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Wang ZZ, Yao GT, Wang LZ, Zhu YJ, Chen JH. Increased Expression and Prognostic Significance of BYSL in Melanoma. J Immunother 2024; 47:279-302. [PMID: 38980088 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
We evaluated the BYSL content and underlying mechanism in melanoma (SKCM) overall survival (OS). In this study, we used a comprehensive approach combining bioinformatics tools, including miRNA estimation, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) of miRNAs, E3 ligase estimation, STRING analysis, TIMER analysis, examination of associated upstream modulators, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, as well as retrospective and survival analyses, alongside clinical sample validation. These methods were used to investigate the content of BYSL, its methylation status, its relation to patient outcome, and its immunologic significance in tumors. Our findings revealed that BYSL expression is negatively regulated by BYSL methylation. Analysis of 468 cases of SKCM RNA sequencing samples demonstrated that enhanced BYSL expression was associated with higher tumor grade. We identified several miRNAs, namely hsa-miR-146b-3p, hsa-miR-342-3p, hsa-miR-511-5p, hsa-miR-3690, and hsa-miR-193a-5p, which showed a strong association with BYSL levels. Furthermore, we predicted the E3 ubiquitin ligase of BYSL and identified CBL, FBXW7, FZR1, KLHL3, and MARCH1 as potential modulators of BYSL. Through our investigation, we discovered that PNO1, RIOK2, TSR1, WDR3, and NOB1 proteins were strongly associated with BYSL expression. In addition, we found a close association between BYSL levels and certain immune cells, particularly dendritic cells (DCs). Notably, we observed a significant negative correlation between miR-146b-3p and BYSL mRNA expression in SKCM sera samples. Collectively, based on the previously shown evidences, BYSL can serve as a robust bioindicator of SKCM patient prognosis, and it potentially contributes to immune cell invasion in SKCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Zhi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Tai Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang-Zhe Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang-Han Chen
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Xu C, Hou P, Li X, Xiao M, Zhang Z, Li Z, Xu J, Liu G, Tan Y, Fang C. Comprehensive understanding of glioblastoma molecular phenotypes: classification, characteristics, and transition. Cancer Biol Med 2024; 21:j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0510. [PMID: 38712813 PMCID: PMC11131044 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Among central nervous system-associated malignancies, glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and has the highest mortality rate. The high heterogeneity of GBM cell types and the complex tumor microenvironment frequently lead to tumor recurrence and sudden relapse in patients treated with temozolomide. In precision medicine, research on GBM treatment is increasingly focusing on molecular subtyping to precisely characterize the cellular and molecular heterogeneity, as well as the refractory nature of GBM toward therapy. Deep understanding of the different molecular expression patterns of GBM subtypes is critical. Researchers have recently proposed tetra fractional or tripartite methods for detecting GBM molecular subtypes. The various molecular subtypes of GBM show significant differences in gene expression patterns and biological behaviors. These subtypes also exhibit high plasticity in their regulatory pathways, oncogene expression, tumor microenvironment alterations, and differential responses to standard therapy. Herein, we summarize the current molecular typing scheme of GBM and the major molecular/genetic characteristics of each subtype. Furthermore, we review the mesenchymal transition mechanisms of GBM under various regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Pengyu Hou
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
| | - Menglin Xiao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ziru Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
| | - Jianglong Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Guoming Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yanli Tan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
| | - Chuan Fang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
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Sha Z, Song Y, Wu Y, Sha P, Ye C, Fan G, Gao S, Yu R. The value of texture analysis in peritumoral edema of differentiating diagnosis between glioblastoma and primary brain lymphoma. Br J Neurosurg 2023; 37:1074-1077. [PMID: 33307833 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2020.1856783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the value of texture analysis of routine MRI image in peritumoral edema of differentiating diagnosis between glioblastoma (GBM) and primary brain lymphoma (PBL). METHODS The MRI imaging data of 22 patients with glioblastoma and 21 patients with PBL who were hospitalized in our hospital from January 2010 to October 2018 were selected. All the patients were pathologically diagnosed as glioblastoma or PBL, and MRI plain scan and enhanced examination were performed before operation. FireVoxel software was used to delineate the region of interest (ROI) on the most obvious level of peritumoral edema based on T1WI enhancement. Texture parameters were extracted and compared between glioblastoma and PBL. RESULTS In the glioblastoma group, the inhomogeneity, kurtosis and entropy texture parameters were statistically different from those in the PBL group. The entropy parameter area under the curve (AUC) (0.903) was significantly better than the kurtosis parameter AUC (0.859) and the inhomogeneity parameter AUC (0.729). When the entropy parameter Cut-off point = 3.883, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of glioblastoma and PBL were 85.7, 86.4 and 86.0%, respectively, by differential diagnosis. CONCLUSION Texture analysis of tumor peritumoral edema provided quantifiable information, which might be a new method for differentiating glioblastoma from PBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Sha
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yunnong Song
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yihao Wu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Pei Sha
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chengkun Ye
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Guangwei Fan
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shangfeng Gao
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Rutong Yu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Carvalho D, Diaz-Amarilla P, Dapueto R, Santi MD, Duarte P, Savio E, Engler H, Abin-Carriquiry JA, Arredondo F. Transcriptomic Analyses of Neurotoxic Astrocytes Derived from Adult Triple Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2023; 73:487-515. [PMID: 37318736 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-023-02105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease have been classically studied from a purely neuronocentric point of view. More recent evidences support the notion that other cell populations are involved in disease progression. In this sense, the possible pathogenic role of glial cells like astrocytes is increasingly being recognized. Once faced with tissue damage signals and other stimuli present in disease environments, astrocytes suffer many morphological and functional changes, a process referred as reactive astrogliosis. Studies from murine models and humans suggest that these complex and heterogeneous responses could manifest as disease-specific astrocyte phenotypes. Clear understanding of disease-associated astrocytes is a necessary step to fully disclose neurodegenerative processes, aiding in the design of new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. In this work, we present the transcriptomics characterization of neurotoxic astrocytic cultures isolated from adult symptomatic animals of the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD). According to the observed profile, 3xTg-AD neurotoxic astrocytes show various reactivity features including alteration of the extracellular matrix and release of pro-inflammatory and proliferative factors that could result in harmful effects to neurons. Moreover, these alterations could be a consequence of stress responses at the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria as well as of concomitant metabolic adaptations. Present results support the hypothesis that adaptive changes of astrocytic function induced by a stressed microenvironment could later promote harmful astrocyte phenotypes and further accelerate or induce neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carvalho
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Diaz-Amarilla
- Área I+D Biomédica, Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rosina Dapueto
- Área I+D Biomédica, Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Daniela Santi
- Área I+D Biomédica, Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
- College of Dentistry, Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University, New York, 10010, USA
| | - Pablo Duarte
- Área I+D Biomédica, Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Savio
- Área I+D Biomédica, Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Henry Engler
- Área I+D Biomédica, Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 1800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan A Abin-Carriquiry
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Laboratorio de Biofármacos, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Florencia Arredondo
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Área I+D Biomédica, Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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You F, Li C, Zhang S, Zhang Q, Hu Z, Wang Y, Zhang T, Meng Q, Yu R, Gao S. Sitagliptin inhibits the survival, stemness and autophagy of glioma cells, and enhances temozolomide cytotoxicity. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114555. [PMID: 36966667 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The standard regimen treatment has improved GBM outcomes, but the survival rate of patients is still unsatisfactory. Temozolomide (TMZ) resistance is one of main reasons limiting the therapeutic efficacy of GBM. However, there are currently no TMZ-sensitizing drugs available in the clinic. Here we aimed to study whether the antidiabetic drug Sitagliptin can inhibit the survival, stemness and autophagy of GBM cells, and thus enhance TMZ cytotoxicity. We used CCK-8, EdU, colony formation, TUNEL and flow cytometry assays to assess cell proliferation and apoptosis; sphere formation and limiting dilution assays to measure self-renewal and stemness of glioma stem cells (GSCs); Western blot, qRT-PCR or immunohistochemical analysis to measure the expression of proliferation or stem cell markers; Western blot/fluorescent analysis of LC3 and other molecules to evaluate autophagy formation and degradation in glioma cells. We found that Sitagliptin inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in GBM cells and suppressed self-renewal and stemness of GSCs. The in vitro findings were further confirmed in glioma intracranial xenograft models. Sitagliptin administration prolonged the survival time of tumor-bearing mice. Sitagliptin could inhibit TMZ-induced protective autophagy and enhance the cytotoxicity of TMZ in glioma cells. In addition, Sitagliptin acted as a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor in glioma as well as in diabetes, but it did not affect the blood glucose level and body weight of mice. These findings suggest that Sitagliptin with established pharmacologic and safety profiles could be repurposed as an antiglioma drug to overcome TMZ resistance, providing a new option for GBM therapy.
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Radhakrishnan S, Martin CA, Rammohan A, Vij M, Chandrasekar M, Rela M. Significance of nucleologenesis, ribogenesis, and nucleolar proteome in the pathogenesis and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:363-378. [PMID: 36919496 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2191189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging evidence suggests that enhanced ribosome biogenesis, increased size, and quantitative distribution of nucleoli are associated with dysregulated transcription, which in turn drives a cell into aberrant cellular proliferation and malignancy. Nucleolar alterations have been considered a prognostic histological marker for aggressive tumors. More recently, advancements in the understanding of chromatin network (nucleoplasm viscosity) regulated liquid-liquid phase separation mechanism of nucleolus formation and their multifunctional role shed light on other regulatory processes, apart from ribosomal biogenesis of the nucleolus. AREAS COVERED Using hepatocellular carcinoma as a model to study the role of nucleoli in tumor progression, we review the potential of nucleolus coalescence in the onset and development of tumors through non-ribosomal biogenesis pathways, thereby providing new avenues for early diagnosis and cancer therapy. EXPERT OPINION Molecular-based classifications have failed to identify the nucleolar-based molecular targets that facilitate cell-cycle progression. However, the algorithm-based tumor risk identification with high-resolution medical images suggests prominent nucleoli, karyotheca, and increased nucleus/cytoplasm ratio as largely associated with tumor recurrence. Nonetheless, the role of the non-ribosomal functions of nucleoli in tumorigenesis remains elusive. This clearly indicates the lacunae in the study of the nucleolar proteins pertaining to cancer. [Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ashwin Rammohan
- The Institute of Liver Disease & Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute & Medical Centre, Chennai, India
| | - Mukul Vij
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Rela Institute & Medical Centre, Chennai, India
| | - Mani Chandrasekar
- Department of Oncology, Dr. Rela Institute & Medical Centre, Chennai, India
| | - Mohamed Rela
- Cell Laboratory, National Foundation for Liver Research, Chennai, India
- The Institute of Liver Disease & Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute & Medical Centre, Chennai, India
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Chen AT, Xiao Y, Tang X, Baqri M, Gao X, Reschke M, Sheu WC, Long G, Zhou Y, Deng G, Zhang S, Deng Y, Bai Z, Kim D, Huttner A, Kunes R, Günel M, Moliterno J, Saltzman WM, Fan R, Zhou J. Cross-platform analysis reveals cellular and molecular landscape of glioblastoma invasion. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:482-494. [PMID: 35901838 PMCID: PMC10013636 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) needs to address tumor invasion, a hallmark of the disease that remains poorly understood. In this study, we profiled GBM invasion through integrative analysis of histological and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from 10 patients. METHODS Human histology samples, patient-derived xenograft mouse histology samples, and scRNA-seq data were collected from 10 GBM patients. Tumor invasion was characterized and quantified at the phenotypic level using hematoxylin and eosin and Ki-67 histology stains. Crystallin alpha B (CRYAB) and CD44 were identified as regulators of tumor invasion from scRNA-seq transcriptomic data and validated in vitro, in vivo, and in a mouse GBM resection model. RESULTS At the cellular level, we found that invasive GBM are less dense and proliferative than their non-invasive counterparts. At the molecular level, we identified unique transcriptomic features that significantly contribute to GBM invasion. Specifically, we found that CRYAB significantly contributes to postoperative recurrence and is highly co-expressed with CD44 in invasive GBM samples. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our analysis identifies differentially expressed features between invasive and nodular GBM, and describes a novel relationship between CRYAB and CD44 that contributes to tumor invasiveness, establishing a cellular and molecular landscape of GBM invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mehdi Baqri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xingchun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melanie Reschke
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wendy C Sheu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gretchen Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shenqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yanxiang Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhiliang Bai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dongjoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anita Huttner
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Russell Kunes
- Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Murat Günel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - W Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Corresponding Authors: Rong Fan, PhD, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA (); Jiangbing Zhou, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA ()
| | - Jiangbing Zhou
- Corresponding Authors: Rong Fan, PhD, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA (); Jiangbing Zhou, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA ()
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an essentially incurable brain tumor, which has been explored for approximately a century. Nowadays, surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are still the standardized therapeutic options. However, due to the intrinsic invasion and metastasis features and the resistance to chemotherapy, the survival rate of glioblastoma patients remains unsatisfactory. To improve the current situation, much more research is needed to provide comprehensive knowledge of GBM. In this review, we summarize the latest updates on GBM treatment and invasion. Firstly, we review the traditional and emerging therapies that have been used for GBM treatment. Given the limited efficiency of these therapies, we further discuss the role of invasion in GBM recurrence and progression, and present current research progress on the mode and mechanisms of GBM invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China,The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Lili Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China,Lili Feng, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China. Tel: +86-25-86868462, E-mail:
| | - Yingmei Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China,Yingmei Lu, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China. Tel: +86-25-86868462, E-mail:
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Integrative proteogenomic characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma across etiologies and stages. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2436. [PMID: 35508466 PMCID: PMC9068765 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteogenomic analyses of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) have focused on early-stage, HBV-associated HCCs. Here we present an integrated proteogenomic analysis of HCCs across clinical stages and etiologies. Pathways related to cell cycle, transcriptional and translational control, signaling transduction, and metabolism are dysregulated and differentially regulated on the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and phosphoproteomic levels. We describe candidate copy number-driven driver genes involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, the Wnt-β-catenin, AKT/mTOR and Notch pathways, cell cycle and DNA damage regulation. The targetable aurora kinase A and CDKs are upregulated. CTNNB1 and TP53 mutations are associated with altered protein phosphorylation related to actin filament organization and lipid metabolism, respectively. Integrative proteogenomic clusters show that HCC constitutes heterogeneous subgroups with distinct regulation of biological processes, metabolic reprogramming and kinase activation. Our study provides a comprehensive overview of the proteomic and phophoproteomic landscapes of HCCs, revealing the major pathways altered in the (phospho)proteome. Proteogenomic analyses of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) have focused on early-stage, HBV-associated tumours and lacked information about the phosphoproteome. Here, the authors present a comprehensive HCC proteogenomics and phosphoproteomics study in patient samples from multiple etiologies and stages.
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10
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Zhang J, Tang H, Jiang X, Huang N, Wei Q. Hypoxia-Induced miR-378a-3p Inhibits Osteosarcoma Invasion and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition via BYSL Regulation. Front Genet 2022; 12:804952. [PMID: 35154253 PMCID: PMC8831866 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.804952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The bystin-like (BYSL) gene is expressed in a wide range of eukaryotes and is closely associated with tumor progression. However, its function and mechanism in osteosarcoma remain unclear. Herein, the protein expression and clinical role of BYSL in human osteosarcoma tissues were assessed. High expression of BYSL was positively related to the metastasis status and poor patient prognosis. Mechanistically, upregulation of BYSL enhanced Nrf2 expression under hypoxia in osteosarcoma cells. MicroRNAs are important epigenetic regulators of osteosarcoma development. Noteworthy, bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter and rescue assays showed that miR-378a-3p inhibited BYSL expression by binding to its 3′-untranslated region. Analysis of miR-378a-3p function under hypoxia and normoxia showed that its upregulation suppressed osteosarcoma cells invasion and inhibited epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by suppressing BYSL. Collectively, the results show that the miR-378a-3p/BYSL may associate with metastasis risk in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Haijun Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Nenggan Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingjun Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Qingjun Wei,
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Ganser K, Eckert F, Riedel A, Stransky N, Paulsen F, Noell S, Krueger M, Schittenhelm J, Beck-Wödl S, Zips D, Ruth P, Huber SM, Klumpp L. Patient-individual phenotypes of glioblastoma stem cells are conserved in culture and associate with radioresistance, brain infiltration and patient prognosis. Int J Cancer 2022; 150:1722-1733. [PMID: 35085407 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Identification of prognostic or predictive molecular markers in glioblastoma resection specimens may lead to strategies for therapy stratification and personalized treatment planning. Here, we analyzed in primary glioblastoma stem cell (pGSC) cultures the mRNA abundances of 7 stem cell (MSI1, Notch1, nestin, Sox2, Oct4, FABP7, ALDH1A3), and 3 radioresistance or invasion markers (CXCR4, IKCa , BKCa ). From these abundances, an mRNA signature was deduced which describes the mesenchymal-to-proneural expression profile of an individual GSC culture. To assess its functional significance, we associated the GSC mRNA signature with the clonogenic survival after irradiation with 4 Gy and the fibrin matrix invasion of the GSC cells. In addition, we compared the molecular pGSC mRNA signature with the tumor recurrence pattern and the overall survival of the glioblastoma patients from whom the pGSC cultures were derived. As a result, the molecular pGSC mRNA signature correlated positively with the pGSC radioresistance and matrix invasion capability in vitro. Moreover, patients with a mesenchymal (> median) mRNA signature in their pGSC cultures exhibited predominantly a multifocal tumor recurrence and a significantly (univariate log rank test) shorter overall survival than patients with proneural (≤ median mRNA signature) pGSCs. The tumors of the latter recurred predominately unifocally. We conclude that our pGSC cultures induce/select those cell subpopulations of the heterogeneous brain tumor that determine disease progression and therapy outcome. In addition, we further postulate a clinically relevant prognostic/predictive value for the 10 mRNAs-based mesenchymal-to-proneural signature of the GSC subpopulations in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Ganser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Eckert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Riedel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicolai Stransky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Paulsen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susan Noell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Krueger
- Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 13, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Schittenhelm
- Department of Neuropathology, Calwerstr. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Beck-Wödl
- Institute of Medical Genetics und Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Calwerstr. 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Zips
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Ruth
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan M Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Klumpp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Quan X, Zhao C, Gao Z, Zhang Y, Zhao R, Wang J, Zhang Q. DDX10 and BYSL as the potential targets of chondrosarcoma and glioma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27669. [PMID: 34797290 PMCID: PMC8601295 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To provide reliable molecular markers and effective therapeutic targets for chondrosarcoma and glioma.Gene Set Enrichment (GSE) 29745 and GSE48420 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by the GEO2R. We annotated the function of common DEGs through Digital Audio/Video Interactive Decoder (DAVID) and Metascape. Protein-protein interaction network construction was performed through STRING. Hub genes were identified by the two different algorithms (MCC, EPC). DDX10 and BYSL were key factors in embryo implantation and development, and plays a role in a variety of cancers. The role of the DDX10 and BYSL on the glioma derived from the chondrosarcoma would be explored by the clinical samples.A total of 1442 DEGs were identified. The variations in DEGs were mainly enriched in vasculature development, cell motion, blood vessel development, cell migration, regulation of cell proliferation, regulation of cell proliferation, wound healing, biological adhesion, growth factor binding, identical pathways in cancer, and p53 signaling pathway. Dead-box helicase 10 (DDX10), Bystin-like (BYSL), and WD repeat domain 12 (WDR12) were identified as the hub genes, and the three hub genes were up-regulated in the chondrosarcoma. Chondrosarcoma patients with high expression levels of DDX10 (Logrank P = .0052; HR (high) = 1.8; n (high) = 131, 50%), and BYSL (P = 6.5e-05; HR (high) = 2.3; n (high) = 131, 50%) had poorer overall survival times than those with low expression levels.DDX10 and BYSL genes may provide reliable molecular markers and effective therapeutic targets for chondrosarcoma and glioma.
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Meng Q, Zhou J, You F, Wu Y, Yang L, Wang Y, Zhang X, Gao S, Yu R, Yin X. A novel biphenyl diester derivative, AB38b, inhibits glioblastoma cell growth via the ROS-AKT/mTOR pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114795. [PMID: 34687671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AB38b is a novel biphenyl diester derivative synthesized in our laboratory, and it has been shown to improve the pathology of nephropathy and encephalopathy in diabetic mice. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal brain tumor, without effective drugs to date. The present study aims at investigating the role of AB38b in GBM growth and revealing the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that AB38b administration showed a dose- and time-dependent inhibition on cell proliferation in multiple immortalized and primary GBM cell lines, but it had no significant effects on human astrocyte cell line. More importantly, AB38b blocked cell cycle progression, induced early apoptosis, decreased the activity of AKT/mTOR pathway, and increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GBM cells. Interestingly, antioxidant treatments could reverse the AB38b-mediated abovementioned effects; overexpression of constitutively active AKT could partially rescue the suppressive effects of Ab38b on GBM cell proliferation. In addition, AB38b administration inhibited the tumor growth, decreased the activity of AKT/mTOR pathway, and prolonged the survival time in GBM animal models, without any adverse influences on the important organs. These findings suggest that AB38b exerts anti-glioma activity via elevating the ROS generation followed by inhibiting the activity of AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Meng
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junbo Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangting You
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liquan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shangfeng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Rutong Yu
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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14
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Qiu Y, Pan M, Chen X. A Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation-Related Gene Signature as Prognostic Biomarker for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:671892. [PMID: 34168991 PMCID: PMC8217755 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.671892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study was to construct and test a liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS)-related gene signature as a prognostic tool for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Materials and Methods The data set GSE26712 was used to screen the differentially expressed LLPS-related genes. Functional enrichment analysis was performed to reveal the potential biological functions. GSE17260 and GSE32062 were combined as the discovery to construct an LLPS-related gene signature through a three-step analysis (univariate Cox, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and multivariate Cox analyses). The EOC data set from The Cancer Genome Atlas as the test set was used to test the LLPS-related gene signature. Results The differentially expressed LLPS-related genes involved in several cancer-related pathways, such as MAPK signaling pathway, cell cycle, and DNA replication. Eleven genes were selected to construct the LLPS-related gene signature risk index as prognostic biomarker for EOC. The risk index could successfully divide patients with EOC into high- and low-risk groups. The patients in high-risk group had significantly shorter overall survival than those with in low-risk group. The LLPS-related gene signature was validated in the test set and may be an independent prognostic factor compared to routine clinical features. Conclusion We constructed and validated an LLPS-related gene signature as a prognosis tool in EOC through integrated analysis of multiple data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiu
- Department of Gynecology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Gynecology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
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15
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Battaglin F, Chan P, Pan Y, Soni S, Qu M, Spiller ER, Castanon S, Roussos Torres ET, Mumenthaler SM, Kay SA, Lenz HJ. Clocking cancer: the circadian clock as a target in cancer therapy. Oncogene 2021; 40:3187-3200. [PMID: 33846572 PMCID: PMC8549632 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the cellular pathway modulating endogenous 24-h rhythms, referred to as "the circadian clock", has been recently proven to be associated with cancer risk, development, and progression. This pathway operates through a complex network of transcription-translation feedback loops generated by a set of interplaying proteins. The expression of core circadian clock genes is frequently dysregulated in human tumors; however, the specific effects and underlying mechanisms seem to vary depending on the cancer types and are not fully understood. In addition, specific oncogenes may differentially induce the dysregulation of the circadian clock in tumors. Pharmacological modulation of clock components has been shown to result in specific lethality in certain types of cancer cells, and thus holds great promise as a novel anti-cancer therapeutic approach. Here we present an overview of the rationale and current evidence for targeting the clock in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Battaglin
- Division of Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Priscilla Chan
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuanzhong Pan
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shivani Soni
- Division of Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Meng Qu
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erin R Spiller
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sofi Castanon
- Division of Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Evanthia T Roussos Torres
- Division of Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shannon M Mumenthaler
- Division of Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve A Kay
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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16
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Yang L, Zhang R, Guo G, Wang G, Wen Y, Lin Y, Zhang X, Yu X, Huang Z, Zhao D, Zhang L. Development and validation of a prediction model for lung adenocarcinoma based on RNA-binding protein. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:474. [PMID: 33850871 PMCID: PMC8039651 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have been found to participate in the development and progression of cancer. This present study aimed to construct a RBP-based prognostic prediction model for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods RNA sequencing data and corresponding clinical information were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and served as a training set. The prediction model was validated using the dataset in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were conducted to identify the RBPs associated with survival. R software (http://www.r-project.org) was used for analysis in this study. Results Nine hub prognostic RBPs (CIRBP, DARS2, DDX24, GAPDH, LARP6, SNRPE, WDR3, ZC3H12C, ZC3H12D) were identified by univariate Cox regression analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Using a risk score based on the nine-hub RBP model, we separated the LUAD patients into a low-risk group and a high-risk group. The outcomes revealed that patients in the high-risk group had poorer survival than those in the low-risk group. This signature was validated in the GEO database. Further study revealed that the risk score can be an independent prognostic biomarker for LUAD. A nomogram based on the nine hub RBPs was built to quantitatively predict the prognosis of LUAD patients. Conclusions Our nine-gene signature model could be used as a marker to predict the prognosis of LUAD and has potential for use in treatment individualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rusi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangran Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gongming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingsheng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongbin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zirui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dechang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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