 32607, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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Kammermeier S, Pittard D, Hamada I, Wichmann T. Effects of high-frequency stimulation of the internal pallidal segment on neuronal activity in the thalamus in parkinsonian monkeys. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:2869-2881. [PMID: 27683881 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00104.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus (GPi) is a major treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease. The effects of this intervention on electrical activity patterns in targets of GPi output, specifically in the thalamus, are poorly understood. The experiments described here examined these effects using electrophysiological recordings in two Rhesus monkeys rendered moderately parkinsonian through treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), after sampling control data in the same animals. Analysis of spontaneous spiking activity of neurons in the basal ganglia-receiving areas of the ventral thalamus showed that MPTP-induced parkinsonism is associated with a reduction of firing rates of segments of the data that contained neither bursts nor decelerations, and with increased burst firing. Spectral analyses revealed an increase of power in the 3- to 13-Hz band and a reduction in the γ-range in the spiking activity of these neurons. Electrical stimulation of the ventrolateral motor territory of GPi with macroelectrodes, mimicking deep brain stimulation in parkinsonian patients (bipolar electrodes, 0.5 mm intercontact distance, biphasic stimuli, 120 Hz, 100 μs/phase, 200 μA), had antiparkinsonian effects. The stimulation markedly reduced oscillations in thalamic firing in the 13- to 30-Hz range and uncoupled the spiking activity of recorded neurons from simultaneously recorded local field potential (LFP) activity. These results confirm that oscillatory and nonoscillatory characteristics of spontaneous activity in the basal ganglia receiving ventral thalamus are altered in MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Electrical stimulation of GPi did not entrain thalamic activity but changed oscillatory activity in the ventral thalamus and altered the relationship between spikes and simultaneously recorded LFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kammermeier
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Damien Pittard
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ikuma Hamada
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; .,School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and.,Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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12
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Pasquereau B, DeLong MR, Turner RS. Primary motor cortex of the parkinsonian monkey: altered encoding of active movement. Brain 2016; 139:127-43. [PMID: 26490335 PMCID: PMC4794619 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the movement-related activation of the primary motor cortex (M1) are thought to be a major contributor to the motor signs of Parkinson's disease. The existing evidence, however, variably indicates that M1 is under-activated with movement, overactivated (due to a loss of functional specificity) or activated with abnormal timing. In addition, few models consider the possibility that distinct cortical neuron subtypes may be affected differently. Those gaps in knowledge were addressed by studying the extracellular activity of antidromically-identified lamina 5b pyramidal-tract type neurons (n = 153) and intratelencephalic-type corticostriatal neurons (n = 126) in the M1 of two monkeys as they performed a step-tracking arm movement task. We compared movement-related discharge before and after the induction of parkinsonism by administration of MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) and quantified the spike rate encoding of specific kinematic parameters of movement using a generalized linear model. The fraction of M1 neurons with movement-related activity declined following MPTP but only marginally. The strength of neuronal encoding of parameters of movement was reduced markedly (mean 29% reduction in the coefficients from the generalized linear model). This relative decoupling of M1 activity from kinematics was attributable to reductions in the coefficients that estimated the spike rate encoding of movement direction (-22%), speed (-40%), acceleration (-49%) and hand position (-33%). After controlling for MPTP-induced changes in motor performance, M1 activity related to movement itself was reduced markedly (mean 36% hypoactivation). This reduced activation was strong in pyramidal tract-type neurons (-50%) but essentially absent in corticostriatal neurons. The timing of M1 activation was also abnormal, with earlier onset times, prolonged response durations, and a 43% reduction in the prevalence of movement-related changes beginning in the 150-ms period that immediately preceded movement. Overall, the results are consistent with proposals that under-activation and abnormal timing of movement-related activity in M1 contribute to parkinsonian motor signs but are not consistent with the idea that a loss of functional specificity plays an important role. Given that pyramidal tract-type neurons form the primary efferent pathway that conveys motor commands to the spinal cord, the dysfunction of movement-related activity in pyramidal tract-type neurons is likely to be a central factor in the pathophysiology of parkinsonian motor signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pasquereau
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neuroscience and The Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Mahlon R DeLong
- 2 Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert S Turner
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neuroscience and The Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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13
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Feedback control during voluntary motor actions. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2015; 33:85-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Pruszynski JA. Primary motor cortex and fast feedback responses to mechanical perturbations: a primer on what we know now and some suggestions on what we should find out next. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:72. [PMID: 25309359 PMCID: PMC4164001 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many researchers have drawn a clear distinction between fast feedback responses to mechanical perturbations (e.g., stretch responses) and voluntary control processes. But this simple distinction is difficult to reconcile with growing evidence that long-latency stretch responses share most of the defining capabilities of voluntary control. My general view—and I believe a growing consensus—is that the functional similarities between long-latency stretch responses and voluntary control processes can be readily understood based on their shared neural circuitry, especially a transcortical pathway through primary motor cortex. Here I provide a very brief and selective account of the human and monkey studies linking a transcortical pathway through primary motor cortex to the generation and functional sophistication of the long-latency stretch response. I then lay out some of the notable issues that are ready to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Pruszynski
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Physiology Section, Umeå University Umeå, Sweden
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15
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Moustafa AA, Bar-Gad I, Korngreen A, Bergman H. Basal ganglia: physiological, behavioral, and computational studies. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:150. [PMID: 25191233 PMCID: PMC4139593 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Moustafa
- Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care System, School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, University of Western Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Izhar Bar-Gad
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Alon Korngreen
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University Ramat Gan, Israel ; Everard Goodman Faculty of life sciences, Bar-Ilan University Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Hagai Bergman
- Department of Neurobiology (Physiology), Faculty of Medicine, Edemond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Research, Institue of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
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