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Panchal P, Rani R, Kumar R, Malik S, Mukesh M, Kaushik JK, Sodhi M, Mohanty AK, Kumar S. Optimizing workflow efficiency for analyzing low molecular weight endogenous peptides in colostrum. RSC Adv 2024; 14:29189-29200. [PMID: 39285878 PMCID: PMC11403347 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03199g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine milk and colostrum play pivotal roles in the nutritional support of both human and bovine infants. Colostrum, the initial milk secretion, is crucial for neonatal growth, providing essential nutrients, growth factors, immunity, and defense mechanisms through a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including bioactive proteins and peptides. Peptidomics, leveraging the potential health benefits of peptides derived from food and body fluids, has become prominent in contemporary research. Endogenous peptides (EPs) have gained notable scientific and commercial interest due to their potential biofunctional significance in areas such as immune health, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antioxidative studies. In this investigation, we aimed to extract and analyze low molecular weight EPs from colostrum using four distinct peptide extraction methods, previously employed for EPs extraction from other bodily fluids. The efficiency of these methods was systematically compared and analysed to identify the most effective extraction technique for maximizing the identification of low molecular weight EPs from colostrum. This study represents a pioneering effort as no prior research has systematically compared different extraction methods for low molecular weight EPs from colostrum. Given the unique physical and chemical composition of colostrum compared to milk and other body fluids, a comprehensive analysis of EPs extraction methods was deemed essential. In the present study, we successfully extracted over 3200 EPs from colostrum using trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and a molecular weight cut off (MWCO) extraction method. The findings of this study revealed the extraction of EPs from colostrum, demonstrating potential inherent bioactivities as predicted by in silico tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Panchal
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Proteomics and Cell Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Division (ABTD) Karnal Haryana 132001 India
| | - Reeju Rani
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Proteomics and Cell Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Division (ABTD) Karnal Haryana 132001 India
| | - Rohit Kumar
- College of Public Health and Human Science, Oregon State University Corvalis OR 97331 USA
| | - Seema Malik
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Proteomics and Cell Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Division (ABTD) Karnal Haryana 132001 India
| | - Manishi Mukesh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources Karnal Haryana 132001 India
| | - Jai Kumar Kaushik
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Proteomics and Cell Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Division (ABTD) Karnal Haryana 132001 India
| | - Monika Sodhi
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources Karnal Haryana 132001 India
| | | | - Sudarshan Kumar
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Proteomics and Cell Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Division (ABTD) Karnal Haryana 132001 India
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2
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Peptidomics as a tool to analyze endogenous peptides in milk and milk-related peptides. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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3
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Silvério R, Barth R, Heimann AS, Reckziegel P, dos Santos GJ, Romero-Zerbo SY, Bermúdez-Silva FJ, Rafacho A, Ferro ES. Pep19 Has a Positive Effect on Insulin Sensitivity and Ameliorates Both Hepatic and Adipose Tissue Phenotype of Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084082. [PMID: 35456900 PMCID: PMC9030859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide DIIADDEPLT (Pep19) has been previously suggested to improve metabolic parameters, without adverse central nervous system effects, in a murine model of diet-induced obesity. Here, we aimed to further evaluate whether Pep19 oral administration has anti-obesogenic effects, in a well-established high-fat diet-induced obesity model. Male Swiss mice, fed either a standard diet (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD), were orally administrated for 30 consecutive days, once a day, with saline vehicle or Pep19 (1 mg/kg). Next, several metabolic, morphological, and behavioral parameters were evaluated. Oral administration of Pep19 attenuated HFD body-weight gain, reduced in approximately 40% the absolute mass of the endocrine pancreas, and improved the relationship between circulating insulin and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Pep19 treatment of HFD-fed mice attenuated liver inflammation, hepatic fat distribution and accumulation, and lowered plasma alanine aminotransferase activity. The inguinal fat depot from the SD group treated with Pep19 showed multilocular brown-fat-like cells and increased mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), suggesting browning on inguinal white adipose cells. Morphological analysis of brown adipose tissue (BAT) from HFD mice showed the presence of larger white-like unilocular cells, compared to BAT from SD, Pep19-treated SD or HFD mice. Pep19 treatment produced no alterations in mice behavior. Oral administration of Pep19 ameliorates some metabolic traits altered by diet-induced obesity in a Swiss mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Silvério
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (R.B.); (G.J.d.S.)
| | - Robson Barth
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (R.B.); (G.J.d.S.)
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Andrea S. Heimann
- Proteimax BioTechnology Israel LTD, 4 Duvdevan Street, Pardes Hana, Haifa 3708973, Israel;
| | - Patrícia Reckziegel
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Gustavo J. dos Santos
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (R.B.); (G.J.d.S.)
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Silvana Y. Romero-Zerbo
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain; (S.Y.R.-Z.); (F.J.B.-S.)
- Biomedical Research Center for Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Bermúdez-Silva
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain; (S.Y.R.-Z.); (F.J.B.-S.)
- Biomedical Research Center for Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex Rafacho
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (R.B.); (G.J.d.S.)
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (E.S.F.)
| | - Emer S. Ferro
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (E.S.F.)
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4
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Muñoz-Esparza NC, Vásquez-Garibay EM, Guzmán-Mercado E, Larrosa-Haro A, Comas-Basté O, Latorre-Moratalla ML, Veciana-Nogués MT, Vidal-Carou MC. Influence of the Type of Breastfeeding and Human Milk Polyamines on Infant Anthropometric Parameters. Front Nutr 2022; 8:815477. [PMID: 35071304 PMCID: PMC8770740 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.815477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding choices in the early months of life are key determinants of growth during infancy. Polyamines participate in cell proliferation and differentiation, and it has also been suggested that polyamine metabolism plays a role in adipogenesis. As the main exogenous source of polyamines in the infant is human milk, the aim of this work was to study if the type of breastfeeding received and the polyamine intake from human milk has an influence on infant anthropometric parameters. A cohort of 78 full-term healthy newborns was followed up until 4 months of age; 55 were fully and 23 partially breastfed. Anthropometric measurements were taken at 2 and 4 months, when human milk samples were also collected for analysis of polyamine content by UHPLC-FL. Fully breastfed infants had a better anthropometric profile than those partially breastfed (p < 0.05). Furthermore, polyamine intake in partially breastfed infants was significantly lower compared to those fully breastfed. However, only two of the 15 anthropometric indicators evaluated (triceps skinfold and mean upper arm circumference) showed a significant inverse association with polyamine content in human milk and intake (p < 0.05). Infant growth and body composition differ according to the type of breastfeeding received. Based on the weak associations between polyamines and anthropometric indicators, it is not possible to conclude the influence of polyamines in infant growth and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly C Muñoz-Esparza
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.,Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA·UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.,Xarxa d'Innovació Alimentària (XIA), Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto de Nutrición Humana, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Oriol Comas-Basté
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.,Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA·UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.,Xarxa d'Innovació Alimentària (XIA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Luz Latorre-Moratalla
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.,Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA·UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.,Xarxa d'Innovació Alimentària (XIA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Teresa Veciana-Nogués
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.,Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA·UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.,Xarxa d'Innovació Alimentària (XIA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Carmen Vidal-Carou
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.,Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA·UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.,Xarxa d'Innovació Alimentària (XIA), Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Muñoz-Esparza NC, Vásquez-Garibay EM, Guzmán-Mercado E, Larrosa-Haro A, Comas-Basté O, Latorre-Moratalla ML, Veciana-Nogués MT, Vidal-Carou MC. Influence of Breastfeeding Factors on Polyamine Content in Human Milk. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093016. [PMID: 34578894 PMCID: PMC8467147 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyamine content of human breast milk, which is the first exogenous source of polyamines for the newborn, can be affected by several factors associated with the mother, the infant, or breastfeeding itself. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different breastfeeding factors on the polyamines found in human milk. For this study, a cohort of 83 mothers was considered for up to 4 months, and a subgroup of 33 mothers were followed during the first six months of breastfeeding. Two breast milk samples were collected at each sampling point (foremilk and hindmilk) and the polyamine content was determined by UHPLC-FL. Polyamine levels varied considerably between the mothers and tended to decrease over time. Putrescine was the minor polyamine, whereas spermidine and spermine contents were very similar. The concentrations of the three polyamines were significantly higher in hindmilk than foremilk (p < 0.001). Spermidine and spermine levels decreased significantly through the lactation progress (p < 0.05). Finally, slightly higher levels of polyamines were observed in the milk of mothers providing partial, rather than full, breastfeeding, although the differences were not significant. The polyamine content in human milk was found to change during a single feed (foremilk versus hindmilk) and as lactation progressed, mainly in response to the specific circumstances of the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly C. Muñoz-Esparza
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (N.C.M.-E.); (O.C.-B.); (M.L.L.-M.); (M.T.V.-N.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA·UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Xarxa d’Innovació Alimentària (XIA), C/Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Nutrición Humana, Universidad de Guadalajara, Salvador Quevedo y Zubieta 750, Guadalajara 44360, Mexico; (E.M.V.-G.); (E.G.-M.); (A.L.-H.)
| | - Edgar M. Vásquez-Garibay
- Instituto de Nutrición Humana, Universidad de Guadalajara, Salvador Quevedo y Zubieta 750, Guadalajara 44360, Mexico; (E.M.V.-G.); (E.G.-M.); (A.L.-H.)
| | - Elizabeth Guzmán-Mercado
- Instituto de Nutrición Humana, Universidad de Guadalajara, Salvador Quevedo y Zubieta 750, Guadalajara 44360, Mexico; (E.M.V.-G.); (E.G.-M.); (A.L.-H.)
| | - Alfredo Larrosa-Haro
- Instituto de Nutrición Humana, Universidad de Guadalajara, Salvador Quevedo y Zubieta 750, Guadalajara 44360, Mexico; (E.M.V.-G.); (E.G.-M.); (A.L.-H.)
| | - Oriol Comas-Basté
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (N.C.M.-E.); (O.C.-B.); (M.L.L.-M.); (M.T.V.-N.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA·UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Xarxa d’Innovació Alimentària (XIA), C/Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Luz Latorre-Moratalla
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (N.C.M.-E.); (O.C.-B.); (M.L.L.-M.); (M.T.V.-N.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA·UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Xarxa d’Innovació Alimentària (XIA), C/Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Veciana-Nogués
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (N.C.M.-E.); (O.C.-B.); (M.L.L.-M.); (M.T.V.-N.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA·UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Xarxa d’Innovació Alimentària (XIA), C/Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Vidal-Carou
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (N.C.M.-E.); (O.C.-B.); (M.L.L.-M.); (M.T.V.-N.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA·UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Xarxa d’Innovació Alimentària (XIA), C/Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-4031984
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Suwaydi MA, Gridneva Z, Perrella SL, Wlodek ME, Lai CT, Geddes DT. Human Milk Metabolic Hormones: Analytical Methods and Current Understanding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168708. [PMID: 34445437 PMCID: PMC8395916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) contains a wide array of peptide hormones including leptin and adiponectin, which are involved in the regulation of infant growth and development. These essential hormones might play an important role in the regulation of metabolic reprogramming of the new-born infant. However, HM hormone studies are sparse and heterogeneous in regard to the study design, sample collection, preparation and analysis methods. This review discussed the limitations of HM hormone analysis highlighting the gaps in pre-analytical and analytical stages. The methods used to quantify HM metabolic hormones (leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, insulin, obestatin, resistin and apelin) can be classified as immunoassay, immunosensor and chromatography. Immunoassay methods (ELISA and RIA) have been predominantly used in the measurement of these HM hormones. The relative validity parameters of HM hormones analysis are often overlooked in publications, despite the complexity and differences of HM matrix when compared to that of plasma and urine. Therefore, appropriate reports of validation parameters of methodology and instrumentation are crucial for accurate measurements and therefore better understanding of the HM metabolic hormones and their influences on infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed A. Suwaydi
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 54142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zoya Gridneva
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-6488-4467
| | - Sharon L. Perrella
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Mary E. Wlodek
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
- Population Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute (MCRI), Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Donna T. Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
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7
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Dingess KA, Gazi I, van den Toorn HWP, Mank M, Stahl B, Reiding KR, Heck AJR. Monitoring Human Milk β-Casein Phosphorylation and O-Glycosylation Over Lactation Reveals Distinct Differences between the Proteome and Endogenous Peptidome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8140. [PMID: 34360914 PMCID: PMC8347866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is a vital biofluid containing a myriad of molecular components to ensure an infant's best start at a healthy life. One key component of human milk is β-casein, a protein which is not only a structural constituent of casein micelles but also a source of bioactive, often antimicrobial, peptides contributing to milk's endogenous peptidome. Importantly, post-translational modifications (PTMs) like phosphorylation and glycosylation typically affect the function of proteins and peptides; however, here our understanding of β-casein is critically limited. To uncover the scope of proteoforms and endogenous peptidoforms we utilized mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to achieve in-depth longitudinal profiling of β-casein from human milk, studying two donors across 16 weeks of lactation. We not only observed changes in β-casein's known protein and endogenous peptide phosphorylation, but also in previously unexplored O-glycosylation. This newly discovered PTM of β-casein may be important as it resides on known β-casein-derived antimicrobial peptide sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Dingess
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.A.D.); (I.G.); (H.W.P.v.d.T.)
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Gazi
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.A.D.); (I.G.); (H.W.P.v.d.T.)
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk W. P. van den Toorn
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.A.D.); (I.G.); (H.W.P.v.d.T.)
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Mank
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (B.S.)
- Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karli R. Reiding
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.A.D.); (I.G.); (H.W.P.v.d.T.)
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.A.D.); (I.G.); (H.W.P.v.d.T.)
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Lopez C, Adelfio A, Wall AM, Molloy B, Holton TA, Khaldi N. Human milk and infant formulae: Peptide differences and the opportunity to address the functional gap. Curr Res Food Sci 2020; 3:217-226. [PMID: 33426531 PMCID: PMC7782925 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine-derived formula milk (FM) is a common substitute to human milk (HM), but lacks key functional benefits associated with HM. Accordingly, there have been significant efforts to humanise FM. Recent research has demonstrated that HM-derived peptides convey an array of beneficial bioactivities. Given that peptides serve as important signalling molecules offering high specificity and potency, they represent a prime opportunity to humanise FM. To further understand how HM-derived peptides contribute to infant health, we used peptidomics and bioinformatics to compare the peptide profile of HM to commercially available FM. We found clear and substantial differences between HM and FM in terms of peptide physicochemical properties, protein coverage and abundance. We additionally identified 618 peptides specific to HM that represent an important untapped source to be explored for novel bioactivities. While further study is required, our findings highlight the potential of a peptide-based approach to address the functional gap in FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Lopez
- Nuritas Ltd, Joshua Dawson House, Dublin 2, D02 RY95, Ireland
| | | | - Audrey M. Wall
- Nuritas Ltd, Joshua Dawson House, Dublin 2, D02 RY95, Ireland
| | - Brendan Molloy
- Nuritas Ltd, Joshua Dawson House, Dublin 2, D02 RY95, Ireland
| | | | - Nora Khaldi
- Nuritas Ltd, Joshua Dawson House, Dublin 2, D02 RY95, Ireland
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9
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Kim BJ, Dallas DC. Systematic examination of protein extraction, proteolytic glycopeptide enrichment and MS/MS fragmentation techniques for site-specific profiling of human milk N-glycoproteins. Talanta 2020; 224:121811. [PMID: 33379036 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human milk contains numerous N-glycoproteins with functions that provide protection to the infant. Increasing understanding of the functional role of human milk glycoproteins within the infant requires toolsets to comprehensively profile their site-specific glycosylation patterns. However, optimized methods for site-specific glycosylation analysis across the entire human milk proteome are not available. Therefore, we performed a systematic analysis of techniques for profiling the sites and compositions of N-glycans in human milk using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. To decrease interference from non-target molecules, we compared techniques for protein extraction, including ethanol (EtOH) precipitation, trichloroacetic acid precipitation, molecular weight cut-off filtration and techniques for tryptic glycopeptide enrichment, including C18-, porous graphitized carbon and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-solid phase extraction (SPE) and acetone precipitation. We compared the capacity of higher-energy collision dissociation, electron-transfer dissociation and electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) to produce fragment ions that would enable effective identification of the glycan composition, peptide sequence and glycosylation site. Of these methods, a combination of EtOH precipitation, HILIC-SPE and EThcD-fragmentation was the most effective for human milk N-glycopeptide profiling. This optimized approach significantly increased the number of N-glycopeptides and precursor N-glycoproteins (246 N-glycopeptides from 29 glycoproteins) compared with a more common extraction approach with no protein extraction and C18 clean-up (62 N-glycopeptides from 11 glycoproteins). The advancement in methods for human milk N-glycoproteins provided by this study represents a key step for better understanding the function of glycoproteins within the breast milk-fed infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum Jin Kim
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - David C Dallas
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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10
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Nielsen SD, Beverly RL, Underwood MA, Dallas DC. Differences and Similarities in the Peptide Profile of Preterm and Term Mother's Milk, and Preterm and Term Infant Gastric Samples. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2825. [PMID: 32942688 PMCID: PMC7551100 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies revealed that milk proteases begin to hydrolyze proteins in the mammary gland and that proteolytic digestion continues within the infant stomach. No research has measured how the release of milk peptides differs between the gastric aspirates of term and premature infants. This study examined the presence of milk peptides in milk and gastric samples from term and preterm infants using an Orbitrap Fusion Lumos mass spectrometer. Samples were collected from nine preterm-delivering and four term-delivering mother-infant pairs. Our study reveals an increased count and ion abundance of peptides and decreased peptide length from mother's milk to the infant stomach, confirming that additional break-down of the milk proteins occurred in both preterm and term infants' stomachs. Protein digestion occurred at a higher level in the gastric contents of term infants than in gastric contents of preterm infants. An amino acid cleavage site-based enzyme analysis suggested that the observed higher proteolysis in the term infants was due to higher pepsin/cathepsin D activity in the stomach. Additionally, there was a higher quantity of antimicrobial peptides in term infant gastric contents than in those of preterm infants, which could indicate that preterm infants benefit less from bioactive peptides in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren D. Nielsen
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (S.D.N.); (R.L.B.)
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert L. Beverly
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (S.D.N.); (R.L.B.)
| | - Mark A. Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | - David C. Dallas
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (S.D.N.); (R.L.B.)
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11
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Sah BNP, Lueangsakulthai J, Hauser BR, Demers-Mathieu V, Scottoline B, Pastey MK, Dallas DC. Purification of Antibodies From Human Milk and Infant Digestates for Viral Inhibition Assays. Front Nutr 2020; 7:136. [PMID: 32984396 PMCID: PMC7477105 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral administration of enteric pathogen-specific immunoglobulins may be an ideal approach for preventing infectious diarrhea in infants and children. For oral administration to be effective, antibodies must survive functionally intact within the highly proteolytic digestive tract. As an initial step toward assessing the viability of this approach, we examined the survival of palivizumab, a recombinant monoclonal antibody (IgG1κ), across infant digestion and its ability to neutralize respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Human milk and infant digestive samples contain substances known to interfere with the RSV neutralization assay (our selected functional test for antibody survival through digestion), therefore, antibody extraction from the matrix was required prior to performing the assay. The efficacy of various approaches for palivizumab purification from human milk, infant's gastric and intestinal digestates, including casein precipitation, salting out, molecular weight cut-off, and affinity chromatography (protein A and G) were compared. Affinity chromatography using protein G with high-salt elution followed by 30-kDa molecular weight cut-off centrifugal filtration was the most effective technique for purifying palivizumab from human milk and infant digestates with a high yield and reduced background interference for the viral neutralization assay. This work is broadly applicable to the optimal isolation of antibodies from human milk and infant digesta for viral neutralization assays, enables the examination of how digestion affects the viral neutralization capacity of antibodies within milk and digestive samples, and paves the way for assessment of the viability of oral administration of recombinant antibodies as a therapeutic approach to prevent enteric pathogen-induced infectious diarrhea in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baidya Nath P. Sah
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jiraporn Lueangsakulthai
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Benjamin R. Hauser
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Veronique Demers-Mathieu
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Brian Scottoline
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Manoj K. Pastey
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - David C. Dallas
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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12
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Beverly RL, Huston RK, Markell AM, McCulley EA, Martin RL, Dallas DC. Differences in human milk peptide release along the gastrointestinal tract between preterm and term infants. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:1214-1223. [PMID: 32800606 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Preterm infants are born with a gastrointestinal tract insufficiently developed to digesting large quantities of human milk proteins. Peptides released from the digestion of human milk proteins have been identified with bioactivities that may be beneficial to the developing infant. However, it is unknown how prematurity affects total and bioactive peptide release along the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to compare milk peptide release from milk to stomach to stool between preterm and term infants. METHODS Milk, gastric, and stool samples were collected from preterm infants as early collection (days 8 and 9 of life) and late collection (days 21 and 22 of life), and from term infants as early collection. Milk peptides were extracted from the samples and identified using Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Peptide abundance and count were compared across digestion and between the three infant groups at each stage of digestion. RESULTS Total milk peptide count and abundance increased from milk to stomach then decreased in stool. Total peptide release was similar among the three infant groups for milk and stool samples. In the stomach, preterm early collection had significantly higher peptide abundance and count than the other two groups. Patterns for peptide release from individual milk proteins were distinct from total peptide release both across digestion and among the infant groups. When analyzing single peptides, term early collection gastric samples had significantly higher peptide abundance than preterm early collection for a known antimicrobial peptide, QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV. CONCLUSIONS Preterm and term infants digest milk proteins differently along their gastrointestinal tracts. While preterm infants released more total peptides in the stomach, term infants released specific bioactive peptides at higher abundance. We identified a region at the C-terminus of β-casein that is conserved from milk through stool and from which are released known and potential antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Beverly
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| | - Robert K Huston
- Department of Pediatrics, Randall Children's Hospital at Legacy Emanuel, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Andi M Markell
- Department of Pediatrics, Randall Children's Hospital at Legacy Emanuel, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A McCulley
- Department of Pediatrics, Randall Children's Hospital at Legacy Emanuel, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Rachel L Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Randall Children's Hospital at Legacy Emanuel, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - David C Dallas
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human milk contains a variety of bioactive proteins, and some of the bioactivities are exerted only after proteins are digested in the gastrointestinal tract. This review aims to overview recent studies on bioactive peptides in human milk and gastric digesta of breast-fed infants. RECENT FINDINGS Milk protein-derived peptides are endogenously present in human milk, and some of them have been reported to be bioactive peptides, such as a homologue of caseinophosphopeptide, an antimicrobial peptide, and an immunomodulatory peptide. A larger number of peptides are identified in gastric aspirates from breast-fed infants, and bioactive peptides such as angiotensin I-converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides, an antioxidative peptide, opioid agonist peptides are only found in the digesta of human milk but not in human milk per se. Casein is the greatest source of released bioactive peptides. SUMMARY Technological advances have considerably increased our capability to identify and characterize peptides derived from human milk proteins. However, their physiological significance and the roles of these bioactive peptides in growth and development of breast-fed infants have not yet been sufficiently elucidated, and further in-vivo experiments and clinical trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Wada
- Wellness & Nutrition Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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14
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Abstract
Proteins are key structural components of all human cells and are also involved in key physiologic processes through their roles as enzymes, hormones and transport proteins. Protein requirements are substantially higher in preterm infants than those born at term, yet inadequate protein intakes are a common problem on many neonatal units. Very preterm infants (VPT, <32 weeks) commonly receive parenteral amino acid solutions which are typically commenced on admission, and increased over the next few days. Several recent studies have explored differing parenteral amino acid intakes in the first few days, and recommendations have recently been updated. Parenteral nutrition intakes are decreased as enteral feeds are tolerated, but human milk alone will not meet protein needs in most VPT and supplementation or fortification will be required. This review paper considers basic protein and amino acid physiology in the newborn period, and the evidence base for current recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Embleton
- Newcastle Neonatal Service, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Chris H P van den Akker
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pediatrics - Neonatology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Dingess KA, van den Toorn HWP, Mank M, Stahl B, Heck AJR. Toward an efficient workflow for the analysis of the human milk peptidome. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:1351-1363. [PMID: 30710207 PMCID: PMC6449315 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-01566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest for investigating endogenous peptides from human biofluids which may provide yet unknown functional benefits or provide an early indication of disease states as potential biomarkers. A major technical bottleneck in the investigation of endogenous peptides from body fluids, e.g., serum, urine, saliva, and milk, is that each of these fluids seems to require unique workflows for peptide extraction and analysis. Thus, protocols optimized for serum cannot be directly translated to milk. One biofluid that is readily available, but which has not been extensively explored, is human milk, whose analysis could contribute to our understanding of the immune development of the newborn infant. Due to the occurrence of highly abundant lipids, proteins, and saccharides, milk peptidomics requires dedicated sample preparation steps. The aim of this study was to develop a time and cost-efficient workflow for the analysis of the human milk peptidome, for which we compared peptide extraction methodologies and peptide fragmentation methods. A method using strong acid protein precipitation and analysis by collision-induced dissociation fragmentation was found to be superior to all other test methods, allowing us qualitative and quantitative detection of about 4000 endogenous human milk peptides in a total analysis time of just 18 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Dingess
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk W P van den Toorn
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Mank
- Early Life Nutrition, Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Early Life Nutrition, Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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16
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Beverly RL, Underwood MA, Dallas DC. Peptidomics Analysis of Milk Protein-Derived Peptides Released over Time in the Preterm Infant Stomach. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:912-922. [PMID: 30638015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of milk digestion, native milk proteases and infant digestive proteases fragment intact proteins into peptides with potential bioactivity. This study investigated the release of peptides over 3 h of gastric digestion in 14 preterm infant sample sets. The peptide content was extracted and analyzed from milk and gastric samples via Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. The relative ion intensity (abundance) and count of peptides in each sample were compared over time and between infants fed milk fortified with bovine milk fortifier and infants fed unfortified milk. Bioactivity of the identified peptides was predicted by sequence homology to known bioactive milk peptides. Both total and bioactive peptide abundance and count continuously increased over 3 h of gastric digestion. After accounting for infant weight, length, and postconceptual age, fortification of milk limited the release of peptides from human milk proteins. Peptides that survived further gastric digestion after their initial release were structurally more similar to bioactive peptides than nonsurviving peptides. This work is the first to provide a comprehensive profile of milk peptides released during gastric digestion over time, which is an essential step in determining which peptides are most likely to be biologically relevant in the infant. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD012192.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Beverly
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics , University of California, Davis , Sacramento , California 95817 , United States
| | - David C Dallas
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
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17
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Release of functional peptides from mother's milk and fortifier proteins in the premature infant stomach. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208204. [PMID: 30496293 PMCID: PMC6264471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Digestion of milk proteins in the premature infant stomach releases functional peptides; however, which peptides are present has not been reported. Premature infants are often fed a combination of human milk and bovine milk fortifiers, but the variety of functional peptides released from both human and bovine milk proteins remains uncharacterized. This study applied peptidomics to investigate the peptides released in gastric digestion of mother’s milk proteins and supplemental bovine milk proteins in premature infants. Peptides were assessed for homology against a database of known functional peptides—Milk Bioactive Peptide Database. The peptidomic data were analyzed to interpret which proteases most likely released them from the parent protein. We identified 5,264 unique peptides from bovine and human milk proteins within human milk, fortifier or infant gastric samples. Plasmin was predicted to be the most active protease in milk, while pepsin or cathepsin D were predicted to be most active in the stomach. Alignment of the peptide distribution showed a different digestion pattern between human and bovine proteins. The number of peptides with high homology to known functional peptides (antimicrobial, angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, etc.) increased from milk to the premature infant stomach and was greater from bovine milk proteins than human milk proteins. The differential release of bioactive peptides from human and bovine milk proteins may impact overall health outcomes in premature infants.
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18
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van Sadelhoff JHJ, Mastorakou D, Weenen H, Stahl B, Garssen J, Hartog A. Short Communication: Differences in Levels of Free Amino Acids and Total Protein in Human Foremilk and Hindmilk. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121828. [PMID: 30486227 PMCID: PMC6315640 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Free amino acids (FAAs) in human milk are indicated to have specific functional roles in infant development. Studies have shown differences between human milk that is expressed at the beginning of a feed (i.e., foremilk) and the remainder of the milk expressed (i.e., hindmilk). For example, it is well established that human hindmilk is richer in fat and energy than foremilk. Hence, exclusively feeding hindmilk is used to enhance weight gain of preterm, low birthweight infants. Whether FAAs occur differently between foremilk and hindmilk has never been reported, but given their bioactive capacities, this is relevant to consider especially in situations where hindmilk is fed exclusively. Therefore, this study analyzed and compared the FAA and total protein content in human foremilk and hindmilk samples donated by 30 healthy lactating women. The total protein content was found to be significantly higher in hindmilk (p < 0.001), whereas foremilk contained a significantly higher total content of FAAs (p = 0.015). With regards to individual FAAs, foremilk contained significantly higher levels of phenylalanine (p = 0.009), threonine (p = 0.003), valine (p = 0.018), alanine (p = 0.004), glutamine (p < 0.001), and serine (p = 0.012) than hindmilk. Although statistical significance was reached, effect size analysis of the milk fraction on FAA levels in milk revealed that the observed differences were only small. To what extent these differences are of physiological importance for infant development remains to be examined in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris H J van Sadelhoff
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Dimitra Mastorakou
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Hugo Weenen
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anita Hartog
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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19
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Demers-Mathieu V, Underwood MA, Beverly RL, Nielsen SD, Dallas DC. Comparison of Human Milk Immunoglobulin Survival during Gastric Digestion between Preterm and Term Infants. Nutrients 2018; 10:E631. [PMID: 29772785 PMCID: PMC5986510 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk provides immunoglobulins (Igs) that supplement the passive immune system of neonates; however, the extent of survival of these Igs during gastric digestion and whether this differs between preterm and term infants remains unknown. Human milk, and infant gastric samples at 2 h post-ingestion were collected from 15 preterm (23⁻32 week gestational age (GA)) mother-infant pairs and from 8 term (38⁻40 week of GA) mother-infant pairs within 7⁻98 days postnatal age. Samples were analyzed via ELISA for concentration of total IgA (secretory IgA (SIgA)/IgA), total secretory component (SC/SIgA/SIgM), total IgM (SIgM/IgM), and IgG as well as peptidomics. Total IgA concentration decreased by 60% from human milk to the preterm infant stomach and decreased by 48% in the term infant stomach. Total IgM and IgG concentrations decreased by 33% and 77%, respectively, from human milk to the term infant stomach but were stable in the preterm infant stomach. Release of peptides from all Ig isotypes in the term infant stomach was higher than in the preterm stomach. Overall, the stability of human milk Igs during gastric digestion is higher in preterm infant than in term infants, which could be beneficial for assisting the preterm infants' immature immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Demers-Mathieu
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Robert L Beverly
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Søren D Nielsen
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - David C Dallas
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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