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Lakshmanan DK, Ravichandran G, Elangovan A, D AA, Thilagar S. Mechanisms and Intervention of Prebiotic Foods in Musculoskeletal Health. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)00390-0. [PMID: 39004225 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The review focuses primarily on collating and analyzing the mechanistic research data that discusses the function of prebiotics to halt the frailty of musculoskeletal system. Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) are frequently reported to co-occur within their own categories of conditions, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis owing to their overlapping pathogenesis. Consequently, the same drugs are often used to manage the complications of most types. A few recent studies have addressed the therapeutic functions of gut microbes toward those commonly shared MSD pathway targets. Improving microbial diversity and enriching their population in the gut would promote the regeneration and recovery of the musculoskeletal system. Prebiotics are usually nondigestible substrates that are selectively used or digested by the gut microbes conferring health promotion. The microbial fermentation of prebiotics generates numerous host-beneficial therapeutic molecules. This study inspects the presumptive functions of plant-derived prebiotics for the growth and restoration of intestinal microbiota and the consequent improvement of skeletal health. The review also highlights the discrete functions of prebiotics against inflammation, autoimmunity, infection, physiologic overloading mechanism, and aging-associated loss of metabolism in MSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar Lakshmanan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu 638402, India; Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620024, India
| | - Guna Ravichandran
- Centre for Biomedical and Molecular Biology Research, Vinayaka Mission's Medical College & Hospital (VMMCH), Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (VMRF), Karaikal, India
| | - Abbirami Elangovan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620024, India
| | - Arul Ananth D
- Department of Biotechnology, The American College Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivasudha Thilagar
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620024, India.
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Liu Q, Jin W, Xie Q, Chen W, Fang H, Yang L, Yang Q, Lin X, Hong Z, Zhao Y, Li W, Zhang Y. Production and biological activity of β-1,3-xylo-oligosaccharides using xylanase from Caulerpa lentillifera. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133776. [PMID: 38992548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, β-1,3-xylanase (Xyl3088) was designed and prepared by constructing the expression vector plasmid and expressing and purifying the fusion protein. β-1,3-xylo-oligosaccharides were obtained through the specific enzymatic degradation of β-1, 3-xylan from Caulerpa lentillifera. The enzymolysis conditions were established and optimized as follows: Tris-HCl solution 0.05 mol/L, temperature of 37 °C, enzyme amount of 250 μL, and enzymolysis time of 24 h. The oligosaccharides' compositions and structural characterization were identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), ion chromatography (IC) and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). The IC50 values for scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-p-sulfonic acid (ABTS+), and superoxide anion radical (•O2-) were 13.108, 1.258, and 65.926 mg/mL for β-1,3-xylo-oligosaccharides, respectively, and 27.588, 373.048, and 269.12 mg/mL for β-1,4-xylo-oligosaccharides, respectively. Compared with β-1,4-xylo-oligosaccharides, β-1,3-xylo-oligosaccharides had substantial antioxidant activity and their antioxidant effects were concentration dependent. β-1,3-xylo-oligosaccharides also possessed a stronger anti-inflammatory effect on RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) than β-1,4-xylo-oligosaccharides. At a working concentration of 100 μg/mL, β-1,3-xylo-oligosaccharides inhibited the release of NO and affected the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and other proteins secreted by cells, effectively promoting the release of pro-inflammatory mediators by immune cells in response to external stimuli and achieving anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, β-1,3-xylo-oligosaccharides are valuable products in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Sanya Institute of Oceanography, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Wenhui Jin
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen 361100, China.
| | - Quanling Xie
- Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen 361100, China
| | - Weizhu Chen
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen 361100, China
| | - Hua Fang
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen 361100, China
| | - Longhe Yang
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xihuang Lin
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhuan Hong
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen 361100, China
| | - Yuanhui Zhao
- Sanya Institute of Oceanography, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of General Surgery, The District Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266400, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen 361100, China.
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Liu WS, Liang SS, Cheng MM, Wu MT, Li SY, Cheng TT, Liu TY, Tsai CY, Lai YT, Lin CH, Wang HT, Tsou HH. How renal toxins respond to renal function deterioration and oral toxic adsorbent in pH-controlled releasing capsule. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3930-3943. [PMID: 38572829 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing. Oral toxin adsorbents may provide some value. Several uremic toxins, including indoxyl sulfate (IS), p-cresol (PCS), acrolein, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and inflammation markers (interleukin 6 [IL-6] and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha) have been shown to be related to CKD progression. A total of 81 patients taking oral activated charcoal toxin adsorbents (AC-134), which were embedded in capsules that dissolved in the terminal ileum, three times a day for 1 month, were recruited. The renal function, hemoglobulin (Hb), inflammation markers, three PFAS (PFOA, PFOS, and PFNA), and acrolein were quantified. Compared with the baseline, an improved glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and significantly lower acrolein were noted. Furthermore, the CKD stage 4 and 5 group had significantly higher concentrations of IS, PCS, IL-6, and TNF but lower levels of Hb and PFAS compared with the CKD Stage 3 group at baseline and after the intervention. Hb was increased only in the CKD Stage 3 group after the trial (p = .032). Acrolein did not differ between the different CKD stage groups. Patients with improved GFR (responders) (about 77%) and nonresponders had similar baseline GFR. Responders had higher acrolein and PFOA levels throughout the study and a more significant reduction in acrolein, indicating a better digestion function. Both the higher PFOA and lower acrolein may be related to improved eGFR (and possibly to improvements in proteinuria, which we did not measure. Proteinuria is associated with PFAS loss in the urine), AC-134 showed the potential to improve the GFR and decrease acrolein, which might better indicate renal function change. Future studies are needed with longer follow-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Special Education, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shin Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Mei Cheng
- Division of nephrology, Department of internal medicine, West Garden Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsan Wu
- Department of internal medicine, Fu-Ling clinic, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yuan Li
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, and Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Tien Cheng
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yun Liu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Tsai
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Business Administration, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Lai
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical Technology and Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Lin
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Han-Hsing Tsou
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Kim Forest Enterprise Co., Ltd., New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Lin J, Wen P, Ying W, Yu J, Zhang J. Comparison of lactic and propionic acid hydrolysis for production of xylo-oligosaccharides and ethanol from polysaccharides in Toona sinensis branch. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132339. [PMID: 38754663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Xylan-type hemicellulose hydrolysis by an organic acid solution for the production of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) is efficient and eco-friendly, but the effects of different organic acids on XOS production from Toona sinensis branch (TB) biomass is limited. In this work, under the conditions of 170 °C for 60 min, 33.1 % and 38.7 % XOS yields were obtained from polysaccharides present in TB by 2 % lactic acid (LA) and 6 % propionic acid (PA), respectively. Then 77 % of the lignin was removed by hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid pretreatment system, and 39.5 % and 44.7 % XOS yield were obtained from polysaccharides in delignification TB by 2 % LA and 6 % PA, respectively. It was found that PA hydrolysis, especially from delignified TB, resulted in higher XOS yield and purity compared to LA hydrolysis. Moreover, the content of byproducts (xylose, hydroxymethyl-furfural and furfural) in PA hydrolysate was lower. Following the hydrolysis process, the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the TB solid residue achieved an ethanol yield of 71.5 %. This work proposed an integrated process to preferentially convert the TB hemicellulose into valuable XOS and then convert the cellulose into ethanol. This process had the advantages of eliminating the need for isolation and purification of xylan, and the potential to obtain multiple products from the same raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Lin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Peiyao Wen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenjun Ying
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Juan Yu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Rao Z, Li Y, Yang X, Guo Y, Zhang W, Wang Z. Diet xylo-oligosaccharide supplementation improves growth performance, immune function, and intestinal health of broilers. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:165-176. [PMID: 38779325 PMCID: PMC11109738 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The effects of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) on broiler growth performance, immune function, and intestinal health were investigated. A total of 540 one-d-old Arbor Acres Plus broilers were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates per group and 18 chickens per replicate. Broilers in the control (CON) group received a corn-soybean meal based basal diet, those in the antibiotics (ANT) group received the basal diet plus 500 mg/kg oxytetracycline, and those in XOS groups received the basal diet plus 150, 300, or 450 mg/kg XOS. Compared with CON, the body weight at 42 d and average daily gain from 1 to 42 d were significantly increased in the 150, 450 mg/kg XOS-added and ANT groups (P = 0.018), and the relative expression of claudin-1 and ZO-1 mRNA in the ileum was significantly higher in the 300 and 450 mg/kg XOS-added groups (P < 0.001). The feed conversion ratios (P < 0.001) and abdominal fat rates (P = 0.012) of broilers from 1 to 42 d of age were significantly lower in all XOS-added groups than in the control group. Splenic index (P = 0.036) and bursa of Fabricius index (P = 0.009) were significantly better in the ANT group and each XOS-added group than in the control group. Compared to CON and ANT, serum IgA (P = 0.007) and IgG (P = 0.002) levels were significantly higher in the 300 mg/kg XOS-added group, and the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing genera (Alistipes) was also significantly higher (P < 0.001). Meanwhile, ileal villus height (P < 0.001) and ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V:C) (P = 0.001) were significantly increased in XOS-added broilers. In analysis of relationships between cecal microbes and the physical barrier of the gut, [Ruminococcus]_torques_group was positively correlated with mRNA expression of ileal ZO-1 and claudin-1 (P < 0.05), and Bacteroides was positively correlated with increased ileal villus height and V:C (P < 0.05). Overall, XOS addition to broiler diets improved growth performance, promoted intestinal health by enhancing intestinal barrier function and regulating cecal microbiota diversity, and had positive effects on immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Rao
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yue Li
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongpeng Guo
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Kumari A, K. G. R, Sudhakaran. V. A, Warrier AS, Singh NK. Unveiling the Health Benefits of Prebiotics: A Comprehensive Review. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:376-388. [PMID: 39010994 PMCID: PMC11246341 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-024-01235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics play a pivotal role in fostering probiotics, essential contributors to the creation and maintenance of a conducive environment for beneficial microbiota within the human gut. To qualify as a prebiotic, a substance must demonstrate resilience to stomach enzymes, acidic pH levels, and intestinal bacteria, remaining unabsorbed in the digestive system while remaining accessible to gut microflora. The integration of prebiotics and probiotics into our daily diet establishes a cornerstone for optimal health, a priority for health-conscious consumers emphasizing nutrition that supports a balanced gut flora. Prebiotics offer diverse biological functions in humans, exhibiting antiobesity, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and cholesterol-lowering properties, along with preventing digestive disorders. Numerous dietary fibers possessing prebiotic attributes are inadvertently present in our diets, emphasizing the broader significance of prebiotics. It is crucial to recognize that, while all dietary fibers are prebiotics, not all prebiotics fall under the category of dietary fibers. The versatile applications of prebiotics extend across various industries, such as dairy, bakery, beverages, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and other food products. This comprehensive review provides insights into different prebiotics, encompassing their sources, chemical compositions, and applications within the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Kumari
- Department of Dairy Chemistry, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Dairy Technology, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna, Bihar India
| | - Rashmi K. G.
- Department of Dairy Technology, Verghese Kurien Institute of Dairy and Food Technology, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, Kerala India
| | - Aparna Sudhakaran. V.
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, Verghese Kurien Institute of Dairy and Food Technology, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, Kerala India
| | - Aswin S. Warrier
- Department of Dairy Engineering, Verghese Kurien Institute of Dairy and Food Technology, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, Kerala India
| | - Niraj K. Singh
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna, Bihar India
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Tian S, Yang Z, Yan F, Xue X, Lu J. Preparation of xylooligosaccharides from rice husks and their structural characterization, antioxidant activity, and probiotic properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132575. [PMID: 38788863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Rice husks are rich in xylan, which can be hydrolyzed by xylanase to form xylooligosaccharides (XOS). XOS are a functional oligosaccharide such as improving gut microbiota and antioxidant properties. In this study, the structure and functional characteristics of XOS were studied. The optimal xylanase hydrolysis conditions through response surface methodology (RSM) were: xylanase dosage of 3000 U/g, hydrolysis time of 3 h, hydrolysis temperature of 50 °C. Under this condition, the yield of XOS was 150.9 mg/g. The TG-DTG curve showed that XOS began to decompose at around 200 °C. When the concentration of XOS reached 1.0 g/L, the clearance rate of DPPH reached 65.76 %, and the scavenging rate of OH reached 62.10 %, while the clearance rate of ABTS free radicals reached 97.70 %, which was equivalent to the clearance rate of VC. XOS had a proliferative effect on four probiotics: Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brucelli, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. However, the further experiments are needed to explore the improvement effect of XOS on human gut microbiota, laying a foundation for the effective utilization of XOS. XOS have a wide range of sources, low price, and broad development prospects. The reasonable utilization of XOS can bring greater economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqi Tian
- National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China.
| | - Ziyi Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Feng Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xing'ao Xue
- National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Wang D, Liao X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhang M, Ren F, Ma X, Sheng J, Jin P, Yu D, Xie H, Wang X. A syrup containing L-arabinose and D-xylose appears superior to PEG-4000 as a bowel cleansing agent. AMB Express 2024; 14:63. [PMID: 38824272 PMCID: PMC11144180 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Adequate bowel cleansing is crucial for endoscopic diagnosis and treatment, and the recovery of gut microbiota after intestinal cleansing is also important. A hypertonic syrup predominantly comprising L-arabinose and D-xylose (20% xylo-oligosaccharides) can be extracted from the hemicellulose of corn husks and cobs. L-Arabinose and xylo-oligosaccharides have been reported to relieve constipation and improve the gut microbial environment. This study evaluated the bowel cleansing effect of the aforementioned syrup and its influence on the organism and intestinal microbiota after cleansing in comparison with polyethylene glycol-4000 (PEG-4000) in mice. Bowel cleansing was performed using syrup or PEG-4000 in C57BL/6J mice, and the effect of intestinal preparation and its influence on serum electrolytes and gut microbiota after bowel cleansing were evaluated. The volume of intestinal residual feces in the syrup group was significantly lower than that in the PEG-4000 group. Additionally, syrup disturbed serum electrolytes more mildly than PEG-4000. Alpha diversity in the gut microbiota was significantly higher in the syrup group than in the PEG-4000 group on the first day after bowel cleansing. However, no difference in beta diversity was observed between the two groups. Syrup increased the abundance of Bifidobacteria and Christensenella and decreased the abundance of Akkermansia in comparison with PEG-4000 on the first day after bowel cleansing. Thus, this syrup has potential clinical use as a bowel cleansing agent given the above effects, its benefits and safety, and better taste and acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xingchen Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Fangli Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xianzong Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jianqiu Sheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Dongliang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, #5 Nanmencang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Odriozola A, González A, Odriozola I, Álvarez-Herms J, Corbi F. Microbiome-based precision nutrition: Prebiotics, probiotics and postbiotics. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2024; 111:237-310. [PMID: 38908901 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms have been used in nutrition and medicine for thousands of years worldwide, long before humanity knew of their existence. It is now known that the gut microbiota plays a key role in regulating inflammatory, metabolic, immune and neurobiological processes. This text discusses the importance of microbiota-based precision nutrition in gut permeability, as well as the main advances and current limitations of traditional probiotics, new-generation probiotics, psychobiotic probiotics with an effect on emotional health, probiotic foods, prebiotics, and postbiotics such as short-chain fatty acids, neurotransmitters and vitamins. The aim is to provide a theoretical context built on current scientific evidence for the practical application of microbiota-based precision nutrition in specific health fields and in improving health, quality of life and physiological performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Odriozola
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.
| | - Adriana González
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Iñaki Odriozola
- Health Department of Basque Government, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jesús Álvarez-Herms
- Phymo® Lab, Physiology, and Molecular Laboratory, Collado Hermoso, Segovia, Spain
| | - Francesc Corbi
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Centre de Lleida, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
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10
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Moura de Oliveira Beltrame D, Simmons TJ, Jenkins AL, Dinan T, Nicholson TJ. Gastrointestinal Tolerability and Acute Glycemic Response of Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides from Cellulose and Xylan in Healthy Adults: Two Double-Blinded, Randomized, Controlled, Cross-over Trials. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024; 43:305-314. [PMID: 38032277 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2282615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the gastrointestinal tolerability, glycemic and insulinemic responses of Plant Fiber Extract (PFE), a mixture comprising of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides derived from cellulose and xylan. METHODS Two double-blind, randomized, controlled, cross-over trials were conducted in healthy adults. In the first trial, participants (n = 29) consumed either 25, 35 or 45 g per day of PFE or resistant maltodextrin (Control) for 14 days. The occurrence and severity of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, stool parameters, and safety outcomes were evaluated with a combination of surveys and blood analysis respectively. In the second trial (n = 20), the post-prandial glycemic and insulinemic responses after the ingestion of 20 g of PFE diluted in water or incorporated into chocolate chips was measured and then compared to that of glucose and regular chocolate, respectively. RESULTS For all timepoints (0, 7 and 14 days), within any given dose group, there was no statistically significant difference in the GI symptoms score between PFE and Control. Further, for each test product (PFE or Control), no difference was observed in the same dose group from days 0 and 14. Stool consistency score and number of participants experiencing loose or watery stools was similar between products. No serious adverse events were reported and neither PFE nor Control significantly altered blood or urine safety parameters. The glycemic and insulinemic responses after PFE ingestion in comparison to glucose were 12% and 8% respectively. The glycemic and insulinemic responses after consuming chocolate containing PFE were 20% of that of regular chocolate. CONCLUSION PFE was well-tolerated by healthy volunteers in doses up to 45 g/day and it elicited comparatively low glycemic and insulinemic responses when consumed alone or when incorporated into a food product.
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11
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Teng CY, Kao NJ, Nguyen NTK, Lin CI, Cross TWL, Lin SH. Effects of xylo-oligosaccharide on gut microbiota, brain protein expression, and lipid profile induced by high-fat diet. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 129:109640. [PMID: 38583497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Midlife overweight and obesity are risk factors of cognitive decline and Alzheimer' s disease (AD) in late life. In addition to increasing risk of obesity and cognitive dysfunction, diets rich in fats also contributes to an imbalance of gut microbiota. Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are a kind of prebiotic with several biological advantages, and can selectively promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the gut. To explore whether XOS can alleviate cognitive decline induced by high-fat diet (HFD) through improving gut microbiota composition, mice were fed with normal control or 60% HFD for 9 weeks to induce obesity. After that, mice were supplemented with XOS (30 g or 60 g/kg-diet) or without, respectively, for 12 weeks. The results showed that XOS inhibited weight gain, decreased epidydimal fat weight, and improved fasting blood sugar and blood lipids in mice. Additionally, XOS elevated spatial learning and memory function, decreased amyloid plaques accumulation, increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, and improved neuroinflammation status in hippocampus. Changes in glycerolipids metabolism-associated lipid compounds caused by HFD in hippocampus were reversed after XOS intervention. On the other hand, after XOS intervention, increase in immune-mediated bacteria, Faecalibacterium was observed. In conclusion, XOS improved gut dysbiosis and ameliorated spatial learning and memory dysfunction caused by HFD by decreasing cognitive decline-associated biomarkers and changing lipid composition in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Yun Teng
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Jo Kao
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Kainan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ngan Thi Kim Nguyen
- Program of Nutrition Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-I Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Wen L Cross
- Departmen of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Shyh-Hsiang Lin
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Food Safety, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Mnafki R, Morales A, Sillero L, Khiari R, Moussaoui Y, Labidi J. Integral Valorization of Posidonia oceanica Balls: An Abundant and Potential Biomass. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:164. [PMID: 38201829 PMCID: PMC10780897 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Posidonia oceanica balls (POB), a kind of seagrass, are a significant environmental issue since they are annually discharged onto beaches. Their current usefulness limits interest in their management and enhances the environmental problem. Therefore, in this research, the potential of this lignocellulosic biomass was studied from a holistic biorefinery point of view. To this end, an in-depth study was carried out to select the best pathway for the integral valorization of POBs. First, an autohydrolysis process was studied for the recovery of oligosaccharides. Then, a delignification stage was applied, where, in addition to studying different delignification methods, the influence of the autohydrolysis pre-treatment was also investigated. Finally, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were obtained through a chemo-mechanical treatment. The results showed that autohydrolysis not only improved the delignification process and its products, but also allowed the hemicelluloses to be valorized. Acetoformosolv delignification proved to be the most successful in terms of lignin and cellulose properties. However, alkaline delignification was able to extract the highest amount of lignin with low purity. CNFs were also successfully produced from bleached solids. Therefore, the potential of POB as a feedstock for a biorefinery was confirmed, and the pathway should be chosen according to the requirements of the desired end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Mnafki
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory (LR17ES08), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa 2112, Tunisia
| | - Amaia Morales
- Biorefinery Processes Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Leyre Sillero
- Biorefinery Processes Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ramzi Khiari
- Department of Textile, Higher Institute of Technological Studies (ISET) of Ksar-Hellal, Ksar-Hellal 5070, Tunisia
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, University of Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Younes Moussaoui
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory (LR17ES08), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa 2112, Tunisia
| | - Jalel Labidi
- Biorefinery Processes Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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13
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Dhaver P, Pletschke B, Sithole B, Govinden R. Optimization of Xylooligosaccharides Production by Native and Recombinant Xylanase Hydrolysis of Chicken Feed Substrates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17110. [PMID: 38069432 PMCID: PMC10707560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry production faces several challenges, with feed efficiency being the main factor that can be influenced through the use of different nutritional strategies. Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are functional feed additives that are attracting growing commercial interest due to their excellent ability to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota. The aim of the study was to apply crude and purified fungal xylanases, from Trichoderma harzianum, as well as a recombinant glycoside hydrolase family 10 xylanase, derived from Geobacillus stearothermophilus T6, as additives to locally produced chicken feeds. A Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used to optimize the reducing sugar yield. Response surface methodology (RSM) revealed that reducing sugars were higher (8.05 mg/mL, 2.81 mg/mL and 2.98 mg/mL) for the starter feed treated with each of the three enzymes compared to the treatment with grower feed (3.11 mg/mL, 2.41 mg/mL and 2.62 mg/mL). The hydrolysis products were analysed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and showed that the enzymes hydrolysed the chicken feeds, producing a range of monosaccharides (arabinose, mannose, glucose, and galactose) and XOS, with xylobiose being the predominant XOS. These results show promising data for future applications as additives to poultry feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyashini Dhaver
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Brett Pletschke
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda (Grahamstown) 6140, South Africa;
| | - Bruce Sithole
- Biorefinery Industry Development Facility, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Durban 4000, South Africa;
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Roshini Govinden
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa;
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Zhang X, Miao Q, Tang B, Mijakovic I, Ji XJ, Qu L, Wei Y. Discovery of novel alkaline-tolerant xylanases from fecal microbiota of dairy cows. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:182. [PMID: 38012750 PMCID: PMC10683242 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are considered as a promising type of prebiotics that can be used in foods, feeds, and healthcare products. Xylanases play a key role in the production of XOS from xylan. In this study, we conducted a metagenomic analysis of the fecal microbiota from dairy cows fed with different types of fodders. Despite the diversity in their diets, the main phyla observed in all fecal microbiota were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, one group of dairy cows that were fed probiotic fermented herbal mixture-containing fodders displayed decreased abundance of Methanobrevibacter and increased growth of beneficial Akkermansia bacteria. Additionally, this group exhibited a high microbial richness and diversity. Through our analysis, we obtained a comprehensive dataset comprising over 280,000 carbohydrate-active enzyme genes. Among these, we identified a total of 163 potential xylanase genes and subsequently expressed 34 of them in Escherichia coli. Out of the 34 expressed genes, two alkaline xylanases with excellent temperature stability and pH tolerance were obtained. Notably, CDW-xyl-8 exhibited xylanase activity of 96.1 ± 7.5 U/mg protein, with an optimal working temperature of 55 ℃ and optimal pH of 8.0. CDW-xyl-16 displayed an activity of 427.3 ± 9.1 U/mg protein with an optimal pH of 8.5 and an optimal temperature at 40 ℃. Bioinformatic analyses and structural modeling suggest that CDW-xyl-8 belongs to GH10 family xylanase, and CDW-xyl-16 is a GH11 family xylanase. Both enzymes have the ability to hydrolyze beechwood xylan and produce XOS. In conclusion, this metagenomic study provides valuable insights into the fecal microbiota composition of dairy cows fed different fodder types, revealing main microbial groups and demonstrating the abundance of xylanases. Furthermore, the characterization of two novel xylanases highlights their potential application in XOS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qin Miao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bingling Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yongjun Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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15
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Dieryck I, Dejonghe W, Van Hecke W, Delacourt J, Bautil A, Courtin CM, Vermeulen D, Buyse J, Paeshuyse J. Toward Renewable-Based Prebiotics from Woody Biomass: Potential of Tailored Xylo-Oligosaccharides Obtained by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Beechwood Xylan as a Prebiotic Feed Supplement for Young Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3511. [PMID: 38003129 PMCID: PMC10668712 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although antibiotic resistance emerges naturally, this process has been accelerated by the worldwide overuse and misuse of antibiotics. It is essential to find effective alternatives in the broiler industry to improve poultry health while maintaining production efficiency and product safety. In this study, we aimed to evaluate a potential alternative: wood-derived xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS). The objective of this research was to investigate the potential of XOS prepared using enzymatic hydrolysis of beechwood xylan as a prebiotic feed supplement for broilers. A pilot study was conducted to explore the optimal XOS fraction profile by in vitro fermentation. Subsequently, a semi-continuous enzyme membrane reactor was used, allowing for the production of tailored XOS in large quantities. Given the strong bidirectional relationship between intestinal health, nutrition, and intestinal microbiota composition in broilers, an in vivo experiment was performed to explore the potential of XOS as a prebiotic feed supplement by investigating growth performance, feed conversion ratio, caecal short and medium chain fatty acid (SCFA and MCFA) concentration, and microbiological composition of the caecal content. Results from the pilot study indicated that higher enzyme concentrations in the hydrolysis process yield a product that leads to a higher total SCFA and MCFA- and butyric acid production during in vitro fermentation by caecal bacteria. Supplementation of the tailored XOS to the broiler diet (day 1 (d1)-d8 0.13% wt/wt XOS, d9-d15 0.32% XOS) resulted in higher Bifidobacterium counts, beneficial to the health of birds, on d11 and d15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Dieryck
- Laboratory of Host Pathogen Interactions, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (I.D.)
| | - Winnie Dejonghe
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (W.D.); (W.V.H.)
| | - Wouter Van Hecke
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (W.D.); (W.V.H.)
| | - Joy Delacourt
- Laboratory of Host Pathogen Interactions, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (I.D.)
| | - An Bautil
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (A.B.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Christophe M. Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (A.B.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Daniel Vermeulen
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (D.V.); (J.B.)
| | - Johan Buyse
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (D.V.); (J.B.)
| | - Jan Paeshuyse
- Laboratory of Host Pathogen Interactions, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (I.D.)
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16
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Sonkar R, Gade PS, Mudliar SN, Bhatt P. Green Downstream Processing Method for Xylooligosaccharide Purification and Assessment of Its Prebiotic Properties. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:42815-42826. [PMID: 38024717 PMCID: PMC10652722 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) obtained from lignocellulosic biomass after autohydrolysis primarily consist of lignin-derived impurities and autogenerated inhibitors like furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, and acetic acid. In this study, graphene oxide-mediated purification (GOMP), a novel and environmentally friendly downstream processing method, was developed for the purification of XOS from hydrolysate obtained after ozone-assisted autohydrolysis of wheat bran. GOMP resulted in appreciable recovery of total XOS from the hydrolysate (73.87 ± 4.25%, DP2-6) with near complete removal of autogenerated inhibitors (furfural 85.42%, HMF 87.38%, and acetic acid 84.0%). Recovery of XOS by GOMP was higher than the conventional membrane purification technique (44.07 ± 0.92%) and activated charcoal treatment (72.76 ± 0.84%) along with comparatively higher removal of inhibitor compounds. GOMP results in the selective adsorption of inhibitors on the graphene oxide matrix from the XOS-rich hydrolysate, resulting in its purification and concentration. The prebiotic function of the obtained XOS fractions (DP2-4.48%, DP3-39.69%, DP4-36.13%, DP5-8.38%, and DP6-13.10%) was evaluated, indicating the growth stimulation of tested probiotic cultures and differential utilization of XOS oligomers DP3 and DP4 and complete consumption of DP2, DP5, and DP6 along with short-chain fatty acids as a major fermentation product. These findings suggest that GOMP, which employs a common substance (i.e., graphene oxide) used in water treatment, exhibits potential as an efficient and economically viable single-step methodology for XOS purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutuja
Murlidhar Sonkar
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
- Microbiology
and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - Pravin Savata Gade
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
- Microbiology
and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - Sandeep N. Mudliar
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
- Plant
Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central
Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - Praveena Bhatt
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
- Microbiology
and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
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Nongkhai SN, Piemthongkham P, Bankeeree W, Punnapayak H, Lotrakul P, Prasongsuk S. Xylooligosaccharides produced from sugarcane leaf arabinoxylan using xylanase from Aureobasidium pullulans NRRL 58523 and its prebiotic activity toward Lactobacillus spp. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22107. [PMID: 38034795 PMCID: PMC10682688 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to enhance the value of sugarcane leaf, xylan was extracted and used for xylooligosaccharide (XO) production via enzymatic hydrolysis using xylanase from the black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans. The xylan was extracted from sugarcane leaf using alkali extraction according to the response surface methodology. The highest xylan yield (99.42 ± 4.05 % recovery) was obtained using 14.32 % (w/v) NaOH, 13.25:1 liquid: solid ratio, at 121 °C and 15 lb.in2 for 32 min. Sugar composition and FTIR spectrum analyses confirmed its structure as arabinoxylan. The extracted arabinoxylan had a relatively high molecular weight compared to previous studies. Crude endoxylanase from A. pullulans NRRL 58523 was selected for enzymatic hydrolysis of the xylan. The enzyme hydrolyzed well at 50 °C, pH 4.0 and was relatively stable under this condition (87.38 ± 1.26 % of the activity remained after 60 h). XOs, especially xylobiose and xylotriose, were obtained at the maximum yield of 237.51 ± 17.69 mg/g xylan via endoxylanase hydrolysis under the optimum conditions (50 °C, pH 4.0, 65.31 U/g xylan, 53 h). XOs exhibited species-specific prebiotic activity toward three strains of Lactobacillus spp. but not toward Bifidobacterium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorawit Na Nongkhai
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Phitchayakon Piemthongkham
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wichanee Bankeeree
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Hunsa Punnapayak
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Pongtharin Lotrakul
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sehanat Prasongsuk
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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Pring S, Kato H, Imano S, Camagna M, Tanaka A, Kimoto H, Chen P, Shrotri A, Kobayashi H, Fukuoka A, Saito M, Suzuki T, Terauchi R, Sato I, Chiba S, Takemoto D. Induction of plant disease resistance by mixed oligosaccharide elicitors prepared from plant cell wall and crustacean shells. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14052. [PMID: 37882264 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Basal plant immune responses are activated by the recognition of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), or breakdown molecules released from the plants after damage by pathogen penetration, so-called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). While chitin-oligosaccharide (CHOS), a primary component of fungal cell walls, is most known as MAMP, plant cell wall-derived oligosaccharides, cello-oligosaccharides (COS) from cellulose, and xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) from hemicellulose are representative DAMPs. In this study, elicitor activities of COS prepared from cotton linters, XOS prepared from corn cobs, and chitin-oligosaccharide (CHOS) from crustacean shells were comparatively investigated. In Arabidopsis, COS, XOS, or CHOS treatment triggered typical defense responses such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, phosphorylation of MAP kinases, callose deposition, and activation of the defense-related transcription factor WRKY33 promoter. When COS, XOS, and CHOS were used at concentrations with similar activity in inducing ROS production and callose depositions, CHOS was particularly potent in activating the MAPK kinases and WRKY33 promoters. Among the COS and XOS with different degrees of polymerization, cellotriose and xylotetraose showed the highest activity for the activation of WRKY33 promoter. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of RNAseq data revealed that simultaneous treatment of COS, XOS, and CHOS (oligo-mix) effectively activates plant disease resistance. In practice, treatment with the oligo-mix enhanced the resistance of tomato to powdery mildew, but plant growth was not inhibited but rather tended to be promoted, providing evidence that treatment with the oligo-mix has beneficial effects on improving disease resistance in plants, making them a promising class of compounds for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreynich Pring
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sayaka Imano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maurizio Camagna
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kimoto
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Awara, Japan
| | - Pengru Chen
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Abhijit Shrotri
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Fukuoka
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Saito
- Resonac Corporation (Showa Denko K.K.), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuo Sato
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sotaro Chiba
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Deng J, Yun J, Gu Y, Yan B, Yin B, Huang C. Evaluating the In Vitro and In Vivo Prebiotic Effects of Different Xylo-Oligosaccharides Obtained from Bamboo Shoots by Hydrothermal Pretreatment Combined with Endo-Xylanase Hydrolysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13422. [PMID: 37686227 PMCID: PMC10488140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) enriched with high fractions of X2-X3 are regarded as an effective prebiotic for regulating the intestinal microflora. In this study, the original XOS solution was obtained from bamboo shoots through hydrothermal pretreatment under optimized conditions. Subsequently, enzymatic hydrolysis with endo-xylanase was performed on the original XOS solution to enhance the abundance of the X2-X3 fractions. The results demonstrated that hydrothermal pretreatment yielded 21.24% of XOS in the hydrolysate solution, and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis significantly increased the proportion of the X2-X3 fractions from 38.87% to 68.21%. Moreover, the XOS solutions with higher amounts of X2-X3 fractions exhibited superior performance in promoting the growth of probiotics such as Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Lactobacillus acidophilus in vitro, leading to increased production of short-chain fatty acids. In the in vivo colitis mouse model, XOS solutions with higher contents of X2-X3 fractions demonstrated enhanced efficacy against intestinal inflammation. Compared with the colitis mice (model group), the XOS solution with higher X2-X3 fractions (S1 group) could significantly increase the number of Streptomyces in the intestinal microflora, while the original XOS solution (S2 group) could significantly increase the number of Bacteroides in the intestinal microflora of colitis mice. In addition, the abundances of Alcaligenes and Pasteurella in the intestinal microflora of the S1 and S2 groups were much lower than in the model group. This effect was attributed to the ability of these XOS solutions to enhance species diversity, reversing the imbalance and disorder within the intestinal microflora. Overall, this work highlights the outstanding potential of XOS enriched with high contents of X2-X3 fractions as a regulator of the intestinal microbiota and as an anti-colitis agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Deng
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.D.); (Y.G.); (B.Y.)
| | - Jinyan Yun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132109, China;
| | - Yang Gu
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.D.); (Y.G.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bowen Yan
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.D.); (Y.G.); (B.Y.)
| | - Baishuang Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132109, China;
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.D.); (Y.G.); (B.Y.)
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20
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Schropp N, Stanislas V, Michels KB, Thriene K. How Do Prebiotics Affect Human Intestinal Bacteria?-Assessment of Bacterial Growth with Inulin and XOS In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12796. [PMID: 37628977 PMCID: PMC10454692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are believed to exhibit high specificity in stimulating the growth or activity of a limited number of commensal microorganisms, thereby conferring health benefits to the host. However, the mechanism of action of prebiotics depends on multiple factors, including the composition of an individual's gut microbiota, and is therefore difficult to predict. It is known that different bacteria can utilize inulin and xylooligosaccharides (XOS), but an overview of which bacteria in the human gut may be affected is lacking. Detailed knowledge of how bacterial growth is affected by prebiotics is furthermore useful for the development of new synbiotics, which combine a living microorganism with a selective substrate to confer a health benefit to the host. Hence, we developed a statistical model to compare growth in vitro among typical human gut bacteria from different phylogenetic lineages. Based on continuous observation of the optical density (OD600), we compare maximal growth rates (rmax), maximal attained OD600 (ODmax), and area under the growth curve (AUC) of bacteria grown on inulin or XOS. The consideration of these three parameters suggests strain-specific preferences for inulin or XOS and reveals previously unknown preferences such as Streptococcus salivarius growth on XOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kerstin Thriene
- Institute for Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (N.S.); (V.S.); (K.B.M.)
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21
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Manicardi T, Baioni e Silva G, Longati AA, Paiva TD, Souza JPM, Pádua TF, Furlan FF, Giordano RLC, Giordano RC, Milessi TS. Xylooligosaccharides: A Bibliometric Analysis and Current Advances of This Bioactive Food Chemical as a Potential Product in Biorefineries' Portfolios. Foods 2023; 12:3007. [PMID: 37628006 PMCID: PMC10453364 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are nondigestible compounds of great interest for food and pharmaceutical industries due to their beneficial prebiotic, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. The market size of XOS is increasing significantly, which makes its production from lignocellulosic biomass an interesting approach to the valorization of the hemicellulose fraction of biomass, which is currently underused. This review comprehensively discusses XOS production from lignocellulosic biomass, aiming at its application in integrated biorefineries. A bibliometric analysis is carried out highlighting the main players in the field. XOS production yields after different biomass pretreatment methods are critically discussed using Microsoft PowerBI® (2.92.706.0) software, which involves screening important trends for decision-making. Enzymatic hydrolysis and the major XOS purification strategies are also explored. Finally, the integration of XOS production into biorefineries, with special attention to economic and environmental aspects, is assessed, providing important information for the implementation of biorefineries containing XOS in their portfolio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainá Manicardi
- Graduate Program of Energy Engineering, Federal University of Itajubá, Av. Benedito Pereira dos Santos, 1303, Itajubá 37500-903, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Baioni e Silva
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luíz, Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Andreza A. Longati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luíz, Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago D. Paiva
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luíz, Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - João P. M. Souza
- Institute of Natural Resources, Federal University of Itajubá, Av. Benedito Pereira dos Santos, 1303, Itajubá 37500-903, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago F. Pádua
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luíz, Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe F. Furlan
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luíz, Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luíz, Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel L. C. Giordano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luíz, Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto C. Giordano
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luíz, Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luíz, Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais S. Milessi
- Graduate Program of Energy Engineering, Federal University of Itajubá, Av. Benedito Pereira dos Santos, 1303, Itajubá 37500-903, MG, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luíz, Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luíz, Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
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22
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Wang Q, Zhao Y, Guo L, Ma X, Yang Y, Zhuo Y, Jiang X, Hua L, Che L, Xu S, Feng B, Fang Z, Li J, Lin Y, Wu D. Xylo-oligosaccharides improve the adverse effects of plant-based proteins on weaned piglet health by maintaining the intestinal barrier and inhibiting harmful bacterial growth. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1189434. [PMID: 37303802 PMCID: PMC10249996 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1189434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Piglets are more susceptible to weaning stress syndrome when fed high levels of plant-based proteins that contain abundant food antigens and anti-nutritional factors. Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are a potential prebiotic that may improve the tolerance of weaned piglets to plant-based proteins. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of XOS supplementation in high and low plant-based protein diets on growth performance, gut morphology, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and gut microbiota of weaned piglets. Methods A total of 128 weanling piglets with an average body weight (BW) of 7.63 ± 0.45 kg were randomly allocated to one of the four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with two levels of plant-based proteins (d 1-14: 68.3 or 81.33%, d 15-28: 81.27 or 100%) and XOS complex (0 or 0.43%) over a 28-day trial. Results The growth performance of piglets did not differ significantly among groups (P > 0.05). However, the diarrhea index of weaned piglets fed a high plant-based protein diet (HP) was significantly higher than that of those fed a low plant-based protein diet (LP) at days 1-14 and throughout the experimental period (P < 0.05). XOS treatment tended to reduce the diarrhea index at days 1-14 (P = 0.062) and during the whole experiment period (P = 0.083). However, it significantly increased the digestibility of organic matter at days 15-28 (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary XOS supplementation increased ileal mucosa mRNA expression of occludin and ZO-1 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the concentration of butyric acid (BA) in the cecal contents and in the concentrations of BA and valeric acid (VA) in colon contents were significantly elevated in the XOS groups (P < 0.05). Additionally, XOS optimized the gut flora by lowering the number of pathogenic bacteria such as p_Campylobacterota, thereby stabilizing the gut ecosystem. Discussion In conclusion, the HP diet aggravated diarrhea in weaned piglets while the XOS diet alleviated it by improving nutrient digestibility, protecting intestinal morphology, and optimizing the gut flora.
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23
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Santana MB, Soares LB, Zanella E, Fellipe da Silva M, Stambuk BU, Goldbeck R, Ambrosi A, Zielinski A, Poletto P, Ienczak JL. Hydrothermal pretreatment for the production of prebiotic oligosaccharides from tobacco stem. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 382:129169. [PMID: 37187330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco stem is an abundant and inexpensive renewable source to produce prebiotics by circular economy. In this study, hydrothermal pretreatments were evaluated on the release of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and cello-oligosaccharides (COS) from the tobacco stem by a central composite rotational design associated with response surface methodology to evaluate the effects of temperature (161.72 to 218.3 °C) and solid load (SL) (2.93 to 17.07%). XOS were the main compounds released to the liquor. Desirability function was performed to maximize the production of XOS and minimize the effects of release of monosaccharides and degradation compounds. The result indicated yield of 96% w[XOS]/w[xylan] for 190 °C-2.93% SL. The highest value for COS and total oligomers content (COS + XOS) was 6.42 g/L and 17.7 g/L, respectively, for 190 °C-17.07% SL. The mass balance for the best yield XOS condition predicted 132 kg of XOS (X2-X6) from 1000 kg of tobacco stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel B Santana
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Lauren B Soares
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Zanella
- Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fellipe da Silva
- Bioprocess and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory, School of Food Engineering, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Boris U Stambuk
- Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rosana Goldbeck
- Bioprocess and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory, School of Food Engineering, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alan Ambrosi
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Acácio Zielinski
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Poletto
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Jaciane L Ienczak
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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24
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Yuansah SC, Laga A, Pirman. Production Strategy of Functional Oligosaccharides from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Enzymatic Process: A Review. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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25
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Lan K, Yang H, Zheng J, Hu H, Zhu T, Zou X, Hu B, Liu H. Poria cocos oligosaccharides ameliorate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mice by regulating gut microbiota dysbiosis. Food Funct 2023; 14:857-873. [PMID: 36537246 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03424g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Poria cocos, a widely accepted function food in China, has multiple pharmacological activities. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect and molecular mechanism of Poria cocos oligosaccharides (PCOs) against dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse colitis. In this study, BALB/c mice were treated with 3% (w/v) DSS for seven days to establish a colitis model. The results showed that oral administration of PCOs (200 mg per kg per day) significantly reversed the changes in the physiological indices in colitis mice, including body weight, disease activity index scores (DAI), spleen index, and colon length. From the qRT-PCR assay, it was observed that PCOs suppressed the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Tnf-α, Il-1β, and Il-6. In addition, PCOs protected the intestinal barrier from damage by promoting the expression of mucins and tight junction proteins at both mRNA and protein levels. Upon 16S rDNA sequencing, it was observed that PCO treatment partly reversed the changes in the gut microbiota of colitis mice by selectively regulating the abundance of specific bacteria. And Odoribacter, Muribaculum, Desulfovibrio, Oscillibacter, Escherichia-Shigella, and Turicibacter might be the critical bacteria in improving colitis via PCOs. Finally, using antibiotic mixtures to destroy the intestinal bacteria, we documented that PCO fermentation broth (PCO FB) instead of PCOs prevented the occurrence of colitis in gut microbiota-depleted mice. In conclusion, PCOs showed a protective effect on colitis by reversing gut microbiota dysbiosis. Our study sheds light on the potential application of PCOs as a prebiotic for treating colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, P. R. China.
| | - Huabing Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, P. R. China.
| | - Junping Zheng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, P. R. China.
| | - Haiming Hu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, P. R. China.
| | - Tianxiang Zhu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaojuan Zou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, P. R. China.
| | - Baifei Hu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, P. R. China.
| | - Hongtao Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, P. R. China.
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26
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Lepczyński A, Herosimczyk A, Bucław M, Adaszyńska-Skwirzyńska M. Antibiotics in avian care and husbandry-status and alternative antimicrobials. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Undoubtedly, the discovery of antibiotics was one of the greatest milestones in the treatment of human and animal diseases. Due to their over-use mainly as antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in livestock farming, antimicrobial resistance has been reported with increasing intensity, especially in the last decades. In order to reduce the scale of this phenomenon, initially in the Scandinavian countries and then throughout the entire European Union, a total ban on the use of AGP was introduced, moreover, a significant limitation in the use of these feed additives is now observed almost all over the world. The withdrawal of AGP from widespread use has prompted investigators to search for alternative strategies to maintain and stabilize the composition of the gut microbiota. These strategies include substances that are used in an attempt to stimulate the growth and activity of symbiotic bacteria living in the digestive tract of animals, as well as living microorganisms capable of colonizing the host’s gastrointestinal tract, which can positively affect the composition of the intestinal microbiota by exerting a number of pro-health effects, i.e., prebiotics and probiotics, respectively. In this review we also focused on plants/herbs derived products that are collectively known as phytobiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lepczyński
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics , West Pomeranian University of Technology , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Herosimczyk
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics , West Pomeranian University of Technology , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Mateusz Bucław
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences , West Pomeranian University of Technology , Szczecin , Poland
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27
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Álvarez C, González A, Ballesteros I, Gullón B, Negro MJ. In Vitro Assessment of the Prebiotic Potential of Xylooligosaccharides from Barley Straw. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010083. [PMID: 36613299 PMCID: PMC9818743 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Barley straw was subjected to hydrothermal pretreatment (steam explosion) processing to evaluate its potential as a raw material to produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS) suitable for use as a prebiotic. The steam explosion pretreatment generated a liquid fraction containing solubilised hemicellulose. This fraction was purified using gel permeation chromatography to obtain a fraction rich in XOS DP2-DP6. The sample was characterised through analytical techniques such as HPAEC-PAD, FTIR and MALDI-TOF-MS. The prebiotic activity was evaluated using in vitro fermentation in human faecal cultures through the quantification of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and lactate production, the evolution of the pH and the consumption of carbon sources. The total SCFA production at the end of fermentation (30 h) was 90.1 mM. Positive significant differences between the amount of XOS from barley straw and fructooligosaccharides after incubation were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Álvarez
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Unit, Department of Energy, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-346-60-57
| | - Alberto González
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Unit, Department of Energy, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ballesteros
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Unit, Department of Energy, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gullón
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - María José Negro
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Unit, Department of Energy, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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28
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Mavrogeni ME, Asadpoor M, Henricks PAJ, Keshavarzian A, Folkerts G, Braber S. Direct Action of Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides against a Leaky Gut. Nutrients 2022; 14:4699. [PMID: 36364961 PMCID: PMC9655944 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial monolayer is the primary determinant of mucosal barrier function, and tight junction (TJ) complexes seal the paracellular space between the adjacent epithelial cells and represent the main "gate-keepers" of the paracellular route. Impaired TJ functionality results in increased permeation of the "pro-inflammatory" luminal contents to the circulation that induces local and systemic inflammatory and immune responses, ultimately triggering and/or perpetuating (chronic) systemic inflammatory disorders. Increased gut leakiness is associated with intestinal and systemic disease states such as inflammatory bowel disease and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Modulation of TJ dynamics is an appealing strategy aiming at inflammatory conditions associated with compromised intestinal epithelial function. Recently there has been a growing interest in nutraceuticals, particularly in non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs). NDOs confer innumerable health benefits via microbiome-shaping and gut microbiota-related immune responses, including enhancement of epithelial barrier integrity. Emerging evidence supports that NDOs also exert health-beneficial effects on microbiota independently via direct interactions with intestinal epithelial and immune cells. Among these valuable features, NDOs promote barrier function by directly regulating TJs via AMPK-, PKC-, MAPK-, and TLR-associated pathways. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epithelial barrier-protective effects of different NDOs with a special focus on their microbiota-independent modulation of TJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleni Mavrogeni
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mostafa Asadpoor
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A. J. Henricks
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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29
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Zerva A, Chorozian K, Mohammadi M, Topakas E. Transxylosylation of stevioside by a novel GH39 β-xylosidase, and simultaneous valorization of agroindustrial byproducts. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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30
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Kim IJ, Jeong D, Kim SR. Upstream processes of citrus fruit waste biorefinery for complete valorization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 362:127776. [PMID: 35970501 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Citrus fruit waste (CW) is a useful biomass and its valorization into fuels and biochemicals has received much attention. For economic feasibility, increased efficiency of the preceding extraction and enzyme saccharification processes is necessary. However, at present, there is a lack of systematic reviews addressing these two integral upstream processes in concert for CW biorefinery. Here, the state-of-the-art advancements in enzyme extraction and saccharification processes-using which relevant essential oils, flavonoids, and sugars can be obtained-are reviewed. Specifically, the extraction options for two commercially available CW-derived products, essential oils and pectin, are discussed. With respect to enzyme saccharification, the use of an undefined commercial mixture routinely results in suboptimal sugar production. In this respect, applicable strategies for enzyme mixture customization are suggested for maximizing the hydrolytic efficiency of CW. The enzyme degradation system for CW-derived carbohydrates and its extensive application for sugar production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jung Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Deokyeol Jeong
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Soo Rin Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; Research Institute of Tailored Food Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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Smith MM, Melrose J. Xylan Prebiotics and the Gut Microbiome Promote Health and Wellbeing: Potential Novel Roles for Pentosan Polysulfate. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091151. [PMID: 36145372 PMCID: PMC9503530 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This narrative review highlights the complexities of the gut microbiome and health-promoting properties of prebiotic xylans metabolized by the gut microbiome. In animal husbandry, prebiotic xylans aid in the maintenance of a healthy gut microbiome. This prevents the colonization of the gut by pathogenic organisms obviating the need for dietary antibiotic supplementation, a practice which has been used to maintain animal productivity but which has led to the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria that are passed up the food chain to humans. Seaweed xylan-based animal foodstuffs have been developed to eliminate ruminant green-house gas emissions by gut methanogens in ruminant animals, contributing to atmospheric pollution. Biotransformation of pentosan polysulfate by the gut microbiome converts this semi-synthetic sulfated disease-modifying anti-osteoarthritic heparinoid drug to a prebiotic metabolite that promotes gut health, further extending the therapeutic profile and utility of this therapeutic molecule. Xylans are prominent dietary cereal components of the human diet which travel through the gastrointestinal tract as non-digested dietary fibre since the human genome does not contain xylanolytic enzymes. The gut microbiota however digest xylans as a food source. Xylo-oligosaccharides generated in this digestive process have prebiotic health-promoting properties. Engineered commensal probiotic bacteria also have been developed which have been engineered to produce growth factors and other bioactive factors. A xylan protein induction system controls the secretion of these compounds by the commensal bacteria which can promote gut health or, if these prebiotic compounds are transported by the vagal nervous system, may also regulate the health of linked organ systems via the gut–brain, gut–lung and gut–stomach axes. Dietary xylans are thus emerging therapeutic compounds warranting further study in novel disease prevention protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Smith
- Raymond Purves Laboratory of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Health and Science, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Laboratory of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Health and Science, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern Campus, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Batsalova T, Georgiev Y, Moten D, Teneva I, Dzhambazov B. Natural Xylooligosaccharides Exert Antitumor Activity via Modulation of Cellular Antioxidant State and TLR4. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810430. [PMID: 36142342 PMCID: PMC9499660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recently proven that xylooligosaccharides (XOS) with prebiotic properties have diverse beneficial biological effects including immunomodulatory and antitumor activities. The present article focused on the chemical and biological evaluation of corn-derived commercially available XOS and aimed to elucidate their cytotoxicity and inhibitory potential against tumor cells. Spectrophotometric chemical analyses, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses were performed. Antioxidant activity was determined by measuring the oxygen radical absorbance capacity and hydroxyl radical averting capacity. In vitro cytotoxicity assays with human cell lines derived from normal and tumor tissues, assessments of ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential specific staining, cytokine assays, and molecular docking were used to evaluate the biological activity of XOS. The sample showed significant antioxidant activity, and it was determined that most xylose oligomers in it are composed of six units. XOS exhibited antitumor activity with pronounced inhibitory effect on lysosomes, but mitochondrial functionality was also affected. The production of proinflammatory cytokines by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated U-937 cells was reduced by XOS treatment, which suggested the involvement of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated signaling in the mechanism of XOS action. Molecular docking analyses confirmed the potential inhibitory interaction between the sample and TLR4. In addition, XOS treatment had significant tumor-cell-specific influence on the glutathione antioxidant system, affecting its balance and thus contributing to the inhibition of cellular viability. The present study elucidated the tumor-inhibitory potential of commercially available XOS that could be utilized in pharmaceutical and food industry providing disease-preventive and therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina Batsalova
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Yordan Georgiev
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (IOCCP-BAS), 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Dzhemal Moten
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ivanka Teneva
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Balik Dzhambazov
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +359-32-261535
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Yan B, Huang C, Lai C, Ling Z, Yong Q. Production of prebiotic xylooligosaccharides from industrial-derived xylan residue by organic acid treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Silva VTF, Ruschoni UCM, Ferraz A, Milagres AMF. Xylan, Xylooligosaccharides, and Aromatic Structures With Antioxidant Activity Released by Xylanase Treatment of Alkaline-Sulfite–Pretreated Sugarcane Bagasse. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:940712. [PMID: 35898646 PMCID: PMC9313595 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.940712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanase enzymes are useful to fractionate plant biomass, producing xylan, xylooligosaccharides (XOS), and antioxidant-derived XOS. In a biorefinery, pretreated biomass can be digested with xylanase prior to cellulose saccharification, enhancing the product portfolio in the process. With this vision, this study highlighted a wide range of new products attainable from alkaline-sulfite–pretreated sugarcane bagasse by treatments with endo-xylanase under controlled conditions. The developed process provided a crude extract corresponding to 29.7% (w/w) of pretreated sugarcane bagasse. The crude extract included a relatively polymeric glucuronoarabinoxylan fraction, DP2-DP6 xylooligosaccharides, and aromatic compounds. The enzymatically produced extract was fractionated with increasing ethanol concentrations [up to 90% (v/v)], providing precipitation of varied polymeric xylan fractions (48% (w/w) of the crude extract) with average molar masses ranging from 28 kDa to 3.6 kDa. The fraction soluble in 90% ethanol was subjected to adsorption on 4% (w/v) activated charcoal and eluted with an ethanol gradient from 10% to 70% (v/v), thus providing xylooligosaccharides and aromatic fractions. Most of the xylooligosaccharides (74% of the eluted sugars) were washed out in 10%–30% ethanol. DP2 and DP3 structures predominated in the 10% ethanol fraction, while DP5 structures were significantly enriched in the 30% ethanol fraction. Higher ethanol concentrations desorbed xylooligosaccharides associated with higher amounts of aromatic compounds. Total aromatics, phenolic structures, and p-hydroxycinnamates predominated in the fractions desorbed with 60% and 70% ethanol. The antioxidant activity of produced fractions correlated with their phenolic contents. Compiled results indicate that a wide variety of products can be prepared from pretreated biomass using xylanase-aided extraction procedures. Recovered fractions presented different features and specific application prospects. Beyond polymeric xylan with low lignin contamination, xylooligosaccharides or even lignin-carbohydrate complexes with antioxidant activity can be included in the biorefinery portfolio based on the currently developed fractionation studies.
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Xylooligosaccharide-mediated gut microbiota enhances gut barrier and modulates gut immunity associated with alterations of biological processes in a pig model. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119776. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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An Environmentally Friendly Approach for the Release of Essential Fatty Acids from Cereal By-Products Using Cellulose-Degrading Enzymes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050721. [PMID: 35625449 PMCID: PMC9138263 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Fatty acids, especially the representatives of essential mono- and polyunsaturated ones, play an important role in the human organism, as they are involved in the regulation of the immune and central nervous systems. Whole grain products are considered to be a rich source of multiple health-promoting phytochemicals, including fatty acids, where polyunsaturated fatty acids take prevalence over saturated ones. To improve the milling performance of grain and ensure the high-quality standards of flour, technologies presently utilized within the milling process, e.g., dehulling and debranning, generally aim at removing outer layers of cereal grain and result in substantial reduction of valuable nutrients along with loss of functionality. In spite of the relative abundance of valuable compounds in cereal bran, currently less than 10% of produced bran is used in the food industry. To valorize cereal bran for food and pharmaceutical applications, additional pre-treatment is required. Abstract The main intention of the present work was to investigate the ability of cellulose-degrading enzymes (C-DE) to release fatty acids (FAs) from complex matrices of cereal by-products during enzymatic hydrolysis (EH). For this purpose, three types of cereal bran (CB), i.e., wheat, rye, and oat, were used as lignocellulose substrates for three commercially available hydrolytic enzymes, i.e., Viscozyme L, Viscoferm, and Celluclast 1.5 L. The yield and composition of FAs after EH were assessed and compared with those obtained after either conventional Soxhlet extraction or after alkaline-assisted hydrolysis (A-AH) with 10% KOH in 80% MeOH and subsequent liquid–liquid extraction. The experimental results demonstrated that up to 6.3% and 43.7% higher total FA yield can be achieved by EH of rye bran using Celluclast 1.5 L than by A-AH and Soxhlet extraction, respectively. However, the application of Viscoferm for EH of wheat bran ensured up to 7.7% and 13.4% higher total FA yield than A-AH and Soxhlet extraction, respectively. The concentration of essential linolenic acid (C18:3) in lipids extracted after EH of rye bran with Celluclast 1.5 L was up to 24.4% and 57.0% higher than in lipids recovered by A-AH and Soxhlet extraction, respectively. In turn, the highest content of linolenic acid in wheat bran lipids was observed after EH with Viscoferm and Viscozyme L, ensuring 17.0% and 13.6% higher yield than after A-AH, respectively. SEM analysis confirmed substantial degradation of the CB matrix promoted by the ability of C-DE to act specifically on glycosidic bonds in cellulose and on xylosidic bonds in arabinoxylans, arabinans, and other arabinose-containing hemicelluloses. Structural alterations in cell integrity greatly contributed to the release of bound FAs and their better transfer into the extraction solvent. It has been shown that the proposed process of EH can be used for the efficient release of FAs from the CB matrix more sustainably and with a safer profile, thereby conveying greener production of FAs for certain purposes.
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Li Y, Zhang X, Lu C, Lu P, Yin C, Ye Z, Huang Z. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Endo-β-1,4-Xylanase from Streptomyces sp. T7 and Its Application in Xylo-Oligosaccharide Production. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082516. [PMID: 35458713 PMCID: PMC9032680 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A xylanase-producing strain, identified as Streptomyces sp. T7, was isolated from soil by our lab. The endo-β-1,4-xylanase (xynST7) gene was found in the genome sequence of strain T7, which was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. XynST7 belonged to the glycoside hydrolase family 10, with a molecular mass of approximately 47 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature of XynST7 were pH 6.0 and 60 °C, respectively, and it showed wide pH and temperature adaptability and stability, retaining more than half of its enzyme activity between pH 5.0 and 11.0 below 80 °C. XynST7 showed only endo-β-1,4-xylanase activity without cellulase- or β-xylosidase activity, and it showed maximal hydrolysis for corncob xylan in all the test substrates. Then, XynST7 was used for the production of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOSs) by hydrolyzing xylan extracted from raw corncobs. The maximum yield of the XOS was 8.61 ± 0.13 mg/mL using 15 U/mL of XynST7 and 1.5% corncob xylan after 10 h of incubation at 60 °C. The resulting hydrolysate products mainly consisted of xylobiose and xylotriose. These data indicated that XynST7 might by a promising tool for various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhaosong Huang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-531-82766825; Fax: +86-531-82765807
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