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Miah M, Davis AM, Hannoun C, Said JS, Fitzek M, Preston M, Smith D, Uwamariya C, Kärmander A, Lundbäck T, Bergström T, Trybala E. Identification of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting the VP1 pocket of human rhinovirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0106423. [PMID: 38349161 PMCID: PMC10916396 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01064-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Screening a library of 1,200 preselected kinase inhibitors for anti-human rhinovirus 2 (HRV-2) activity in HeLa cells identified a class of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) as effective virus blockers. These were based on the 4-anilinoquinazoline-7-oxypiperidine scaffold, with the most potent representative AZ5385 inhibiting the virus with EC50 of 0.35 µM. Several structurally related analogs confirmed activity in the low µM range, while interestingly, other TKIs targeting EGFR lacked anti-HRV-2 activity. To further probe this lack of association between antiviral activity and EGFR inhibition, we stained infected cells with antibodies specific for activated EGFR (Y1068) and did not observe a dependency on EGFR-TK activity. Instead, consecutive passages of HRV-2 in HeLa cells in the presence of a compound and subsequent nucleotide sequence analysis of resistant viral variants identified the S181T and T210A alterations in the major capsid VP1 protein, with both residues located in the vicinity of a known hydrophobic pocket on the viral capsid. Further characterization of the antiviral effects of AZ5385 showed a modest virus-inactivating (virucidal) activity, while anti-HRV-2 activity was still evident when the inhibitor was added as late as 10 h post infection. The RNA copy/infectivity ratio of HRV-2 propagated in AZ5385 presence was substantially higher than that of control HRV indicating that the compound preferentially targeted HRV progeny virions during their maturation in infected cells. Besides HRV, the compound showed anti-respiratory syncytial virus activity, which warrants its further studies as a candidate compound against viral respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masum Miah
- Department of Infectious Disease, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Andrew M. Davis
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Hannoun
- Department of Infectious Disease, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joanna S. Said
- Department of Infectious Disease, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Martina Fitzek
- HTS Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Marian Preston
- HTS Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Smith
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colores Uwamariya
- Department of Infectious Disease, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ambjörn Kärmander
- Department of Infectious Disease, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Disease, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Disease, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Andrup L, Krogfelt KA, Stephansen L, Hansen KS, Graversen BK, Wolkoff P, Madsen AM. Reduction of acute respiratory infections in day-care by non-pharmaceutical interventions: a narrative review. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1332078. [PMID: 38420031 PMCID: PMC10899481 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1332078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Children who start in day-care have 2-4 times as many respiratory infections compared to children who are cared for at home, and day-care staff are among the employees with the highest absenteeism. The extensive new knowledge that has been generated in the COVID-19 era should be used in the prevention measures we prioritize. The purpose of this narrative review is to answer the questions: Which respiratory viruses are the most significant in day-care centers and similar indoor environments? What do we know about the transmission route of these viruses? What evidence is there for the effectiveness of different non-pharmaceutical prevention measures? Design Literature searches with different terms related to respiratory infections in humans, mitigation strategies, viral transmission mechanisms, and with special focus on day-care, kindergarten or child nurseries, were conducted in PubMed database and Web of Science. Searches with each of the main viruses in combination with transmission, infectivity, and infectious spread were conducted separately supplemented through the references of articles that were retrieved. Results Five viruses were found to be responsible for ≈95% of respiratory infections: rhinovirus, (RV), influenza virus (IV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), coronavirus (CoV), and adenovirus (AdV). Novel research, emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic, suggests that most respiratory viruses are primarily transmitted in an airborne manner carried by aerosols (microdroplets). Conclusion Since airborne transmission is dominant for the most common respiratory viruses, the most important preventive measures consist of better indoor air quality that reduces viral concentrations and viability by appropriate ventilation strategies. Furthermore, control of the relative humidity and temperature, which ensures optimal respiratory functionality and, together with low resident density (or mask use) and increased time outdoors, can reduce the occurrence of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Andrup
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen A Krogfelt
- Department of Science and Environment, Molecular and Medical Biology, PandemiX Center, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lene Stephansen
- Gladsaxe Municipality, Social and Health Department, Gladsaxe, Denmark
| | | | | | - Peder Wolkoff
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Madsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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García-Rodríguez I, Moreni G, Capendale PE, Mulder L, Aknouch I, Vieira de Sá R, Johannesson N, Freeze E, van Eijk H, Koen G, Wolthers KC, Pajkrt D, Sridhar A, Calitz C. Assessment of the broad-spectrum host targeting antiviral efficacy of halofuginone hydrobromide in human airway, intestinal and brain organotypic models. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105798. [PMID: 38190972 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Halofuginone hydrobromide has shown potent antiviral efficacy against a variety of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, dengue, or chikungunya virus, and has, therefore, been hypothesized to have broad-spectrum antiviral activity. In this paper, we tested this broad-spectrum antiviral activity of Halofuginone hydrobomide against viruses from different families (Picornaviridae, Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Coronaviridae, and Flaviviridae). To this end, we used relevant human models of the airway and intestinal epithelium and regionalized neural organoids. Halofuginone hydrobomide showed antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in the airway epithelium with no toxicity at equivalent concentrations used in human clinical trials but not against any of the other tested viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés García-Rodríguez
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Giulia Moreni
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pamela E Capendale
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lance Mulder
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ikrame Aknouch
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Viroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, the Netherlands
| | - Renata Vieira de Sá
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; UniQure Biopharma B.V., Department of Research & Development, Paasheuvelweg 25A, 1105, BE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nina Johannesson
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eline Freeze
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hetty van Eijk
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koen
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adithya Sridhar
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carlemi Calitz
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Li Y, Wang X, Xu R, Wang T, Zhang D, Qian W. Establishment of RT-RPA-Cas12a assay for rapid and sensitive detection of human rhinovirus B. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:333. [PMID: 37951882 PMCID: PMC10640725 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus B (HRV-B) is a major human viral pathogen that can be responsible for various kinds of infections. Due to the health risks associated with HRV-B, it is therefore crucial to explore a rapid, specific, and sensitive method for surveillance. Herein, we exploited a novel detection method for HRV-B by combining reverse-transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) of nucleic acids isothermal amplification and the trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a. Our RT-RPA-Cas12a-based fluorescent assay can be completed within 35-45 min and obtain a lower detection threshold to 0.5 copies/µL of target RNA. Meanwhile, crRNA sequences without a specific protospacer adjacent motif can effectively activate the trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a. Moreover, our RT-RPA-Cas12a-based fluorescent method was examined using 30 clinical samples, and exhibited high accuracy with positive and negative predictive agreement of 90% and 100%, respectively. Taken together, a novel promising, rapid and effective RT-RPA-Cas12a-based detection method was explored and shows promising potential for on-site HRV-B infection in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdong Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Virus Research, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, P. R. China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Rong Xu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Virus Research, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Virus Research, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, P. R. China.
| | - Weidong Qian
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China.
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Gil E, Roy S, Best T, Hatcher J, Breuer J. Increasing rhinovirus prevalence in paediatric intensive care patients since the SARS-CoV2 pandemic. J Clin Virol 2023; 166:105555. [PMID: 37536014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinovirus (HRV) is a significant seasonal pathogen in children. The emergence of SARS-CoV2, and the social restrictions introduced in, disrupted viral epidemiology. Here we describe the experience of Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH), where HRV almost entirely disappeared from the paediatric intensive care units (PICU) during the first national lockdown and then rapidly re-emerged with a fast-increasing incidence, leading to concerns about possible nosocomial transmission in a vulnerable population. OBJECTIVES To describe alterations in HRV infection amongst PICU patients at GOSH since the emergence of SARS-COV2 STUDY DESIGN: 10,950 nasopharyngeal aspirate viral PCR samples from GOSH PICU patients from 2019 to 2023 were included. 3083 returned a positive result for a respiratory virus, with 1530 samples positive for HRV. 66 HRV isolates from August 2020 - Jan 2021, the period of rapidly increasing HRV incidence, were sequenced. Electronic health record data was retrospectively collected for the same period. RESULTS Following a reduction in the incidence of HRV infection during the first national lockdown, multiple genotypes of HRV emerged amongst GOSH PICU patients, with the incidence of HRV infection rapidly surging to levels higher than that seen prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV2 and continuing to circulate at increased incidence year-round. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of HRV infection amongst GOSH PICU patients is markedly higher than prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV2, a pattern not seen in other respiratory viruses. The increased burden of HRV-infection in vulnerable PICU patients has both clinical and infection prevention and control Implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Gil
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Department of Microbiology, Virology & Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UK; Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Sunando Roy
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Best
- Department of Microbiology, Virology & Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UK
| | - James Hatcher
- Department of Microbiology, Virology & Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Department of Microbiology, Virology & Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UK; Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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6
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Andrup L, Krogfelt KA, Hansen KS, Madsen AM. Transmission route of rhinovirus - the causative agent for common cold. A systematic review. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:938-957. [PMID: 36535318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract illness and upper respiratory tract infections, traditionally defined as 'common colds'. Experimental transmission of RV has been studied for more than 50 years. However, there are divergent results as to whether hands and fomites or aerosols constitute the dominant route of transmission in natural settings. METHODS We have systematically reviewed the literature according to the PRISMA 2020 statement. Searches were run in PubMed and Web of Science until August 2022. Inclusion criteria were original studies of relevance for revealing the route of transmission of rhinovirus in humans. RESULTS The search yielded 663 results, and 25 studies met the inclusion criteria and were selected for this review. These articles addressing RV transmission routes were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: (1) indirect transmission by fomites and hands, (2) direct transmission via large aerosols (droplets) or small aerosols, or (3) transmission either direct via large aerosols (droplets) or small aerosols and fomite or hands. CONCLUSIONS We found low evidence, that transmission via hands and fomite followed by self-inoculation is the dominant transmission route in real-life indoor settings. We found moderate evidence, that airborne transmission either via large aerosols or small aerosols is the major transmission route of rhinovirus transmission in real-life indoor settings. This suggests that the major transmission route of RVs in many indoor settings is through the air (airborne transmission).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Andrup
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Karen A Krogfelt
- Department of Science and Environment, Molecular and Medical Biology, PandemiX Center Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Mette Madsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Smith A, Kardos P, Pfaar O, Randerath W, Estrada Riolobos G, Braido F, Sadofsky L. The treatment of mild upper respiratory tract infections - a position paper with recommendations for best practice. Drugs Context 2023; 12:2023-4-2. [PMID: 37521107 PMCID: PMC10379023 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2023-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the waning severity of COVID-19 due to vaccination and the development of immunity, the current variants of SARS-CoV-2 often lead to mild upper respiratory tract infections (MURTIs), suggesting it is an appropriate time to review the pathogenesis and treatment of such illnesses. The present article reviews the diverse causes of MURTIs and the mechanisms leading to symptomatic illness. Different symptoms of MURTIs develop in a staggered manner and require targeted symptomatic treatment. A wide variety of remedies for home treatment is available, including over-the-counter drugs and plant-derived substances. Recent pharmacological research has increased the understanding of molecular effects, and clinical studies have shown the efficacy of certain herbal remedies. However, the use of subjective endpoints in these clinical studies may suggest limited validity of the results. In this position paper, the importance of patient-centric outcomes, including a subjective perception of improved well-being, is emphasized. A best practice approach for the management of MURTIs, in which pharmacists and physicians create an improved multi-professional healthcare setting and provide healthcare education to patients, is proposed. Pharmacists act as first-line consultants and provide patients with remedies, considering the individual patient's preferences towards chemical or plant-derived drugs and providing advice for self-monitoring. Physicians act as second-line consultants if symptoms worsen and subsequently initiate appropriate therapies. In conclusion, general awareness of MURTIs should be increased amongst medical professionals and patients, thus improving their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Smith
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter Kardos
- Centre of Allergy, Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Maingau Clinic of the Red Cross, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Pfaar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Randerath
- Institute of Pneumology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Bethanien Hospital, Clinic of Pneumology and Allergology, Centre for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Care, Solingen, Germany
| | | | - Fulvio Braido
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Università di Genova, (DIMI), Genova, Italy
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Ljubin-Sternak S, Meštrović T. Rhinovirus—A True Respiratory Threat or a Common Inconvenience of Childhood? Viruses 2023; 15:v15040825. [PMID: 37112805 PMCID: PMC10144685 DOI: 10.3390/v15040825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A decade-long neglect of rhinovirus as an important agent of disease in humans was primarily due to the fact that they were seen as less virulent and capable of causing only mild respiratory infections such as common cold. However, with an advent of molecular diagnostic methods, an increasing number of reports placed them among the pathogens found in the lower respiratory tract and recognized them as important risk factors for asthma-related pathology in childhood. As the spread of rhinovirus was not severely affected by the implementation of social distancing and other measures during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, its putative pathogenic role has become even more evident in recent years. By concentrating on children as the most vulnerable group, in this narrative review we first present classification and main traits of rhinovirus, followed by epidemiology and clinical presentation, risk factors for severe forms of the disease, long-term complications and the pathogenesis of asthma, as well as a snapshot of treatment trials and studies. Recent evidence suggests that the rhinovirus is a significant contributor to respiratory illness in both high-risk and low-risk populations of children.
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9
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Chan-Zapata I, Borges-Argáez R, Ayora-Talavera G. Quinones as Promising Compounds against Respiratory Viruses: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041981. [PMID: 36838969 PMCID: PMC9967002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses represent a world public health problem, giving rise to annual seasonal epidemics and several pandemics caused by some of these viruses, including the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2, which continues to date. Some antiviral drugs have been licensed for the treatment of influenza, but they cause side effects and lead to resistant viral strains. Likewise, aerosolized ribavirin is the only drug approved for the therapy of infections by the respiratory syncytial virus, but it possesses various limitations. On the other hand, no specific drugs are licensed to treat other viral respiratory diseases. In this sense, natural products and their derivatives have appeared as promising alternatives in searching for new compounds with antiviral activity. Besides their chemical properties, quinones have demonstrated interesting biological activities, including activity against respiratory viruses. This review summarizes the activity against respiratory viruses and their molecular targets by the different types of quinones (both natural and synthetic). Thus, the present work offers a general overview of the importance of quinones as an option for the future pharmacological treatment of viral respiratory infections, subject to additional studies that support their effectiveness and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Chan-Zapata
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Merida 97205, Mexico
| | - Rocío Borges-Argáez
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Merida 97205, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-99-99-42-83-30
| | - Guadalupe Ayora-Talavera
- Departamento de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Paseo de Las Fuentes, Merida 97225, Mexico
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Menezes dos Reis L, Berçot MR, Castelucci BG, Martins AJE, Castro G, Moraes-Vieira PM. Immunometabolic Signature during Respiratory Viral Infection: A Potential Target for Host-Directed Therapies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020525. [PMID: 36851739 PMCID: PMC9965666 DOI: 10.3390/v15020525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are known to induce a wide variety of respiratory tract illnesses, from simple colds to the latest coronavirus pandemic, causing effects on public health and the economy worldwide. Influenza virus (IV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), metapneumovirus (MPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RhV), and coronavirus (CoV) are some of the most notable RNA viruses. Despite efforts, due to the high mutation rate, there are still no effective and scalable treatments that accompany the rapid emergence of new diseases associated with respiratory RNA viruses. Host-directed therapies have been applied to combat RNA virus infections by interfering with host cell factors that enhance the ability of immune cells to respond against those pathogens. The reprogramming of immune cell metabolism has recently emerged as a central mechanism in orchestrated immunity against respiratory viruses. Therefore, understanding the metabolic signature of immune cells during virus infection may be a promising tool for developing host-directed therapies. In this review, we revisit recent findings on the immunometabolic modulation in response to infection and discuss how these metabolic pathways may be used as targets for new therapies to combat illnesses caused by respiratory RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Menezes dos Reis
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rodrigues Berçot
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca Gazieri Castelucci
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Julia Estumano Martins
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Castro
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-872, SP, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-872, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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11
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Airway Epithelial Cell Junctions as Targets for Pathogens and Antimicrobial Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122619. [PMID: 36559113 PMCID: PMC9786141 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular contacts between epithelial cells are established and maintained by the apical junctional complexes (AJCs). AJCs conserve cell polarity and build epithelial barriers to pathogens, inhaled allergens, and environmental particles in the respiratory tract. AJCs consist of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs), which play a key role in maintaining the integrity of the airway barrier. Emerging evidence has shown that different microorganisms cause airway barrier dysfunction by targeting TJ and AJ proteins. This review discusses the pathophysiologic mechanisms by which several microorganisms (bacteria and viruses) lead to the disruption of AJCs in airway epithelial cells. We present recent progress in understanding signaling pathways involved in the formation and regulation of cell junctions. We also summarize the potential chemical inhibitors and pharmacological approaches to restore the integrity of the airway epithelial barrier. Understanding the AJCs-pathogen interactions and mechanisms by which microorganisms target the AJC and impair barrier function may further help design therapeutic innovations to treat these infections.
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12
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Castañeda-Ribeyro A, Martins-Luna J, Verne E, Aguila-Luis MA, Silva-Caso W, Ugarte C, Carrillo-Ng H, Cornejo-Tapia A, Tarazona-Castro Y, del Valle-Mendoza J. High prevalence and clinical characteristics of respiratory infection by human rhinovirus in children from Lima-Peru during years 2009–2010. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271044. [PMID: 35839227 PMCID: PMC9286243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Human rhinovirus is a major cause of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) worldwide. Epidemiological data on human rhinovirus (RV) in Peru is still scarce, as well as its role in respiratory infections in children. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of rhinovirus and to identify the circulating species in nasopharyngeal swabs from children with acute respiratory infections.
Materials and methods
We analyzed nasopharyngeal swab samples that were collected from children younger than 17 years old, who had a clinical diagnosis of ARI from the “Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia” between May 2009 and December 2010. The original study recruited 767 inpatients with ARI, 559 samples of which were included and analyzed in the current study. Detection of rhinovirus and determination of rhinovirus species were characterized by PCR.
Results
Rhinovirus was detected in 42.22% samples (236/559), RV-A was detected in 10.17% (24/236) of the cases, RV-B in 16.53% (39/236), and RV-C in 73.31% (173/236). The age group with the highest number of cases was the 0–5 months group with 45.97%, followed by the 1–5 years group with 25.22%. Most of the positive RV cases, i.e., 86.44% (204/236), were hospitalized. The most common signs and symptoms found in patients who tested positive for RV were cough (72.88%), fever (68.64%), rhinorrhea (68.22%), and respiratory distress (61.44%). Infection with RV-A was associated with wheezing (p = 0.02). Furthermore, RV-C was related to cough (p = 0.01), wheezing (p = 0.002), and conjunctival injection (p = 0.03). A peak in RV-C cases was found in March (32 cases in 2010); June (18 cases in 2009 and 12 cases in 2010), which corresponds to the fall season in Peru; and also November (17 cases in 2009 and 4 cases in 2010), which corresponds to spring. RV-A and RV-B cases were constant throughout the year.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we found a high prevalence of rhinovirus C infection among pediatric patients with acute respiratory infections in Lima, Peru. This viral infection was more common in children between 0 to 5 months old, and was associated with cough, wheezing, and conjunctival injection. Epidemiological surveillance of this virus should be strengthened/encouraged in Peru to determine its real impact on respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Castañeda-Ribeyro
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Johanna Martins-Luna
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Eduardo Verne
- School of Medicine Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Pediatrics Service, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Miguel Angel Aguila-Luis
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Wilmer Silva-Caso
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Claudia Ugarte
- School of Medicine Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Pediatrics Service, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Hugo Carrillo-Ng
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Angela Cornejo-Tapia
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Yordi Tarazona-Castro
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Juana del Valle-Mendoza
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
- * E-mail:
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13
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Galindo-Fraga A, Guerra de Blas PDC, Ortega-Villa AM, Mateja A, Ruiz Quiñones JA, Cervantes PR, Barrientos FL, Ortiz-Hernández AA, Llamosas-Gallardo B, Ramírez-Venegas A, Vázquez RV, Chepitel DN, Moreno-Espinosa S, Powers JH, Lourdes Guerrero M, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Beigel J. DIFFERENT CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF HUMAN RHINOVIRUS (HRV) SPECIES INFECTION IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS IN MEXICO. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac303. [PMID: 35891697 PMCID: PMC9308452 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a common cause of influenza-like illness, with the ability to infect the upper and lower respiratory tracts. In this study we aim to describe the clinical and molecular features of HRV infection in Mexican children and adults. Methods We performed a hospital-based, 4-year multicenter prospective observational cohort study of patients with influenza-like illness. Participants who tested positive for HRV were included. We described demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics and the association between HRV types, illness severity, and clinical outcomes. Results Of the 5662 subjects recruited, 1473 (26%) had HRV; of those, 988 (67.1%) were adults (≥18 years) and 485 (32.9%) were children. One hundred sixty-seven (11.33%) samples were sequenced; 101 (60.5%) were rhinovirus species A (HRV-A), 22 (13.2%) were rhinovirus species B (HRV-B), and 44 (26.3%) were rhinovirus species C (HRV-C). Among children and adults, 30.5% and 23.5%, respectively, were hospitalized (non–intensive care unit [ICU]). The odds of HRV-C are higher than HRV-A for participants in the ICU (compared to outpatient) and when platelets, lymphocytes, white blood cells, and lactate dehydrogenase are increased. The odds of HRV-C are higher than HRV-A and HRV-B with shortness of breath. The odds of HRV-A are higher than HRV-B, and the odds of HRV-B are higher than HRV-C, when mild symptoms like muscle ache and headache occur. Conclusions Rhinoviruses are a common cause of influenza-like illness. It is necessary to improve the surveillance, testing, and species identification for these viruses to understand different clinical presentations and risk factors associated with worse outcomes. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01418287.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Galindo-Fraga
- Departamento de Epidemiología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | | | - Ana M Ortega-Villa
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Allyson Mateja
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick, Maryland , United States of America
| | - Jesus Arturo Ruiz Quiñones
- Departamento de Epidemiología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Pilar Ramos Cervantes
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Fernando Ledesma Barrientos
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Ana A Ortiz-Hernández
- División de Desarrollo y Enlace Interinstitucional, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Beatriz Llamosas-Gallardo
- División de Desarrollo y Enlace Interinstitucional, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Alejandra Ramírez-Venegas
- Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y EPOC, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas” , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Rafael Valdéz Vázquez
- Departamento de Infectología, Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González” , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Daniel Noyola Chepitel
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí , San Luis Potosí , Mexico
| | - Sarbelio Moreno-Espinosa
- Departamento de Infectología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Instituto Nacional de Salud , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - John H Powers
- Clinical Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick , Maryland , United States of America
| | - M Lourdes Guerrero
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Guillermo M Ruiz-Palacios
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - John Beigel
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Nunes-Silva C, Vilares AT, Schweitzer V, Castanhinha S, Martins A, Lopes MJ, Ascoli-Bartoli T, Canelas G, Keir HR, Cunha F, Silva-Pinto A, Rebelo S, Cunha RG, Tavares M. Non-COVID-19 respiratory viral infection. Breathe (Sheff) 2022; 18:210151. [PMID: 36338246 PMCID: PMC9584593 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0151-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Implemented control measures brought about by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have changed the prevalence of other respiratory viruses, often relegating them to a secondary plan. However, it must not be forgotten that a diverse group of viruses, including other human coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumoviruses, parainfluenza and influenza, continue to be responsible for a large burden of disease. In fact, they are among the most common causes of acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections globally. Viral respiratory infections can be categorised in several ways, including by clinical syndrome or aetiological agent. We describe their clinical spectrum. Distinctive imaging features, advances in microbiological diagnosis and treatment of severe forms are also discussed. Non-COVID-19 respiratory viral infections are a major burden of disease. Emerging molecular-based detection methods and knowledge of viral lower respiratory tract infections’ distinctive features improve diagnosis, treatment and outcome of severe forms.https://bit.ly/3qMqk3T
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15
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Camporesi A, Morello R, Ferro V, Pierantoni L, Rocca A, Lanari M, Trobia GL, Sciacca T, Bellinvia AG, De Ferrari A, Valentini P, Roland D, Buonsenso D. Epidemiology, Microbiology and Severity of Bronchiolitis in the First Post-Lockdown Cold Season in Three Different Geographical Areas in Italy: A Prospective, Observational Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9040491. [PMID: 35455535 PMCID: PMC9024462 DOI: 10.3390/children9040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to understand the epidemiology, disease severity, and microbiology of bronchiolitis in Italy during the 2021–2022 cold season, outside of lockdowns. Before COVID-19, the usual bronchiolitis season in Italy would begin in November and end in April, peaking in February. We performed a prospective observational study in four referral pediatric centers located in different geographical areas in Italy (two in the north, one in the center and one in the south). From 1 July 2021 to 31 January 2022, we collected all new clinical diagnoses of bronchiolitis in children younger than two years of age recording demographic, clinical and microbiological data. A total of 657 children with a clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis were enrolled; 56% children were admitted and 5.9% required PICU admission. The first cases were detected during the summer, peaking in November 2021 and declining into December 2021 with only a few cases detected in January 2022. RSV was the commonest etiological agent, while SARS-CoV-2 was rarely detected and only since the end of December 2021. Disease severity was similar in children with RSV vs. non-RSV bronchiolitis, and in those with a single infectious agent detected compared with children with co-infections. The 2021–2022 bronchiolitis season in Italy started and peaked earlier than the usual pre-pandemic seasons, but had a shorter duration. Importantly, the current bronchiolitis season was not more severe when data were compared with Italian published data, and SARS-CoV-2 was rarely a cause of bronchiolitis in children younger than 24 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Camporesi
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Rosa Morello
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.V.)
| | - Valentina Ferro
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Bambin Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luca Pierantoni
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (A.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Alessandro Rocca
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (A.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcello Lanari
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (A.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Gian Luca Trobia
- Pediatric and Pediatric Emergency Room Unit, Cannizzaro Emergency Hospital-Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.L.T.); (T.S.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Tiziana Sciacca
- Pediatric and Pediatric Emergency Room Unit, Cannizzaro Emergency Hospital-Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.L.T.); (T.S.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Agata Giuseppina Bellinvia
- Pediatric and Pediatric Emergency Room Unit, Cannizzaro Emergency Hospital-Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.L.T.); (T.S.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Alessandra De Ferrari
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Piero Valentini
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.V.)
| | - Damian Roland
- Paediatric Emergency Medicine Leicester Academic (PEMLA) Group, Leicester Hospital, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK;
- Social science APPlied to Healthcare Improvement REsearch, SAPPHIRE Group, Health Sciences, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Danilo Buonsenso
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.V.)
- Center for Global Health Research Studies, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-30154390
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16
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Wijayasinghe YS, Bhansali MP, Borkar MR, Chaturbhuj GU, Muntean BS, Viola RE, Bhansali PR. A Comprehensive Biological and Synthetic Perspective on 2-Deoxy-d-Glucose (2-DG), A Sweet Molecule with Therapeutic and Diagnostic Potentials. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3706-3728. [PMID: 35192360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucose, the primary substrate for ATP synthesis, is catabolized during glycolysis to generate ATP and precursors for the synthesis of other vital biomolecules. Opportunistic viruses and cancer cells often hijack this metabolic machinery to obtain energy and components needed for their replication and proliferation. One way to halt such energy-dependent processes is by interfering with the glycolytic pathway. 2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) is a synthetic glucose analogue that can inhibit key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway. The efficacy of 2-DG has been reported across an array of diseases and disorders, thereby demonstrating its broad therapeutic potential. Recent approval of 2-DG in India as a therapeutic approach for the management of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought renewed attention to this molecule. The purpose of this perspective is to present updated therapeutic avenues as well as a variety of chemical synthetic strategies for this medically useful sugar derivative, 2-DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasanandana S Wijayasinghe
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama 11010, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Maheshkumar R Borkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ganesh U Chaturbhuj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Brian S Muntean
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Ronald E Viola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Pravin R Bhansali
- Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Alliance University, Chikkahagade Cross, Chandapura-Anekal Main Road, Anekal, Bengaluru 562106, Karnataka, India
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17
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Rhinoviruses: molecular diversity and clinical characteristics. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 118:144-149. [PMID: 35248716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinoviruses are commonly considered simple "common cold" agents. The link between their molecular epidemiology and patient clinical presentation and outcomes remains unclear in adult populations. MATERIALS/METHODS All nasopharyngeal or bronchoalveolar lavages were screened using multiplex PCR in three Parisian hospitals from January to September 2018. For all detected rhinoviruses, the VP2/VP4 region was subtyped by sequencing. RESULTS The study included 178 human rhinovirus (HRV) positive unique patients. They were primarily male (56%), with a median age of 62.2 [IQR: 46.8-71.4], frequently presenting chronic respiratory diseases (56%) and/or immunosuppression (46%). Of these, 63% were admitted for respiratory distress, including pneumonia for 25%; 95 (53%), 27 (15%), and 56 (32%) were positive for HRV-A, -B, and -C, respectively. HRV-B appeared more associated with immunosuppressive treatments (58% vs. 30% and 36% of patients for HRV-A and -C, respectively, p = 0.038), higher coinfection rates (54% vs. 34% and 23%, p = 0.03), and higher ICU admission rates (35% vs. 17% and 13%, p = 0.048). Conversely, HRV-A was more frequently associated with pneumonia (54% vs. 31% and 11% for HRV-B and -C, respectively, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the high proportion of chronic respiratory diseases or immunosuppression among hospitalized patients infected with a rhinovirus.
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Smyk JM, Majewska A. Favipiravir in the Battle with Respiratory Viruses. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2224-2236. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220218122744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Among antiviral drugs, the vast majority targets only one or two related viruses. The conventional model, one virus - one drug, significantly limits therapeutic options. Therefore, in the strategy of controlling viral infections, there is a necessity to develop compounds with pleiotropic effects. Favipiravir (FPV) emerged as a strong candidate to become such a drug. The aim of the study is to present up-to-date information on the role of favipiravir in the treatment of viral respiratory infections. The anti-influenza activity of favipiravir has been confirmed in cell culture experiments, animal models and clinical trials. Thoroughly different - from the previously registered drugs - mechanism of action suggests that FVP can be used as a countermeasure for the novel or re-emerging influenza virus infections.
In recent months, favipiravir has been broadly investigated due to its potential efficacy in the treatment of Covid-19. Based on preclinical and clinical studies and a recently published meta-analysis it seems that favipiravir may be a promising antiviral drug in the treatment of patients with Covid-19.
FPV is also effective against other RNA respiratory viruses and may be a candidate for the treatment of serious infections caused by human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. Smyk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str., 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Majewska
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str., 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Kingella kingae and Viral Infections. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020230. [PMID: 35208685 PMCID: PMC8878226 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Kingella kingae (K. kingae) is an oropharyngeal commensal agent of toddlers and the primary cause of osteoarticular infections in 6–23-month-old children. Knowing that the oropharynx of young children is the reservoir and the portal of entry of K. kingae, these results suggested that a viral infection may promote K. kingae infection. In this narrative review, we report the current knowledge of the concomitance between K. kingae and viral infections. This hypothesis was first suggested because some authors described that symptoms of viral infections were frequently concomitant with K. kingae infection. Second, specific viral syndromes, such as hand, foot and mouth disease or stomatitis, have been described in children experiencing a K. kingae infection. Moreover, some clusters of K. kingae infection occurring in daycare centers were preceded by viral outbreaks. Third, the major viruses identified in patients during K. kingae infection were human rhinovirus or coxsackievirus, which both belong to the Picornaviridae family and are known to facilitate bacterial infections. Finally, a temporal association was observed between human rhinovirus circulation and K. kingae infection. Although highly probable, the role of viral infection in the K. kingae pathophysiology remains unclear and is based on case description or temporal association. Molecular studies are needed.
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Carlin CR. Role of EGF Receptor Regulatory Networks in the Host Response to Viral Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:820355. [PMID: 35083168 PMCID: PMC8785968 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.820355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review article, we will first provide a brief overview of EGF receptor (EGFR) structure and function, and its importance as a therapeutic target in epithelial carcinomas. We will then compare what is currently known about canonical EGFR trafficking pathways that are triggered by ligand binding, versus ligand-independent pathways activated by a variety of intrinsic and environmentally induced cellular stresses. Next, we will review the literature regarding the role of EGFR as a host factor with critical roles facilitating viral cell entry and replication. Here we will focus on pathogens exploiting virus-encoded and endogenous EGFR ligands, as well as EGFR-mediated trafficking and signaling pathways that have been co-opted by wild-type viruses and recombinant gene therapy vectors. We will also provide an overview of a recently discovered pathway regulating non-canonical EGFR trafficking and signaling that may be a common feature of viruses like human adenoviruses which signal through p38-mitogen activated protein kinase. We will conclude by discussing the emerging role of EGFR signaling in innate immunity to viral infections, and how viral evasion mechanisms are contributing to our understanding of fundamental EGFR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen R. Carlin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Cathleen R. Carlin,
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