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Ponzetto F, Parasiliti-Caprino M, Leoni L, Marinelli L, Nonnato A, Nicoli R, Kuuranne T, Ghigo E, Mengozzi G, Settanni F. LC-MS/MS measurement of endogenous steroid hormones and phase II metabolites in blood volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) for doping control purposes. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 557:117890. [PMID: 38537673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) is emerging as a valuable technique in the collection of dried biological specimens, offering a potential alternative to traditional sampling methods. The objective of this study was to assess the suitability of 30 μL VAMS for the measurement of endogenous steroid hormones. METHODS A novel LC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantification of 18 analytes in VAMS samples, including main endogenous free steroids and phase II metabolites of androgens. The method underwent validation in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025:2017 and World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) requirements. Subsequently, it was applied to authentic VAMS samples obtained from 20 healthy volunteers to assess the stability of target analytes under varying storage conditions. RESULTS The validation protocol assessed method's selectivity, matrix effect, extraction recovery, quantitative performance, carry-over and robustness. The analysis of authentic samples demonstrated the satisfactory stability of monitored steroids in VAMS stored at room temperature, 4 °C, -20 °C and -80 °C for up to 100 days and subjected to up to 3 freezing-thawing cycles. CONCLUSIONS The validated LC-MS/MS method demonstrated its suitability for the measurement of steroids in dried blood VAMS. The observed stability of steroidal compounds suggests promising prospects for future applications of VAMS, both in anti-doping contexts and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ponzetto
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Mirko Parasiliti-Caprino
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Leoni
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marinelli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonello Nonnato
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Raul Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulio Mengozzi
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, City of Health and Science University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Settanni
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, City of Health and Science University Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Heughebaert L, Stove CP. Is the stability of folates in dried blood microsamples sufficient to perform home-sampling studies? Analyst 2024; 149:895-908. [PMID: 38189100 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01004j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Dried blood microsampling is increasingly used for home-sampling and epidemiological studies because of its multiple advantages, including an often greatly improved analyte stability. However, a critical assessment of the stability under realistic conditions should always be performed as part of the validation, especially for unstable molecules like folates (vitamin B9). Here, the objective was to determine whether folate stability in dried blood microsamples is sufficient to allow the set-up of home-sampling studies for the monitoring of folate status in e.g., women of reproductive age. An extensive set of stability experiments was performed to evaluate the stability of the main folate vitamer 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF), its oxidation product MeFOX and the minor non-methyl folate vitamers 10-formylfolic acid (10FoFA), 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (5,10CH+THF) and tetrahydrofolate (THF) in dried blood microsamples using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) or regular dried blood spots (DBS). The evaluations included (EDTA-anticoagulated blood was collected from a single donor measured in four replicates per condition and time point): (i) the effect of temperature (-20 °C, 4 °C, ambient temperature and 37 °C), (ii) the effect of light (during drying and storage) and humidity, and (iii) the effect of storage under vacuum and pretreatment of the microsamples with stabilizing agents on folate stability. At -20 °C and 4 °C, all folate levels were within 85 to 115% of the baseline value up till two weeks of storage in both VAMS samples and DBS. However, at room temperature the stability of the analyzed folates was only consistently observed up till three days in VAMS samples, and for none of the folates at 37 °C. Humidity had a major impact on 5,10CH+THF stability, but this could be easily improved by using desiccant. Both vacuum treatment and pretreatment of microsamples with 0.1% DL-dithiothreitol and 5% butylated hydroxytoluene improved the stability at room temperature in VAMS samples, but these effects were limited at 37 °C and in DBS. Overall, the stability of the individual folate vitamers proved to be challenging and strongly temperature- and time-dependent. Nonetheless, if controlled transport (temperature and duration) can be assured, the set-up of home-sampling studies to evaluate the folate status using dried blood microsamples can still be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesl Heughebaert
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Pol Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Yang X, Williams K, Elliott R, Hokom M, Allen J, Fischer SK. Validation of low-volume sampling devices for pharmacokinetic analysis: technical and logistical challenges and solutions. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:1407-1419. [PMID: 37855111 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
While low-volume sampling technologies offer numerous advantages over venipuncture, implementation in clinical trials poses technical and logistical challenges. Bioanalytical methods were validated for measuring the concentration of crenezumab and etrolizumab in dried blood samples collected using Mitra and Tasso-M20. The data generated demonstrate that the concentrations of crenezumab and etrolizumab in dried blood collected by either device could be determined using calibrators prepared in serum. Drug concentrations from dried blood were converted to serum concentrations using patient hematocrit levels. Contract Research Organization experience in sample handling and analysis allowed us to compare differences between various low-volume sampling technologies. This study evaluated challenges and presented potential solutions for use of different low-volume sampling technologies for pharmacokinetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Yang
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kathi Williams
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Rebecca Elliott
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Martha Hokom
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Janis Allen
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Saloumeh K Fischer
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Applications of Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Technique: A Systematic Critical Review. Ther Drug Monit 2023:00007691-990000000-00101. [PMID: 36917733 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000001083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
METHODS A novel microsampling device called Volumetric Absorptive microsampling (VAMS), developed in 2014, appears to have resolved the sample inhomogeneity inherent to dried blood spots, with improved precision in the volume of sample collected for measuring drug concentration. A literature search was conducted to identify several analytical and pharmacokinetic studies that have used VAMS in recent years. RESULTS The key factors for proper experimental design and optimization of the extraction of drugs and metabolites of interest from the device were summarized. This review focuses on VAMS and elaborates on bioanalytical factors, method validation steps, and scope of this technique in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS The promising microsampling method VAMS is especially suited for conducting pharmacokinetic studies with very small volumes of blood, especially in special patient populations. Clinical validation of every VAMS assay must be conducted prior to the routine practical implementation of this method.
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Verstraete J, Boffel L, Stove C. Dried blood microsample-assisted determination of vitamins: Recent developments and challenges. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Meesters R. Biofluid Collection in Metabolomics by the Application of the novel Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Technology: a mini-Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.17145/rss.19.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Verstraete J, Kiekens F, Strobbe S, De Steur H, Gellynck X, Van Der Straeten D, Stove CP. Clinical determination of folates: recent analytical strategies and challenges. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4383-4399. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Application of Mitra® microsampling for pharmacokinetic bioanalysis of monoclonal antibodies in rats. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:13-20. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAM) is being increasingly applied in nonclinical pharmacokinetic studies. Although there are published results for VAM use in small molecule pharmacokinetics (PK) studies, there is limited data on the utility of VAM for protein therapeutics. Results: We describe the use of Mitra® microsampler for blood sampling, ELISA quantitation and PK analysis of two marketed therapeutic monoclonal antibodies administered to rat. Results generated for these monoclonal antibodies using Mitra® were compared with both serum and whole blood sampling methods in the same study. Conclusion: The low relative standard deviation among the three sets of PK data suggest that Mitra® microsampler could be useful in early nonclinical PK studies for protein therapeutics where reduction and refinement of animal use is desirable.
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Protti M, Mandrioli R, Mercolini L. Tutorial: Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS). Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1046:32-47. [PMID: 30482302 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) is a recent microsampling technique used to obtain dried specimens of blood and other biological matrices for application to a plethora of bioanalytical purposes. As such, it can be likened to dried blood spot (DBS) technique that has been in wide use for the last 40 years. However, VAMS promises to bring some significant advantages over DBS, related to sampling volume accuracy, haematocrit (HCT) dependence, pre-treatment and automation. Although some aspects still need to be investigated in depth, VAMS is increasingly recognised as a viable alternative to DBS and other dried microsampling techniques. In this tutorial, different aspects of VAMS approach are described and discussed, presenting the procedures adopted and the results obtained by those authors who have developed this kind of analytical workflow in the last few years. Hopefully, this will help other scientists to find new solutions to old and recent problems related to microsampling and to produce new, sound and interesting science in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Protti
- Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis Laboratory (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Mandrioli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis Laboratory (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Nakahara T, Otani N, Ueno T, Hashimoto K. Development of a hematocrit-insensitive device to collect accurate volumes of dried blood spots without specialized skills for measuring clozapine and its metabolites as model analytes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1087-1088:70-79. [PMID: 29715679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dried blood spots have been used as alternatives to traditional plasma and serum samples. We have now developed new devices, named volumetric absorptive paper disc (VAPD) and mini-disc (VAPDmini), to collect accurate volumes of dried blood spots in a simple manner and without the need for additional instruments. VAPD consists of a filter paper disc and a filter paper sheet with holes slightly larger than the disc. The disc is fixed in one such hole without direct contact with the filter sheet. VAPDmini is a scaled-down version of the same device. When several drops of whole blood are applied, the disc becomes saturated and any excess sample is absorbed by the surrounding filter sheet. Accuracy and precision of sampling were assessed by determining the levels of clozapine and its metabolites as target analytes by liquid-liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with coulometric detection. In addition, differences in analyte recovery were within ±15% for all analytes in samples with 30-60% hematocrit, suggesting that VAPD and VAPDmini are insensitive to hematocrit for the analytes tested. The devices were also validated for analyte concentrations in the range 50-1000 ng/mL, and the limit of detection and lower limit of quantification were 5-17 ng/mL and 15-51 ng/mL, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precision ranged from 3% to 13%, whereas accuracy ranged from a -14% to 12% bias. Analytes were stable in the devices for at least 2 weeks at room temperature. Collectively, these results indicate that sampling using VAPD and VAPDmini is comparable to conventional hole punch sampling of entire dried blood spots, even for samples obtained from patients treated with clozapine. Importantly, the devices were also found to be suitable for sample self-collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Nakahara
- National Hospital Organization Hizen Psychiatric Center, 160 Mitsu, Yoshinogari, Kanzaki, Saga 842-0192, Japan.
| | - Natsumi Otani
- National Hospital Organization Hizen Psychiatric Center, 160 Mitsu, Yoshinogari, Kanzaki, Saga 842-0192, Japan.
| | - Takefumi Ueno
- National Hospital Organization Hizen Psychiatric Center, 160 Mitsu, Yoshinogari, Kanzaki, Saga 842-0192, Japan
| | - Kijiro Hashimoto
- National Hospital Organization Hizen Psychiatric Center, 160 Mitsu, Yoshinogari, Kanzaki, Saga 842-0192, Japan
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Xie I, Xu Y, Anderson M, Wang M, Xue L, Breidinger S, Goykhman D, Woolf EJ, Bateman KP. Extractability-mediated stability bias and hematocrit impact: High extraction recovery is critical to feasibility of volumetric adsorptive microsampling (VAMS) in regulated bioanalysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 156:58-66. [PMID: 29689469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS), a new microsampling technique, was evaluated for its potential in supporting regulated bioanalysis. Our initial assessment with MK-0518 (raltegravir) using a direct extraction method resulted in 45-52% extraction recovery, significant hematocrit (Ht) related bias, and more importantly, unacceptable stability (>15% bias from nominal concentration) after 7-day storage. Our investigation suggested that the observed biases were not due to VAMS absorption, sampling techniques, lot-to-lot variability, matrix effect, and/or chemical stability of the compound, but rather the low extraction recovery. An effort to improve assay recovery led to a modified liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method that demonstrated more consistent performance, minimal Ht impact (Ht ranged from 20 to 65%), and acceptable sample stability. The same strategy was successfully applied to another more hydrophilic model compound, MK-0431 (sitagliptin). These results suggest that the previously observed Ht effect and "instability" were in fact due to inconsistent extractability, and optimizing the extraction recovery to greater than 80% was critical to ensure VAMS performance. We recommend adding Ht-independent recovery as part of feasibility assessment to de-risk the long-term extractability-mediated stability bias before implementing VAMS in regulated bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Xie
- Merck Co. & Inc., Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Regulated Bioanalysis, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP75B-300, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Merck Co. & Inc., Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Regulated Bioanalysis, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP75B-300, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Melanie Anderson
- Merck Co. & Inc., Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Regulated Bioanalysis, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP75B-300, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Ming Wang
- Merck Co. & Inc., Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Regulated Bioanalysis, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP75B-300, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Lingling Xue
- Merck Co. & Inc., Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Regulated Bioanalysis, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP75B-300, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Sheila Breidinger
- Merck Co. & Inc., Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Regulated Bioanalysis, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP75B-300, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Dina Goykhman
- Merck Co. & Inc., Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Regulated Bioanalysis, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP75B-300, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Eric J Woolf
- Merck Co. & Inc., Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Regulated Bioanalysis, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP75B-300, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Kevin P Bateman
- Merck Co. & Inc., Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Regulated Bioanalysis, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP75B-300, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Kok MG, Fillet M. Volumetric absorptive microsampling: Current advances and applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:288-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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