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Zhang J, Li Y, Liu L, Dai F, Peng Y, Ma Q, Li L, Hong Y, Liu A, Zhang X, Wang X, He J, Bu H, Guo Y, Jiang H, Cui S, Sun H, Wang J. Development of a short-term prognostic model for anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in Chinese patients. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:276. [PMID: 39123191 PMCID: PMC11313159 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03724-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognizing the predictors of poor short-term prognosis after first-line immunotherapy in patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is essential for individualized treatment strategy. The objective of this study was to ascertain the factors that forecast short-term prognosis in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis, develop a prognostic prediction model, and authenticate its efficacy in an external validation cohort. Further, all patients were followed-up long-term to assess the factors of long-term outcome and relapses. METHODS A prospective enrollment of patients diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis was conducted across five clinical centers in China from June 2014 to Mar 2022. The enrolled patients were divided into the derivation and validation sets based on enrollment time. The short-term prognostic model was visualized using a nomogram. Further, all patients were followed-up long-term to assess the factors of long-term outcome. RESULTS This study found that poor short-term prognosis was a risk factor for poor long-term outcome (6-month prognosis, OR 29.792, 95%CI 6.507-136.398, p < 0.001; 12-month prognosis, OR 15.756, 95%CI 3.384-73.075, p < 0.001; 24-month prognosis, OR 5.500, 95%CI 1.045-28.955, p = 0.044). Abnormal behavior or cognitive dysfunction (OR 8.57, 95%CI 1.48-49.79, p = 0.017), consciousness impairment (OR19.32, 95%CI 3.03-123.09, p = 0.002), autonomic dysfunction or central hypoventilation (OR 5.66, 95%CI 1.25-25.75, p = 0.025), CSF pleocytosis (OR 4.33, 95%CI 1.48-12.65, p = 0.007), abnormal EEG (OR 5.48, 95% CI 1.09-27.54, p = 0.039) were independent predictors for a poor short-term prognosis after first-line immunotherapy. A nomogram that incorporated those factors showed good discrimination and calibration abilities. The area under the curve (AUC) for the prognostic model were 0.866 (95%CI: 0.798-0.934) with a sensitivity of 0.761 and specificity of 0.869. CONCLUSION We established and validated a prognostic model that can provide individual prediction of short-term prognosis after first-line immunotherapy for patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. This practical prognostic model may help neurologists to predict the short-term prognosis early and potentially assist in adjusting appropriate treatment timely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yatong Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Dai
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Peng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuying Ma
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Hong
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Beijing Children Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junying He
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hui Bu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanqiu Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shilei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Houliang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Santoro JD, Demakakos P, He S, Kumar S, Murton M, Tennigkeit F, Hemingway C. A systematic review of the epidemiology of pediatric autoimmune encephalitis: disease burden and clinical decision-making. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1408606. [PMID: 39040538 PMCID: PMC11262030 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1408606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) comprises a group of rare, immune system-mediated conditions. Clinical manifestations among children are not well-characterized, and there are challenges in testing and diagnosis. This can result in treatment delays, which has been found to correlate with poorer long-term outcomes. This challenge is exacerbated by the scarcity of epidemiological reporting of AIE. The objective of this systematic literature review (SLR) was to identify studies reporting epidemiological data on AIE in children. Methods MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and the University of York Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) were searched in May 2023 for studies reporting on the epidemiology of AIE in children. These were supplemented with additional searches of conference proceedings, gray literature, and the reference lists of identified SLRs. Quality of studies was assessed using a modified version of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Checklist for Prevalence Studies. Results Forty-three publications reporting on 41 unique studies were included. Nine studies reported incidence estimates of different subtypes of AIE, with only one reporting the incidence of overall AIE in children ≤ 18 years, estimated at 1.54 per million children per year in the Netherlands. Three studies reported the incidence of pediatric N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-AIE [in United Kingdom (UK), Hong Kong, and Denmark]. The other studies reported incidence data for selected populations. Conclusion This SLR highlights a paucity of epidemiology data for AIE in children, which is likely reflective of difficulties in testing and diagnosis. There is a clear need for further research and awareness of these challenges in clinical practice to avoid treatment delays and improve patient outcomes. A deeper understanding of the epidemiology of AIE will help determine the worldwide burden of disease and inform research, health policies and clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Santoro
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Shiying He
- Costello Medical Singapore Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Swati Kumar
- Costello Medical Consulting Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Molly Murton
- Costello Medical Consulting Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cheryl Hemingway
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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Dutra LA, Silva PVDC, Ferreira JHF, Marques AC, Toso FF, Vasconcelos CCF, Brum DG, Pereira SLDA, Adoni T, Rocha LJDA, Sampaio LPDB, Sousa NADC, Paolilo RB, Pizzol AD, Costa BKD, Disserol CCD, Pupe C, Valle DAD, Diniz DS, Abrantes FFD, Schmidt FDR, Cendes F, Oliveira FTMD, Martins GJ, Silva GD, Lin K, Pinto LF, Santos MLSF, Gonçalves MVM, Krueger MB, Haziot MEJ, Barsottini OGP, Nascimento OJMD, Nóbrega PR, Proveti PM, Castilhos RMD, Daccach V, Glehn FV. Brazilian consensus recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis in the adult and pediatric populations. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2024; 82:1-15. [PMID: 39089672 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) is a group of inflammatory diseases characterized by the presence of antibodies against neuronal and glial antigens, leading to subacute psychiatric symptoms, memory complaints, and movement disorders. The patients are predominantly young, and delays in treatment are associated with worse prognosis. OBJECTIVE With the support of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (Academia Brasileira de Neurologia, ABN) and the Brazilian Society of Child Neurology (Sociedade Brasileira de Neurologia Infantil, SBNI), a consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of AIE in Brazil was developed using the Delphi method. METHODS A total of 25 panelists, including adult and child neurologists, participated in the study. RESULTS The panelists agreed that patients fulfilling criteria for possible AIE should be screened for antineuronal antibodies in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using the tissue-based assay (TBA) and cell-based assay (CBA) techniques. Children should also be screened for anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glucoprotein antibodies (anti-MOG). Treatment should be started within the first 4 weeks of symptoms. The first-line option is methylprednisolone plus intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasmapheresis, the second-line includes rituximab and/or cyclophosphamide, while third-line treatment options are bortezomib and tocilizumab. Most seizures in AIE are symptomatic, and antiseizure medications may be weaned after the acute stage. In anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis, the panelists have agreed that oral immunosuppressant agents should not be used. Patients should be evaluated at the acute and postacute stages using functional and cognitive scales, such as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and the Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE). CONCLUSION The present study provides tangible evidence for the effective management of AIE patients within the Brazilian healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Almeida Dutra
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto do Cérebro, São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fabio Fieni Toso
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto do Cérebro, São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | | | - Doralina Guimarães Brum
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de Neurologia, Psicologia e Psiquiatria, Botucatu SP, Brazil
| | - Samira Luisa Dos Apóstolos Pereira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Tarso Adoni
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Renata Barbosa Paolilo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Instituto da Criança, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Angélica Dal Pizzol
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Departamento de Neurologia, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Klein da Costa
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - Caio César Diniz Disserol
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital das Clínicas, Curitiba PR, Brazil
- Instituto de Neurologia de Curitiba, Curitiba PR, Brazil
| | - Camila Pupe
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guilherme Diogo Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Katia Lin
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis SC, Brazil
| | - Lécio Figueira Pinto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vanessa Daccach
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil
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Yang J, Luo H, Ding R, Fang Z, Gui J, Han Z, Yang X, Huang D, Ma J, Jiang L. Autoimmune encephalitis antibody profiles and clinical characteristics of children with suspected autoimmune encephalitis. Dev Med Child Neurol 2024; 66:483-492. [PMID: 37786252 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To identify the spectrum of autoimmune encephalitis antibody biomarkers (AE-Abs) in children with suspected autoimmune encephalitis and explore the clinical features indicating AE-Abs presence. METHOD We included children with suspected autoimmune encephalitis who underwent AE-Abs tests at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between June 2020 and June 2022. Clinical features suggestive of AE-Abs were analysed based on AE-Abs test results. RESULTS A total of 392 children were tested for AE-Abs with suspected autoimmune encephalitis. Of these, 49.5% were male, with a median age of 7 years 11 months (6 months-17 years 11 months); 93.6% (367/392) of all patients had both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests performed. The antibody-positive rate in the cohort was 23.7% (93/392), the serum antibody-positive rate was 21.9% (84/384), and the CSF antibody-positive rate was 20.8% (78/375). Eleven different AE-Abs were detected. Serum analysis revealed that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor immunoglobulin-G (NMDAR-IgG) (15.1%) was greater than myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-IgG (14.6%) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-IgG (3.3%). CSF analysis revealed that NMDAR-IgG (16.3%) was greater than MOG-IgG (13.8%) and GFAP-IgG (3.3%). Compared with antibody-negative patients, antibody-positive patients were more often female (odds ratio [OR] 1.86, p = 0.03), with memory impairment (OR 2.91, p = 0.01) and sleep disorders (OR 2.08, p = 0.02). INTERPRETATION In children, the most frequent AE-Abs detected were NMDAR-IgG and MOG-IgG. Female sex, memory impairment, and sleep disorders predict a higher likelihood of AE-Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ran Ding
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Paediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhixu Fang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Paediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianxiong Gui
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Paediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziyao Han
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Paediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Paediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Dishu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Paediatrics, Chongqing, China
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de Freitas Dias B, Fieni Toso F, Slhessarenko Fraife Barreto ME, de Araújo Gleizer R, Dellavance A, Kowacs PA, Teive H, Spitz M, Freire Borges Juliano A, Januzi de Almeida Rocha L, Braga-Neto P, Ribeiro Nóbrega P, Oliveira-Filho J, Maciel Dias R, de Oliveira Godeiro Júnior C, Martins Maia F, Barbosa Thomaz R, Santos ML, Sousa de Melo E, da Nóbrega Júnior AW, Lin K, Graziani Povoas Barsottini O, Endmayr V, Coelho Andrade LE, Höftberger R, Almeida Dutra L. Brazilian autoimmune encephalitis network (BrAIN): antibody profile and clinical characteristics from a multicenter study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1256480. [PMID: 37954587 PMCID: PMC10634608 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1256480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The frequency of antibodies in autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) may vary in different populations, however, data from developing countries are lacking. To describe the clinical profile of AIE in Brazil, and to evaluate seasonality and predictors of AIE in adult and pediatric patients. Methods We evaluated patients with possible AIE from 17 centers of the Brazilian Autoimmune Encephalitis Network (BrAIN) between 2018 and 2022. CSF and serum were tested with TBAs and CBAs. Data on clinical presentation, complementary investigation, and treatment were compiled. Seasonality and predictors of AIE in adult and pediatric populations were analyzed. Results Of the 564 patients, 145 (25.7%) were confirmed as seropositive, 69 (12.23%) were seronegative according to Graus, and 58% received immunotherapy. The median delay to diagnosis confirmation was 5.97 ± 10.3 months. No seasonality variation was observed after 55 months of enrolment. The following antibodies were found: anti-NMDAR (n=79, 54%), anti-MOG (n=14, 9%), anti-LGI1(n=12, 8%), anti-GAD (n=11, 7%), anti-GlyR (n=7, 4%), anti-Caspr2 (n=6, 4%), anti-AMPAR (n=4, 2%), anti-GABA-BR (n=4, 2%), anti-GABA-AR (n=2, 1%), anti-IgLON5 (n=1, 1%), and others (n=5, 3%). Predictors of seropositive AIE in the pediatric population (n=42) were decreased level of consciousness (p=0.04), and chorea (p=0.002). Among adults (n=103), predictors of seropositive AIE were movement disorders (p=0.0001), seizures (p=0.0001), autonomic instability (p=0.026), and memory impairment (p=0.001). Conclusion Most common antibodies in Brazilian patients are anti-NMDAR, followed by anti-MOG and anti-LGI1. Only 26% of the possible AIE patients harbor antibodies, and 12% were seronegative AIE. Patients had a 6-month delay in diagnosis and no seasonality was found. Findings highlight the barriers to treating AIE in developing countries and indicate an opportunity for cost-effect analysis. In this scenario, some clinical manifestations help predict seropositive AIE such as decreased level of consciousness, chorea, and dystonia among children, and movement disorders and memory impairment among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Helio Teive
- Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mariana Spitz
- Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto da Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pedro Braga-Neto
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ribeiro Nóbrega
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katia Lin
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Verena Endmayr
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Wang Y, Zhang D, Tong L, Yang L, Yin P, Li J, Lei G, Yang X, Li B. Anti-LGI1 encephalitis with initiating symptom of seizures in children. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1151430. [PMID: 37179544 PMCID: PMC10169679 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1151430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) encephalitis is infrequently reported but more and more recognizable in children. Here we give detailed description of the clinical features and long-term outcome of three cases of childhood onset anti-LGI1 encephalitis. Methods Three anti-LGI1 encephalitis patients were hospitalized in the Department of Pediatrics at Qilu Hospital of Shandong University. Data about the clinical manifestations, treatments and long-term follow-up outcomes were described in detail. Results Case 1 showed an adolescent girl with initiating symptom of acute-onset frequent focal seizures. Her serum LGI1-antibody test was positive, and she had a good response to antiseizure medication (ASM) and IVIG. Case 2 showed a preschool-age boy with long-period refractory focal seizures and recent behavioral change. Both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests of LGI1-antibody were positive, and the MRI showed progressive atrophy in the left hemisphere. The symptoms got improved after receiving second-line immunotherapy initially but there are still the sequelae of drug-resistant epilepsy and mild to moderate intellectual disability. Case 3 showed an adolescent boy with initiating symptom of acute-onset frequent focal seizures. Both serum and CSF tests of LGI1-antibody were positive, and he had a good response to immunotherapy. By analyzing all literature-reported 19 pediatric cases, we found pediatric anti-LGI1 encephalitis is more common in female and adolescent. Seizures and behavioral changes were the most common symptoms. CSF pleocytosis and LGI1-antibodies results were mostly negative. Most patients showed good response to immunotherapy. Conclusion Childhood onset anti-LGI1 encephalitis is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome, ranging from typical limbic encephalitis to isolating focal seizures. It is important to test autoimmune antibodies when encountering similar cases and repeat antibody testing if necessary. Timely recognition leads to earlier diagnosis and more rapid initiation of effective immunotherapy and potentially better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaofan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Wang Y, Ren X, Shen Y, Hua Y, Xu L, Zhang W, Sheng G, Jiang P, Yuan Z, Liu L, Gao F. Case report: Pediatric anti-gamma aminobutyric acid-B receptor encephalitis with benign prognosis. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1104001. [PMID: 36937947 PMCID: PMC10020610 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1104001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of pediatric anti-gamma-aminobutyric acid-B receptor (GABABR) encephalitis to enhance the understanding and improve the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for this disease. Methods We report a rare case of a female pediatric patient with anti-GABABR encephalitis who was treated at the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine. Literature search was performed to explore the clinical characteristics of pediatric anti-GABABR encephalitis. Results The patient exhibited recurrent epileptic seizure, status epilepticus, and psychiatric symptoms at the age of 11 years and 10 months. Anti-GABABR antibodies were positive in cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exhibited abnormal signals in the left hippocampus. Symptoms and abnormality of brain MRI were improved after administration of immunosuppressants, anti-seizure and antipsychotic drugs. Two of pediatric anti-GABABR encephalitis with clinical data were identified through literature search. Analysis of these three cases suggested that the pediatric patients primarily experienced limbic encephalitis, with no tumor incidence. A favorable immunotherapy response was demonstrated with a superior prognosis in all the cases. Conclusions We reported a pediatric anti-GABABR encephalitis case with early age of onset. Promt autoimmune antibody testing and tumor screening, as well as immunomodulatory treatment immediately after a definitive diagnosis are warranted to improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pediatric, Jinhua Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ren
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yi Hua
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiran Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoxia Sheng
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peifang Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhefeng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- Correspondence: Feng Gao Liu Liu
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- Correspondence: Feng Gao Liu Liu
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Dou Q, Li R, Shu X. Anti-contactin-associated protein-like 2 antibody-associated encephalitis in children: A case report and literature review. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1004210. [PMID: 36340710 PMCID: PMC9630637 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1004210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) antibody-associated encephalitis is a rare group of autoimmune diseases that causes extensive damage to the central and/or peripheral nervous system. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we reported a case of anti-CASPR2 antibody-associated encephalitis in a 12-year-old male patient with symptoms of headache, consciousness disturbance, mental abnormalities, urinary incontinence, fasciculations in the extremity muscles, and involuntary movements. The testing for autoimmune encephalitis-associated antibodies showed that CASPR2-associated antibodies were positive, and electroencephalography showed diffuse slow waves. No tumor was found after screening for malignancies. The child's status significantly improved after receiving immunotherapy with intravenous methylprednisolone and immunoglobulin. CONCLUSIONS Anti-CASPR2 antibody-associated encephalitis has been rarely reported in children. It has a complex clinical presentation and a low incidence of tumor. Most pediatric patients have a favorable prognosis and relapse is uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Dou
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Renke Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaomei Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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