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Jafarzadeh A, Zandvakili R, Jafarzadeh Z, Nemati M. Dysregulated expression of the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) contributes to the development of prostate cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 262:155558. [PMID: 39213689 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Different types of cytokines, growth factors, or hormones present within the tumor microenvironment that can activate the JAK-STAT signaling pathway by binding to their specific cell surface receptors. The constitutive activation of the JAK-STAT pathway can promote uncontrolled cell proliferation and prevent apoptosis contributing to tumor development. Activation of the JAK-STAT pathway is controlled by several regulatory molecules, particularly the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family consisting of eight members, which include SOCS1-SOCS7 and the cytokine-inducible SH2-containing (CIS) proteins. In prostate cancer cells, the irregular expression of the SOCS1-SOCS3, SOCS5-SOCS7 as well as CIS can similarly and differentially result in the initiation of various cellular signaling pathways (in particular JAK-STAT3, MAPK, ERK) that promote cell proliferation, migration, invasion and viability; cell cycle progression; epithelial-mesenchymal transition; angiogenesis; resistance to therapy; immune evasion; and chronic inflammation within the tumor microenvironment which lead to tumor progression, metastasis and poor prognosis. Epigenetic modifications, mainly due to DNA methylation, microRNAs, pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and androgens can influence the expression of the SOCS molecules in prostate cancer cells. Using strategies to modulate, restore or enhance the expression of SOCS proteins, may help overcome treatment resistance and improve the efficacy of existing therapies. In this review, we provide a comprehensive explanation regarding SOCS dysregulation in prostate cancer to provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the dysregulation of SOCS proteins. This knowledge may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to manage prostate cancer by restoring and modulating the expression of SOCS molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Raziyeh Zandvakili
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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2
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Ullah A, Jiao W, Shen B. The role of proinflammatory cytokines and CXC chemokines (CXCL1-CXCL16) in the progression of prostate cancer: insights on their therapeutic management. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:73. [PMID: 38745115 PMCID: PMC11094955 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Reproductive cancers are malignancies that develop in the reproductive organs. One of the leading cancers affecting the male reproductive system on a global scale is prostate cancer (PCa). The negative consequences of PCa metastases endure and are severe, significantly affecting mortality and life quality for those who are affected. The association between inflammation and PCa has captured interest for a while. Inflammatory cells, cytokines, CXC chemokines, signaling pathways, and other elements make up the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is characterized by inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines and CXC chemokines are especially crucial for PCa development and prognosis. Cytokines (interleukins) and CXC chemokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-7, IL-17, TGF-β, TNF-α, CXCL1-CXCL6, and CXCL8-CXCL16 are thought to be responsible for the pleiotropic effects of PCa, which include inflammation, progression, angiogenesis, leukocyte infiltration in advanced PCa, and therapeutic resistance. The inflammatory cytokine and CXC chemokines systems are also promising candidates for PCa suppression and immunotherapy. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to provide insight on how the spectra of inflammatory cytokines and CXC chemokines evolve as PCa develops and spreads. We also discussed recent developments in our awareness of the diverse molecular signaling pathways of these circulating cytokines and CXC chemokines, as well as their associated receptors, which may one day serve as PCa-targeted therapies. Moreover, the current status and potential of theranostic PCa therapies based on cytokines, CXC chemokines, and CXC receptors (CXCRs) are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ullah
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wang Jiao
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bairong Shen
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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3
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Pradhan R, Kundu A, Kundu CN. The cytokines in tumor microenvironment: from cancer initiation-elongation-progression to metastatic outgrowth. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 196:104311. [PMID: 38442808 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
It is a well-known fact that cancer can be augmented by infections and inflammation. In fact, chronic inflammation establishes a tumor-supporting-microenvironment (TME), which contributes to neoplastic progression. Presently, extensive research is going on to establish the interrelationship between infection, inflammation, immune response, and cancer. Cytokines are the most essential components in this linkage, which are secreted by immune cells and stromal cells of TME. Cytokines have potential involvement in tumor initiation, elongation, progression, metastatic outgrowth, angiogenesis, and development of therapeutic resistance. They are also linked with increased cancer symptoms along with reduced quality of life in advanced cancer patients. The cancer patients experience multiple symptoms including pain, asthenia, fatigue, anorexia, cachexia, and neurodegenerative disorders etc. Anti-cancer therapeutics can be developed by targeting cytokines along with TME to reduce the immunocompromised state and also modulate the TME. This review article depicts the composition and function of different inflammatory cells within the TME, more precisely the role of cytokines in cancer initiation, elongation, and progression as well as the clinical effects in advanced cancer patients. It also provides an overview of different natural compounds, nanoparticles, and chemotherapeutic agents that can target cytokines along with TME, which finally pave the way for cytokines-targeted anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalaxmi Pradhan
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.
| | - Anushka Kundu
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.
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4
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Meng L, Yang Y, Mortazavi A, Zhang J. Emerging Immunotherapy Approaches for Treating Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14347. [PMID: 37762648 PMCID: PMC10531627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as an important approach for cancer treatment, but its clinical efficacy has been limited in prostate cancer compared to other malignancies. This review summarizes key immunotherapy strategies under evaluation for prostate cancer, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, bispecific T cell-engaging antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, therapeutic vaccines, and cytokines. For each modality, the rationale stemming from preclinical studies is discussed along with outcomes from completed clinical trials and strategies to improve clinical efficacy that are being tested in ongoing clinical trials. Imperative endeavors include biomarker discovery for patient selection, deciphering resistance mechanisms, refining cellular therapies such as CAR T cells, and early-stage intervention were reviewed. These ongoing efforts instill optimism that immunotherapy may eventually deliver significant clinical benefits and expand treatment options for patients with advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbin Meng
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (L.M.); (Y.Y.); (A.M.)
| | - Yuanquan Yang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (L.M.); (Y.Y.); (A.M.)
| | - Amir Mortazavi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (L.M.); (Y.Y.); (A.M.)
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, University of South Florida, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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5
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Maselli FM, Giuliani F, Laface C, Perrone M, Melaccio A, De Santis P, Santoro AN, Guarini C, Iaia ML, Fedele P. Immunotherapy in Prostate Cancer: State of Art and New Therapeutic Perspectives. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:5769-5794. [PMID: 37366915 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30060432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common type of tumor in men. In the early stage of the disease, it is sensitive to androgen deprivation therapy. In patients with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), chemotherapy and second-generation androgen receptor therapy have led to increased survival. However, despite advances in the management of mHSPC, castration resistance is unavoidable and many patients develop metastatic castration-resistant disease (mCRPC). In the past few decades, immunotherapy has dramatically changed the oncology landscape and has increased the survival rate of many types of cancer. However, immunotherapy in prostate cancer has not yet given the revolutionary results it has in other types of tumors. Research into new treatments is very important for patients with mCRPC because of its poor prognosis. In this review, we focus on the reasons for the apparent intrinsic resistance of prostate cancer to immunotherapy, the possibilities for overcoming this resistance, and the clinical evidence and new therapeutic perspectives regarding immunotherapy in prostate cancer with a look toward the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carmelo Laface
- Medical Oncology, Dario Camberlingo Hospital, 72021 Francavilla Fontana, Italy
| | - Martina Perrone
- Medical Oncology, Dario Camberlingo Hospital, 72021 Francavilla Fontana, Italy
| | - Assunta Melaccio
- Medical Oncology, San Paolo Hospital, ASL Bari, 70123 Bari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi De Santis
- Medical Oncology, Dario Camberlingo Hospital, 72021 Francavilla Fontana, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Guarini
- Medical Oncology, Dario Camberlingo Hospital, 72021 Francavilla Fontana, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Iaia
- Medical Oncology, Dario Camberlingo Hospital, 72021 Francavilla Fontana, Italy
| | - Palma Fedele
- Medical Oncology, Dario Camberlingo Hospital, 72021 Francavilla Fontana, Italy
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6
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Pradhan R, Paul S, Das B, Sinha S, Dash SR, Mandal M, Kundu CN. Resveratrol nanoparticle attenuates metastasis and angiogenesis by deregulating inflammatory cytokines through inhibition of CAFs in oral cancer by CXCL-12/IL-6-dependent pathway. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 113:109257. [PMID: 36572069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the highly abundant components in the tumor microenvironment (TME). They secrete several cytokines, which amplified tumor progression, invasion, stemness, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Here, we evaluate the potentiality of cytokines for the formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in oral cancer cells niche and investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic effect of Resveratrol-nanoparticle (Res-NP). We first differentiated quiescent human fibroblasts into CAFs in vitro in response to PDGF-B and TGF-β stimulation and these CAFs were found to increase CXCL-12 and IL-6 secretion. CSCs-enriched population was created by incubating H-357 cells with CAFs and cytokine-enriched CAFs-conditioned media (CAFs-CM). Likewise, CSCs-populated environment was also generated after incubating CAFs-CM to patient-derived primary oral cancer cells. It was noted that CXCL-12 and IL-6 secreted from CAFs significantly promoted CSCs growth, proliferation, aggressiveness, metastasis, and angiogenesis. However, Res-NP reduced CSCs growth and proliferation by abrogating the secretion of CXCL-12 and IL-6. A significant decrease in the expression of metastatic and angiogenic markers, in ovo blood vascularization, intracellular NO generation, MMPs expression and tube formation was found upon Res-NP treatment. Reduction of representative CSCs and angiogenesis markers were also noted after Res-NP treatment in xenograft mice model. CXCL-12 physically interact with IL-6 and this interaction was diminished after Res-NP treatment. Moreover, the expression of CD133 and VEGF-A were down-regulated either on Res-NP or CXCL-12/IL-6-specific inhibitors treated CSCs-enriched cells. Thus, the data suggest that CSCs growth is CXCL-12 and IL-6 dependent and Res-NP obstruct carcinogenesis and metastasis by inhibiting CXCL-12 and IL-6 production in in vitro, in vivo, in ovo, and ex vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalaxmi Pradhan
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Subarno Paul
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Biswajit Das
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Saptarshi Sinha
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Somya Ranjan Dash
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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7
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Wang G, Liu Y, Liu S, Lin Y, Hu C. Oncolyic Virotherapy for Prostate Cancer: Lighting a Fire in Winter. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012647. [PMID: 36293504 PMCID: PMC9603894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most common cancer of the genitourinary system, prostate cancer (PCa) is a global men's health problem whose treatments are an urgent research issue. Treatment options for PCa include active surveillance (AS), surgery, endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, etc. However, as the cancer progresses, the effectiveness of treatment options gradually decreases, especially in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), for which there are fewer therapeutic options and which have a shorter survival period and worse prognosis. For this reason, oncolytic viral therapy (PV), with its exceptional properties of selective tumor killing, relatively good safety in humans, and potential for transgenic delivery, has attracted increasing attention as a new form of anti-tumor strategy for PCa. There is growing evidence that OV not only kills tumor cells directly by lysis but can also activate anticancer immunity by acting on the tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby preventing tumor growth. In fact, evidence of the efficacy of this strategy has been observed since the late 19th century. However, subsequently, interest waned. The renewed interest in this therapy was due to advances in biotechnological methods and innovations at the end of the 20th century, which was also the beginning of PCa therapy with OV. Moreover, in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, gene therapy or immunotherapy, OV viruses can have a wide range of applications and can provide an effective therapeutic result in the treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongwei Wang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shuoru Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 528478, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Correspondence:
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Moon C, Gallegos AM, Sheikh B, Kumar P, Liss M, Patel DI. Pilot Study on the Impact of a Home-Based Exercise Program on Inflammatory Cytokines and Quality of Life in Men with Prostate Cancer Under Active Surveillance. Cancer Control 2022; 29:10732748221130964. [PMID: 36200522 PMCID: PMC9549098 DOI: 10.1177/10732748221130964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to demonstrate potential translation of pre-clinical studies to a home-based exercise intervention in mediating inflammatory cytokine markers and tumor progression in men under active surveillance for prostate cancer. METHODS A 2-arm randomized control parallel group design was used. The exercise intervention consisted of 24 weeks of an aerobic and resistance home-based exercise program and results were compared to a waitlist control group. Data were collected at baseline and end of study for eotaxin, interferon-γ (INF-γ), interleukin-12 (IL-12), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), interleukin-5 (IL-5), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), distanced walked during a 6-minute walk test (6MWT), body mass index, and health-related quality of life. RESULTS Non-significant decreases were observed in all biomarkers, especially VEGF (pre: 125.16 ± 198.66, post: 80.29 ± 124.30, P = .06) and INF-γ (pre: 152.88 ± 312.71, post: 118.93 ± 158.79, P = .08), in the intervention group; only IL- α (pre: 332.15 ± 656.77, post: 255.12 ± 502.09, P = .20) decreased in the control group while all other biomarkers increased from baseline to end of study. A non-significant increase in 6MWT distance was observed in the intervention group, while a decrease was seen in the control group. Significant decreases in physical function, emotional wellbeing, and total composite scale on the FACIT-F were observed in the intervention group, possibly due to the isolation restrictions of COVID-19. Physical function on the SF-36 significantly increased in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Future studies with powered samples are needed to confirm the trends observed for inflammatory biomarkers and functional fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crisann Moon
- Biobehavioral Laboratory, School of
Nursing, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Amber M. Gallegos
- Biobehavioral Laboratory, School of
Nursing, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Bilal Sheikh
- Biobehavioral Laboratory, School of
Nursing, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Pratap Kumar
- School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Mays Cancer Center, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michael Liss
- School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Mays Cancer Center, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Darpan I. Patel
- Biobehavioral Laboratory, School of
Nursing, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Mays Cancer Center, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Barshop Institute for Longevity and
Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Darpan I. Patel, The University of Texas
Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229,
USA.
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9
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Mishra AK, Ali A, Dutta S, Banday S, Malonia SK. Emerging Trends in Immunotherapy for Cancer. Diseases 2022; 10:60. [PMID: 36135216 PMCID: PMC9498256 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer immunology have enabled the discovery of promising immunotherapies for various malignancies that have shifted the cancer treatment paradigm. The innovative research and clinical advancements of immunotherapy approaches have prolonged the survival of patients with relapsed or refractory metastatic cancers. Since the U.S. FDA approved the first immune checkpoint inhibitor in 2011, the field of cancer immunotherapy has grown exponentially. Multiple therapeutic approaches or agents to manipulate different aspects of the immune system are currently in development. These include cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapies (such as CAR-T or NK cell therapy), monoclonal antibodies, cytokine therapies, oncolytic viruses, and inhibitors targeting immune checkpoints that have demonstrated promising clinical efficacy. Multiple immunotherapeutic approaches have been approved for specific cancer treatments, while others are currently in preclinical and clinical trial stages. Given the success of immunotherapy, there has been a tremendous thrust to improve the clinical efficacy of various agents and strategies implemented so far. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the development and clinical implementation of various immunotherapy approaches currently being used to treat cancer. We also highlight the latest developments, emerging trends, limitations, and future promises of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok K. Mishra
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shubham Dutta
- MassBiologics, UMass Chan Medical School, Boston, MA 02126, USA
| | - Shahid Banday
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sunil K. Malonia
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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10
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von Amsberg G, Alsdorf W, Karagiannis P, Coym A, Kaune M, Werner S, Graefen M, Bokemeyer C, Merkens L, Dyshlovoy SA. Immunotherapy in Advanced Prostate Cancer-Light at the End of the Tunnel? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2569. [PMID: 35269712 PMCID: PMC8910587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic treatment approaches are now an integral part of the treatment of many solid tumors. However, attempts to integrate immunotherapy into the treatment of prostate cancer have been disappointing so far. This is due to a highly immunosuppressive, "cold" tumor microenvironment, which is characterized, for example, by the absence of cytotoxic T cells, an increased number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells or regulatory T cells, a decreased number of tumor antigens, or a defect in antigen presentation. The consequence is a reduced efficacy of many established immunotherapeutic treatments such as checkpoint inhibitors. However, a growing understanding of the underlying mechanisms of tumor-immune system interactions raises hopes that immunotherapeutic strategies can be optimized in the future. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current status and future directions of immunotherapy development in prostate cancer. Background information on immune response and tumor microenvironment will help to better understand current therapeutic strategies under preclinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunhild von Amsberg
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (W.A.); (P.K.); (A.C.); (M.K.); (C.B.); (S.A.D.)
- Martini-Klinik, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Winfried Alsdorf
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (W.A.); (P.K.); (A.C.); (M.K.); (C.B.); (S.A.D.)
| | - Panagiotis Karagiannis
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (W.A.); (P.K.); (A.C.); (M.K.); (C.B.); (S.A.D.)
| | - Anja Coym
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (W.A.); (P.K.); (A.C.); (M.K.); (C.B.); (S.A.D.)
| | - Moritz Kaune
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (W.A.); (P.K.); (A.C.); (M.K.); (C.B.); (S.A.D.)
| | - Stefan Werner
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (S.W.); (L.M.)
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Klinik, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (W.A.); (P.K.); (A.C.); (M.K.); (C.B.); (S.A.D.)
| | - Lina Merkens
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (S.W.); (L.M.)
| | - Sergey A. Dyshlovoy
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (W.A.); (P.K.); (A.C.); (M.K.); (C.B.); (S.A.D.)
- Martini-Klinik, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Palchevskogo Str. 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
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