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Smiles WJ, Catalano L, Stefan VE, Weber DD, Kofler B. Metabolic protein kinase signalling in neuroblastoma. Mol Metab 2023; 75:101771. [PMID: 37414143 PMCID: PMC10362370 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma is a paediatric malignancy of incredibly complex aetiology. Oncogenic protein kinase signalling in neuroblastoma has conventionally focussed on transduction through the well-characterised PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, in which the latter has been implicated in treatment resistance. The discovery of the receptor tyrosine kinase ALK as a target of genetic alterations in cases of familial and sporadic neuroblastoma, was a breakthrough in the understanding of the complex genetic heterogeneity of neuroblastoma. However, despite progress in the development of small-molecule inhibitors of ALK, treatment resistance frequently arises and appears to be a feature of the disease. Moreover, since the identification of ALK, several additional protein kinases, including the PIM and Aurora kinases, have emerged not only as drivers of the disease phenotype, but also as promising druggable targets. This is particularly the case for Aurora-A, given its intimate engagement with MYCN, a driver oncogene of aggressive neuroblastoma previously considered 'undruggable.' SCOPE OF REVIEW Aided by significant advances in structural biology and a broader understanding of the mechanisms of protein kinase function and regulation, we comprehensively outline the role of protein kinase signalling, emphasising ALK, PIM and Aurora in neuroblastoma, their respective metabolic outputs, and broader implications for targeted therapies. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Despite massively divergent regulatory mechanisms, ALK, PIM and Aurora kinases all obtain significant roles in cellular glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism and neuroblastoma progression, and in several instances are implicated in treatment resistance. While metabolism of neuroblastoma tends to display hallmarks of the glycolytic "Warburg effect," aggressive, in particular MYCN-amplified tumours, retain functional mitochondrial metabolism, allowing for survival and proliferation under nutrient stress. Future strategies employing specific kinase inhibitors as part of the treatment regimen should consider combinatorial attempts at interfering with tumour metabolism, either through metabolic pathway inhibitors, or by dietary means, with a view to abolish metabolic flexibility that endows cancerous cells with a survival advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Smiles
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Luca Catalano
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Victoria E Stefan
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela D Weber
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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Mayumi A, Imamura T, Yoshida H, Osone S, Yasuda T, Iehara T. Leukaemic cells expressing ETV6::FRK are sensitive to dasatinib in vivo. EJHAEM 2023; 4:751-755. [PMID: 37601849 PMCID: PMC10435712 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
ETV6::Fyn-related kinase (FRK), which is a Src family tyrosine-kinase-related fusion gene and firstly identified in our patient with paediatric high risk B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL), has no evidence of efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitor in vivo. We performed functional analysis of ETV6::FRK to establish molecular targeting therapy and determined that dasatinib could abrogate proliferation activity of ETV6::FRK through the repression of FRK-STAT3/STAT5 pathway in vitro and significantly extended the survival time of the xenografted mice in vivo (p < 0.01). Our data support the potential of dasatinib as a therapeutic option for patients with B-ALL harboring FRK rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Mayumi
- Department of PaediatricsKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Toshihiko Imamura
- Department of PaediatricsKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Department of PaediatricsKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Shinya Osone
- Department of PaediatricsKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Takahiko Yasuda
- Clinical Research CenterNagoya Medical CentreNational Hospital OrganizationNagoyaJapan
| | - Tomoko Iehara
- Department of PaediatricsKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
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Nikitski AV, Condello V, Divakaran SS, Nikiforov YE. Inhibition of ALK-Signaling Overcomes STRN-ALK-Induced Downregulation of the Sodium Iodine Symporter and Restores Radioiodine Uptake in Thyroid Cells. Thyroid 2023; 33:464-473. [PMID: 36585857 PMCID: PMC10122237 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Radioiodine (RAI) is commonly used for thyroid cancer treatment, although its therapeutic benefits are restricted to iodine-avid tumors. The RAI-refractory disease develops with tumor dedifferentiation involving loss of sodium-iodine symporter (NIS). Thyroid cancers driven by ALK fusions are prone to dedifferentiation, and whether targeted ALK inhibition may enhance RAI uptake in these tumors remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of NIS expression during the progression of ALK fusion-driven thyroid cancer, assess the effects of ALK activation on NIS-mediated RAI uptake, and test pharmacological options for its modulation. Methods: The expression of NIS at different stages of ALK-driven carcinogenesis was analyzed using a mouse model of STRN-ALK-driven thyroid cancer. For in vitro experiments, a system of doxycycline-inducible expression of STRN-ALK was generated using PCCL3 normal thyroid cells. The STRN-ALK-induced effects were evaluated with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, immunofluorescence, RNA sequencing, and gene sets pathways analyses. RAI uptake was measured using 131I. Treatment experiments were done with FDA-approved ALK inhibitors (crizotinib and ceritinib), MEK inhibitor selumetinib, and JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib. Results: We found that Nis downregulation occurred early in ALK-driven thyroid carcinogenesis, even at the stage of well-differentiated cancer, with a complete loss in poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas. Acute STRN-ALK expression in thyroid cells resulted in increased MAPK, JAK/STAT3, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling outputs associated with significant ALK-dependent downregulation of the majority of thyroid differentiation and iodine metabolism/transport genes, including Slc5a5 (Nis), Foxe1, Dio1, Duox1/2, Duoxa2, Glis3, Slc5a8, and Tg. Moreover, STRN-ALK expression in thyroid cells induced a significant loss of membranous NIS and a fourfold decrease of the NIS-mediated RAI uptake, which were reversed by ALK inhibitors crizotinib and ceritinib. In addition, a strong dose-dependent restoration of NIS with its membranous redistribution in STRN-ALK-expressing thyroid cells was observed after inhibition of MAPK signaling with selumetinib, which exhibited a cumulative effect with JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib. Conclusions: The findings of this preclinical study showed that ALK fusion-induced downregulation of NIS, the prerequisite of RAI refractoriness, could be reversed in thyroid cells by either direct inhibition of ALK or its downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Condello
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Saurabh S. Divakaran
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuri E. Nikiforov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Novel TENM3–ALK fusion is an alternate mechanism for ALK activation in neuroblastoma. Oncogene 2022; 41:2789-2797. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Precision therapy with anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor ceritinib in ALK-rearranged anaplastic large cell lymphoma. ESMO Open 2021; 6:100172. [PMID: 34242968 PMCID: PMC8271116 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 80% of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) patients harbor the (nucleophosmin) NPM1-ALK fusion gene t(2;5) chromosomal translocation. We evaluated the preclinical and clinical efficacy of ceritinib treatment of this aggressive lymphoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the effects of ceritinib treatment in NPM1-ALK+ T-cell lymphoma cell lines in vitro and on tumor size and survival advantage in vivo utilizing tumor xenografts. We treated an NPM1-ALK+ ALCL patient with ceritinib. We reviewed all hematologic malignancies profiled by a large hybrid-capture next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based comprehensive genomic profiling assay for ALK alterations. RESULTS In our in vitro experiments, ceritinib inhibited constitutive activation of the fusion kinase NPM1-ALK and downstream effector molecules STAT3, AKT, and ERK1/2, and induced apoptosis of these lymphoma cell lines. Cell cycle analysis following ceritinib treatment showed G0/G1 arrest with a concomitant decrease in the percentage of cells in S and G2/M phases. Further, treatment with ceritinib in the NPM1-ALK+ ALCL xenograft model resulted in tumor regression and improved survival. Of 19 272 patients with hematopoietic diseases sequenced, 58 patients (0.30%) harbored ALK fusions that include histiocytic disorders, multiple myeloma, B-cell neoplasms, Castleman's disease, and juvenile xanthogranuloma. A multiple relapsed NPM1-ALK+ ALCL patient treated with ceritinib achieved complete remission with ongoing clinical benefit to date, 5 years after initiation of therapy. CONCLUSIONS This ceritinib translational study in NPM1-ALK+ ALCL provides a strong rationale for a prospective study of ceritinib in ALK+ T-cell lymphomas and other ALK+ hematologic malignancies.
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Aberrant expression and genetic alteration of c-MYC in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 148:267-278. [PMID: 34131801 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03691-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE c-MYC plays an important role in regulating cellular growth and apoptosis, and it is aberrantly expressed in many human malignancies. Although c-MYC has been extensively investigated in Burkitt lymphoma and diffuse large B cell lymphoma, little has been reported in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and genetic alterations of c-MYC in primary systemic ALCL, characterize its clinicopathologic features and immunophenotypes, and discuss their implications in prognosis. METHODS Tissue microarrays using samples from 85 ALCL patients were used to evaluate expression of c-MYC and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). c-MYC and ALK genetic alterations were detected using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression methods were used for survival analysis. RESULTS c-MYC was expressed in 24 of 85 samples (28.2%), and ALK was expressed in 54 (63.5%). c-MYC and ALK were co-expressed in 16 samples (18.8%). c-MYC expression and c-MYC and ALK co-expression increased with ALCL clinical stages and the International Prognostic Index (IPI) score (p < 0.05). Fifty of the samples (58.8%) had ALK rearrangement, and 18 (22.1%) had aneuploidy. c-MYC rearrangement was not detected, but aneuploidy was observed in 19 cases (22.4%). c-MYC aneuploidy was significantly different based on c-MYC expression and the IPI score (p < 0.05). c-MYC was a significant independent prognostic factor for progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with ALCL. CONCLUSION c-MYC protein expression and c-MYC aneuploidy could predict worse survival in patients with ALCL.
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Fragliasso V, Tameni A, Inghirami G, Mularoni V, Ciarrocchi A. Cytoskeleton Dynamics in Peripheral T Cell Lymphomas: An Intricate Network Sustaining Lymphomagenesis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:643620. [PMID: 33928032 PMCID: PMC8076600 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.643620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in cytoskeleton functions support tumorigenesis fostering an aberrant proliferation and promoting inappropriate migratory and invasive features. The link between cytoskeleton and tumor features has been extensively investigated in solid tumors. However, the emerging genetic and molecular landscape of peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCL) has unveiled several alterations targeting structure and function of the cytoskeleton, highlighting its role in cell shape changes and the aberrant cell division of malignant T cells. In this review, we summarize the most recent evidence about the role of cytoskeleton in PTCLs development and progression. We also discuss how aberrant signaling pathways, like JAK/STAT3, NPM-ALK, RhoGTPase, and Aurora Kinase, can contribute to lymphomagenesis by modifying the structure and the signaling properties of cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fragliasso
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tameni
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Valentina Mularoni
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciarrocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Kuravi S, Cheng J, Fangman G, Polireddy K, McCormick S, Lin TL, Singh AK, Abhyankar S, Ganguly S, Welch DR, Jensen RA, McGuirk JP, Balusu R. Preclinical Evaluation of Gilteritinib on NPM1-ALK-Driven Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:913-920. [PMID: 33514657 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an aggressive type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. More than three-fourths of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive ALCL cases express the nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1)-ALK fusion gene as a result of t(2;5) chromosomal translocation. The homodimerization of NPM1-ALK fusion protein mediates constitutive activation of the chimeric tyrosine kinase activity and downstream signaling pathways responsible for lymphoma cell proliferation and survival. Gilteritinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of FMS-like tyrosine kinase mutation-positive acute myeloid leukemia. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time gilteritinib-mediated growth inhibitory effects on NPM1-ALK-driven ALCL cells. We utilized a total of five ALCL model cell lines, including both human and murine. Gilteritinib treatment inhibits NPM1-ALK fusion kinase phosphorylation and downstream signaling, resulting in induced apoptosis. Gilteritinib-mediated apoptosis was associated with caspase 3/9, PARP cleavage, the increased expression of proapoptotic protein BAD, and decreased expression of antiapoptotic proteins, survivin and MCL-1. We also found downregulation of fusion kinase activity resulted in decreased c-Myc protein levels. Furthermore, cell-cycle analysis indicated gilteritinib induced G0-G1-phase cell-cycle arrest and reduced CD30 expression. In summary, our preclinical studies explored the novel therapeutic potential of gilteritinib in the treatment of ALCL cells expressing NPM1-ALK and potentially in other ALK or ALK fusion-driven hematologic or solid malignancies. IMPLICATIONS: Our preclinical results explore the use of gilteritinib for the treatment of NPM1-ALK-driven ALCL cells and pave a path for developing future clinical trials. VISUAL OVERVIEW: http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanres/19/5/913/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakiranmayi Kuravi
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Janice Cheng
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | | | - Kishore Polireddy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Sophia McCormick
- Biospecimen Repository Core Facility, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Tara L Lin
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Anurag K Singh
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Sunil Abhyankar
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Siddhartha Ganguly
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Danny R Welch
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Roy A Jensen
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Joseph P McGuirk
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Ramesh Balusu
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Torres-Jiménez J, Albarrán-Fernández V, Pozas J, Román-Gil MS, Esteban-Villarrubia J, Carrato A, Rosero A, Grande E, Alonso-Gordoa T, Molina-Cerrillo J. Novel Tyrosine Kinase Targets in Urothelial Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E747. [PMID: 33451055 PMCID: PMC7828553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma represents one of the most prevalent types of cancer worldwide, and its incidence is expected to grow. Although the treatment of the advanced disease was based on chemotherapy for decades, the developments of different therapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, antibody drug conjugates and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, are revolutionizing the therapeutic landscape of this tumor. This development coincides with the increasing knowledge of the pathogenesis and genetic alterations in urothelial carcinoma, from the non-muscle invasive setting to the metastatic one. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the different tyrosine kinase targets and their roles in the therapeutic scene of urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Torres-Jiménez
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (J.T.-J.); (V.A.-F.); (J.P.); (M.S.R.-G.); (J.E.-V.)
| | - Víctor Albarrán-Fernández
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (J.T.-J.); (V.A.-F.); (J.P.); (M.S.R.-G.); (J.E.-V.)
| | - Javier Pozas
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (J.T.-J.); (V.A.-F.); (J.P.); (M.S.R.-G.); (J.E.-V.)
| | - María San Román-Gil
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (J.T.-J.); (V.A.-F.); (J.P.); (M.S.R.-G.); (J.E.-V.)
| | - Jorge Esteban-Villarrubia
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (J.T.-J.); (V.A.-F.); (J.P.); (M.S.R.-G.); (J.E.-V.)
| | - Alfredo Carrato
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), CIBERONC, Alcalá University, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Adriana Rosero
- Medical Oncology Department, Infanta Cristina Hospital, 28607 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Enrique Grande
- Department of Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 28033 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Alonso-Gordoa
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), CIBERONC, Alcalá University, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Javier Molina-Cerrillo
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), CIBERONC, Alcalá University, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
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NPM-ALK: A Driver of Lymphoma Pathogenesis and a Therapeutic Target. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13010144. [PMID: 33466277 PMCID: PMC7795840 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a tyrosine kinase associated with Anaplastic Large Cell lymphoma (ALCL) through oncogenic translocations mainly NPM-ALK. Chemotherapy is effective in ALK(+) ALCL patients and induces remission rates of approximately 80%. The remaining patients do not respond to chemotherapy and some patients have drug-resistant relapses. Different classes of ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are available but used exclusively for EML4-ALK (+) lung cancers. The significant toxicities of most ALK inhibitors explain the delay in their use in pediatric ALCL patients. Some ALCL patients do not respond to the first generation TKI or develop an acquired resistance. Combination therapy with ALK inhibitors in ALCL is the current challenge. Abstract Initially discovered in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), the ALK anaplastic lymphoma kinase is a tyrosine kinase which is affected in lymphomas by oncogenic translocations, mainly NPM-ALK. To date, chemotherapy remains a viable option in ALCL patients with ALK translocations as it leads to remission rates of approximately 80%. However, the remaining patients do not respond to chemotherapy and some patients have drug-resistant relapses. It is therefore crucial to identify new and better treatment options. Nowadays, different classes of ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are available and used exclusively for EML4-ALK (+) lung cancers. In fact, the significant toxicities of most ALK inhibitors explain the delay in their use in ALCL patients, who are predominantly children. Moreover, some ALCL patients do not respond to Crizotinib, the first generation TKI, or develop an acquired resistance months following an initial response. Combination therapy with ALK inhibitors in ALCL is the current challenge.
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Cho WCS, Tse KP, Ngan RKC, Cheuk W, Ma VWS, Yang YT, Yip TTC, Tan KT, Chen SJ. Genomic characterization reveals potential biomarkers in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with relapse. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:1149-1159. [PMID: 33040630 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1835473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the majority of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients demonstrate favorable outcomes after radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, about 8-10% of patients will develop recurrent disease, and genomic alterations (GAs) associated with the recurrence are unclear. METHODS This study investigated the GAs in the paired primary tumors and recurrent tumors of 7 NPC patients with relapse, as well as the primary tumors of 15 NPC patients without relapse by deep targeted next-generation sequencing on 440 cancer-related genes. RESULTS BRCA1 and TP53 mutations were significantly enriched in patients with relapse (P = 0.021 and P = 0.023, respectively). Survival analysis revealed that the GAs of TP53, ZNF217, VEGFB, CDKN1B, GNAS, PRDM1, and MEN1 were associated with significantly shorter overall survival. The GAs of the tumor also altered after treatment in the relapsed group, and five genes (CDK4, FGFR3, ALK, BRCA1, and CHEK2) in the recurrent tumors were potentially druggable. CONCLUSIONS The discovery of GAs associated with recurrence or survival in NPC may serve as potential prognostic gene signatures of high-risk patients. Targeted therapies are available in some of the clinically relevant GAs and may be considered in future clinical trials. Given the limitation of the sample size, validation by a larger cohort is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Po Tse
- ACT Genomics, Co. Ltd ., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Roger K C Ngan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Gleneagles Hong Kong Hospital , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wah Cheuk
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Victor W S Ma
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Hong Kong SAR, China
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Cao M, Chen Y, Zhao T, Wei S, Guo M, Zhai X. Pyrroformyl-containing 2,4-diaminopyrimidine derivatives as a new optimization strategy of ALK inhibitors combating mutations. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Ruxolitinib as monotherapy in a patient with anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive lung adenocarcinoma. Anticancer Drugs 2019; 30:1061-1063. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang TT, Yang J, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Dubois S, Conlon KC, Tagaya Y, Hamele CE, Dighe S, Olson TL, Feith DJ, Azimi N, Waldmann TA, Loughran TP. IL-2 and IL-15 blockade by BNZ-1, an inhibitor of selective γ-chain cytokines, decreases leukemic T-cell viability. Leukemia 2019; 33:1243-1255. [PMID: 30353031 PMCID: PMC6478569 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) and IL-2 drive T-cell malignancies including T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia (T-LGLL) and HTLV-1 driven adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Both cytokines share common γ-chain receptors and downstream signaling pathways. T-LGLL is characterized by clonal expansion of cytotoxic T cells and is associated with abnormal JAK/STAT signaling. ATL is an aggressive CD4+ T-cell neoplasm associated with HTLV-1. T-LGLL and ATL share dependence on IL-2 and IL-15 for survival and both diseases lack effective therapies. BNZ-1 is a pegylated peptide designed to specifically bind the γc receptor to selectively block IL-2, IL-15, and IL-9 signaling. We hypothesized that treatment with BNZ-1 would reduce cytokine-mediated proliferation and viability. Our results demonstrated that in vitro treatment of a T-LGLL cell line and ex vivo treatment of T-LGLL patient cells with BNZ-1 inhibited cytokine-mediated viability. Furthermore, BNZ-1 blocked downstream signaling and increased apoptosis. These results were mirrored in an ATL cell line and in ex vivo ATL patient cells. Lastly, BNZ-1 drastically reduced leukemic burden in an IL-15-driven human ATL mouse xenograft model. Thus, BNZ-1 shows great promise as a novel therapy for T-LGLL, ATL, and other IL-2 or IL-15 driven hematopoietic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tiffany Wang
- University of Virginia Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- University of Virginia Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Meili Zhang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Sigrid Dubois
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kevin C Conlon
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yutaka Tagaya
- BIONIZ Therapeutics, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Cait E Hamele
- University of Virginia Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Shubha Dighe
- University of Virginia Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Thomas L Olson
- University of Virginia Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - David J Feith
- University of Virginia Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | | | - Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Thomas P Loughran
- University of Virginia Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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15
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Lin C, Shi X, Yang S, Zhao J, He Q, Jin Y, Yu X. Comparison of ALK detection by FISH, IHC and NGS to predict benefit from crizotinib in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2019; 131:62-68. [PMID: 31027700 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is now a validated kinase target in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We implemented three ALK laboratory methodologies: fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) to detect EML4-ALK fusions and compared the predictive value for Crizotinib efficacy in ALK-positive patients. METHODS 55 ALK positive patients confirmed by at least one method were enrolled in the present study, of whom 45 cases were assessed by FISH, IHC and NGS concurrently, and another 10 cases only received IHC and NGS assessment for ALK status. RESULTS IHC presented the uppermost positive rate (94.5%), followed by NGS (92.7%) and FISH(82.4%), among which IHC and NGS had the highest concordance rate of 87.3%. No difference was detected in ORR, DCR and PFS of ALK positive cases defined in three groups. Notably, NGS positive patients were correlated with a higher DCR and longer PFS compared to NGS negative cases (P = 0.02 and P = 0.09), while FISH and IHC status were not distinguishing in predicting the outcome of Crizotinib. TP53 concurrent mutation might reduce responsiveness to Crizotinib and worsen prognosis in ALK-rearranged NSCLC. CONCLUSION FISH present a certain false-negative rate although considered the gold standard. Ventana-D5F3 IHC is qualified as a screening tool, while NGS positive may predict clinical benefit of Crizotinib more accurately, allowing efficient test for specific variants and concurrent genomic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, China
| | - Xun Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, China
| | - Shao Yang
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nangjing, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, China
| | - Qiong He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, China.
| | - Xinmin Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology of Thoracic Oncology, China.
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16
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Gambi G, Di Simone E, Basso V, Ricci L, Wang R, Verma A, Elemento O, Ponzoni M, Inghirami G, Icardi L, Mondino A. The Transcriptional Regulator Sin3A Contributes to the Oncogenic Potential of STAT3. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3076-3087. [PMID: 30692217 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing of promoter and enhancer regions is a common phenomenon in malignant cells. The transcription factor STAT3 is aberrantly activated in several tumors, where its constitutive acetylation accounts for the transcriptional repression of a number of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) via molecular mechanisms that remain to be understood. Using nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive (NPM-ALK+) anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) as model system, we found in cells and patient-derived tumor xenografts that STAT3 is constitutively acetylated as a result of ALK activity. STAT3 acetylation relied on intact ALK-induced PI3K- and mTORC1-dependent signaling and was sensitive to resveratrol. Resveratrol lowered STAT3 acetylation, rescued TSG expression, and induced ALCL apoptotic cell death. STAT3 constitutively bound the Sin3A transcriptional repressor complex, and both STAT3 and Sin3A bound the promoter region of silenced TSG via a resveratrol-sensitive mechanism. Silencing SIN3A caused reexpression of TSG, induced ALCL apoptotic cell death in vitro, and hindered ALCL tumorigenic potential in vivo. A constitutive STAT3-Sin3A interaction was also found in breast adenocarcinoma cells and proved critical for TSG silencing and cell survival. Collectively, these results suggest that oncogene-driven STAT3 acetylation and its constitutive association with Sin3A represent novel and concomitant events contributing to STAT3 oncogenic potential. SIGNIFICANCE: This study delineates the transcriptional regulatory complex Sin3A as a mediator of STAT3 transcriptional repressor activity and identifies the STAT3/Sin3A axis as a druggable target to antagonize STAT3-addicted tumors. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/12/3076/F1.large.jpg.See related commentary by Monteleone and Poli, p. 3031.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Gambi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Simone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Basso
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Ricci
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Akanksha Verma
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science and Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Pathology and NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Laura Icardi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Mondino
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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17
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Bruton's tyrosine kinase potentiates ALK signaling and serves as a potential therapeutic target of neuroblastoma. Oncogene 2018; 37:6180-6194. [PMID: 30013190 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) can cause sporadic and familial neuroblastoma. Using a proteomics approach, we identified Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) as a novel ALK interaction partner, and the physical interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. BTK is expressed in neuroblastoma cell lines and tumor tissues. Its high expression correlates with poor relapse-free survival probability of neuroblastoma patients. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that BTK potentiates ALK-mediated signaling in neuroblastoma, and increases ALK stability by reducing ALK ubiquitination. Both ALKWT and ALKF1174L can induce BTK phosphorylation and higher capacity of ALKF1174L is observed. Furthermore, the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib can effectively inhibit the growth of neuroblastoma xenograft in nude mice, and the combination of ibrutinib and the ALK inhibitor crizotinib further enhances the inhibition. Our study provides strong rationale for clinical trial of ALK-positive neuroblastoma using ibrutinib or the combination of ibrutinib and ALK inhibitors.
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18
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Pizzi M, Margolskee E, Inghirami G. Pathogenesis of Peripheral T Cell Lymphoma. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2018; 13:293-320. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pizzi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Margolskee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science and Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Department of Pathology and NYU Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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19
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Palmirotta R, Quaresmini D, Lovero D, Silvestris F. ALK gene alterations in cancer: biological aspects and therapeutic implications. Pharmacogenomics 2017; 18:277-292. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ALK was first reported in 1994 as a translocation in anaplastic large cell lymphoma and then described with different abnormalities in a number of tumors. Recently, a shortly accumulated biomedical research clarified the numerous biological processes underlying its ability to support cancer development, growth and progression. Advent of precision medicine has finally provided unexpected advances, leading to the development of ALK-targeting inhibitors with superior efficacy as compared with standard chemotherapy regimens, as well as the identification of resistance mechanisms and the creation of ‘next-generation’ treatments. This review summarizes the current understanding of ALK-driven cancers from the oncogenesis and mutation frequency by The Cancer Genome Atlas database through the diagnostic approach, to an updated portrait of available tyrosine kinase inhibitors, considering their effectiveness in cancer treatment, the molecular reasons of therapeutic failure, and the actual and future ways to overcome resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Palmirotta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Quaresmini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenica Lovero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
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20
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Targeting autophagy enhances the anti-tumoral action of crizotinib in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30149-64. [PMID: 26338968 PMCID: PMC4745787 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas (ALK+ ALCL) occur predominantly in children and young adults. Their treatment, based on aggressive chemotherapy, is not optimal since ALCL patients can still expect a 30% 2-year relapse rate. Tumor relapses are very aggressive and their underlying mechanisms are unknown. Crizotinib is the most advanced ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor and is already used in clinics to treat ALK-associated cancers. However, crizotinib escape mechanisms have emerged, thus preventing its use in frontline ALCL therapy. The process of autophagy has been proposed as the next target for elimination of the resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In this study, we investigated whether autophagy is activated in ALCL cells submitted to ALK inactivation (using crizotinib or ALK-targeting siRNA). Classical autophagy read-outs such as autophagosome visualization/quantification by electron microscopy and LC3-B marker turn-over assays were used to demonstrate autophagy induction and flux activation upon ALK inactivation. This was demonstrated to have a cytoprotective role on cell viability and clonogenic assays following combined ALK and autophagy inhibition. Altogether, our results suggest that co-treatment with crizotinib and chloroquine (two drugs already used in clinics) could be beneficial for ALK-positive ALCL patients.
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21
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Bayliss R, Choi J, Fennell DA, Fry AM, Richards MW. Molecular mechanisms that underpin EML4-ALK driven cancers and their response to targeted drugs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1209-24. [PMID: 26755435 PMCID: PMC4761370 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A fusion between the EML4 (echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like) and ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) genes was identified in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in 2007 and there has been rapid progress in applying this knowledge to the benefit of patients. However, we have a poor understanding of EML4 and ALK biology and there are many challenges to devising the optimal strategy for treating EML4-ALK NSCLC patients. In this review, we describe the biology of EML4 and ALK, explain the main features of EML4-ALK fusion proteins and outline the therapies that target EML4-ALK. In particular, we highlight the recent advances in our understanding of the structures of EML proteins, describe the molecular mechanisms of resistance to ALK inhibitors and assess current thinking about combinations of ALK drugs with inhibitors that target other kinases or Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bayliss
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE2 9HN, UK.
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Jene Choi
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43 gil, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dean A Fennell
- Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE3 9SQ, UK
| | - Andrew M Fry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE2 9HN, UK
| | - Mark W Richards
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE2 9HN, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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22
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Chan ELY, Chin CHY, Lui VWY. An update of ALK inhibitors in human clinical trials. Future Oncol 2016; 12:71-81. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogenic ALK is a druggable receptor tyrosine kinase for cancer treatment. Two small molecule inhibitors of ALK, crizotinib and ceritinib, have been recently approved for the treatment of metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer, with marked improvement of progression-free survival of patients. Independent case reports also indicate their potential therapeutic activity in other ALK-rearranged cancers. Numerous single-agent and combination therapy trials are ongoing in lung and many other cancers. Results of these trials are greatly anticipated. Here, we summarize our current understanding of ALK signaling, genomic aberrations in cancer and emerging mechanisms of drug resistance. We will also provide a timely review on all ALK inhibitors and their current status of development in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eason Leong Yin Chan
- Pharmacogenomics & Precision Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Claudia Ho Yi Chin
- Pharmacogenomics & Precision Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Vivian Wai Yan Lui
- Pharmacogenomics & Precision Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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23
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Crescenzo R, Inghirami G. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 23:39-44. [PMID: 26051994 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene is a member of the insulin receptor superfamily and it has been associated with more than twenty distinct chimera, including established drivers of several human cancers. Multiple clinical trials have proven that the pharmacological inhibition of ALK signaling leads to remarkable clinical improvement and improves the quality of life of ALK+ cancer patients. Crizotinib was the first ALKi to achieve approval from the Food and Drug Administration, although additional compounds are now moving into diversified clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Crescenzo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy; Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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24
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A novel patient-derived tumorgraft model with TRAF1-ALK anaplastic large-cell lymphoma translocation. Leukemia 2014; 29:1390-401. [PMID: 25533804 PMCID: PMC4864432 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (ALCL) carrying anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) have a relatively good prognosis, aggressive forms exist. We have identified a novel translocation, causing the fusion of the TRAF1 and ALK genes, in one patient who presented with a leukemic ALK+ ALCL (ALCL-11). To uncover the mechanisms leading to high-grade ALCL, we developed a human patient-derived tumorgraft (hPDT) line. Molecular characterization of primary and PDT cells demonstrated the activation of ALK and nuclear factor kB (NFkB) pathways. Genomic studies of ALCL-11 showed the TP53 loss and the in vivo subclonal expansion of lymphoma cells, lacking PRDM1/Blimp1 and carrying c-MYC gene amplification. The treatment with proteasome inhibitors of TRAF1-ALK cells led to the downregulation of p50/p52 and lymphoma growth inhibition. Moreover, a NFkB gene set classifier stratified ALCL in distinct subsets with different clinical outcome. Although a selective ALK inhibitor (CEP28122) resulted in a significant clinical response of hPDT mice, nevertheless the disease could not be eradicated. These data indicate that the activation of NFkB signaling contributes to the neoplastic phenotype of TRAF1-ALK ALCL. ALCL hPDTs are invaluable tools to validate the role of druggable molecules, predict therapeutic responses and implement patient specific therapies.
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25
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Pearson JD, Zhang J, Wu Z, Thew KD, Rowe KJ, Bacani JTC, Ingham RJ. Expression of granzyme B sensitizes ALK+ ALCL tumour cells to apoptosis-inducing drugs. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:199. [PMID: 25168906 PMCID: PMC4158053 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The serine protease Granzyme B (GzB) is primarily expressed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, and functions in allowing these cells to induce apoptosis in virally-infected or transformed cells. Cancers of both lymphoid and non-lymphoid origin also express GzB, and in some cases this expression has been linked to pathogenesis or sensitizing tumour cells to cell death. For example, GzB expression in urothelial carcinoma was implicated in promoting tumour cell invasion, whereas its expression in nasal-type NK/T lymphomas was found to correlate with increased apoptosis. GzB expression is also a hallmark of the non-Hodgkin lymphoma, anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL). Given the fact that ALK+ ALCL exhibits high levels of apoptosis and is typically responsive to conventional chemotherapy, we examined whether GzB expression might play a role in sensitizing ALK+ ALCL tumour cells to apoptosis. Methods ALK+ ALCL cell lines stably expressing GzB or non-targeting (control) shRNA were generated and apoptosis was examined by anti-PARP western blotting and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling. Both spontaneous apoptosis and apoptosis in response to treatment with staurosporine or doxorubicin were investigated. In order to assess whether additional granzymes might be important in promoting cell death in ALK+ ALCL, we examined whether other human granzymes were expressed in ALK+ ALCL cell lines using reverse-transcriptase PCR and western blotting. Results Expression of several GzB shRNAs in multiple ALK+ ALCL cell lines resulted in a significant decrease in GzB levels and activity. While spontaneous apoptosis was similar in ALK+ ALCL cell lines expressing either GzB or control shRNA, GzB shRNA-expressing cells were less sensitive to staurosporine or doxorubicin-induced apoptosis as evidenced by reduced PARP cleavage and decreased DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, we found that GzB is the only granzyme that is expressed at significant levels in ALK+ ALCL cell lines. Conclusions Our findings are the first to demonstrate that GzB expression sensitizes ALK+ ALCL cell lines to drug-induced apoptosis. This suggests that GzB expression may be a factor contributing to the favourable response of this lymphoma to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert J Ingham
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
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26
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Esfahani K, Agulnik JS, Cohen V. A Systemic Review of Resistance Mechanisms and Ongoing Clinical Trials in ALK-Rearranged Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:174. [PMID: 25101240 PMCID: PMC4104550 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of oncogenic driver mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has led to a paradigm shift and the development of specific molecular treatments. Tumors harboring a rearranged EML4–ALK fusion oncogene are highly sensitive to therapy with ALK-targeted inhibitors. Crizotinib is the first approved treatment for advanced lung tumors containing this genetic abnormality. In this mini review, we discuss the existing data on crizotinib as well as ongoing trials involving this medication. A brief overview of the known resistance mechanisms to crizotinib will also be presented followed by a summary of the ongoing trials involving next-generation ALK-inhibitors or other targeted therapies in patients with ALK+ NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Esfahani
- Department of Oncology, Segal Cancer Center, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Jason Scott Agulnik
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Oncology, Peter Brojde Cancer Center , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Victor Cohen
- Department of Oncology, Segal Cancer Center, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital , Montreal, QC , Canada
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Karabencheva TG, Lee CC, Black GW, Donev R, Christov CZ. How does conformational flexibility influence key structural features involved in activation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase? MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:1490-5. [PMID: 24675991 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00141a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) plays a major role in developing tumor processes and therefore has emerged as a validated therapeutic target. Applying atomistic molecular dynamics simulations on the wild type enzyme and the nine most frequently occurring and clinically important activation mutants we revealed important conformational effects on key interactions responsible for the activation of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana G Karabencheva
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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Zhang Q, Wei F, Wang HY, Liu X, Roy D, Xiong QB, Jiang S, Medvec A, Danet-Desnoyers G, Watt C, Tomczak E, Kalos M, Riley JL, Wasik MA. The potent oncogene NPM-ALK mediates malignant transformation of normal human CD4(+) T lymphocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1971-80. [PMID: 24404580 PMCID: PMC5745542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
With this study we have demonstrated that in vitro transduction of normal human CD4(+) T lymphocytes with NPM-ALK results in their malignant transformation. The transformed cells become immortalized and display morphology and immunophenotype characteristic of patient-derived anaplastic large-cell lymphomas. These unique features, which are strictly dependent on NPM-ALK activity and expression, include perpetual cell growth, proliferation, and survival; activation of the key signal transduction pathways STAT3 and mTORC1; and expression of CD30 (the hallmark of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma) and of immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 and cell-surface protein PD-L1/CD274. Implantation of NPM-ALK-transformed CD4(+) T lymphocytes into immunodeficient mice resulted in formation of tumors indistinguishable from patients' anaplastic large-cell lymphomas. Our findings demonstrate that the key aspects of human carcinogenesis closely recapitulating the features of the native tumors can be faithfully reproduced in vitro when an appropriate oncogene is used to transform its natural target cells; this in turn points to the fundamental role in malignant cell transformation of potent oncogenes expressed in the relevant target cells. Such transformed cells should permit study of the early stages of carcinogenesis, and in particular the initial oncogene-host cell interactions. This experimental design could also be useful for studies of the effects of early therapeutic intervention and likely also the mechanisms of malignant progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fang Wei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hong Yi Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Darshan Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Qun-Bin Xiong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shuguang Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew Medvec
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Christopher Watt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ewa Tomczak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Kalos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James L. Riley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mariusz A. Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Beyond NPM-anaplastic lymphoma kinase driven lymphomagenesis: alternative drivers in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Curr Opin Hematol 2013; 20:374-81. [PMID: 23673339 PMCID: PMC4121055 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e3283623c07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) are rare entities whose somatic genetic lesions have been identified only in a subset of patients. Thus, an integrated and massive discovery programme is required to define their tumourigenic alterations and to design more successful tailored therapies. RECENT FINDINGS The discovery of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusions has provided the basis for the characterization of distinct subsets among ALCL patients. Although the oncogenic addiction of ALK signalling is proven, the tumorigenic contribution of coactivating lesions is still missing. As ALK- and ALK+ share common signatures, it is plausible that analogous mechanisms of transformation may be operating in both subsets, as confirmed by the dysregulated activation of c-MYC, RAS and NFκB, and the loss of Blimp-1 and p53/p63 axis. Nonetheless, recurrent genetic alterations for ALK- ALCL or refractory leukaemic ALK+ ALCL are lacking. Moreover, although conventional chemotherapies (anthracycline-based) are most successful, that is in ALK+ ALCL patients, the implementation of ALK inhibitors or of anti-CD30 based treatments provides innovative solutions, particularly in paediatric ALK+ ALCL and in chemorefractory/relapsed patients. SUMMARY The complete portrayal of the landscape of genetic alterations in ALCL will dictate the development of innovative chemotherapeutic and targeted therapies that will fit most with the molecular and clinical profiling of individual patients.
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Spaccarotella E, Pellegrino E, Ferracin M, Ferreri C, Cuccuru G, Liu C, Iqbal J, Cantarella D, Taulli R, Provero P, Di Cunto F, Medico E, Negrini M, Chan WC, Inghirami G, Piva R. STAT3-mediated activation of microRNA cluster 17~92 promotes proliferation and survival of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Haematologica 2013; 99:116-24. [PMID: 23975180 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.088286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma is a category of T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma which can be further subdivided into two distinct entities (ALK(+) and ALK(-)) based on the presence or absence of ALK gene rearrangements. Among several pathways triggered by ALK signaling, constitutive activation of STAT3 is strictly required for ALK-mediated transformation and survival. Here we performed genome-wide microRNA profiling and identified 48 microRNA concordantly modulated by the inducible knock-down of ALK and STAT3. To evaluate the functional role of differentially expressed miRNA, we forced their expression in ALK(+) anaplastic large cell lymphoma cells, and monitored their influence after STAT3 depletion. We found that the expression of the microRNA-17~92 cluster partially rescues STAT3 knock-down by sustaining proliferation and survival of ALK(+) cells. Experiments in a xenograft mouse model indicated that forced expression of microRNA-17~92 interferes with STAT3 knock-down in vivo. High expression levels of the microRNA-17~92 cluster resulted in down-regulation of BIM and TGFβRII proteins, suggesting that their targeting might mediate resistance to STAT3 knock-down in anaplastic large cell lymphoma cells. We speculate that the microRNA-17~92 cluster is involved in lymphomagenesis of STAT3(+) ALCL and that its inhibition might represent an alternative avenue to interfere with ALK signaling in anaplastic large cell lymphomas.
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d’Amore ES, Visco C, Menin A, Famengo B, Bonvini P, Lazzari E. STAT3 Pathway Is Activated in ALK-positive Large B-cell Lymphoma Carrying SQSTM1-ALK Rearrangement and Provides a Possible Therapeutic Target. Am J Surg Pathol 2013; 37:780-6. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e318287791f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Aurora-A is a mitotic kinase implicated in oncogenesis and is known to be overexpressed in B-cell lymphomas and plasma cell myeloma. The expression of Aurora-A kinase (henceforth referred to as Aurora-A) in T-cell lymphomas is not well characterized. In this study, we assessed Aurora-A expression by immunohistochemical analysis in 100 lymphomas encompassing a variety of T-cell lymphomas as categorized in the World Health Organization classification. Aurora-A expression was highest in anaplastic large-cell lymphomas and variably expressed in other types of T-cell lymphomas. In addition, the pattern of Aurora-A expression was predominantly cytoplasmic in ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma and was nuclear in ALK-negative anaplastic large-cell lymphoma and other T-cell lymphomas, suggesting altered biochemical mechanisms of Aurora-A nuclear transport in ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis showed that Aurora-A is more highly expressed in ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma than in ALK-negative anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, and is relatively lower in peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Using western blot analysis and the DEL cell line (derived from ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma), we showed that Aurora-A expression is decreased after treatment with either MYC or MEK inhibitors, consistent with the MYC and MAP kinase signaling pathways being involved in driving Aurora-A expression; the greatest decrease was observed after MYC inhibition. These findings provide insights into the possible importance of Aurora-A overexpression in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma pathogenesis, and also suggest that Aurora-A inhibition could be a potential therapeutic approach for patients with anaplastic large-cell lymphoma.
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Huang TT, Gonzales CB, Gu F, Hsu YT, Jadhav RR, Wang CM, Redding SW, Tseng CE, Lee CC, Thompson IM, Chen HR, Huang THM, Kirma NB. Epigenetic deregulation of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene modulates mesenchymal characteristics of oral squamous cell carcinomas. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1717-27. [PMID: 23568951 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA hypermethylation of promoter CpG islands is associated with epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). We used a methyl-CpG-binding domain protein capture method coupled with next-generation sequencing (MBDCap-seq) to survey global DNA methylation patterns in OSCCs with and without nodal metastasis and normal mucosa (total n = 58). Of 1462 differentially methylated CpG islands identified in OSCCs relative to normal controls, MBDCap-seq profiling uncovered 359 loci linked to lymph node metastasis. Interactive network analysis revealed a subset of these loci (n = 23), including the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene, are potential regulators and effectors of invasiveness and metastatic progression. Promoter methylation of ALK was preferentially observed in OSCCs without node metastasis, whereas relatively lower methylation levels were present in metastatic tumors, implicating an active state of ALK transcription in the latter group. The OSCC cell line, SCC4, displayed reduced ALK expression that corresponded to extensive promoter CpG island methylation. SCC4 treatment with demethylating agents induced ALK expression and increased invasion and migration characteristics. Inhibition of ALK activity in OSCC cells with high ALK expression (CAL27, HSC3 and SCC25), decreased cell growth and resulted in changes in invasive potential and mesenchymal marker expression that were cell-line dependent. Although ALK is susceptible to epigenetic silencing during oral tumorigenesis, overwriting this default state may be necessary for modulating invasive processes involved in nodal metastases. Given the complex response of OSCC cells to ALK inhibition, future studies are required to assess the feasibility of targeting ALK to treat invasive OSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze-Ta Huang
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Li MM, Ewton AA, Smith JL. Using Cytogenetic Rearrangements for Cancer Prognosis and Treatment (Pharmacogenetics). CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-013-0011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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