1
|
Kim H, Song EJ, Choi E, Kwon KW, Park JH, Shin SJ. Adjunctive administration of parabiotic Lactobacillus sakei CVL-001 ameliorates drug-induced toxicity and pulmonary inflammation during antibiotic treatment for tuberculosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:111937. [PMID: 38569427 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) treatment requires a long therapeutic duration and induces adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity, causing discontinuation of treatment. Reduced adherence to TB medications elevates the risk of recurrence and the development of drug resistance. Additionally, severe cavitary TB with a high burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and inflammation-mediated tissue damage may need an extended treatment duration, resulting in a higher tendency of drug-induced toxicity. We previously reported that the administration of Lactobacillus sakei CVL-001 (L. sakei CVL-001) regulates inflammation and improves mucosal barrier function in a murine colitis model. Since accumulating evidence has reported the functional roles of probiotics in drug-induced liver injury and pulmonary inflammation, we employed a parabiotic form of the L. sakei CVL-001 to investigate whether this supplement may provide beneficial effects on the reduction in drug-induced liver damage and pulmonary inflammation during chemotherapy. Intriguingly, L. sakei CVL-001 administration slightly reduced Mtb burden without affecting lung inflammation and weight loss in both Mtb-resistant and -susceptible mice. Moreover, L. sakei CVL-001 decreased T cell-mediated inflammatory responses and increased regulatory T cells along with an elevated antigen-specific IL-10 production, suggesting that this parabiotic may restrain excessive inflammation during antibiotic treatment. Furthermore, the parabiotic intervention significantly reduced levels of alanine aminotransferase, an indicator of hepatotoxicity, and cell death in liver tissues. Collectively, our data suggest that L. sakei CVL-001 administration has the potential to be an adjunctive therapy by reducing pulmonary inflammation and liver damage during anti-TB drug treatment and may benefit adherence to TB medication in lengthy treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hagyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Song
- Nodcure, Inc., 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Eunsol Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kee Woong Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Nodcure, Inc., 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, South Korea; Laboratory Animal Medicine, Animal Medical Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, South Korea.
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yun M, Jo HE, Kim N, Park HK, Jang YS, Choi GH, Jo HE, Seo JH, Mok JY, Park SM, Choi HJ. Oral Administration of Alcohol-Tolerant Lactic Acid Bacteria Alleviates Blood Alcohol Concentration and Ethanol-Induced Liver Damage in Rodents. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:838-845. [PMID: 38247212 PMCID: PMC11102817 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2312.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption can have serious negative consequences on health, including addiction, liver damage, and other long-term effects. The causes of hangovers include dehydration, alcohol and alcohol metabolite toxicity, and nutrient deficiency due to absorption disorders. Additionally, alcohol consumption can slow reaction times, making it more difficult to rapidly respond to situations that require quick thinking. Exposure to a large amount of ethanol can also negatively affect a person's righting reflex and balance. In this study, we evaluated the potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to alleviate alcohol-induced effects and behavioral responses. Two LAB strains isolated from kimchi, Levilactobacillus brevis WiKim0168 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides WiKim0172, were selected for their ethanol tolerance and potential to alleviate hangover symptoms. Enzyme activity assays for alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) were then conducted to evaluate the role of these bacteria in alcohol metabolism. Through in vitro and in vivo studies, these strains were assessed for their ability to reduce blood alcohol concentrations and protect against alcohol-induced liver damage. The results indicated that these LAB strains possess significant ethanol tolerance and elevate ADH and ALDH activities. LAB administration remarkably reduced blood alcohol levels in rats after excessive alcohol consumption. Moreover, the LAB strains showed hepatoprotective effects and enhanced behavioral outcomes, highlighting their potential as probiotics for counteracting the adverse effects of alcohol consumption. These findings support the development of functional foods incorporating LAB strains that can mediate behavioral improvements following alcohol intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misun Yun
- Technology Innovation Research Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Eun Jo
- Technology Innovation Research Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhee Kim
- Technology Innovation Research Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Kyeong Park
- Technology Innovation Research Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seo Jang
- Technology Innovation Research Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Hee Choi
- Technology Innovation Research Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
- Division of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Eun Jo
- Technology Innovation Research Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
- Division of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ji Ye Mok
- Pharmsville Co., Ltd., Seoul 07793, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Park
- Pharmsville Co., Ltd., Seoul 07793, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Jong Choi
- Technology Innovation Research Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang CM, Chien MY, Wang LY, Chuang CH, Chen CH. Goji Ferment Ameliorated Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in vitro and in vivo. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1102-1112. [PMID: 35796949 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09956-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of lyophilized powder of goji ferment (LPGF) against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatic damage in Hep3B cells and in mice. Eleven strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were selected and their hepatoprotection against APAP-induced cellular damage in Hep3B cell line was evaluated. Four strains of LAB, including BCRC11652 (Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides), BCRC14619 (Lactobacillus gasseri), KODA-1 (Pediococcus acidilactici), and KODA-2 (Limosilactobacillus fermentum), have hepatoprotective potential against APAP in vitro. Goji significantly stimulated the growth of individual and combined strains of LAB and the optimal fermented condition was the treatment of goji at 10% (w/w) for 24 h. The prepared lyophilized powder of goji ferment (LPGF) containing fifteen combinations of LAB strains was used to explore their hepatoprotection in vitro. LPGF containing all combinations of LAB strains, except for KODA-2, significantly restored APAP-reduced cell viability and improved APAP-increased cellular levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). In mice model, LPGF containing BCRC11652, BCRC14619, and KODA-2 was chosen to evaluate its hepatoprotection against APAP-induced liver injury. LPGF at diverse doses have a tendency but no significant improvement on APAP-reduced body weight gain and liver weight. LPGF significantly decreased APAP-increased serum ALT and AST levels in a dose-dependent manner. At the end of experiment, LPGF significantly and dose-dependently reversed APAP-reduced activities of GSH and antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in hepatic tissue. Overall, LPGF was demonstrated to exhibit hepatoprotection against APAP-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Min Yang
- Ko Da Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Pingzhen Dist, No.20-1, Gongye 3rd Rd, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yin Chien
- Ko Da Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Pingzhen Dist, No.20-1, Gongye 3rd Rd, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, No. 1018 Sec. 6 Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 43302, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Chuang
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, No. 1018 Sec. 6 Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 43302, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Hsiang Chen
- Ko Da Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Pingzhen Dist, No.20-1, Gongye 3rd Rd, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cong B, Zhang H, Li S, Liu S, Lin J, Deng A, Liu W, Yang Y. Taxonomic Identification of the Arctic Strain Nocardioides Arcticus Sp. Nov. and Global Transcriptomic Analysis in Response to Hydrogen Peroxide Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13943. [PMID: 37762246 PMCID: PMC10531085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms living in polar regions rely on specialized mechanisms to adapt to extreme environments. The study of their stress adaptation mechanisms is a hot topic in international microbiology research. In this study, a bacterial strain (Arc9.136) isolated from Arctic marine sediments was selected to implement polyphasic taxonomic identification based on factors such as genetic characteristics, physiological and biochemical properties, and chemical composition. The results showed that strain Arc9.136 is classified to the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides arcticus sp. nov. is proposed. The ozone hole over the Arctic leads to increased ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation, and low temperatures lead to increased dissolved content in seawater. These extreme environmental conditions result in oxidative stress, inducing a strong response in microorganisms. Based on the functional classification of significantly differentially expressed genes under 1 mM H2O2 stress, we suspect that Arc9.136 may respond to oxidative stress through the following strategies: (1) efficient utilization of various carbon sources to improve carbohydrate transport and metabolism; (2) altering ion transport and metabolism by decreasing the uptake of divalent iron (to avoid the Fenton reaction) and increasing the utilization of trivalent iron (to maintain intracellular iron homeostasis); (3) increasing the level of cell replication, DNA repair, and defense functions, repairing DNA damage caused by H2O2; (4) and changing the composition of lipids in the cell membrane and reducing the sensitivity of lipid peroxidation. This study provides insights into the stress resistance mechanisms of microorganisms in extreme environments and highlights the potential for developing low-temperature active microbial resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bailin Cong
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; (S.L.); (J.L.); (A.D.); (W.L.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (H.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;
| | - Shenghao Liu
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; (S.L.); (J.L.); (A.D.); (W.L.)
| | - Jing Lin
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; (S.L.); (J.L.); (A.D.); (W.L.)
| | - Aifang Deng
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; (S.L.); (J.L.); (A.D.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenqi Liu
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; (S.L.); (J.L.); (A.D.); (W.L.)
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (H.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu Y, Zou X, Zhao X, Ma X, Yao X, Wen Y. Lactobacillus plantarum CQPC02 intervenes in mouse lupus nephritis by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2093-2102. [PMID: 37526890 PMCID: PMC10485216 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A strain of Lactobacillus plantarum CQPC02 (LP-CQPC02) isolated from naturally fermented kimchi was utilized in this investigation. In order to construct an animal model of lupus nephritis, pristane was used. We then used a kit to identify markers in mouse blood and tissues and a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to measure the expression of genes associated to nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in mouse kidney tissue. According to the results of the experiments, oral administration of LP-CQPC02 LP-CQPC02 may lessen the lupus nephritis-related rise in urine protein as well as the cytokine levels that were rising in the serum and renal tissues, including IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interferon. Additionally, in mice with nephritis, LP-CQPC02 can lower serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and raise total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) levels. In mice with nephritis, LP-CQPC02 can also reduce the positive rate of double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA). Pathological sections were examined, and it was shown that LP-CQPC02 can lessen tissue damage such incomplete glomerular morphology and inflammatory infiltration brought on by nephritis. In the kidneys of mice with lupus nephritis, LP-CQPC02 can upregulate the expression of inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB-α), downregulate the expression of NF-κB, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Lactobacillus plantarum CQPC02 has been confirmed to have an intervention effect on nephritis in mice and has the potential as a probiotic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400700, China
| | - Xiaochuan Zou
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Thankcome Biological Science and Technology (Su Zhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, 215326, China
| | - Xi Yao
- Department of Nephrology, The Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400700, China.
| | - Yan Wen
- Department of Nephrology, The Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400700, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abu-Elfotuh K, Selim HMRM, Riad OKM, Hamdan AME, Hassanin SO, Sharif AF, Moustafa NM, Gowifel AM, Mohamed MYA, Atwa AM, Zaghlool SS, El-Din MN. The protective effects of sesamol and/or the probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, against aluminum chloride-induced neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats: Modulation of Wnt/β-catenin/GSK-3β, JAK-2/STAT-3, PPAR-γ, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1208252. [PMID: 37601053 PMCID: PMC10436218 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1208252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Aluminium (Al) is accumulated in the brain causing neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis, autism and epilepsy. Hence, attenuation of Al-induced neurotoxicity has become a "hot topic" in looking for an intervention that slow down the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Objective: Our study aims to introduce a new strategy for hampering aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced neurotoxicity using a combination of sesamol with the probiotic bacteria; Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) and also to test their possible ameliorative effects on AlCl3-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10/group) which are control, AlCl3, AlCl3 + Sesamol, AlCl3 + L. rhamnosus and AlCl3 + Sesamol + L. rhamnosus. We surveilled the behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological alterations centrally in the brain and peripherally in liver. Results: This work revealed that the combined therapy of sesamol and L. rhamnosus produced marked reduction in brain amyloid-β, p-tau, GSK-3β, inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers, along with marked elevation in brain free β-catenin and Wnt3a, compared to AlCl3-intoxicated rats. Also, the combined therapy exerted pronounced reduction in hepatic expressions of JAK-2/STAT-3, inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, NF-κB), fibrotic (MMP-2, TIMP-1, α-SMA) and apoptotic markers, (caspase-3), together with marked elevation in hepatic PPAR-γ expression, compared to AlCl3 -intoxicated rats. Behavioral and histopathological assessments substantiated the efficiency of this combined regimen in halting the effect of neurotoxicity. Discussion: Probiotics can be used as an add-on therapy with sesamol ameliorate AlCl3 -mediated neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karema Abu-Elfotuh
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Mohammed Refat M. Selim
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omnia Karem M. Riad
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. E. Hamdan
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soha Osama Hassanin
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information (MTI), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F. Sharif
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Clinical Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouran Magdy Moustafa
- Basic Medical Science Department, College of Medicine, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayah M.H. Gowifel
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information (MTI), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Y. A. Mohamed
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Atwa
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sameh S. Zaghlool
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information (MTI), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Nour El-Din
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City (USC), Menoufia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shu X, Wang J, Zhao L, Wang J, Wang P, Zhang F, Wang R. Bifidobacterium lactis TY-S01 protects against alcoholic liver injury in mice by regulating intestinal barrier function and gut microbiota. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17878. [PMID: 37539263 PMCID: PMC10395298 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-induced liver injury poses a significant threat to human health. Probiotics have been proven to prevent and treat alcohol-induced liver injury. In this study, the preventive effect of Bifidobacterium lactis TY-S01 on alcohol-induced liver injury in mice was investigated. TY-S01 pretreatment effectively protected mice against alcohol-induced liver injury by preserving the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in serum and maintaining the levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β in liver tissue. Additionally, TY-S01 could maintain the endotoxin levels in serum, maintain the mRNA expression levels of zonula occluden-1, occludin, claudin-1 and claudin-3 in the gut, and prevent gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice with alcoholic liver injury. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that there was a clear correlation among serum indicators, inflammatory cytokines and gut microbiota. In conclusion, TY-S01 attenuates alcohol-induced liver injury by protecting the integrity of the intestinal barrier and maintaining the balance of the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Shu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Industry and Informatization of Probiotic Fermentation Technology in Dairy Products, Chongqing Tianyou Dairy Co., Ltd., Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Industry and Informatization of Probiotic Fermentation Technology in Dairy Products, Chongqing Tianyou Dairy Co., Ltd., Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Industry and Informatization of Probiotic Fermentation Technology in Dairy Products, Chongqing Tianyou Dairy Co., Ltd., Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mishra G, Singh P, Molla M, Yimer YS, Dinda SC, Chandra P, Singh BK, Dagnew SB, Assefa AN, Ewunetie A. Harnessing the potential of probiotics in the treatment of alcoholic liver disorders. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1212742. [PMID: 37361234 PMCID: PMC10287977 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1212742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current scenario, prolonged consumption of alcohol across the globe is upsurging an appreciable number of patients with the risk of alcohol-associated liver diseases. According to the recent report, the gut-liver axis is crucial in the progression of alcohol-induced liver diseases, including steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite several factors associated with alcoholic liver diseases, the complexity of the gut microflora and its great interaction with the liver have become a fascinating area for researchers due to the high exposure of the liver to free radicals, bacterial endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides, inflammatory markers, etc. Undoubtedly, alcohol-induced gut microbiota imbalance stimulates dysbiosis, disrupts the intestinal barrier function, and trigger immune as well as inflammatory responses which further aggravate hepatic injury. Since currently available drugs to mitigate liver disorders have significant side effects, hence, probiotics have been widely researched to alleviate alcohol-associated liver diseases and to improve liver health. A broad range of probiotic bacteria like Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Escherichia coli, Sacchromyces, and Lactococcus are used to reduce or halt the progression of alcohol-associated liver diseases. Several underlying mechanisms, including alteration of the gut microbiome, modulation of intestinal barrier function and immune response, reduction in the level of endotoxins, and bacterial translocation, have been implicated through which probiotics can effectively suppress the occurrence of alcohol-induced liver disorders. This review addresses the therapeutic applications of probiotics in the treatment of alcohol-associated liver diseases. Novel insights into the mechanisms by which probiotics prevent alcohol-associated liver diseases have also been elaborated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Mishra
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Pradeep Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Molla
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Shumet Yimer
- Social Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | | | - Phool Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, India
| | | | - Samuel Berihun Dagnew
- Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Nigussie Assefa
- Social Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Amien Ewunetie
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen S, Yi J, Suo K, Kang Q, Lu L, Lu J. Probiotic properties and proteomics analysis of ethanol-induced Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IL1403. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:197. [PMID: 37183191 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that ethanol-induced intracellular extracts (E-IEs) of Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis IL1403 (L. lactis IL1403) alleviated hangovers more effectively in mice than untreated intracellular extracts (U-IEs), but the material basis was unclear. Considering that stress-related proteins might play a significant role, the effects of ethanol induction on probiotic properties of L. lactis IL1403 and the associated stress response mechanism were initially explored in this study. E-IEs of L. lactis IL1403 showed better biological activities, significantly increased bacteria survival rates in oxidative stress environments, increased ADH activity, and enhanced proliferation in RAW264.7 and AML-12 cells. Proteomic analyses revealed that 414 proteins were significantly changed in response to ethanol induction. The expression of proteins involved in the universal stress response, DNA repair, oxidative stress response, and ethanol metabolism was rapidly upregulated under ethanol stress, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results were consistent with proteomic data. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that citrate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly enriched during ethanol stress to increase energy requirements and survival rates of stressed cells. Based on this observation, the active induction is an effective strategy for increasing the biological activity of L. lactis IL1403. Exploring the molecular mechanism and material basis of their functions in vivo can help us understand the adaptive regulatory mechanism of microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Chen
- Physical Education College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Juanjuan Yi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Keke Suo
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qiaozhen Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Laizheng Lu
- Zhengzhou Mindtek Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jike Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rezgui R, Walia R, Sharma J, Sidhu D, Alshagadali K, Ray Chaudhuri S, Saeed A, Dey P. Chemically Defined Lactobacillus plantarum Cell-Free Metabolites Demonstrate Cytoprotection in HepG2 Cells through Nrf2-Dependent Mechanism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040930. [PMID: 37107305 PMCID: PMC10136174 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Centering around the concept that metabolites from the gut commensals can exert metabolic health benefits along the gut-liver axis, we tested whether the cell-free global metabolome of probiotic bacteria can exert hepatoprotective benefits against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Cell-free global metabolites of Lactobacillus plantarum (LPM) were isolated and untargeted metabolomics was performed. The free radical scavenging potentials of LPM were measured. The cytoprotective effects of LPM were tested on HepG2 cells. A total of 66 diverse metabolites were identified in LPM, among which saturated fatty acids, amino acids and dicarboxylic acids were highly enriched. LPM attenuated cell damage, lipid peroxidation and the levels of intracellular cytoprotective enzymes in H2O2-treated cells. LPM also attenuated H2O2-induced increased expressions of TNF-α and IL-6. However, the cytoprotective effects of LPM were diminished in cells that were pretreated with a pharmacological inhibitor of Nrf2. Our data collectively indicate that LPM can significantly attenuate oxidative damage to HepG2 cells. However, the cytoprotective effects of LPM likely depend on an Nrf2-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Rezgui
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Hail, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruhi Walia
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Dwinder Sidhu
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Khalid Alshagadali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Hail, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saumya Ray Chaudhuri
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Amir Saeed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Hail, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Medical Sciences & Technology, Khartoum 12810, Sudan
| | - Priyankar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sedik AA, Hassan A, Salama A. Synergistic effect of arginine and Lactobacillus plantarum against potassium dichromate induced-acute liver and kidney injury in rats: Role of iNOS and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:941-952. [PMID: 37427328 PMCID: PMC10329243 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.68855.15108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Our study was conducted to evaluate the synergistic effect of arginine (ARG) and Lactobacillus plantarum against potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) induced-acute hepatic and kidney injury. Materials and Methods Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. The control group received distilled water. The potassium dichromate group (PDC) received a single dose of PDC (20 mg/kg; SC). The arginine group (ARG) and Lactobacillus plantarum group received either daily doses of ARG (100 mg/kg, PO) or L. plantarum (109 CFU/ml, PO) for 14 days. The combination group (ARG+L. plantarum) received daily doses of ARG (100 mg/kg) with L. plantarum (109 CFU/ml), orally for 14 days, before induction of acute liver and kidney injury. Forty eight hours after the last dose of PDC, serum biochemical indices, oxidative stress biomarkers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis were evaluated. Results Combining ARG with L. plantarum restored the levels of serum hepatic & kidney enzymes, hepatic & renal oxidative stress biomarkers, and TLR 4/ NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, they succeeded in decreasing the expression of iNOS and ameliorate the hepatic and renal markers of apoptosis: Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl2. Conclusion This study depicts that combining ARG with L. plantarum exerted a new bacteriotherapy against hepatic and renal injury caused by PDC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Sedik
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 12622, Egypt
| | - Azza Hassan
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University
| | - Abeer Salama
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jung H, You S, Choi SI, Kang CH, Kim GH. Levilactobacillus brevis MG5311 Alleviates Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury by Suppressing Hepatic Oxidative Stress in C57BL/6 Mice. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122488. [PMID: 36557739 PMCID: PMC9781832 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD), caused by excessive alcohol consumption, leads to high mortality. We investigated the hepatoprotective effect of Levilactobacillus brevis MG5311 in C57BL/6 mice with liver injuries induced by chronic ethanol plus binge feeding. L. brevis MG5311 was administered orally at a dose of 1 × 109 CFU/mouse once daily for 32 days. L. brevis MG5311 administration significantly reduced serum ALT, AST, and triglyceride (TG) levels in ethanol-fed mice. L. brevis MG5311 also decreased malondialdehyde levels and increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in liver tissues. In addition, hepatic TG content and histopathological scores were significantly reduced. L. brevis MG5311 increased the protein expression of SIRT1, PPARα, SOD1, CAT, and GPx 1/2 in liver tissue, while inhibiting CYP2E1 and SREBP-1c. These results indicated that L. brevis MG5311 alleviated ethanol-induced liver injury by inhibiting hepatic oxidative stress and promoting lipid metabolism. Therefore, L. brevis MG5311 may be a useful probiotic candidate for ameliorating or preventing ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunna Jung
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyeon You
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Im Choi
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
- MEDIOGEN, Co., Ltd., Biovalley 1-ro, Jecheon-si 27159, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-I.C.); (G.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-2-901-8662 (S.-I.C.); +82-2-901-8496 (G.-H.K.)
| | - Chang-Ho Kang
- MEDIOGEN, Co., Ltd., Biovalley 1-ro, Jecheon-si 27159, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-I.C.); (G.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-2-901-8662 (S.-I.C.); +82-2-901-8496 (G.-H.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang Q, Shi J, Zhao M, Ruan G, Dai Z, Xue Y, Shi D, Xu C, Yu O, Wang F, Xue Z. Microbial treatment of alcoholic liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1054265. [PMID: 36479298 PMCID: PMC9719948 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1054265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is characterized by impaired liver function due to chronic alcohol consumption, even fatal in severe cases. We performed a meta-analysis to determine whether microbial agents have therapeutic potential for ALD and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-one studies were eligible for this meta-analysis after searching the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases. The combined analysis showed that microbial therapy significantly decreased hepatic enzymatic parameters, including alanine transaminase [standardized mean difference (SMD): -2.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): -3.33 to -2.07], aspartate aminotransferase (SMD: -3.37, 95% CI: -4.25 to -2.49), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (SMD: -2.07, 95% CI: -3.01 to -1.12), and alkaline phosphatase (SMD: -2.12, 95% CI: -3.32 to -0.92). Microbial agents endotoxin to enter the portal circulation and increasing reduced total cholesterol (SMD = -2.75, 95%CI -4.03 to -1.46) and triglycerides (SMD = -2.64, 95% CI: -3.22 to -2.06). Microbial agents increased amounts of the beneficial flora Lactobacillus (SMD: 4.40, 95% CI: 0.97-7.84) and Bifidobacteria (SMD: 3.84, 95% CI: 0.22-7.45), Bacteroidetes (SMD: 2.51, 95% CI: 0.29-4.72) and decreased harmful Proteobacteria (SMD: -4.18, 95% CI: -6.60 to -1.77), protecting the integrity of the intestinal epithelium and relieving endotoxin (SMD: -2.70, 95% CI: -3.52 to -2.17) into the portal vein, thereby reducing the production of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (SMD: -3.35, 95% CI: -4.31 to -2.38), interleukin-6 (SMD: -4.28, 95% CI: -6.13 to -2.43), and interleukin-1β (SMD: -4.28, 95% CI: -6.37 to -2.19). Oxidative stress was also relieved, as evidenced by decreased malondialdehyde levels (SMD: -4.70, 95% CI: -6.21 to -3.20). Superoxide dismutase (SMD: 2.65, 95% CI: 2.16-3.15) and glutathione levels (SMD: 3.80, 95% CI: 0.95-6.66) were elevated. CONCLUSION Microbial agents can reverse dysbiosis in ALD, thus significantly interfering with lipid metabolism, relieving inflammatory response and inhibiting oxidative stress to improve liver function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinjian Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiangmin Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gaoyi Ruan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zebin Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yilang Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dibang Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Changlong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ouyue Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fangyan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhanxiong Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ameliorative Impacts of Wheat Germ Oil against Ethanol-Induced Hepatic and Renal Dysfunction in Rats: Involvement of Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Apoptotic, and Antioxidant Signaling Pathways. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12101671. [PMID: 36295108 PMCID: PMC9605469 DOI: 10.3390/life12101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Wheat germ oil (WGO) is a well-known product with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The current study aimed to investigate the impacts of WGO against ethanol-induced liver and kidney dysfunction at the serum, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways. Rats received saline orally as a negative control or WGO in a dose of 1.5 mL/kg (1400 mg/kg body weight orally) for 15 days. The affected group received ethanol 50% v/v 10 mL/kg (5 g/kg) body weight orally once a day for consecutive 15 days to induce hepatorenal injuries in ethanolic non-treated group. The protective group received WGO daily 1 h before ethanol administration. Serum (1.5 mL) from blood was extracted and examined for the changes in biochemical assessments in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin, serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), total protein, serum albumin, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), urea, creatinine, uric acid, potassium (K+), Beta-2 microglobulin (β2M), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Kidney and liver homogenate was used to measure MDA, GSH and catalase activities. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to express Nrf2 and HO-1 in liver, and NF-kB and kidney injury molecule (KIM-1) in kidneys, which are correlated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Capase-3 and Bcl2 genes were examined using immunohistochemical analysis in the kidney and liver. Ethanol administration induced significant alteration in examined liver and kidney markers (AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, total proteins, urea, creatinine and uric acid). Moreover, alcohol administration decreased antioxidant activities at serum and hepatorenal tissues (GSH, catalase and SOD), while MDA was increased as a tissue degradation marker. Inflammatory cytokines, together with genes of oxidative stress markers (Nrf2 and HO-1), were all affected. At cellular levels, apoptotic marker caspase-3 was upregulated, while antiapoptotic marker B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), was down regulated using immunohistochemical analysis. Of interest, pretreatment with WGO improved the side effects induced by ethanol on hepatic, renal biomarkers and reversed its impact on serum and tissue antioxidant parameters. Nrf2/HO-1 were upregulated, while NFk-B and KIM-1 were downregulated using real time PCR. Immune reactivities of caspase-3 and Bcl2 genes were restored in the protective group. In conclusion, WGO ameliorated ethanol-induced hepatic and renal dysfunction at the biochemical, molecular and cellular levels by regulating some mechanisms that controls oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation and anti-apoptotic pathways.
Collapse
|
15
|
Cheng L, Yao P, Wang H, Yuan Q, Wang X, Feng W, Sun F, Wang Q. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HFY15 on Lupus Nephritis in Mice by Regulation of the TGF-β1 Signaling Pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:2851-2860. [PMID: 36051155 PMCID: PMC9427121 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s363974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In this study, the Lactobacillus plantarum HFY15 (LP-HFY15) strain isolated from naturally fermented yak yogurt was investigated. An animal model of lupus nephritis was established by pristane to verify the interventional effect of LP-HFY15 on mouse lupus nephritis by regulating the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling pathway. Materials and Methods Indexes in mouse serum and tissues were detected by kits, pathological changes in mouse kidney were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect TGF-β 1-related expression in mouse kidney tissue, which further elucidated the mechanism of LP-HFY15. Results LP-HFY15 decreased the elevation of urinary protein and the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interferon γ (IFN-γ) in serum and kidney tissue. LP-HFY15 also reduced serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and raised total protein (TP), and albumin (ALB) levels in mice with nephritis. In addition, LP-HFY15 inhibited the positive rate of double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) antibodies in mice with nephritis. The observation of H&E sections showed that LP-HFY15 alleviated the glomerulus morphological incompleteness and inflammatory infiltration caused by nephritis. Further results showed that LP-HFY15 downregulated the mRNA expression of TGF-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in the kidneys of lupus nephritis mice, and the expression of inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB-α), copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) was also upregulated. Conclusion These results indicated that LP-HFY15 plays a significant role in experimental intervention for lupus nephritis. The effect of LP-HFY15 was positively correlated with its concentration, and the effect was similar to that of prednisone at 109 CFU/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pu Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongping Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengjun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Qian Wang; Fengjun Sun, Email ;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lactobacillus plantarum ZY08 relieves chronic alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis and liver injury in mice via restoring intestinal flora homeostasis. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
17
|
Dewanjee S, Dua TK, Paul P, Dey A, Vallamkondu J, Samanta S, Kandimalla R, De Feo V. Probiotics: Evolving as a Potential Therapeutic Option against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071498. [PMID: 35884803 PMCID: PMC9312935 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is the most common prescription medicine around the world for the treatment of pain and fever and is considered to be a safe drug at its therapeutic dose. However, a single overdose or frequent use of APAP can cause severe acute liver injury. APAP hepatotoxicity is a prevalent cause of acute liver disease around the world and the lack of suitable treatment makes it a serious problem. In recent years, there has been a surge in interest in using probiotics and probiotic-derived products, known as postbiotics, as health and disease negotiators. A growing body of evidence revealed that they can be equally effective against APAP hepatotoxicity. Different probiotic bacteria were found to be pre-clinically effective against APAP hepatotoxicity. Different postbiotics have also shown exciting results in preclinical models of APAP hepatotoxicity. This review summarized the protective roles and mechanisms of the different probiotic bacteria and postbiotics against APAP hepatotoxicity, with critical discussion. A brief discussion on potential novel probiotics and postbiotics for oxidative liver injury was also included. This review was written in an attempt to pique the interest of researchers in developing a safe therapeutic option against oxidative liver damage using probiotics and/or postbiotics as dietary supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (V.D.F.); Tel.: +91-33-2457-2043 (S.D.); +39-089-969-751 (V.D.F.)
| | - Tarun K. Dua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur 734013, India; (T.K.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Paramita Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur 734013, India; (T.K.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India;
| | | | - Sonalinandini Samanta
- Department of Dermatology (Skin & Venereology), Employee’s State Insurance Corporation Medical College & Hospital, Patna 801103, India;
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal 506007, India;
- Applied Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka 500007, India
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (V.D.F.); Tel.: +91-33-2457-2043 (S.D.); +39-089-969-751 (V.D.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cai H, Wen Z, Zhao L, Yu D, Meng K, Yang P. Lactobacillus plantarum FRT4 alleviated obesity by modulating gut microbiota and liver metabolome in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Food Nutr Res 2022; 66:7974. [PMID: 35721808 PMCID: PMC9180133 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v66.7974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity has become a global epidemic recognized by the World Health Organization. Probiotics supplementation has been shown to contribute to improve lipid metabolism. However, mechanisms of action of probiotics against obesity are still not clear. Lactobacillus plantarum FRT4, a probiotic previously isolated from a kind of local yogurt, had good acid and bile salt tolerance and lowered cholesterol in vitro. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effect of L. plantarum FRT4 on serum and liver lipid profile, liver metabolomics, and gut microbiota in mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Design Mice were fed with either normal diet or HFD for 16 weeks and administered 0.2 mL of 1 × 109 or 1 × 1010 CFU/mL dosage of L. plantarum FRT4 during the last 8 weeks of the diet. Cecal contents were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Hepatic gene expression and metabolites were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and metabolomics, respectively. Results L. plantarum FRT4 intervention significantly reduced the HFD-induced body weight gain, liver weight, fat weight, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in the liver (P < 0.05). Liver metabolomics demonstrated that the HFD increased choline, glycerophosphocholine, and phosphorylcholine involved in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. All these changes were reversed by FRT4 treatment, bringing the levels close to those in the control group. Further mechanisms showed that FRT4 favorably regulated gut barrier function and pro-inflammatory biomediators. Furthermore, FRT4 intervention altered the gut microbiota profiles and increased microbial diversity. The relative abundances of Bacteroides, Parabateroides, Anaerotruncus, Alistipes, Intestinimonas, Butyicicoccus, and Butyricimonas were significantly upregulated. Finally, Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that several specific genera were strongly correlated with glycerophospholipid metabolites (P < 0.05). Conclusions These findings suggested that L. plantarum FRT4 had beneficial effects against obesity in HFD-induced obese mice and can be used as a potential functional food for the prevention of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Cai
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguo Wen
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Zhao
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dali Yu
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Kun Meng
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peilong Yang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sun M, Yan S, Zhao D, Wang L, Feng T, Yang Y, Li X, Hu W, Yao N, Cui W, Li B. Identified lncRNAs functional modules and genes in prediabetes with hypertriglyceridemia by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:33. [PMID: 35501901 PMCID: PMC9063339 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00665-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is one of the most important comorbidities in abnormal glucose patients. The aim of this study was to identify lncRNAs functional modules and hub genes related to triglyceride (TG) in prediabetes. Methods The study included 12 prediabetic patients: 6 participants with HTG and 6 participants with normal triglyceride (NTG). Whole peripheral blood RNA sequencing was performed for these samples to establish a lncRNA library. WGCNA, KEGG pathways analysis and the PPI network were used to construct co‐expression network, to obtain modules related to blood glucose, and to detect key lncRNAs. Meanwhile, GEO database and qRT-PCR were used to validate above key lncRNAs. Results We found out that the TCONS_00334653 and PVT1, whose target mRNA are MYC and HIST1H2BM, were downregulating in the prediabetes with HTG. Moreover, both of TCONS_00334653 and PVT1 were validated in the GEO database and qRT-PCR. Conclusions Therefore, the TCONS_00334653 and PVT1 were detected the key lncRNAs for the prediabetes with HTG, which might be a potential therapeutic or diagnostic target for the treatment of prediabetes with HTG according to the results of validation in the GEO database, qRT-PCR and ROC curves. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12986-022-00665-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengzi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoumeng Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhao
- Department of Physical Examination Central, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Feng
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixue Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Cui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zeng S, Yi R, Tan F, Sun P, Cheng Q, Zhao X. Lactobacillus plantarum HFY05 Attenuates Carrageenan-Induced Thrombosis in Mice by Regulating NF-κB Pathway-Associated Inflammatory Responses. Front Nutr 2022; 9:813899. [PMID: 35308280 PMCID: PMC8931398 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.813899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a carrageenan-induced thrombus model was established in mice to observe the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum KFY05 (LP-KFY05) to inhibit thrombosis through an NF-κB-associated pathway. Biochemical analysis, microscopical observations, quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) and western blot analysis were used to examine relevant serum and tissue indexes, and the composition of intestinal microorganisms was determined by examining the abundance of microorganisms in feces. The results showed that LP-KFY05 could markedly reduce the degree of black tail in thrombotic mice; increase the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT); and decrease the thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen (FIB) level, and prothrombin time (PT). LP-KFY05 could also reduce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels in sera and renal tissues of thrombotic mice. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that LP-KFY05 could alleviate renal tissue lesions and tail vein thrombosis. qPCR results showed that LP-KFY05 could down-regulate nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65, IL-6, TNF-α, and interferon γ (IFN-γ) mRNA expression in renal tissues, as well as NF-κB p65, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin mRNA expression in tail vein vascular tissues of thrombotic mice. Western blot analysis showed that LP-KFY05 also down-regulated NF-κB protein expression in renal and tail vein vascular tissues of thrombotic mice. Lastly, LP-KFY05 increased the abundances of Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium, as well as decreased the abundance of Firmicutes. These results show that LP-KFY05 can reduce inflammation and inhibit thrombosis in thrombotic mice, and the effects of high concentrations of LP-KFY05 were most pronounced, which were similar to the effects of dipyridamole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Chongqing Banan District, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruokun Yi
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Tan
- Department of Public Health, Our Lady of Fatima University, Valenzuela, Philippines
| | - Peng Sun
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Chongqing Banan District, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Cheng
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
- Xin Zhao
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hu T, Zhou L, Wang X, Zhou X, Yi R, Long X, Zhao X. Prophylactic Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum TKSN02 on Gastric Injury Induced by Hydrochloric Acid/Ethanol in Mice Through Its Antioxidant Capacity. Front Nutr 2022; 9:840566. [PMID: 35299759 PMCID: PMC8921696 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.840566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, the preventive and protective effect of a new Lactobacillus fermentum, (Lactobacillus fermentum TKSN02: LF-N2), which was isolated and identified from Xinjiang naturally fermented yogurt, on hydrochloric acid (HCl)/ethanol induced gastric injury in mice was studied. A total of 40 mice were divided into the following five groups: normal, model, LF-N2, LB (Lactobacillus bulgaricus), and Ranitidine groups. Except for the normal and model groups, mice in the other groups were treated with LF-N2, LB (Lactobacillus bulgaricus), and Ranitidine separately, and the injury of the gastric tissue was observed by taking photos and pathological sections. The levels of oxidation indicators, gastrointestinal hormone and the inflammatory cytokines in serum and gastric tissue in each group were measured. Further more, the gene expression levels of oxidative stress and inflammation related genes in the colon tissue were determined by the Real-Time PCR method. Pathological observation confirmed that LF-N2 could inhibit the gastric injury caused by HCl/ethanol. Observation of the appearance of the gastric indicated that LF-N2 could effectively reduce the area of gastric injury. Biochemical results showed that the serum gastrin (GAS) and gastric motilin (MTL) levels in the LF-N2 group were significantly lower and the serum somatostatin (SS) level was higher than in the model group and there was no significant difference between all treatment groups. The activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were increased while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was decreased in LF-N2 treatment group mice, which suggested that LF-N2 has a good antioxidant effect. Further RT-PCR experiments also showed that LF-N2 could promote the related mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes (Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and CAT) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, and IL-10), while it inhibited the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6) and apoptosis factor (Caspase-3). As observed, LF-N2 exerted a good preventive effect on HCl/ethanol induced gastric injury in mice, and the effect was close to that of LB, which indicated that LF-N2 has potential use as a probiotic due to its gastric injury treatment effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Hu
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- TCM (Rheumatic Immunology/Geriatrics) Department, People's Hospital of Chongqing Banan District, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianrong Zhou
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruokun Yi
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyao Long
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Zhao
| |
Collapse
|