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Li Z, Tian SY. A new alkaline pectin lyase with novel thermal and pH stability from Bacilus velezensis. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 224:106564. [PMID: 39111349 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Pectin lyases are important in various industries, including tobacco leaves processing. In this paper, a novel pectin lyase Pel04 from Bacillus velezensis was characterized. Pel04 molecular weight (Mw) and isoelectric point (pI) of the protein sequence after removing the signal peptide are 43.0 kDa. The optimal temperature and pH of Pel04 is 50 °C and 9.0, respectively. Pel04 was stable in the range of 30-50 °C, and pH 9.5-11. Ca2+ can significantly stimulate the enzyme activity, while Cu2+, Co2+, Fe3+, and Mn2+ have inhibitory effects on Pel04. By Pel04 treatment, the overall content of acids, alcohols, esters and other aromas in tobacco leaves increased, while the contents of phenolic and heterocyclic substances decreased. Pel04 has important potential for industrial application particularly in improving quality of tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Li
- College of Ecological and Environmental Protection, Linyi Vocational University of Science and Technology, Linyi, China.
| | - Su-Yan Tian
- College of Ecological and Environmental Protection, Linyi Vocational University of Science and Technology, Linyi, China.
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2
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Tanveer A, Gupta S, Dwivedi S, Yadav S, Yadav D. Recycling of printed Xerographic paper using Aspergillus assiutensis enzyme cocktail: an integrated approach to sustainable development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:39217-39231. [PMID: 38814560 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
To overcome the human and animal survivability risk, sustainable development is the only option on earth that can be achieved through the maximum use of renewable environmental resources. Recycling of waste paper is an emerging waste management approach to conserve natural resources. Herein, we studied enzyme-mediated process to recycle the xerographic paper by using the crude fungal extract from indigenously isolated fungi identified as Aspergillus assiutensis. The fungal enzyme cocktail has been characterized for the production of multiple enzymes namely cellulase, amylase, xylanase, pectinase, and protease. All these enzymes have pH optima in the acidic range and except cellulase and all the enzymes are stable from 10 to 80 C. In the zymogram analysis, pectinase, xylanase, amylase, and cellulase were detected at 68 kDa, ~ 54 kDa, 38 kDa, and 30 kDa, respectively. Also, the presence of protease was confirmed by the clear zone at 68, 31, and 16 kDa. A 26% decrease in the kappa number and reduction in Hex A of the pulp was observed on the treatment of the pulp with enzyme as compared to the control pulp without any treatment. The physical and chemical properties of the pulp were also improved by enzyme-mediated pulping as compared to the control The physiochemical parameter of the effluent like TDS was reduced (397 ppm) significantly in comparison to chemical deinking process and it was within the permissible limit. BOD and alkalinity were reduced when the enzymes and chemical dosage were used in combination. These results indicate that chemi-enzymatic deinking is most promising to reduce or remove the pollution parameters including ink and this approach can be used in the paper and pulp industry for sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Tanveer
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Supriya Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shruti Dwivedi
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sangeeta Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Contato AG, Borelli TC, Buckeridge MS, Rogers J, Hartson S, Prade RA, Polizeli MDLTDM. Secretome Analysis of Thermothelomyces thermophilus LMBC 162 Cultivated with Tamarindus indica Seeds Reveals CAZymes for Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:121. [PMID: 38392793 PMCID: PMC10890306 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The analysis of the secretome allows us to identify the proteins, especially carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), secreted by different microorganisms cultivated under different conditions. The CAZymes are divided into five classes containing different protein families. Thermothelomyces thermophilus is a thermophilic ascomycete, a source of many glycoside hydrolases and oxidative enzymes that aid in the breakdown of lignocellulosic materials. The secretome analysis of T. thermophilus LMBC 162 cultivated with submerged fermentation using tamarind seeds as a carbon source revealed 79 proteins distributed between the five diverse classes of CAZymes: 5.55% auxiliary activity (AAs); 2.58% carbohydrate esterases (CEs); 20.58% polysaccharide lyases (PLs); and 71.29% glycoside hydrolases (GHs). In the identified GH families, 54.97% are cellulolytic, 16.27% are hemicellulolytic, and 0.05 are classified as other. Furthermore, 48.74% of CAZymes have carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). Observing the relative abundance, it is possible to state that only thirteen proteins comprise 92.19% of the identified proteins secreted and are probably the main proteins responsible for the efficient degradation of the bulk of the biomass: cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Graça Contato
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Tiago Cabral Borelli
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Silveira Buckeridge
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil
| | - Janet Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Steven Hartson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Rolf Alexander Prade
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Maria de Lourdes Teixeira de Moraes Polizeli
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
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4
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Oliveira SC, Dencheva NV, Denchev ZZ. Immobilization of Enological Pectinase on Magnetic Sensitive Polyamide Microparticles for Wine Clarification. Foods 2024; 13:420. [PMID: 38338555 PMCID: PMC10855548 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of free pectinases as clarification biocatalysts constitutes a well-established practice in the large-scale production of various types of wines. However, when in the form of free enzymes, the recovery and reusability of pectinases is difficult if not impossible. To address these limitations, the present study focuses on the noncovalent adsorption immobilization of a commercial pectinolytic preparation onto highly porous polyamide 6 (PA6) microparticles, both with and without magnetic properties, prepared via activated anionic polymerization. The two pectinase complexes resulting after immobilization underwent comparative activity and kinetic studies, contrasting them with the free enzyme preparation. In comparison with the free enzyme, the PA6-immobilized pectinase complexes exhibited more than double the specific activity toward the pectin substrate. They displayed a slightly higher affinity to the substrate while acting as faster catalysts that were more resistant to inhibition. Furthermore, the immobilized complexes were applied in the clarification process of industrial rosé must, whereby they demonstrated accelerated performance as compared with the free enzyme. Moreover, the PA6-immobilized pectinase biocatalysts offered the potential for three consecutive cycles of reuse, achieving complete rosé must clarification within relevant timeframes in the range of 3-36 h. All these results suggest the potential industrial application of the pectinases noncovalently immobilized upon PA6 microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadya Vasileva Dencheva
- IPC—Institute for Polymers and Composites, Campus of Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (S.C.O.); (Z.Z.D.)
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5
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Gu Y, Lv J, Gouda M, Zhu Y, He Y, Chen J. Using pectinase enzymatic peeling for obtaining high-quality Huyou (Citrus changshanensis) segments. J Food Compost Anal 2024; 125:105706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
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Shoily SS, Fatema K, Dina RB, Biswas A, Haque P, Rahman MM, Uddin MZ, Sajib AA. The pectinolytic activity of Burkholderia cepacia and its application in the bioscouring of cotton knit fabric. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:136. [PMID: 37994985 PMCID: PMC10667187 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzymatic catalysis in different industrial applications is often preferred over chemical methods due to various advantages, such as higher specificity, greater efficiency, and less environmental footprint. Pectinases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the degradation of pectic compounds, the key components of plant middle lamella and the primary cell wall. Pectinases have found applications in multiple industrial processes, including cotton bioscouring, fruit juice extraction and its clarification, plant fiber degumming, paper making, plant biomass liquefaction, and saccharification, among others. The purpose of this study was to taxonomically characterize a bacterial species exhibiting pectinolytic activities and assess its pectinolytic activity qualitatively and quantitatively, as well as test its bioscouring potential. RESULTS Here, we report that Burkholderia cepacia, a previously unknown species with pectinolytic activity, exerts such activity comparable to commercially used pectinase enzymes in the textile industry, but requires less temperature for activity. CONCLUSION Quantitative evaluation of enzyme activity indicates the potential of the bacterial species for use in the bioscouring of cotton knit fabric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Samad Shoily
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kaniz Fatema
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rasheda Begum Dina
- Department of Wet Process Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anik Biswas
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Papia Haque
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Institute of Leather Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zulhash Uddin
- Department of Wet Process Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Ashfaqur Sajib
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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7
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Kaur D, Sharma V, Joshi A, Batra N, Ramniwas S, Sharma AK. Pectinases as promising green biocatalysts having broad-spectrum applications: Recent trends, scope, and relevance. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:1663-1678. [PMID: 36977651 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Pectinases are a collection of multiple enzymes that have a common substrate, that is, pectin. They can act on different parts of pectin due to the structural heterogeneity of pectin. Therefore, they have been placed in different groups, such as protopectinases, polygalacturonases, polymethylesterases, pectin lyases, and pectate lyases. They are naturally present both in multicellular organisms such as higher plants and in unicellular organisms such as microbes. In past decade, it has been witnessed that chemical and mechanical methods employed in industrial processes have led to environmental hazards and serious health disorders, thus increasing the search for eco-friendly approaches with minimal health risks. Hence, microbial enzymes have been extensively used as safer alternative for these environmentally unsafe methods. Among these microbial enzymes, pectinases hold great significance and is one of the principal enzymes that have been used commercially. It is predominantly used as a green biocatalyst for fruit, fiber, oil, textile, beverage, pulp, and paper industry. Thus, this review focuses on the structure of pectin, microbial sources of pectin, and principle industrial applications of pectinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damanjeet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Varruchi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, GGDSD College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Biotechnology Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, India
| | - Anil K Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
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8
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Navarro-López DE, Bautista-Ayala AR, Rosales-De la Cruz MF, Martínez-Beltrán S, Rojas-Torres DE, Sanchez-Martinez A, Ceballos-Sanchez O, Jáuregui-Jáuregui J, Lozano LM, Sepúlveda-Villegas M, Tiwari N, López-Mena ER. Nanocatalytic performance of pectinase immobilized over in situ prepared magnetic nanoparticles. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19021. [PMID: 37600413 PMCID: PMC10432700 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immobilization of enzymes is one of the protein engineering methods used to improve their thermal and long-term stabilities. Immobilized pectinase has become an essential biocatalyst for optimization in the food processing industry. Herein, nanostructured magnetic nanoparticles were prepared in situ for use as supports to immobilize pectinase. The structural, morphological, optical and magnetic features and the chemical compositions of the nanoparticles were characterized. Nanoparticle agglomeration and low porosity were observed due to the synthetic conditions. These nanoparticles exhibited superparamagnetic behavior, which is desirable for biotechnological applications. The maximum retention rate for the enzyme was observed at pH 4.5 with a value of 1179.3 U/mgNP (units per milligram of nanoparticle), which was equivalent to a 65.6% efficiency. The free and immobilized pectinase were affected by the pH and temperature. The long-term instability caused 40% and 32% decreases in the specific activities of the free and immobilized pectinase, respectively. The effects of immobilization were analyzed with kinetic and thermodynamic studies. These results indicated a significant affinity for the substrate, a decreased reaction rate, and improved thermal stability of the immobilized pectinase. The reusability of the immobilized pectinase was preserved effectively during cycling, with only a 21.2% decrease in activity observed from the first to the last use. Therefore, alternative magnetic nanoparticles are presented for immobilizing and maintaining the thermostability of pectinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego E. Navarro-López
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Gral Ramón Corona No. 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alvaro R. Bautista-Ayala
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Gral Ramón Corona No. 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Maria Fernanda Rosales-De la Cruz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Gral Ramón Corona No. 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Selina Martínez-Beltrán
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Gral Ramón Corona No. 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Diego E. Rojas-Torres
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Gral Ramón Corona No. 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - A. Sanchez-Martinez
- CONACyT-Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Campus Siglo XXI, Carretera Zacatecas - Guadalajara Km 6, Ejido La Escondida, Zacatecas, 98160, Mexico
| | - O. Ceballos-Sanchez
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierias (CUCEI), Departamento de Ingenieria de Proyectos, Av. Jose Guadalupe Zuno #48, Industrial Los Belenes, Zapopan, Jalisco, 45157, Mexico
| | - J.A. Jáuregui-Jáuregui
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Gral Ramón Corona No. 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis Marcelo Lozano
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Gral Ramón Corona No. 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - M. Sepúlveda-Villegas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara, 44280, Jalisco, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, 44100, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Naveen Tiwari
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Jenaro de La Fuente S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruna, Spain
| | - Edgar R. López-Mena
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Gral Ramón Corona No. 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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Kiani S, Fathi Rezaei P, Jamalzadegan S. Exo-polygalacturonase production enhancement by Piriformospora indica from sugar beet pulp under submerged fermentation using the response surface methodology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:45815-45826. [PMID: 36708475 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study proposed a novel and cost-effective approach to enhance and optimize the exo-polygalacturonase from P. indica, a root endophytic fungus. In the current investigation, the impact of ammonium sulfate, sugar beet pulp (SBP), and glucose as variables on induction of exo-polygalacturonase from P. indica was optimized using the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) under submerged fermentation (SmF). Additionally, determination of the exo-polygalacturonase molecular weight and in situ analysis was performed. The optimal reaction conditions, which resulted in the highest enzyme activity, were observed in the following conditions: ammonium sulfate (4 g/L), SBP (20 g/L), and glucose (60 g/L). Under the optimized condition, the maximum enzyme activity reached 19.4 U/ml (127 U/mg), which increased by 5.84 times compared to non-optimized conditions. The exo-polygalacturonase molecular weight was estimated at 60 KDa. In line with the bioinformatic analysis, the exo-polygalacturonase sequence of P. indica showed similarity with Rhizoctonia solani's and Thanateporus cucumeris. These results indicated that SBP acts as a cheap and suitable inducer of exo-polygalacturonase production by P. indica in submerged cultivation. The outcome of this study will be useful for industries to decrease environmental pollution with cost-effective approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Kiani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Parisa Fathi Rezaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran.
| | - Sina Jamalzadegan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905, USA
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Pectin Extraction from Residues of the Cocoa Fruit ( Theobroma cacao L.) by Different Organic Acids: A Comparative Study. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030590. [PMID: 36766116 PMCID: PMC9914096 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecuador is the world's fifth largest cocoa producer, generating hundreds of tons of residues from this fruit annually. This research generates value from the residual (cocoa pod husk) by using it as raw material to obtain pectin, which is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Extraction of three different organic acids with GRAS status (safe for use), the citric, malic and fumaric acids, was studied. In addition, two other factors, temperature (70-90 °C) and extraction time (60-90 min), were explored in a central composite design of experiments. We determined the conditions of the experiments where the best yields were garnered for citric acid, malic acid and fumaric acid, along with a ~86 min extraction time. The temperature did not show a significant influence on the yield. The pectin obtained under optimal conditions was characterised, showing the similarity with commercial pectin. However, the equivalent weight and esterification degree of the pectin obtained with fumaric acid led us to classify it as having a high equivalent weight and a low degree of esterification. In these regards, it differed significantly from the other two acids, perhaps due to the limited solubility of fumaric acid.
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Bioprocessing of Agro-Industrial Waste for Maximization of Pectinase Production by a Novel Native Strain Aspergillus cervinus ARS2 Using Statistical Approach. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9120438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for microbial pectinase has increased due to its vast applications in different industries. The current study dealt with the synthesis of pectinase by a novel native strain Aspergillus cervinus ARS2 using agro-industrial waste. Comparative studies conducted on pectinase production by submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) showed that pectinase activity was more increased in SSF (44.51 ± 1.33 IU/mL) than in SmF (40.60 ± 1.15 IU/mL) when using orange peel as a substrate. Using SSF, one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) studies were conducted, considering different process variables such as inoculum size, initial pH, incubation time, moisture content, incubation temperature, and substrate particle size, all of which affected the pectinase activity. OFAT results showed the highest pectinase activity at an inoculum size of 106 spores/mL (43.11 ± 1.06 U/mL), an incubation time of 6 days (43.81 ± 1.21 U/mL), a moisture content of 100% (44.30 ± 1.69 U/mL), a substrate particle size of 1.7 mm (42.06 ± 1.20 U/mL), an incubation temperature of 37 ℃ (45.90 ± 1.33 U/mL), and an initial pH of 4 (43.31 ± 0.89 U/mL). The identified significant process variables were then optimized by response surface methodology (RSM)-central composite design (CCD). The results showed optimum pectinase activity of 107.14 ± 0.71 IU/mL for a substrate particle size of 2 mm, an incubation temperature of 31.5 °C, an initial pH of 4.9, and a moisture content of 107%, which was obtained from the Minitab optimizer. By using statistical optimization, the pectinase production from the isolated novel fungal strain A. cervinus ARS2 was increased 2.38-fold. Therefore, the A. cervinus ARS2 strain can be further explored for large-scale pectinase production which could meet the growing industrial demands.
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Maurizzi E, Bigi F, Quartieri A, De Leo R, Volpelli LA, Pulvirenti A. The Green Era of Food Packaging: General Considerations and New Trends. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204257. [PMID: 36297835 PMCID: PMC9610407 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, academic research and industries have gained awareness about the economic, environmental, and social impacts of conventional plastic packaging and its disposal. This consciousness has oriented efforts towards more sustainable materials such as biopolymers, paving the way for the “green era” of food packaging. This review provides a schematic overview about polymers and blends of them, which are emerging as promising alternatives to conventional plastics. Focus was dedicated to biopolymers from renewable sources and their applications to produce sustainable, active packaging with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. In particular, the incorporation of plant extracts, food-waste derivatives, and nano-sized materials to produce bio-based active packaging with enhanced technical performances was investigated. According to recent studies, bio-based active packaging enriched with natural-based compounds has the potential to replace petroleum-derived materials. Based on molecular composition, the natural compounds can diversely interact with the native structure of the packaging materials, modulating their barriers, optical and mechanical performances, and conferring them antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Overall, the recent academic findings could lead to a breakthrough in the field of food packaging, opening the gates to a new generation of packaging solutions which will be sustainable, customised, and green.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Maurizzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Bigi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Quartieri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Riccardo De Leo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Luisa Antonella Volpelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre for the Improvement of Agro-Food Biological Resources (BIOGEST-SITEIA), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Andrea Pulvirenti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre for the Improvement of Agro-Food Biological Resources (BIOGEST-SITEIA), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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13
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Media Optimization by Response Surface Methodology for the Enhanced Production of Acidic Extracellular Pectinase by the Indigenously Isolated Novel Strain Aspergillus cervinus ARS2 Using Solid-State Fermentation. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pectinolytic enzymes are related enzymes that hydrolyze pectic substances. Pectinolytic enzymes are of great interest in industrial applications for softening fruits, extracting and clarifying juices, extracting olive oil, retting textile fibers, preparing gel, and isolating protoplasts. The current work presents acidic extracellular pectinase production using low-cost agro-industrial waste with the indigenously isolated novel strain Aspergillus cervinus. Two fungal isolates, ARS2 and ARS8, with maximum pectinase activity, 41.88 ± 1.57 IU/mL and 39.27 ± 1.14 IU/mL, respectively, were screened out of 27 isolates from decayed fruit peels (orange, banana, and lemon) and soil containing decomposed vegetables. The isolate ARS2, identified as Aspergillus cervinus by molecular characterization, showed the highest pectinase activity of 43.05 ± 1.38IU/mL during screening and was further used for media component screening and optimization studies. To understand their effect on pectinase activity, one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) studies were conducted on carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and mineral salts. The OFAT results showed the highest pectinase activity for orange peel (carbon source) at 44.51 ± 1.33 IU/mL, peptone (nitrogen source) at 45.05 ± 1.04 IU/mL, and NaH2PO4 (mineral salts) at 43.21 ± 1.12 IU/mL. The most significant media components screened by the Plackett–Burman (PB) design based on the p-value, Pareto chart, and main effect plot, were orange peel (p < 0.001), peptone (p < 0.001), NaH2PO4 (p < 0.001), and KH2PO4 (p < 0.001), which were further optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimization results for the media components showed a maximum pectinase activity of 105.65 ± 0.31 IU/mL for 10.63 g orange peel, 3.96 g/L peptone, 2.07 g/L KH2PO4, and 2.10 g/L NaH2PO4. Thus, it was discovered that the indigenously isolated novel strain Aspergillus cervinus ARS2 was able to successfully produce a significant amount of pectinase using agro-industrial waste. Therefore, it can be considered for the large-scale optimized production of pectinase to meet industrial demands.
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14
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Rai P, Mehrotra S, Sharma SK. Challenges in assessing the quality of fruit juices: Intervening role of biosensors. Food Chem 2022; 386:132825. [PMID: 35367795 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The quality of packaged fruit juices is affected during their processing, packaging and storage that might cause deteriorative biological, chemical and physical alterations. Consumption of spoiled juices, either from biological or non-biological sources can pose a potential health hazard for the consumers. Sensitive and reliable methods are required to ensure the quality of fruit juices. Standard analytical methods such as chromatography, spectrophotometry, electrophoresis and titration, that require sophisticated equipment and expertise, are traditionally used to assess the quality of fruit juices. Using biosensors, that are simple, portable and rapid presents a promising alternative to the tedious analytical methods for the detection of various degradation and spoilage indicators formed in the packaged fruit juices. Here, we review the challenges in maintaining the quality of fruit juices and the recent developments in techniques and biosensors for quick analysis of fruit juice components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawankumar Rai
- Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Srishti Mehrotra
- Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sandeep K Sharma
- Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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15
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Oskay M. Production, Partial Purification, and Characterization of Polygalacturonase from Aureobasidium pullulans P56 under Submerged Fermentation Using Agro-Industrial Wastes. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:296. [PMID: 35994212 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polygalacturonase (PGase) production by Aureobasidium pullulans P56 under submerged fermentation was investigated using agro-industrial wastes and commercial carbon and nitrogen sources. The maximum PGase concentration was equivalent to 8.6 U/mL that was obtained in presence of citrus pectin at 150 rpm, 30 °C, pH = 5.5, and 60 h of fermentation conditions. However, a significant amount of enzyme production was also recorded upon the utilization of corncob (5.3 U/mL) and wheat bran (4.4 U/mL) as carbon sources. Amongst the different nitrogen sources, the highest enzyme production (8.2 U/mL) was obtained in presence of ammonium sulphate and yeast extract simultaneously at a ratio of 1:1. The enzyme was partially purified by gel filtration using Sephadex G50 equilibrated and washed with 50 mM-sodium acetate buffer. The obtained yield and specific activity were determined equivalent to 17% and 9.53 U/mg, respectively. The molecular weight of the partially purified enzyme was estimated as 54 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The conditions affecting the enzyme activity were determined and the highest enzyme activity was recorded at 40 °C and 4.5 pH. Amongst the tested metal ions, 2 and 5 mM of CaCl2 concentrations increased the enzymatic activity by 30%. Overall, the use of corncob (2.5%) to produce PGase by A. pullulans represents an attractive agro-industrial substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Oskay
- Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Department of Biology, Section of Basic and Industrial Microbiology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, 45030, Manisa, Turkey.
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16
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Golgeri M DB, Mulla SI, Bagewadi ZK, Tyagi S, Hu A, Sharma S, Bilal M, Bharagava RN, Ferreira LFR, Gurumurthy DM, Nadda AK. A systematic review on potential microbial carbohydrases: current and future perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:438-455. [PMID: 35930295 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2106545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Various studies have shown that the microbial proteins are often more stable than belongs to other sources like plant and animal origin. Hence, the interest in microbial enzymes has gained much attention due to many potential applications like bioenergy, biofuel production, biobleaching, bioconversion and so on. Additionally, recent trends revealed that the interest in isolating novel microbes from harsh environments have been the main focus of many scientists for various applications. Basically, industrially important enzymes can be categorized into mainly three groups: carbohydrases, proteases, and lipases. Among those, the enzymes especially carbohydrases involved in production of sugars. Carbohydrases include amylases, xylanases, pectinases, cellulases, chitinases, mannases, laccases, ligninases, lactase, glucanase, and glucose oxidase. Thus, here, an approach has been made to highlight five enzymes namely amylase, cellulase, laccase, pectinase, and xylanase from different sources with special emphasis on their properties, mechanism, applications, production optimization, purification, molecular approaches for its enhanced and stable production, and also biotechnological perspectives of its future development. Also, green and sustainable catalytic conversion strategies using nanoparticles of these enzymes have also been discussed. This review will provide insight into the carbohydrases importance and their usefulness that will help to the researchers working in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilshad Begum Golgeri M
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Allied Health Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous Kalyanagar, Bangalore, India
| | - Sikandar I Mulla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Allied Health Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, India
| | - Zabin K Bagewadi
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka, India
| | - Swati Tyagi
- IRRI- South Asia Regional centre, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anyi Hu
- Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Xiamen, China
| | - Swati Sharma
- University Institute of Biotechnology (UIBT), Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Ram Naresh Bharagava
- Department of Microbiology (DM), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Ashok Kumar Nadda
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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17
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Hirooka K. RhgKL and CcpA directly regulate the rhiLFGN-rhgR-yesTUV operon involved in the metabolism of rhamnogalacturonan type I in Bacillus subtilis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:1383-1397. [PMID: 35881471 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The Bacillus subtilis rhiLFGN-rhgR-yesTUVWXYZ (formerly yesOPQRSTUVWXYZ) gene cluster includes genes for metabolizing rhamnogalacturonan type I (RG-I), a major pectin constituent, and the rhgR gene encoding an AraC/XylS transcriptional activator. The yesL-rhgKL (formerly yesLMN) operon, adjacent to the rhiL gene, includes the rhgKL genes encoding a two-component regulatory system. The reporter analyses showed that three promoters immediately upstream of the rhiL, yesW, and yesL genes were induced by RG-I and repressed by glucose in the medium. The reporter analyses also showed that RhgL and RhgR contribute to the RG-I-dependent induction of the rhiL promoter and that CcpA mediates the catabolite repression of the rhiL and yesL promoters. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that the RhgL response regulator and the CcpA complex bind to each site in the rhiL promoter region. The RT-PCR analysis and the different properties of the rhiL and yesW promoters suggested the rhiLFGN-rhgR-yesTUV genes as an operon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutake Hirooka
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
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18
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Liu C, Qin X, Liu B, Xu X, Deng A, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang W. High-yield production of acidic pectin lyase PNLZJ5B for juice processing. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:1055-1062. [PMID: 35771175 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A pectin lyase gene pnlzj5b from Aspergillus niger ZJ5 was identified and overexpressed successfully in Pichia pastoris. Recombinant PNLZJ5B exhibited high activity toward citrus pectin (150 U mL-1 ). Through further codon optimization, the expression efficiency of PNLZJ5B in P. pastoris increased to 3.5-fold (532 U mL-1 /150 U mL-1 ). PNLZJ5B was purified by ultrafiltration, anion exchange, and gel chromatography. It showed optimal activity and good stability at 58°C and pH 4.5. PNLZJ5B activity improved with increasing degrees of methyl esterification of pectin. The Km and Vmax values were 0.81 mg mL-1 and 372.8 μmol·min-1 ·mg-1 , respectively. In addition, PNLZJ5B effectively decreased the viscosity of apple juice. Compared with commercial pectin lyase, PNLZJ5B obtained a higher juice volume. These favorable enzymatic properties of PNLZJ5B show potential utility in juice-processing applications and other food-related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Liu
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, P. R. China.,Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xing Qin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Angie Deng
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford, Palo Alto, California, 94303, USA
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
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19
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Reginatto C, Posso dos Santos G, Costa Ramos K, Borges Folle A, Campos de Souza B, Meneghel L, Carra S, Polidoro TA, Moura da Silveira M, Valduga E, Malvessi E. Inoculation conditions improved the pectinase productivity in Aspergillus niger LB-02-SF solid-state cultivation. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Pectinase from Microorganisms and Its Industrial Applications. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:1881305. [PMID: 35311220 PMCID: PMC8933074 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1881305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of microbial pectinase in different industries has been increased in its world demand. The major sources of pectinase are microorganisms mainly bacteria, fungi and yeast. The utilization of low-cost agro-industrial wastes as substrates has been preferable in pectinase production. Pectinase production faced various parameters optimization constraints such as temperature, pH and production times which are the main factors in pectinase production. The pectinase enzyme is getting attention due to its several advantages; hence, it needs to be explored further to take its maximum advantage in different industries. This review discusses the pectin substance structure, substrate for pectinase production, factors influencing pectinase production, the industrial application of microbial pectinase and also discusses challenges and future opportunities of applying microbial pectinase in industry.
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21
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Lodhi MS, Shaheen A, Khan MT, Shafiq MI, Samra ZQ, Wei DQ. A novel method of affinity purification and characterization of polygalacturonase of Aspergillus flavus by galacturonic acid engineered magnetic nanoparticle. Food Chem 2022; 372:131317. [PMID: 34818738 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pectinases hydrolyze pectin and make up 25% of global food processing enzyme sales. In this study, we aimed to purify exo-polygalacturonase (Exo-PG) by using galacturonic acid conjugated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and examined its application in juice purification. The submerged fermentation was carried out in the presence of apple pectin (1%) to promote production of exo-PG from Aspergillus flavus. Maximum exo-PG activity was observed after 4 days (30 °C and pH 5.0). A single protein band (66 kDa) of purified exo-PG was observed in SDS-PAGE. Purification of exo-PG enzyme was ∼ 10 fold with a yield of 29%. The enzyme retained 98% activity in the presence of 15 % glycerol at 4 °C. The purified exo-PG using MNPs yielded a 10-12% increase in juice production as compare to without treated fruit juice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of affinity purification of exo-PG enzyme, using engineered magnetic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha Shahzad Lodhi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology University of the Lahore, Lahore 58810, Pakistan.
| | - Ayesha Shaheen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir Khan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology University of the Lahore, Lahore 58810, Pakistan; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz Shafiq
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore and Centre for Bioinformatics and Drug Design, University of the Punjab, Lahore.
| | - Zahoor Qadir Samra
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China; Peng Cheng Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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22
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Enzyme Immobilization and Co-Immobilization: Main Framework, Advances and Some Applications. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are outstanding (bio)catalysts, not solely on account of their ability to increase reaction rates by up to several orders of magnitude but also for the high degree of substrate specificity, regiospecificity and stereospecificity. The use and development of enzymes as robust biocatalysts is one of the main challenges in biotechnology. However, despite the high specificities and turnover of enzymes, there are also drawbacks. At the industrial level, these drawbacks are typically overcome by resorting to immobilized enzymes to enhance stability. Immobilization of biocatalysts allows their reuse, increases stability, facilitates process control, eases product recovery, and enhances product yield and quality. This is especially important for expensive enzymes, for those obtained in low fermentation yield and with relatively low activity. This review provides an integrated perspective on (multi)enzyme immobilization that abridges a critical evaluation of immobilization methods and carriers, biocatalyst metrics, impact of key carrier features on biocatalyst performance, trends towards miniaturization and detailed illustrative examples that are representative of biocatalytic applications promoting sustainability.
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23
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Laothanachareon T, Bunterngsook B, Champreda V. Profiling multi-enzyme activities of Aspergillus niger strains growing on various agro-industrial residues. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:17. [PMID: 34926121 PMCID: PMC8671598 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Agro-industrial wastes provide potential sources of carbon for production of fungal enzymes applied for various biotechnological applications. In this study, 23 strains of Aspergillus niger were systematically investigated for their capability on production of carbohydrate-processing enzymes used in industries. The strains were grown on glucose or selected agricultural wastes comprising varied chemical compositions as the sole carbon source. As a control, glucose induced basal activities of amylase, pectinase, and xylanase in only a few strains, while the CMCase, β-glucanase, and invertase activities were detected only when the carbon source was switched to the agro-industrial biomass. According to one-way ANOVA analysis, banana peels containing lignocellulosic components with high pectin and starch contents with its easily digestible nature, were found to be the best carbon source for inducing production of most target enzymes, while the cellulose-rich sugarcane bagasse efficiently promoted maximal levels of β-glucanase and xylanase activities. The starch fiber-rich cassava pulp also effectively supported the activities of amylase and most other enzymes, but at relatively lower levels compared to those obtained with banana peel. The A. niger TL11 strain was considered the most potent strain for production of all target enzymes with the CMCase, xylanase, pectinase, β-glucanase, amylase, and invertase activities of 76.15, 601.59, 160.89, 409.20, 426.73, and 1186.94 U/mL, respectively. The results provide insights into the efficiency of various carbon sources with different chemical compositions on inducing the target enzymes as well as the dissimilarity of A. niger strains on the production of different carbohydrate-processing enzymes. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03086-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanaporn Laothanachareon
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biorefinery and Bioproduct Technology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, 12120 Pathumthani Thailand
| | - Benjarat Bunterngsook
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biorefinery and Bioproduct Technology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, 12120 Pathumthani Thailand
| | - Verawat Champreda
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biorefinery and Bioproduct Technology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, 12120 Pathumthani Thailand
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24
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New insights in pectinase production development and industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:9069-9087. [PMID: 34846574 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pectinase, a group of pectin degrading enzymes, is one of the most influential industrial enzymes, helpful in producing a wide variety of products with good qualities. These enzymes are biocatalysts and are highly specific, non-toxic, sustainable, and eco-friendly. Consequently, both pectin and pectinase are crucially essential biomolecules with extensive applicatory perception in the biotechnological sector. The market demand and application of pectinases in new sectors are continuously increasing. However, due to the high cost of the substrate used for the growth of microbes, the production of pectinase using microorganisms is limited. Therefore, low-cost or no-cost substrates, such as various agricultural biomasses, are emphasized in producing pectinases. The importance and implications of pectinases are rising in diverse areas, including bioethanol production, extraction of DNA, and protoplast isolation from a plant. Therefore, this review briefly describes the structure of pectin, types and source of pectinases, substrates and strategies used for pectinases production, and emphasizes diverse potential applications of pectinases. The review also has included a list of pectinases producing microbes and alternative substrates for commercial production of pectinase applicable in pectinase-based industrial technology.Key points• Pectinase applications are continuously expanding.• Organic wastes can be used as low-cost sources of pectin.• Utilization of wastes helps to reduce pollution.
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25
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Desagiacomo CCV, Alnoch RC, Pinheiro VE, Cereia M, Machado CB, Damasio A, Augusto MJ, Pedersoli W, Silva RN, Polizeli MDLTDM. Structural model and functional properties of an exo-polygalacturonase from Neosartorya glabra. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:909-918. [PMID: 34274400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A purified exo-polygalacturonase of Neosartorya glabra (EplNg) was successfully characterized. EplNg native presented 68.2 kDa, with 32% carbohydrate content. The deglycosylated form showed 46.3 kDa and isoelectric point of 5.4. The identity of EplNg was confirmed as an exo-polygalacturonase class I (EC 3.2.1.67) using mass spectrometry and Western-Blotting. Capillary electrophoresis indicated that only galacturonic acid was released by the action of EplNg on sodium polypectate, confirming an exoenzyme character. The structural model confers that EplNg has a core formed by twisted parallel β-sheets structure. Among twelve putative cysteines, ten were predicted to form disulfide bridges. The catalytic triad predicted is composed of Asp223, Asp245, and Asp246 aligned along with a distance in 4-5 Å, suggesting that EplNg probably does not perform the standard inverting catalytic mechanism described for the GH28 family. EplNg was active from 30 to 90 °C, with maximum activity at 65 °C, pH 5.0. The Km and Vmax determined using sodium polypectate were 6.9 mg·mL-1 and Vmax 690 μmol·min-1.mg-1, respectively. EplNg was active and stable over a wide range of pH values and temperatures, confirming the interesting properties EplNg and provide a basis for the development of the enzyme in different biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cristina Villela Desagiacomo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Robson Carlos Alnoch
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Elisa Pinheiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Cereia
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Carla Botelho Machado
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - André Damasio
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Marlei Josiele Augusto
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Wellington Pedersoli
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto Nascimento Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Teixeira de Moraes Polizeli
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil.
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