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Aribindi K, Lim M, Lakshminrusimha S, Albertson T. Investigational pharmacological agents for the treatment of ARDS. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:243-277. [PMID: 38316432 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2315128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a heterogeneous form of lung injury with severe hypoxemia and bilateral infiltrates after an inciting event that results in diffuse lung inflammation with a high mortality rate. While research in COVID-related ARDS has resulted in several pharmacotherapeutic agents that have undergone successful investigation, non-COVID ARDS studies have not resulted in many widely accepted pharmacotherapeutic agents despite exhaustive research. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to discuss adjuvant pharmacotherapies targeting non-COVID Acute Lung Injury (ALI)/ARDS and novel therapeutics in COVID associated ALI/ARDS. In ARDS, variable data may support selective use of neuromuscular blocking agents, corticosteroids and neutrophil elastase inhibitors, but are not yet universally used. COVID-ALI/ARDS has data supporting the use of IL-6 monoclonal antibodies, corticosteroids, and JAK inhibitor therapy. EXPERT OPINION Although ALI/ARDS modifying pharmacological agents have been identified in COVID-related disease, the data in non-COVID ALI/ARDS has been less compelling. The increased use of more specific molecular phenotyping based on physiologic parameters and biomarkers, will ensure equipoise between groups, and will likely allow more precision in confirming pharmacological agent efficacy in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katyayini Aribindi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, U.C. Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs North California Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, U.C. Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Satyan Lakshminrusimha
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, U.C. Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Albertson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, U.C. Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Li B, Kwok LY, Wang D, Li L, Guo S, Chen Y. Integrating metabolomics, bionics, and culturomics to study probiotics-driven drug metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1047863. [PMID: 36778014 PMCID: PMC9908756 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1047863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many drugs have been shown to be metabolized by the human gut microbiome, but probiotic-driven drug-metabolizing capacity is rarely explored. Here, we developed an integrated metabolomics, culturomics, and bionics framework for systematically studying probiotics-driven drug metabolism. We discovered that 75% (27/36 of the assayed drugs) were metabolized by five selected probiotics, and drugs containing nitro or azo groups were more readily metabolized. As proof-of-principle experiments, we showed that Lacticaseibacillus casei Zhang (LCZ) could metabolize racecadotril to its active products, S-acetylthiorphan and thiorphan, in monoculture, in a near-real simulated human digestion system, and in an ex vivo fecal co-culture system. However, a personalized effect was observed in the racecadotril-metabolizing activity of L. casei Zhang, depending on the individual's host gut microbiome composition. Based on data generated by our workflow, we proposed a possible mechanism of interactions among L. casei Zhang, racecadotril, and host gut microbiome, providing practical guidance for probiotic-drug co-treatment and novel insights into precision probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohai Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lai-Yu Kwok
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yongfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China,*Correspondence: Yongfu Chen,
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Alpha Ketoglutarate Downregulates the Neutral Endopeptidase and Enhances the Growth Inhibitory Activity of Thiorphan in Highly Aggressive Osteosarcoma Cells. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010097. [PMID: 36615293 PMCID: PMC9821816 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since natural substances are widely explored as epigenetic modulators of gene expression and epigenetic abnormalities are important causes of cancerogenesis, factors with pro-tumor activities subjected to epigenetic control, e.g., neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin), are promising anticancer targets for potential therapies acting via epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is a naturally occurring co-substrate for enzymes involved in histone and DNA demethylation with suggested anti-cancer activity. Hence, we investigated a potential effect of AKG on the NEP expression in cells derived from various cancers (cervical, colon, osteosarcoma) and normal epithelial cells and osteoblasts. Moreover, the overall methylation status of histone H3 was explored to establish the molecular target of AKG activity. Additionally, it was investigated whether AKG in combination with thiorphan (NEP specific inhibitor) exhibited enhanced anticancer activity. The results revealed that AKG downregulated the expression of NEP at the protein level only in highly aggressive osteosarcoma HOS cells (flow cytometry and fluorometric assays), and this protease was found to be involved in AKG-induced growth inhibition in osteosarcoma cells (siRNA NEP silencing, BrdU assay, flow cytometry). Unexpectedly, AKG-induced hypermethylation of H3K27 in HOS cells, which was partially dependent on EZH2 activity. However, this effect was not implicated in the AKG-induced NEP downregulation (flow cytometry). Finally, the combined treatment with AKG and thiorphan was shown to significantly enhance the growth inhibitory potential of each one towards HOS cells (BrdU assay). These preliminary studies have shown for the first time that the downregulation of NEP expression is a promising target in therapies of NEP-implicating HOS cells. Moreover, this therapeutic goal can be achieved via AKG-induced downregulation of NEP and synergistic activity of AKG with thiorphan, i.e., a NEP specific inhibitor. Furthermore, this study has reported for the first time that exogenous AKG can influence the activity of histone methyltransferase, EZH2. However, this issue needs further investigation to elucidate the mechanisms of this phenomenon.
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The Effects of One-Point Mutation on the New Delhi Metallo Beta-Lactamase-1 Resistance toward Carbapenem Antibiotics and β-Lactamase Inhibitors: An In Silico Systematic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416083. [PMID: 36555726 PMCID: PMC9785264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has been becoming more and more critical due to bacteria's evolving hydrolysis enzymes. The NDM-1 enzyme could hydrolyze not only carbapenems but also most of β-lactam's antibiotics and inhibitors. In fact, variant strains could impose a high impact on the resistance of bacteria producing NDM-1. Although previous studies showed the effect of some variants toward antibiotics and inhibitors binding, there has been no research systematically evaluating the effects of alternative one-point mutations on the hydrolysis capacity of NDM-1. This study aims to identify which mutants could increase or decrease the effectiveness of antibiotics and β-lactamase inhibitors toward bacteria. Firstly, 35 different variants with a high probability of emergence based on the PAM-1 matrix were constructed and then docked with 5 ligands, namely d-captopril, l-captopril, thiorphan, imipenem, and meropenem. The selected complexes underwent molecular dynamics simulation and free energy binding estimation, with the results showing that the substitutions at residues 122 and 124 most influenced the binding ability of NDM-1 toward inhibitors and antibiotics. The H122R mutant decreases the binding ability between d-captopril and NDM-1 and diminishes the effectiveness of this antibiotic toward Enterobacteriaceae. However, the H122R mutant has a contrary impact on thiorphan, which should be tested in vitro and in vivo in further experiments.
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Mizerska-Kowalska M, Sowa S, Donarska B, Płaziński W, Sławińska-Brych A, Tomasik A, Ziarkowska A, Łączkowski KZ, Zdzisińska B. New Borane-Protected Derivatives of α-Aminophosphonous Acid as Anti-Osteosarcoma Agents: ADME Analysis and Molecular Modeling, In Vitro Studies on Anti-Cancer Activities, and NEP Inhibition as a Possible Mechanism of Anti-Proliferative Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126716. [PMID: 35743158 PMCID: PMC9223658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organophosphorus compounds (OPs), especially various α-aminophosphonates, exhibit anti-cancer activities. They act, among others, as inhibitors of the proteases implicated in cancerogenesis. Thesetypes of inhibitors weredescribed, e.g., for neutral endopeptidase (NEP) expressed in different cancer cells, including osteosarcoma (OS). The aim of the present study isto evaluate new borane-protected derivatives of phosphonous acid (compounds 1–7) in terms of their drug-likeness properties, anti-osteosarcoma activities in vitro (against HOS and Saos-2 cells), and use as potential NEP inhibitors. The results revealed that all tested compounds exhibited the physicochemical and ADME properties typical for small-molecule drugs. However, compound 4 did not show capability of blood–brain barrier penetration (Lipiński and Veber rules;SwissAdme tool). Moreover, the α-aminophosphonite-boranes (compounds 4–7) exhibited stronger anti-proliferative activity against OS cells than the other phosphonous acid-borane derivatives (compounds 1–3),especially regarding HOS cells (MTT assay). The most promising compounds 4 and 6 induced apoptosis through the activation of caspase 3 and/or cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase (flow cytometry). Compound 4 inhibited the migration and invasiveness of highly aggressive HOS cells (wound/transwell and BME-coated transwell assays, respectively). Additionally, compound 4 and, to a lesser extent, compound 6 inhibited NEP activity (fluorometric assay). This activity of compound 4 was involved in its anti-proliferative potential (BrdU assay). The present study shows that compound 4 can be considered a potential anti-osteosarcoma agent and a scaffold for the development of new NEP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mizerska-Kowalska
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.T.); (A.Z.); (B.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sylwia Sowa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Gliniana 33 Street, 20-614 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Beata Donarska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Department of Chemical Technology and Pharmaceuticals, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jurasza 2 Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (B.D.); (K.Z.Ł.)
| | - Wojciech Płaziński
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8 Street, 30-239 Cracow, Poland;
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adrianna Sławińska-Brych
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Tomasik
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.T.); (A.Z.); (B.Z.)
| | - Anna Ziarkowska
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.T.); (A.Z.); (B.Z.)
| | - Krzysztof Z. Łączkowski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Department of Chemical Technology and Pharmaceuticals, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jurasza 2 Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (B.D.); (K.Z.Ł.)
| | - Barbara Zdzisińska
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.T.); (A.Z.); (B.Z.)
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Tras B, Ok M, Parlak TM, Ider M, Yildiz R, Eser Faki H, Ozdemir Kutahya Z, Uney K. Can diarrhea affect the pharmacokinetics of racecadotril in neonatal calves? J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:426-431. [PMID: 35706330 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics of antisecretory-acting racecadotril, used in the treatment of diarrhea in humans and dogs, following oral administration in both neonatal calves with healthy and neonatal calves with infectious diarrhea. The study was carried out on a total of 24 Holstein calves (2-20 days), of which 6 were healthy and 18 were infectious diarrhea. Calves with infectious diarrhea were divided into 3 groups according to the infectious agent (Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, and rotavirus/coronavirus). Racecadotril was administered orally at 2.5 mg/kg dose to calves. The plasma concentrations of racecadotril and its main active metabolite (thiorphan) were determined using HPLC-UV. The pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using the non-compartmental method. In healthy calves, the t1/2ʎz , Cmax , Tmax, and AUC0-12 of racecadotril were determined 4.70 h, 377 ng/ml, 0.75 h, and 1674 h × ng/ml, respectively. In the plasma of calves with infectious diarrhea, racecadotril and thiorphan were only detected at the sampling time from 0.25 to 1.5 h. As in calves with infectious diarrhea, thiorphan in plasma was only detected in healthy calves from 0.25 to 1.5 h. Racecadotril showed a large distribution volume, rapid elimination, and low metabolism to thiorphan in healthy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunyamin Tras
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkiye
| | - Mahmut Ok
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkiye
| | - Tugba Melike Parlak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkiye
| | - Merve Ider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkiye
| | - Ramazan Yildiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Burdur, Turkiye
| | - Hatice Eser Faki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkiye
| | - Zeynep Ozdemir Kutahya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkiye
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkiye
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Multivariate Optimization of Chromatographic Conditions for Rapid Simultaneous Quantification of Antidiarrheal Drugs in Formulation Using Surface Response Methodology. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9050103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of antibiotics and antiprotozoal and antisecretory medicines has been prescribed for the treatment of diarrhea. A rapid, reproducible liquid chromatographic procedure was established for the concurrent analysis of metronidazole (MET), ofloxacin (OFL), and racecadotril (RAC) in suspension. The Box–Behnken design, a full factorial multivariate optimization technique, was utilized to optimize chromatographic parameters with fewer runs. The separation of MET, OFL, and RAC was accomplished within 3.2 min, using a Zorbax C18 high-performance liquid chromatography column with a simple mobile phase comprising acetonitrile (55 vol.%): methanol (10 vol.%):20 mM phosphate buffer (35 vol.%, pH 6, regulated with ortho-phosphoric acid). The mobile phase was pumped in the isocratic mode at a rate of 1.4 mL/min at ambient temperature. Analytes were monitored by adjusting the wavelength at 295 nm for MET and OFL and 231 nm for RAC. Validation of the proposed HPLC method exhibited linearity in the concentration of 20–250 µg/mL, 10–150 µg/mL, and 5–80 µg/mL for MET, OFL, and RAC respectively, along with an excellent regression coefficient (r2 > 0.999). The accuracy and precision of the chromatographic procedure were also evidenced by the low percent relative error and relative standard deviation. A Pareto chart developed by the two-factor interaction (2FI) study confirmed that the method was robust, as the slight variation in a single factor had no significant influence on the assay outcomes. Lastly, the developed HPLC process was utilized for the concurrent quantification of MET, OFL, and RAC in liquid oral preparation. Furthermore, when the assay results were compared to the described techniques, it was discovered that there was no significant difference in the accuracy and precision of the results. Hence, the developed rapid HPLC method could be employed for the quality control study of a preparation comprising of MET, OFL, and RAC in industries and regulatory authority laboratories.
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Keely SJ, Barrett KE. Intestinal secretory mechanisms and diarrhea. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G405-G420. [PMID: 35170355 PMCID: PMC8917926 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00316.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary functions of the intestinal epithelium is to transport fluid and electrolytes to and from the luminal contents. Under normal circumstances, absorptive and secretory processes are tightly regulated such that absorption predominates, thereby enabling conservation of the large volumes of water that pass through the intestine each day. However, in conditions of secretory diarrhea, this balance becomes dysregulated, so that fluid secretion, driven primarily by Cl- secretion, overwhelms absorptive capacity, leading to increased loss of water in the stool. Secretory diarrheas are common and include those induced by pathogenic bacteria and viruses, allergens, and disruptions to bile acid homeostasis, or as a side effect of many drugs. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which Cl- and fluid secretion in the intestine are regulated, how these mechanisms become dysregulated in conditions of secretory diarrhea, currently available and emerging therapeutic approaches, and how new strategies to exploit intestinal secretory mechanisms are successfully being used in the treatment of constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Keely
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kim E Barrett
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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Asadi M, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M, Hosseini FS, Gholami M, Dehpour AR, Amanlou M. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel racecadotril-tetrazole-amino acid derivatives as new potent analgesic agents. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:341-357. [PMID: 34447443 PMCID: PMC8356715 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.319573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Although pain is one of the most common symptoms of diseases, it is often mismanaged due to limited access to painkillers and ineffectiveness, unacceptable side effects, or the possibility of abuse. However, an alternative approach to existing analgesics is to indirectly increase endogenous pain relief pathways by neprilysin (an enkephalinase) inhibitors. This enzyme breaks down and inactivates enkephalin, dynorphin, endorphins, and their derivatives. Experimental approach: In this project, a new series of racecadotril-tetrazole-amino acid derivatives 15a-l was synthesized and characterized on the basis of IR, 1H and 13C NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The antinociceptive activity of synthesized compounds was assessed by a hot plate, tail-flick, and formalin assays in mice. Docking was used to identify the possible interactions between neprilysin and synthesized compounds. 15a-l was synthesized and characterized on the basis of IR, 1H and 13C NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The antinociceptive activity of synthesized compounds was assessed by a hot plate, tail-flick, and formalin assays in mice. Docking was used to identify the possible interactions between neprilysin and synthesized compounds. Findings/Results: Most of the synthesized compounds showed moderate to good analgesic effects in hot plat and tail-flick test in comparison to morphine and racecadotril. Compounds 15l and 15j were the most potent compounds. The synergistic analgesic effect of compounds 15l and 15j with morphine and the antagonistic effect of naloxone on the activity of these compounds confirm that the analgesic effect of compounds 15l and 15j could be mediated through the opioidergic system. The negative and high binding energy of docking simulation of the most potent compounds in the catalytic site of neprilysin was also in good agreement with the inhibitory activity of test compounds. Conclusion and implications: Racecadotril-tetrazole-amino acid derivatives, as potential antinociceptive agents, demonstrated moderate to good antinociceptive activities comparable with morphine and higher than racecadotril.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Asadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R. Iran
| | - Faezeh Sadat Hosseini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Mahdi Gholami
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Toxicology and Poisoning Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran.,Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Massoud Amanlou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran.,Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
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Daudén Tello E, Alonso Suárez J, Beltrán Catalán E, Blasco Maldonado C, Herrero Manso M, Jiménez Morales A, Marín-Jiménez I, Martín-Arranz M, García-Merino A, Porta Etessam J, Rodríguez-Sagrado M, Rosas Gómez de Salazar J, Trujillo Martín E, Salgado-Boquete L. Multidisciplinary Management of the Adverse Effects of Apremilast. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Wang B, Yang L, Wang B, Luo C, Wang Y, Wang H, Chen F, Xiang X. Development, In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Racecadotril Orodispersible Films for Pediatric Use. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:15. [PMID: 33389269 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study endeavored to develop orodispersible films (ODFs) containing 30 mg racecadotril for pediatric use, which focuses on improving the compliance of pediatric patients and reducing risk of choking. The challenge of this study is to prepare high drug loading ODFs with successful mechanical and physicochemical properties. Compatibilities between drug and different polymers (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC; polyvinyl alcohol, PVA; low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, L-HPC; pullulan, PU) were investigated to select stable and safe film-forming polymers. Afterwards, the study explored the maximum amount of racecadotril incorporated into PVA films and PU films. Subsequently, disintegrant (Lycoat RS720, 4-10%, w/w) and plasticizers (glycerol, 2-6%, w/w) were investigated to reduce disintegration time of PVA films and enhance the flexibility of PU films, respectively. Formulation characteristics (appearance, tensile strength, percent elongation, disintegration time, drug content, weight, thickness, pH value, moisture content, moisture uptake, and Q5min) of prepared ODFs were examined to obtain the optimal compositions of racecadotril ODFs. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) study, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study, comparative in vitro dissolution study, and pharmacokinetic study in Beagle dogs of optimized racecadotril ODFs were then conducted. Eventually, ODFs containing 50% racecadotril, 38% PVA, 7% Lycoat RS720, 2% sucralose, 2% apricot, and 1% titanium dioxide could achieve desirable mechanical properties, disintegrating within a few seconds and releasing more than 85% drug within 5 min in four dissolution media. An in vivo study showed optimized racecadotril ODF and Hidrasec were bioequivalent in Beagle dogs. In summary, ODFs containing 30 mg racecadotril were successfully prepared by solvent casting method, and it was suitable for the administration to the pediatric patients.
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12
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Yohannes A, Feng X, Yao S. Dispersive solid-phase extraction of racemic drugs using chiral ionic liquid-metal-organic framework composite sorbent. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461395. [PMID: 32823100 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, enantioseparation of racemic pharmaceuticals in preparations is a prime concern by drug authorities across the globe. In the present work, it was attempted to develop novel enantioselective extraction method for five clinically used drugs (atenolol, propranolol, metoprolol, racecadotril, and raceanisodamine in their tablets) as racemates. The enantioselective solid-liquid extraction of these racemic drugs was carried out successfully by the use of chiral ionic liquid (CIL) in combination with a metal organic framework (MOF) for the first time. The composite CIL@MOF was synthesized from tropine based chiral ionic liquids with L-proline anion ([CnTr][L-Pro], n=3-6) and HKUST-1 type MOF, which was comprehensively characterized before being used as sorbent for enantioselective dispersive solid-liquid extraction. Preliminary selection of appropriate CIL was carried out on thin layer chromatography (TLC); under the joint participation of copper ion in the developing reagent, [C3Tr][L-Pro] ionic liquid showed better resolution performance with ΔRf value of 0.35 between the enantiomers was obtained for racemic atenolol. Moreover, the effect of copper salt dosage, amount of CIL, soli-liquid ratio and extraction time were investigated. The optimal conditions were obtained after thorough investigations; i.e. sample solution: ethanol, elution solvent: methanol, solid-liquid ratio: 12.5 mg:50 mL, amount of copper salt: 8 mg L-1, amount of impregnated CIL: 30% and extraction time of 30 min. As a result, enantiomeric excess values are 90.4%, 95%, 92%, 81.6% and 83.2% for atenolol, propranolol, metoprolol, racecadotril and raceanisodamine, respectively. The developed enantioselective method was validated following ICH guidelines and it was proved to be simple, effective and enantioselective way for separation of racemic pharmaceuticals with similar behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alula Yohannes
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xueting Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shun Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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13
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Daudén Tello E, Alonso Suárez J, Beltrán Catalán E, Blasco Maldonado C, Herrero Manso MC, Jiménez Morales A, Marín-Jiménez I, Martín-Arranz MD, García-Merino A, Porta Etessam J, Rodríguez-Sagrado MA, Rosas Gómez de Salazar J, Trujillo Martín E, Salgado-Boquete L. Multidisciplinary Management of the Adverse Effects of Apremilast. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2020; 112:134-141. [PMID: 32910923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a series of general and specific recommendations based on pathophysiologic considerations for managing the most common adverse effects of apremilast that lead to treatment discontinuation: diarrhea, nausea, and headache. The recommendations are based on a review of the literature and the experience of a multidisciplinary team of 14 experts including dermatologists, rheumatologists, neurologists, gastroenterologists, pharmacists, and nurses. We propose a series of simple algorithms that include clinical actions and suggestions for pharmacologic treatment. The adverse effects of apremilast can be managed from a multidisciplinary approach. The purpose of optimizing management is to bring clinical benefits to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Daudén Tello
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, España.
| | - J Alonso Suárez
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, España
| | - E Beltrán Catalán
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Parc Salut del Mar, Barcelona, España
| | - C Blasco Maldonado
- Unidad de Enfermería, Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, España
| | - M C Herrero Manso
- Unidad de Enfermería, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España
| | - A Jiménez Morales
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, España
| | - I Marín-Jiménez
- Unidad de EII-CEIMI-Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España
| | - M D Martín-Arranz
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario La Paz; Grupo de Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Investigación IdiPaz, Madrid, España
| | - A García-Merino
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, España
| | - J Porta Etessam
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
| | | | | | - E Trujillo Martín
- Servicio Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España
| | - L Salgado-Boquete
- Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Pontevedra, España
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14
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Kuchulakanti PK. ARNI in cardiovascular disease: current evidence and future perspectives. Future Cardiol 2020; 16:505-515. [PMID: 32319309 DOI: 10.2217/fca-2019-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are the mainstay of therapy for cardiovascular disease and heart failure (HF). The angiotensin receptor II blocker - neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), sacubitril-valsartan has an established role in treatment of patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) based on the results of PARADIGM-HF trial. This trial has provided a strong evidence base for treatment of HFrEF in various subsets of patients. Several studies are done using ARNI in various indications such as HFrEF, HFrEF, patients hospitalized with acute decompensated HF, HF with preserved EF, AMI with LVEF <40%, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, pulmonary hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, so on and so forth. This review provides an update of current literature and future perspective on ARNI in various cardiovascular disorders.
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15
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Abstract
Acute diarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the paediatric population. Racecadotril is an antisecretory drug recommended as an adjuvant antidiarrhoeal treatment.In the small bowel, the enzyme neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibits the action of enkephalins, which prevent water and electrolyte hypersecretion. By inhibiting NEP, racecadotril allows enkephalins to exhibit their antisecretory effects. Consequently, racecadotril reduces the secretion of water and electrolytes in the small intestine, without having an effect on intestinal motility. No serious adverse events related to racecadotril have been reported.Racecadotril has proven its efficacy as an adjuvant antidiarrhoeal drug with a good safety profile. Its addition to oral rehydration solution (ORS) appears clinically beneficial and potentially leads to health care savings.
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16
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Szymaszkiewicz A, Storr M, Fichna J, Zielinska M. Enkephalinase inhibitors, potential therapeutics for the future treatment of diarrhea predominant functional gastrointestinal disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13526. [PMID: 30549162 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous opioid system (EOS) is considered being a crucial element involved in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) as it regulates gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis through modulation of motility and water and ion secretion/absorption. Along with opioid receptors (ORs), the following components of EOS can be distinguished: 1. endogenous opioid peptides (EOPs), namely enkephalins, endorphins, endomorphins and dynorphins, and 2. peptidases, which regulate the metabolism (synthesis and degradation) of EOPs. Enkephalins, which are δ-opioid receptors agonists, induce significant effects in the GI tract as they act as potent pro-absorptive neurotransmitters. The action of enkephalins and other EOPs is limited, since EOPs are easily and rapidly inactivated by a natural metalloendopeptidase (enkephalinase/neprilysin) and aminopeptidase N. Studies show that the activity of EOPs can be enhanced by inhibition of these enzymes. In this review, we discuss the antidiarrheal and antinociceptive potential of enkephalinase inhibitors. Furthermore, our review is to answer the question whether enkephalinase inhibitors may be helpful in the future treatment of diarrhea predominant functional GI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Szymaszkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Martin Storr
- Department of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center of Endoscopy, Starnberg, Germany
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Zielinska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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17
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Genova RM, Meyer KJ, Anderson MG, Harper MM, Pieper AA. Neprilysin inhibition promotes corneal wound healing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14385. [PMID: 30258206 PMCID: PMC6158251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neprilysin (NEP), an ectoenzyme that modulates inflammation by degrading neuropeptides, was recently identified in the human corneal epithelium. The cornea expresses many NEP substrates, but the function of NEP in homeostatic maintenance and wound healing of the cornea is unknown. We therefore investigated the role of this enzyme under naive and injured conditions using NEP-deficient (NEP-/-) and wild type (WT) control mice. In vivo ocular surface imaging and histological analysis of corneal tissue showed no differences in limbal vasculature or corneal anatomy between naive NEP-/- and WT mice. Histological examination revealed increased corneal innervation in NEP-/- mice. In an alkali burn model of corneal injury, corneal wound healing was significantly accelerated in NEP-/- mice compared to WT controls 3 days after injury. Daily intraperitoneal administration of the NEP inhibitor thiorphan also accelerated corneal wound healing after alkali injury in WT mice. Collectively, our data identify a previously unknown role of NEP in the cornea, in which pharmacologic inhibition of its activity may provide a novel therapeutic option for patients with corneal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Genova
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kacie J Meyer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael G Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Matthew M Harper
- Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospital Case Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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18
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Eberlin M, Chen M, Mueck T, Däbritz J. Racecadotril in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children: a systematic, comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:124. [PMID: 29614995 PMCID: PMC5883268 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racecadotril is a guideline-recommended option for the treatment of acute diarrhea in children but existing guidelines and previous reviews of the field are based on a small fraction of published evidence. Therefore, we have performed a systematic search for randomized controlled trials evaluating racecadotril as add-on or in comparison to other treatments. METHODS A search was performed in PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar without limits about country of origin or reporting language. A meta-analysis was conducted for the five most frequently used efficacy parameters. RESULTS We have retrieved 58 trials, from nine countries including six in comparison to placebo, 15 in comparison to various active treatments and 41 as add-on to various standard treatments (some multi-armed studies allowing more than one comparison). Trials used 45 distinct efficacy parameters, most often time to cure, % of cured children after 3 days of treatment, global efficacy and number of stools on second day of treatment. Racecadotril was superior to comparator treatments in outpatients and hospitalized patients with a high degree of consistency as confirmed by meta-analysis for the five most frequently used outcome parameters. For instance, it reduced time to cure from 106.2 h to 78.2 h (mean reduction 28.0 h; P < 0.0001 in 24 studies reporting on this parameter). Tolerability of racecadotril was comparable to that of placebo (10.4% vs. 10.6% adverse events incidence) or that of active comparator treatments other than loperamide (2.4% in both groups). CONCLUSIONS Based on a comprehensive review of the existing evidence, we conclude that racecadotril is more efficacious than other treatments except for loperamide and has a tolerability similar to placebo and better than loperamide. These findings support the use of racecadotril in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Eberlin
- Department of Medical Affairs CHC GSA, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Tobias Mueck
- Department of Medical Affairs CHC GSA, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan Däbritz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Center for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts Cancer Institute, The Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
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19
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Loupakis F, Stein A, Ychou M, Hermann F, Salud A, Österlund P. A Review of Clinical Studies and Practical Guide for the Administration of Triplet Chemotherapy Regimens with Bevacizumab in First-line Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Target Oncol 2017; 11:293-308. [PMID: 26687849 PMCID: PMC4901088 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-015-0400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide. A significant proportion of patients presents with unresectable metastatic disease or develops metachronous metastases following surgical resection of the primary tumor. The prognosis of the disease has improved over the past two decades, with extended multimodality treatment options and the development of increasingly intensified chemotherapy regimens that now typically include targeted biologics. A recent advance in therapy is a treatment regimen composed of three chemotherapeutic agents (i.e., triplet chemotherapy: 5-fluorouracil [5-FU]/leucovorin [LV], oxaliplatin, and irinotecan; FOLFOXIRI) in combination with the vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor bevacizumab. This regimen has been shown to elicit significantly improved objective response rates and median progression-free survival compared with 5-FU/LV and irinotecan in combination with bevacizumab. However, triplet chemotherapy has been associated with increased rates of chemotherapy-related adverse events, and treatment-emergent adverse events should be properly managed to minimize treatment interruption or discontinuation. We present herein a review of clinical studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of FOLFOXIRI with bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer, and propose a practical guide for the management of adverse events associated with the regimen. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Loupakis
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, U.O. Oncologia Medica 2 Universitaria, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alexander Stein
- University Cancer Center Hamburg, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Ychou
- ICM Val d'Aurelle, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Antonieta Salud
- Department of Medical Oncology, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, Lleida, Spain
| | - Pia Österlund
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Szabó ZI, Foroughbakhshfasaei M, Noszál B, Tóth G. Enantioseparation of racecadotril using polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phases in polar organic mode. Chirality 2017; 30:95-105. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán-István Szabó
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureş; Tîrgu Mureş Romania
| | | | - Béla Noszál
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
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21
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Bui T, Li G, Kim I, Wen K, Twitchell EL, Hualei S, Ramesh AK, Weiss MD, Yang X, Glark-Deener SG, Choy RK, Yuan L. Effects of Racecadotril on Weight Loss and Diarrhea Due to Human Rotavirus in Neonatal Gnotobiotic Pigs ( Sus scrofa domesticus). Comp Med 2017; 67:157-164. [PMID: 28381316 PMCID: PMC5402735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children younger than 5 y, and the most common cause of acute watery diarrhea in young children worldwide is rotaviral infection. Medicines to specifically reduce diarrhea would be a desirable adjunctive treatment to supportive fluid therapy to decrease the mortality rate of diarrheal diseases. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of an antisecretory drug, racecadotril, in treating human rotavirus (HRV)-induced diarrhea in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model. In total, 27 gnotobiotic pigs were randomly assigned (n = 9 per group) to receive either racecadotril, chlorpromazine (positive-control drug), or PBS (mock treatment) after inoculation with HRV. Pigs were weighed daily and rectal swabs were collected to determine fecal consistency scores and virus shedding. Rotaviral infection was confirmed by ELISA and cell culture immunofluorescence. Overall, the racecadotril-treated pigs had less severe illness than either the chlorpromazine- or mock-treated groups; this conclusion was supported by the lower fecal-consistency scores, shorter duration of diarrhea, and significant gain in body weight during the course of the study of the racecadotril-treated pigs. Through its influence on decreasing intestinal hypersecretion, racecadotril was better able to control the clinical signs of rotaviral infection in the gnotobiotic pigs. These results lend support for using racecadotril as a treatment for rotaviral diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Bui
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Guohua Li
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Inyoung Kim
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Ke Wen
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Erica L Twitchell
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Shaoh Hualei
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Ashwin K Ramesh
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Mariah D Weiss
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Sherrie G Glark-Deener
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - Lijuan Yuan
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia;,
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22
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Fischbach W, Andresen V, Eberlin M, Mueck T, Layer P. A Comprehensive Comparison of the Efficacy and Tolerability of Racecadotril with Other Treatments of Acute Diarrhea in Adults. Front Med (Lausanne) 2016; 3:44. [PMID: 27790616 PMCID: PMC5064048 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2016.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Racecadotril is a guideline-recommended treatment to alleviate symptoms of acute diarrhea. A systematic review of randomized studies was performed comparing efficacy and safety of treatment with racecadotril to that with placebo or active treatments in adults. In five double-blind studies, racecadotril and placebo had comparable tolerability, but racecadotril was more effective. This was consistent across multiple efficacy parameters including duration of diarrhea, number of diarrheic stools, abdominal pain, and meteorism; it was also consistent across countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe. In six randomized studies in outpatients comparing racecadotril to loperamide, resolution of symptoms occurred with similar speed and efficacy; however, racecadotril treatment was associated with less rebound constipation and less abdominal discomfort. The seventh comparative study performed in geriatric nursing home residents reported a superior efficacy of racecadotril. In direct comparison with Saccharomyces boulardii treatment, racecadotril exhibited similar tolerability but was more efficacious. One study compared racecadotril to octreotide in patients with acute diarrhea requiring hospitalization, rehydration, and antibiotic treatment; in this cohort, octreotide was more efficacious than racecadotril. In conclusion, in adults with acute diarrhea, racecadotril is more efficacious than placebo or S. boulardii, similarly efficacious as loperamide and, in patients with moderate to severe disease as add-on to antibiotics, less than octreotide. The tolerability of racecadotril is similar to that of placebo or S. boulardii and better than that of loperamide, particularly with regard to risk of rebound constipation. Taken together, these data demonstrate that racecadotril is a suitable treatment to alleviate symptoms of acute diarrhea in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Fischbach
- Medizinische Klinik II, Klinikum Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | - Viola Andresen
- Medizinische Klinik, Israelitisches Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marion Eberlin
- Department of Medical Affairs CHC Germany, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Mueck
- Department of Medical Affairs CHC Germany, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Peter Layer
- Medizinische Klinik, Israelitisches Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Germany
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23
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Endres K, Reinhardt S, Geladaris A, Knies J, Grimm M, Hartmann T, Schmitt U. Transnasal delivery of human A-beta peptides elicits impaired learning and memory performance in wild type mice. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:44. [PMID: 27377996 PMCID: PMC4932715 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Murine models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are mainly based on overexpression of pathologic amyloid precursor protein and/or presenilins. Those genes resemble underlying cause of early onset type of AD while about 99 % of all human cases are to be characterized as sporadic, late onset. Appropriate animal models for this type of AD are still missing. We here investigated, if transnasal delivery of A-beta 42 peptides might serve to mimic pathological effects in mice. RESULTS A-beta 42 peptides, used for the behavioral study, showed the expected dose-dependent toxicity in neur oblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y and were able to form higher molecular weight species in vitro. Upon delivery into nostrils of wild type mice, protein bands that might represent aggregation products of the exogenously applied human A-beta 42 were only observed in total brain homogenates from mice pre-treated with mannitol. By using TAMRA-labeled A-beta 42 peptides we demonstrated, that transport throughout the brain was achieved already 1 h after administration. FVB/N mice treated with A-beta 42 for 3 days were significantly impaired in the cue-retention condition of the fear conditioning task as compared to controls whereas A-beta-treated C57B6/J mice were impaired in the context condition. In the Morris water maze test, these mice also displayed a delayed learning performance, indicated by significantly longer time to find the platform. Those deficits were also seen for memory performance in the probe trial as measured by number of crossings of the former platform position and time spent in the goal quadrant. CONCLUSIONS Existing AD mouse models are of genetic origin and need prolonged housing time before onset of pathology. Our short-term treatment induced learning and memory deficits via exogenous application of A-beta peptides comparable to those observed for the transgenic animals. With the transnasal A-beta 42 treatment we present an approach to investigate purely A-beta related changes suitable as a model for symptoms of Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Resulting behavioral deficits were indicative for familial type of Alzheimer's disease as well as for the late onset variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Sven Reinhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anastasia Geladaris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Knies
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus Grimm
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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Gordon M, Akobeng A. Racecadotril for acute diarrhoea in children: systematic review and meta-analyses. Arch Dis Child 2016; 101:234-40. [PMID: 26715673 PMCID: PMC4789705 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-309676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Racecadotril is an antisecretory agent that can prevent fluid/electrolyte depletion from the bowel as a result of acute diarrhoea without affecting intestinal motility. An up-to-date systematic review is indicated to summarise the evidence on racecadotril for the treatment of acute diarrhoea in children. DESIGN A Cochrane format systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Data extraction and assessment of methodological quality were performed independently by two reviewers. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. PATIENTS Children with acute diarrhoea, as defined by the primary studies. INTERVENTIONS RCTs comparing racecadotril with placebo or other interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURS Duration of illness, stool output/volume and adverse events. RESULTS Seven RCTs were included, five comparing racecadotril with placebo or no intervention, one with pectin/kaolin and one with loperamide. Moderate to high risk of bias was present in all studies. There was no significant difference in efficacy or adverse events between racecadotril and loperamide. A meta-analysis of three studies with 642 participants showed significantly shorter duration of symptoms with racecadotril compared with placebo (mean difference -53.48 h, 95% CI -65.64 to -41.33). A meta-analysis of five studies with 949 participants showed no significant difference in adverse events between racecadotril and placebo (risk ratio 0.99, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.34). CONCLUSIONS There is some evidence that racecadotril is more effective than placebo or no intervention in reducing the duration of illness and stool output in children with acute diarrhoea. However, the overall quality of the evidence is limited due to sparse data, heterogeneity and risk of bias. Racecadotril appears to be safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Gordon
- Department of Medical Education, Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool, UK,School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Anthony Akobeng
- Sidra Medical & Research Center, Doha, Qatar,Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Griggs DW, Prinsen MJ, Oliva J, Campbell MA, Arnett SD, Tajfirouz D, Ruminski PG, Yu Y, Bond BR, Ji Y, Neckermann G, Choy RKM, de Hostos E, Meyers MJ. Pharmacologic Comparison of Clinical Neutral Endopeptidase Inhibitors in a Rat Model of Acute Secretory Diarrhea. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:423-31. [PMID: 26907621 PMCID: PMC4851326 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.231167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Racecadotril (acetorphan) is a neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitor with known antidiarrheal activity in animals and humans; however, in humans, it suffers from shortcomings that might be improved with newer drugs in this class that have progressed to the clinic for nonenteric disease indications. To identify potentially superior NEP inhibitors with immediate clinical utility for diarrhea treatment, we compared their efficacy and pharmacologic properties in a rat intestinal hypersecretion model. Racecadotril and seven other clinical-stage inhibitors of NEP were obtained or synthesized. Enzyme potency and specificity were compared using purified peptidases. Compounds were orally administered to rats before administration of castor oil to induce diarrhea. Stool weight was recorded over 4 hours. To assess other pharmacologic properties, select compounds were orally administered to normal or castor oil–treated rats, blood and tissue samples collected at multiple time points, and active compound concentrations determined by mass spectroscopy. NEP enzyme activity was measured in tissue homogenates. Three previously untested clinical NEP inhibitors delayed diarrhea onset and reduced total stool output, with little or no effect on intestinal motility assessed by the charcoal meal test. Each was shown to be a potent, highly specific inhibitor of NEP. Each exhibited greater suppression of NEP activity in intestinal and nonintestinal tissues than did racecadotril and sustained this inhibition longer. These results suggest that newer clinical-stage NEP inhibitors originally developed for other indications may be directly repositioned for treatment of acute secretory diarrhea and offer advantages over racecadotril, such as less frequent dosing and potentially improved efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Griggs
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.W.G, M.J.P, J.O., M.A.C., S.D.A., D.T., P.G.R., M.J.M); Gateway Pharmacology Laboratories, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y, B.B); and PATH, San Francisco, California (Y.J., G.N., R.K.M.C, E.dH.)
| | - Michael J Prinsen
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.W.G, M.J.P, J.O., M.A.C., S.D.A., D.T., P.G.R., M.J.M); Gateway Pharmacology Laboratories, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y, B.B); and PATH, San Francisco, California (Y.J., G.N., R.K.M.C, E.dH.)
| | - Jonathan Oliva
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.W.G, M.J.P, J.O., M.A.C., S.D.A., D.T., P.G.R., M.J.M); Gateway Pharmacology Laboratories, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y, B.B); and PATH, San Francisco, California (Y.J., G.N., R.K.M.C, E.dH.)
| | - Mary A Campbell
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.W.G, M.J.P, J.O., M.A.C., S.D.A., D.T., P.G.R., M.J.M); Gateway Pharmacology Laboratories, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y, B.B); and PATH, San Francisco, California (Y.J., G.N., R.K.M.C, E.dH.)
| | - Stacy D Arnett
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.W.G, M.J.P, J.O., M.A.C., S.D.A., D.T., P.G.R., M.J.M); Gateway Pharmacology Laboratories, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y, B.B); and PATH, San Francisco, California (Y.J., G.N., R.K.M.C, E.dH.)
| | - Deena Tajfirouz
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.W.G, M.J.P, J.O., M.A.C., S.D.A., D.T., P.G.R., M.J.M); Gateway Pharmacology Laboratories, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y, B.B); and PATH, San Francisco, California (Y.J., G.N., R.K.M.C, E.dH.)
| | - Peter G Ruminski
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.W.G, M.J.P, J.O., M.A.C., S.D.A., D.T., P.G.R., M.J.M); Gateway Pharmacology Laboratories, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y, B.B); and PATH, San Francisco, California (Y.J., G.N., R.K.M.C, E.dH.)
| | - Ying Yu
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.W.G, M.J.P, J.O., M.A.C., S.D.A., D.T., P.G.R., M.J.M); Gateway Pharmacology Laboratories, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y, B.B); and PATH, San Francisco, California (Y.J., G.N., R.K.M.C, E.dH.)
| | - Brian R Bond
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.W.G, M.J.P, J.O., M.A.C., S.D.A., D.T., P.G.R., M.J.M); Gateway Pharmacology Laboratories, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y, B.B); and PATH, San Francisco, California (Y.J., G.N., R.K.M.C, E.dH.)
| | - Yuhua Ji
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.W.G, M.J.P, J.O., M.A.C., S.D.A., D.T., P.G.R., M.J.M); Gateway Pharmacology Laboratories, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y, B.B); and PATH, San Francisco, California (Y.J., G.N., R.K.M.C, E.dH.)
| | - Georg Neckermann
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.W.G, M.J.P, J.O., M.A.C., S.D.A., D.T., P.G.R., M.J.M); Gateway Pharmacology Laboratories, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y, B.B); and PATH, San Francisco, California (Y.J., G.N., R.K.M.C, E.dH.)
| | - Robert K M Choy
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.W.G, M.J.P, J.O., M.A.C., S.D.A., D.T., P.G.R., M.J.M); Gateway Pharmacology Laboratories, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y, B.B); and PATH, San Francisco, California (Y.J., G.N., R.K.M.C, E.dH.)
| | - Eugenio de Hostos
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.W.G, M.J.P, J.O., M.A.C., S.D.A., D.T., P.G.R., M.J.M); Gateway Pharmacology Laboratories, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y, B.B); and PATH, San Francisco, California (Y.J., G.N., R.K.M.C, E.dH.)
| | - Marvin J Meyers
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri (D.W.G, M.J.P, J.O., M.A.C., S.D.A., D.T., P.G.R., M.J.M); Gateway Pharmacology Laboratories, St. Louis, Missouri (Y.Y, B.B); and PATH, San Francisco, California (Y.J., G.N., R.K.M.C, E.dH.)
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Köster U, Nolte I, Michel MC. Preclinical research strategies for newly approved drugs as reflected in early publication patterns. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 389:187-99. [PMID: 26612507 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore early publication patterns (i.e. up to 1 year after obtaining regulatory approval) for newly registered drugs. From the website of the US Food and Drug Administration, all newly approved drugs for 6 calendar years between 1991 and 2011 were identified. Non-clinical original publications for these compounds were retrieved from PubMed and their abstracts analysed for type of study and reported data. This yielded 170 compounds for which 1954 original non-clinical publications were identified, i.e. a median/mean of 5/11.5 publications per compound; however, number of publications per compound varied widely (0-90) and this variation exhibited a non-Gaussian distribution. The earliest non-clinical publication typically was published less than 5 years before regulatory approval and more than 5 years after filing of the primary patent, but some compounds exhibited notable deviations from this pattern. Publications most often reported on efficacy related to the target indication and on potential future indications, with fewer studies addressing mechanisms of action, potency, selectivity, pharmacokinetics and toxic effects. For most compounds, data at the cellular and in vivo level were published, with fewer reports on effects on isolated tissues and even fewer at the molecular level. The preferred species for cellular studies was human, whereas for in vivo studies, it was rats and mice. In 75 % of cases, the lead author of the publication came from an academic institution, and most studies were published in classic pharmacology journals. We conclude that number, timing and scope of early non-clinical publications on newly approved drugs exhibit major variance. Factors potentially associated with such variance are explored in a companion paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Köster
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin C Michel
- Department of Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Ingelheim, Germany. .,Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 51101, Mainz, Germany.
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27
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Longitudinal trends and subgroup analysis in publication patterns for preclinical data of newly approved drugs. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 389:201-9. [PMID: 26612506 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Having observed a large variation in the number and type of original preclinical publications for newly registered drugs, we have explored whether longitudinal trends and/or factors specific for certain drugs or their manufacturers may explain such variation. Our analysis is based on 1954 articles related to 170 newly approved drugs. The number of preclinical publications per compound declined from a median of 10.5 in 1991 to 3 in 2011. A similar trend was observed for the number of in vivo studies in general, but not in the subset of in vivo studies in animal models of disease. The percentage of compounds with studies using isolated human cells or cell lines almost doubled over time from 37 to 72%. Number of publications did not exhibit major differences between compounds intended for human versus veterinary use, therapeutic areas, small molecules versus biologicals, or innovator versus follow-up compounds; however, some companies may publish fewer studies per compound than others. However, there were qualitative differences in the types of models being used depending on the therapeutic area; specifically, compounds for use in oncology very often used isolated cells and cell lines, often from human origin. We conclude that the large variation in number and type of reported preclinical data is not easily explained. We propose that pharmaceutical companies should consistently provide a comprehensive documentation of the preclinical data they generate as part of their development programs in the public domain to enable a better understanding of the drugs they intend to market.
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Caramia G, Silvi S, Verdenelli MC, Coman MM. Treatment of Acute Diarrhoea: Past and Now. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/ijep28612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Klingler FM, Wichelhaus TA, Frank D, Cuesta-Bernal J, El-Delik J, Müller HF, Sjuts H, Göttig S, Koenigs A, Pos KM, Pogoryelov D, Proschak E. Approved Drugs Containing Thiols as Inhibitors of Metallo-β-lactamases: Strategy To Combat Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3626-30. [PMID: 25815530 DOI: 10.1021/jm501844d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to β-lactam antibiotics can be mediated by metallo-β-lactamase enzymes (MBLs). An MBL inhibitor could restore the effectiveness of β-lactams. We report on the evaluation of approved thiol-containing drugs as inhibitors of NDM-1, VIM-1, and IMP-7. Drugs were assessed by a novel assay using a purchasable fluorescent substrate and thermal shift. Best compounds were tested in antimicrobial susceptibility assay. Using these orthogonal screening methods, we identified drugs that restored the activity of imipenem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas A Wichelhaus
- §Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 40, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Denia Frank
- §Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 40, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephan Göttig
- §Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 40, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Arno Koenigs
- §Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 40, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
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Optimum AT1 receptor-neprilysin inhibition has superior cardioprotective effects compared with AT1 receptor blockade alone in hypertensive rats. Kidney Int 2015; 88:109-20. [PMID: 25830765 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neprilysin inhibitors prevent the breakdown of bradykinin and natriuretic peptides, promoting vasodilation and natriuresis. However, they also increase angiotensin II and endothelin-1. Here we studied the effects of a low and a high dose of the neprilysin inhibitor thiorphan on top of AT1 receptor blockade with irbesartan versus vehicle in TGR(mREN2)27 rats with high renin hypertension. Mean arterial blood pressure was unaffected by vehicle or thiorphan alone. Irbesartan lowered blood pressure, but after 7 days pressure started to increase again. Low- but not high-dose thiorphan prevented this rise. Only during exposure to low-dose thiorphan plus irbesartan did heart weight/body weight ratio, cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide expression, and myocyte size decrease significantly. Circulating endothelin-1 was not affected by low-dose thiorphan with or without irbesartan, but increased after treatment with high-dose thiorphan plus irbesartan. This endothelin-1 rise was accompanied by an increase in renal sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3 protein abundance, and an upregulation of constrictor vascular endothelin type B receptors. Consequently, the endothelin type B receptor antagonist BQ788 no longer enhanced endothelin-1-induced vasoconstriction (indicative of endothelin type B receptor-mediated vasodilation), but prevented it. Thus, optimal neprilysin inhibitor dosing reveals additional cardioprotective effects on top of AT1 receptor blockade in renin-dependent hypertension.
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Izzo AA. Novel insights which may translate into treatments for irritable bowel syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:160. [PMID: 24427135 PMCID: PMC3875871 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
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Garala KC, Patel JM, Dhingani AP, Dharamsi AT. Quality by design (QbD) approach for developing agglomerates containing racecadotril and loperamide hydrochloride by crystallo-co-agglomeration. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tambaro S, Reali R, Volonterio A, Zanda M, Olimpieri F, Pinna GA, Lazzari P. NESS002ie: A new fluorinated thiol endopeptidase inhibitor with antinociceptive activity in an animal model of persistent pain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 110:137-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Inhibition of proteases as a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of metabolic, inflammatory and functional diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:708-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Faure C. Role of antidiarrhoeal drugs as adjunctive therapies for acute diarrhoea in children. Int J Pediatr 2013; 2013:612403. [PMID: 23533446 PMCID: PMC3603675 DOI: 10.1155/2013/612403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute diarrhoea is a leading cause of child mortality in developing countries. Principal pathogens include Escherichia coli, rotaviruses, and noroviruses. 90% of diarrhoeal deaths are attributable to inadequate sanitation. Acute diarrhoea is the second leading cause of overall childhood mortality and accounts for 18% of deaths among children under five. In 2004 an estimated 1.5 million children died from diarrhoea, with 80% of deaths occurring before the age of two. Treatment goals are to prevent dehydration and nutritional damage and to reduce duration and severity of diarrhoeal episodes. The recommended therapeutic regimen is to provide oral rehydration solutions (ORS) and to continue feeding. Although ORS effectively mitigates dehydration, it has no effect on the duration, severity, or frequency of diarrhoeal episodes. Adjuvant therapy with micronutrients, probiotics, or antidiarrhoeal agents may thus be useful. The WHO recommends the use of zinc tablets in association with ORS. The ESPGHAN/ESPID treatment guidelines consider the use of racecadotril, diosmectite, or probiotics as possible adjunctive therapy to ORS. Only racecadotril and diosmectite reduce stool output, but no treatment has yet been shown to reduce hospitalisation rate or mortality. Appropriate management with validated treatments may help reduce the health and economic burden of acute diarrhoea in children worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Faure
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1C5
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De Ponti F. Drug development for the irritable bowel syndrome: current challenges and future perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:7. [PMID: 23378837 PMCID: PMC3561631 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Medications are frequently used for the treatment of patients with the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), although their actual benefit is often debated. In fact, the recent progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of IBS, accompanied by a large number of preclinical and clinical studies of new drugs, has not been matched by a significant improvement of the armamentarium of medications available to treat IBS. The aim of this review is to outline the current challenges in drug development for IBS, taking advantage of what we have learnt through the Rome process (Rome I, Rome II, and Rome III). The key questions that will be addressed are: (a) do we still believe in the "magic bullet," i.e., a very selective drug displaying a single receptor mechanism capable of controlling IBS symptoms? (b) IBS is a "functional disorder" where complex neuroimmune and brain-gut interactions occur and minimal inflammation is often documented: do we need to target gut motility, visceral sensitivity, or minimal inflammation? (c) are there validated biomarkers (accepted by regulatory agencies) for studies of sensation and motility with experimental medications in humans? (d) do animal models have predictive and translational value? (e) in the era of personalized medicine, does pharmacogenomics applied to these medications already play a role? Finally, this review will briefly outline medications currently used or in development for IBS. It is anticipated that a more focused interaction between basic science investigators, pharmacologists, and clinicians will lead to better treatment of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio De Ponti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
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