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Xian X, Li L, Ye J, Mo W, Liang D, Huang M, Chang Y, Cui Z. Betaine and I-LG may have a predictive value for ATB: A causal study in a large European population. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306752. [PMID: 38968285 PMCID: PMC11226055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the causal relationship between 486 human serum metabolites and the active tuberculosis (ATB) in European population. METHODS In this study, the causal relationship between human serum metabolites and the ATB was analyzed by integrating the genome-wide association study (GWAS). The 486 human serum metabolites were used as the exposure variable, three different ATB GWAS databases in the European population were set as outcome variables, and single nucleotide polymorphisms were used as instrumental variables for Mendelian Randomization. The inverse variance weighting was estimated causality, the MR-Egger intercept to estimate horizontal pleiotropy, and the combined effects of metabolites were also considered in the meta-analysis. Furthermore, the web-based MetaboAnalyst 6.0 was engaged for enrichment pathway analysis, while R (version 4.3.2) software and Review Manager 5.3 were employed for statistical analysis. RESULTS A total of 21, 17, and 19 metabolites strongly associated with ATB were found in the three databases after preliminary screening (P < 0.05). The intersecting metabolites across these databases included tryptophan, betaine, 1-linoleoylglycerol (1-monolinolein) (1-LG), 1-eicosatrienoylglycerophosphocholine, and oleoylcarnitine. Among them, betaine (I2 = 24%, P = 0.27) and 1-LG (I2 = 0%, P = 0.62) showed the lowest heterogeneity among the different ATB databases. In addition, the metabolic pathways of phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis (P = 0.0068), methionine metabolism (P = 0.0089), betaine metabolism (P = 0.0205) and oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids (P = 0.0309) were also associated with ATB. CONCLUSION Betaine and 1-LG may be biomarkers or auxiliary diagnostic tools for ATB. They may provide new guidance for medical practice in the early diagnosis and surveillance of ATB. In addition, by interfering with phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis, methionine metabolism, betaine metabolism, oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids, and other pathways, it is helpful to develop new anti-tuberculosis drugs and explore the virulence or pathogenesis of ATB at a deeper level, providing an effective reference for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Xian
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Key Discipline Platform of Tuberculosis Control, Guangxi Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenxiu Mo
- School of Public Health and Management, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Dabin Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Key Discipline Platform of Tuberculosis Control, Guangxi Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Minying Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Key Discipline Platform of Tuberculosis Control, Guangxi Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yue Chang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhezhe Cui
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Key Discipline Platform of Tuberculosis Control, Guangxi Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Zawieja E, Drabińska N, Jeleń H, Szwengiel A, Durkalec-Michalski K, Chmurzynska A. Betaine supplementation modulates betaine concentration by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype, but has no effect on amino acid profile in healthy active males: A randomized placebo-controlled cross-over study. Nutr Res 2024; 127:63-74. [PMID: 38876040 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Betaine supplementation is used by athletes, but its mechanism of action is still not fully understood. We hypothesized that betaine supplementation would increase betaine concentration and alter amino acid profiles in relation to MTHFR genotype and dose in physically active males. The study followed a randomized placebo-controlled cross-over design. Blood samples were collected before and after each supplementation period. Serum was analyzed for amino acid profile, homocysteine, betaine, choline, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) concentrations. For the washout analysis, only participants starting with betaine were included (n = 20). Statistical analysis revealed no differences in the amino acid profile after betaine supplementation. However, betaine concentration significantly increased after betaine supplementation (from 4.89 ± 1.59 µg/mL to 17.31 ± 9.21 µg/mL, P < .001), with a greater increase observed in MTHFR (C677T, rs180113) T-allele carriers compared to CC (P = .027). Betaine supplementation caused a decrease in homocysteine concentration (from 17.04 ± 4.13 µmol/L to 15.44 ± 3.48 µmol/L, P = .00005) and a non-significant increase in TMAO concentrations (from 0.27 ± 0.20 µg/ml to 0.44 ± 0.70 µg/ml, P = .053), but had no effect on choline concentrations. Serum betaine concentrations were not significantly different after the 21-day washout from the baseline values (baseline: 4.93 ± 1.87 µg/mL and after washout: 4.70 ± 1.70 µg/mL, P = 1.000). In conclusion, betaine supplementation increased betaine and decreased homocysteine concentrations, but did not affect the amino acid profile or choline concentrations in healthy active males. Betaine concentrations may be dependent on MTHFR genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Zawieja
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Drabińska
- Food Volatilomics and Sensomics Group, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Henryk Jeleń
- Food Volatilomics and Sensomics Group, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Artur Szwengiel
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Agata Chmurzynska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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Uygur E, Aktuglu-Zeybek C, Aghalarov M, Cansever MS, Kıykım E, Zubarioglu T. A Methionine-Portioning-Based Medical Nutrition Therapy with Relaxed Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Patients with Pyridoxine-Nonresponsive Cystathionine-β-Synthase Deficiency. Nutrients 2023; 15:3105. [PMID: 37513523 PMCID: PMC10384669 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The main treatment for pyridoxine-nonresponsive cystathionine-β-synthase deficiency is a strict diet. Most centers prescribe low-protein diets based on gram-protein exchanges, and all protein sources are weighed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a more liberal methionine (Met)-based diet with relaxed consumption of fruits and vegetables on metabolic outcomes and dietary adherence. Ten patients previously on a low-protein diet based on a gram-protein exchange list were enrolled. The natural protein exchange lists were switched to a "Met portion exchange list". Foods containing less than 0.005 g methionine per 100 g of the food were accepted as exchange-free foods. The switch to Met portioning had no adverse effects on the control of plasma homocysteine levels in terms of metabolic outcomes. It resulted in a significant reduction in patients' daily betaine dose. All patients preferred to continue with this modality. In conclusion, methionine-portion-based medical nutrition therapy with relaxed consumption of fruits and vegetables seems to be a good and safe option to achieve good metabolic outcomes and high treatment adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Uygur
- Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
- Nutrition and Dietetics PhD Programme, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, 34752 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Aktuglu-Zeybek
- Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mirsaid Aghalarov
- Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Serif Cansever
- Division of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Department of Medical Documentation and Techniques, The Vocational School of Health Services, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34295 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kıykım
- Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tanyel Zubarioglu
- Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
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Alkaissi H, McFarlane SI. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Accelerated Aging: The Pathogenic Role of Increased Homocysteine in Atherosclerosis, Osteoporosis, and Neurodegeneration. Cureus 2023; 15:e42259. [PMID: 37605676 PMCID: PMC10440097 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis, seemingly unrelated disorders that occur with advanced age, share major pathogenetic mechanisms contributing to accelerated atherosclerosis and bone loss. Hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy) is among these mechanisms that can cause both vascular and bone disease. In its more severe form, hHcy can present early in life as homocystinuria, an inborn error of metabolic pathways of the sulfur-containing amino acid methionine. In its milder forms, hHcy may go undiagnosed and untreated into adulthood. As such, hHcy may serve as a potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, thrombophilia, and neurodegeneration, collectively representing accelerated aging. Multiple trials to lower cardiovascular risk and improve bone density with homocysteine-lowering agents, yet none has proven to be clinically meaningful. To understand this unmet clinical need, this review will provide mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of vascular and bone disease in hHcy, using homocystinuria as a model for accelerated atherosclerosis and bone density loss, a model for accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam Alkaissi
- Internal Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, USA
- Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
- Internal Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Samy I McFarlane
- Endocrinology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
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Dobrijević D, Pastor K, Nastić N, Özogul F, Krulj J, Kokić B, Bartkiene E, Rocha JM, Kojić J. Betaine as a Functional Ingredient: Metabolism, Health-Promoting Attributes, Food Sources, Applications and Analysis Methods. Molecules 2023; 28:4824. [PMID: 37375378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Betaine is a non-essential amino acid with proven functional properties and underutilized potential. The most common dietary sources of betaine are beets, spinach, and whole grains. Whole grains-such as quinoa, wheat and oat brans, brown rice, barley, etc.-are generally considered rich sources of betaine. This valuable compound has gained popularity as an ingredient in novel and functional foods due to the demonstrated health benefits that it may provide. This review study will provide an overview of the various natural sources of betaine, including different types of food products, and explore the potential of betaine as an innovative functional ingredient. It will thoroughly discuss its metabolic pathways and physiology, disease-preventing and health-promoting properties, and further highlight the extraction procedures and detection methods in different matrices. In addition, gaps in the existing scientific literature will be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Dobrijević
- Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute for Children and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Kristian Pastor
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Nastić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Fatih Özogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Jelena Krulj
- Institute of Food Technology (FINS), University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojana Kokić
- Institute of Food Technology (FINS), University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jovana Kojić
- Institute of Food Technology (FINS), University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Bittmann S, Villalon G, Moschuring-Alieva E, Luchter E, Bittmann L. Current and Novel Therapeutical Approaches of Classical Homocystinuria in Childhood With Special Focus on Enzyme Replacement Therapy, Liver-Directed Therapy and Gene Therapy. J Clin Med Res 2023; 15:76-83. [PMID: 36895619 PMCID: PMC9990725 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical homocystinuria is a hereditary defect of the enzyme cystathionine beta synthase, which is produced in the liver. If this enzyme fails, the synthesis pathway of cysteine from methionine is interrupted, leading to the accumulation of homocysteine in the blood plasma and homocysteine in the urine. After birth, the children are unremarkable except for the characteristic laboratory findings. Symptoms rarely appear before the second year of life. The most common symptom is a prolapse of the crystalline lens. This finding is seen in 70% of untreated 10-year-old affected individuals. As the earliest symptom, psychomotor retardation occurs in the majority of patients already during the first two years of life. Limiting factors in terms of life expectancy are thromboembolism, peripheral arterial disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. These symptoms are due to the damage to the vessels caused by the elevated amino acid levels. About 30% suffer a thromboembolic event by the age of 20, about half by the age of 30. This review focus on present and new therapeutical approaches like the role of enzyme replacement with presentation of different novel targets in research like pegtibatinase, pegtarviliase, CDX-6512, erymethionase, chaperones, proteasome inhibitors and probiotic treatment with SYNB 1353. Furthermore, we analyze the role of liver-directed therapy with three dimensional (3D) bioprinting, liver bioengineering of liver organoids in vitro and liver transplantation. The role of different gene therapy options to treat and cure this extremely rare disease in childhood will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bittmann
- Ped Mind Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical and Finance Center Epe, D-48599 Gronau, Germany
| | - Gloria Villalon
- Ped Mind Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical and Finance Center Epe, D-48599 Gronau, Germany
| | - Elena Moschuring-Alieva
- Ped Mind Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical and Finance Center Epe, D-48599 Gronau, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Luchter
- Ped Mind Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical and Finance Center Epe, D-48599 Gronau, Germany
| | - Lara Bittmann
- Ped Mind Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical and Finance Center Epe, D-48599 Gronau, Germany
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7
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Fossa P, Uggeri M, Orro A, Urbinati C, Rondina A, Milanesi M, Pedemonte N, Pesce E, Padoan R, Ford RC, Meng X, Rusnati M, D’Ursi P. Virtual Drug Repositioning as a Tool to Identify Natural Small Molecules That Synergize with Lumacaftor in F508del-CFTR Binding and Rescuing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012274. [PMID: 36293130 PMCID: PMC9602983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease mainly caused by the deletion of the Phe 508 (F508del) of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein that is thus withheld in the endoplasmic reticulum and rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin/proteasome system. Cystic fibrosis remains a potentially fatal disease, but it has become treatable as a chronic condition due to some CFTR-rescuing drugs that, when used in combination, increase in their therapeutic effect due to a synergic action. Also, dietary supplementation of natural compounds in combination with approved drugs could represent a promising strategy to further alleviate cystic fibrosis symptoms. On these bases, we screened by in silico drug repositioning 846 small synthetic or natural compounds from the AIFA database to evaluate their capacity to interact with the highly druggable lumacaftor binding site of F508del-CFTR. Among the identified hits, nicotinamide (NAM) was predicted to accommodate into the lumacaftor binding region of F508del-CFTR without competing against the drug but rather stabilizing its binding. The effective capacity of NAM to bind F508del-CFTR in a lumacaftor-uncompetitive manner was then validated experimentally by surface plasmon resonance analysis. Finally, the capacity of NAM to synergize with lumacaftor increasing its CFTR-rescuing activity was demonstrated in cell-based assays. This study suggests the possible identification of natural small molecules devoid of side effects and endowed with the capacity to synergize with drugs currently employed for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, which hopefully will increase the therapeutic efficacy with lower doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fossa
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Uggeri
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), 20054 Segrate, Italy
| | - Alessandro Orro
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), 20054 Segrate, Italy
| | - Chiara Urbinati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rondina
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), 20054 Segrate, Italy
| | - Maria Milanesi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Pesce
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Rita Padoan
- Department of Pediatrics, Regional Support Centre for Cystic Fibrosis, Children’s Hospital—ASST Spedali Civili, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert C. Ford
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Xin Meng
- Cellular Degradation Systems Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Marco Rusnati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Pasqualina D’Ursi
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), 20054 Segrate, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (P.D.)
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Ilyas A, Wijayasinghe YS, Khan I, El Samaloty NM, Adnan M, Dar TA, Poddar NK, Singh LR, Sharma H, Khan S. Implications of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and Betaine in Human Health: Beyond Being Osmoprotective Compounds. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:964624. [PMID: 36310589 PMCID: PMC9601739 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.964624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osmolytes are naturally occurring small molecular weight organic molecules, which are accumulated in large amounts in all life forms to maintain the stability of cellular proteins and hence preserve their functions during adverse environmental conditions. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and N,N,N-trimethylglycine (betaine) are methylamine osmolytes that have been extensively studied for their diverse roles in humans and have demonstrated opposing relations with human health. These osmolytes are obtained from food and synthesized endogenously using dietary constituents like choline and carnitine. Especially, gut microbiota plays a vital role in TMAO synthesis and contributes significantly to plasma TMAO levels. The elevated plasma TMAO has been reported to be correlated with the pathogenesis of numerous human diseases, including cardiovascular disease, heart failure, kidney diseases, metabolic syndrome, etc.; Hence, TMAO has been recognized as a novel biomarker for the detection/prediction of several human diseases. In contrast, betaine acts as a methyl donor in one-carbon metabolism, maintains cellular S-adenosylmethionine levels, and protects the cells from the harmful effects of increased plasma homocysteine. Betaine also demonstrates antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and has a promising therapeutic value in several human diseases, including homocystinuria and fatty liver disease. The present review examines the multifarious functions of TMAO and betaine with possible molecular mechanisms towards a better understanding of their emerging and diverging functions with probable implications in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashal Ilyas
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yasanandana Supunsiri Wijayasinghe
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka,*Correspondence: Yasanandana Supunsiri Wijayasinghe, , Nitesh Kumar Poddar, , , Shahanavaj Khan,
| | - Ilyas Khan
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nourhan M. El Samaloty
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer Ali Dar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Poddar
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India,*Correspondence: Yasanandana Supunsiri Wijayasinghe, , Nitesh Kumar Poddar, , , Shahanavaj Khan,
| | - Laishram R. Singh
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Hemlata Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Department of Medical Lab Technology, Indian Institute of Health and Technology (IIHT), Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India,*Correspondence: Yasanandana Supunsiri Wijayasinghe, , Nitesh Kumar Poddar, , , Shahanavaj Khan,
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9
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Szkudelska K, Szkudelski T. The anti-diabetic potential of betaine. Mechanisms of action in rodent models of type 2 diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112946. [PMID: 35413601 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Betaine (N, N, N-trimethylglycine) is an amino-acid derivative exerting numerous beneficial effects on the organism. This compound is found in human and animal diets but is also endogenously generated. However, its synthesis may be insufficient to maintain or improve health. Moreover, the tissue content of betaine reduces under some pathological conditions, such as type 2 diabetes. This decrease may be, however, easily alleviated by dietary betaine supplementation. Rodent studies provided evidence that betaine effectively limits many diabetes-related disturbances. Betaine therapy improves glucose tolerance and insulin action, which is strongly associated with changes in insulin-sensitive tissues, such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver. Betaine supplementation positively affects multiple genes, which expression is dysregulated in diabetes. AMP-activated protein kinase is thought to play a central role in the mechanism underlying the anti-diabetic betaine action. Moreover, studies with animal models of type 2 diabetes have shown that betaine exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects, and also alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress. These changes contribute to improved insulin sensitivity and better blood glucose clearance. The results of animal studies encourage the exploration of the therapeutic betaine efficacy in humans with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szkudelska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szkudelski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
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10
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Yang Y, Xu J, Zhou J, Xue J, Gao J, Li X, Sun B, Yang B, Liu Z, Zhao Z, Luo Q, Zeng Q, Zheng L, Xiong C. High Betaine and Dynamic Increase of Betaine Levels Are Both Associated With Poor Prognosis of Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:852009. [PMID: 35433890 PMCID: PMC9005820 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.852009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective The association between plasma betaine levels and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has been revealed except for pulmonary hypertension (PH). In this study, we aimed to explore the role of betaine in patients with PH. Methods Inpatients with PH at Fuwai Hospital were enrolled after excluding relative comorbidities. Each patient received at least one follow-up through a clinical visit, and the fasting blood was obtained both at the first and second hospitalization for betaine detection. The primary endpoint was defined as composite outcome events and the mean duration was 14.3 (6.9, 21.3) months. The associations of betaine and changes of betaine (Δbetaine) with disease severity and prognosis were explored. Results Finally, a total of 216 patients with PH were included and the medians for betaine plasma levels in the total patients group, low betaine, and high betaine groups were 49.8 (39.0, 68.3) μM, 39.0 (33.5, 44.7) μM, and 68.1 (57.8, 88.7) μM, respectively. High betaine was associated with poor World Health Organization Functional Class (WHO-FC), increased N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), low tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and cardiac output index even after adjusting for confounders. Patients with high betaine were over twice the risk to receive the poor prognosis than those with a low level [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.080, (95% CI: 1.033–4.188)]. Moreover, the decrease of betaine level after further treatment was positively correlated to ΔNT-proBNP indicating Δbetaine might be an effector of disease severity, and dynamic increase of betaine was also associated with poor prognosis in PH. Conclusion Betaine was associated with disease severity and might be an effector in PH. Patients with increased levels or with dynamic rise of betaine heralded a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Yang
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xue
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Tiantan Hospital, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianing Gao
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Information Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Beilan Yang
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Luo
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qixian Zeng
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qixian Zeng,
| | - Lemin Zheng
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Tiantan Hospital, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Lemin Zheng,
| | - Changming Xiong
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Changming Xiong,
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