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Al-Saidi A, Alzaim IF, Hammoud SH, Al Arab G, Abdalla S, Mougharbil N, Eid AH, El-Yazbi AF. Interruption of perivascular and perirenal adipose tissue thromboinflammation rescues prediabetic cardioautonomic and renovascular deterioration. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:289-308. [PMID: 38381744 DOI: 10.1042/cs20231186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The cardiovascular and renovascular complications of metabolic deterioration are associated with localized adipose tissue dysfunction. We have previously demonstrated that metabolic impairment delineated the heightened vulnerability of both the perivascular (PVAT) and perirenal adipose tissue (PRAT) depots to hypoxia and inflammation, predisposing to cardioautonomic, vascular and renal deterioration. Interventions either addressing underlying metabolic disturbances or halting adipose tissue dysfunction rescued the observed pathological and functional manifestations. Several lines of evidence implicate adipose tissue thromboinflammation, which entails the activation of the proinflammatory properties of the blood clotting cascade, in the pathogenesis of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Despite offering valuable tools to interrupt the thromboinflammatory cycle, there exists a significant knowledge gap regarding the potential pleiotropic effects of anticoagulant drugs on adipose inflammation and cardiovascular function. As such, a systemic investigation of the consequences of PVAT and PRAT thromboinflammation and its interruption in the context of metabolic disease has not been attempted. Here, using an established prediabetic rat model, we demonstrate that metabolic disturbances are associated with PVAT and PRAT thromboinflammation in addition to cardioautonomic, vascular and renal functional decline. Administration of rivaroxaban, a FXa inhibitor, reduced PVAT and PRAT thromboinflammation and ameliorated the cardioautonomic, vascular and renal deterioration associated with prediabetes. Our present work outlines the involvement of PVAT and PRAT thromboinflammation during early metabolic derangement and offers novel perspectives into targeting adipose tissue thrombo-inflammatory pathways for the management its complications in future translational efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Al-Saidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim F Alzaim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Safaa H Hammoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghida Al Arab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samaya Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nahed Mougharbil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed F El-Yazbi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Research and Innovation Hub, Alamein International University, Alamein, Matrouh, Egypt
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Williams MD, Bullock MT, Johnson SC, Holland NA, Vuncannon DM, Oswald JZ, Adderley SP, Tulis DA. Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Controls Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation in Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 1/2-Dependent Manner. J Vasc Res 2023; 60:213-226. [PMID: 37778342 PMCID: PMC10614497 DOI: 10.1159/000532032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disorders are characterized by vascular smooth muscle (VSM) transition from a contractile to proliferative state. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) involvement in this phenotypic conversion remains unclear. We hypothesized that PAR2 controls VSM cell proliferation in phenotype-dependent manner and through specific protein kinases. METHODS Rat clonal low (PLo; P3-P6) and high passage (PHi; P10-P15) VSM cells were established as respective models of quiescent and proliferative cells, based on reduced PKG-1 and VASP. Western blotting determined expression of cytoskeletal/contractile proteins, PAR2, and select protein kinases. DNA synthesis and cell proliferation were measured 24-72 h following PAR2 agonism (SLIGRL; 100 nM-10 μm) with/without PKA (PKI; 10 μm), MEK1/2 (PD98059; 10 μm), and PI3K (LY294002; 1 μm) blockade. RESULTS PKG-1, VASP, SM22α, calponin, cofilin, and PAR2 were reduced in PHi versus PLo cells. Following PAR2 agonism, DNA synthesis and cell proliferation increased in PLo cells but decreased in PHi cells. Western analyses showed reduced PKA, MEK1/2, and PI3K in PHi versus PLo cells, and kinase blockade revealed PAR2 controls VSM cell proliferation through PKA/MEK1/2. DISCUSSION Findings highlight PAR2 and PAR2-driven PKA/MEK1/2 in control of VSM cell growth and provide evidence for continued investigation of PAR2 in VSM pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison D Williams
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael T Bullock
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sean C Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine/Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nathan A Holland
- Department of Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Danielle M Vuncannon
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joani Zary Oswald
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - David A Tulis
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Miceli G, Basso MG, Rizzo G, Pintus C, Tuttolomondo A. The Role of the Coagulation System in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Interactions with the Arterial Wall and Its Vascular Microenvironment and Implications for Rational Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314914. [PMID: 36499242 PMCID: PMC9739112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a clinical manifestation of atherosclerotic disease with a large-scale impact on the economy and global health. Despite the role played by platelets in the process of atherogenesis being well recognized, evidence has been increasing on the contribution of the coagulation system to the atherosclerosis formation and PAD development, with important repercussions for the therapeutic approach. Histopathological analysis and some clinical studies conducted on atherosclerotic plaques testify to the existence of different types of plaques. Likely, the role of coagulation in each specific type of plaque can be an important determinant in the histopathological composition of atherosclerosis and in its future stability. In this review, we analyze the molecular contribution of inflammation and the coagulation system on PAD pathogenesis, focusing on molecular similarities and differences between atherogenesis in PAD and coronary artery disease (CAD) and discussing the possible implications for current therapeutic strategies and future perspectives accounting for molecular inflammatory and coagulation targets. Understanding the role of cross-talking between coagulation and inflammation in atherosclerosis genesis and progression could help in choosing the right patients for future dual pathway inhibition strategies, where an antiplatelet agent is combined with an anticoagulant, whose role, despite pathophysiological premises and trials' results, is still under debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Miceli
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(091)-6552115; Fax: +39-(091)-6552142
| | - Maria Grazia Basso
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Pintus
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
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GB83, an Agonist of PAR2 with a Unique Mechanism of Action Distinct from Trypsin and PAR2-AP. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810631. [PMID: 36142527 PMCID: PMC9506296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activated by proteolytic cleavage of its N-terminal domain. Once activated, PAR2 is rapidly desensitized and internalized by phosphorylation and β-arrestin recruitment. Due to its irreversible activation mechanism, some agonists that rapidly desensitized PAR2 have been misconceived as antagonists, and this has impeded a better understanding of the pathophysiological role of PAR2. In the present study, we found that GB83, initially identified as a PAR2 antagonist, is a bona fide agonist of PAR2 that induces unique cellular signaling, distinct from trypsin and PAR2-activating peptide (AP). Activation of PAR2 by GB83 markedly elicited an increase in intracellular calcium levels and phosphorylation of MAPKs, but in a delayed and sustained manner compared to the rapid and transient signals induced by trypsin and PAR2-AP. Interestingly, unlike PAR2-AP, GB83 and trypsin induced sustained receptor endocytosis and PAR2 colocalization with β-arrestin. Moreover, the recovery of the localization and function of PAR2 was significantly delayed after stimulation by GB83, which may be the reason why GB83 is recognized as an antagonist of PAR2. Our results revealed that GB83 is a bona fide agonist of PAR2 that uniquely modulates PAR2-mediated cellular signaling and is a useful pharmacological tool for studying the pathophysiological role of PAR2.
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Blockade of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) attenuates vascular dyshomeostasis and liver dysfunction induced by dengue virus infection. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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The pleiotropic effects of antithrombotic drugs in the metabolic-cardiovascular-neurodegenerative disease continuum: impact beyond reduced clotting. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1015-1051. [PMID: 33881143 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antithrombotic drugs are widely used for primary and secondary prevention, as well as treatment of many cardiovascular disorders. Over the past few decades, major advances in the pharmacology of these agents have been made with the introduction of new drug classes as novel therapeutic options. Accumulating evidence indicates that the beneficial outcomes of some of these antithrombotic agents are not solely related to their ability to reduce thrombosis. Here, we review the evidence supporting established and potential pleiotropic effects of four novel classes of antithrombotic drugs, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) P2Y12-receptor antagonists, Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor Inhibitors, and Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs), which include Direct Factor Xa (FXa) and Direct Thrombin Inhibitors. Specifically, we discuss the molecular evidence supporting such pleiotropic effects in the context of cardiovascular disease (CVD) including endothelial dysfunction (ED), atherosclerosis, cardiac injury, stroke, and arrhythmia. Importantly, we highlight the role of DOACs in mitigating metabolic dysfunction-associated cardiovascular derangements. We also postulate that DOACs modulate perivascular adipose tissue inflammation and thus, may reverse cardiovascular dysfunction early in the course of the metabolic syndrome. In this regard, we argue that some antithrombotic agents can reverse the neurovascular damage in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's brain and following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Overall, we attempt to provide an up-to-date comprehensive review of the less-recognized, beneficial molecular aspects of antithrombotic therapy beyond reduced thrombus formation. We also make a solid argument for the need of further mechanistic analysis of the pleiotropic effects of antithrombotic drugs in the future.
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Targeting perivascular and epicardial adipose tissue inflammation: therapeutic opportunities for cardiovascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:827-851. [PMID: 32271386 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Major shifts in human lifestyle and dietary habits toward sedentary behavior and refined food intake triggered steep increase in the incidence of metabolic disorders including obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Patients with metabolic disease are at a high risk of cardiovascular complications ranging from microvascular dysfunction to cardiometabolic syndromes including heart failure. Despite significant advances in the standards of care for obese and diabetic patients, current therapeutic approaches are not always successful in averting the accompanying cardiovascular deterioration. There is a strong relationship between adipose inflammation seen in metabolic disorders and detrimental changes in cardiovascular structure and function. The particular importance of epicardial and perivascular adipose pools emerged as main modulators of the physiology or pathology of heart and blood vessels. Here, we review the peculiarities of these two fat depots in terms of their origin, function, and pathological changes during metabolic deterioration. We highlight the rationale for pharmacological targeting of the perivascular and epicardial adipose tissue or associated signaling pathways as potential disease modifying approaches in cardiometabolic syndromes.
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Wei M, Liu Y, Zheng M, Wang L, Ma F, Qi Y, Liu G. Upregulation of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Promotes Proliferation and Migration of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs). Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:8854-8862. [PMID: 31756174 PMCID: PMC6883764 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2), a G-protein-coupled receptor, has been proved to be enhanced in human coronary atherosclerosis lesions. We aimed to investigate whether PAR2 actively participates in the atherosclerosis process. Material/Methods PAR2 expression was assessed in blood samples by RT-qPCR from healthy controls and patients with atherosclerosis. Human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were treated with oxidative low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). After PAR2 overexpression by transfection, cell proliferation was determined by CCK-8, and cell migration was evaluated by Transwell assay. The protein expressions associated with cell growth and migration were measured by Western blot. The distribution of α-SMA in VSMCs was evaluated by immunofluorescence. Results Expression of PAR2 was higher in patients with atherosclerosis compared with normal controls. PAR2 mRNA and protein expression was increased in ox-LDL-treated VSMCs compared with control cells. Induced overexpression of PAR2 in VSMCs led to a reduction in α-SMA expression compared to controls. In addition, PAR2 overexpression caused increased migration compared to normal controls, and upregulated MMP9 and MMP14 expression. PAR-2 overexpression promoted cell proliferation compared to control cells, and increased expression levels of CDK2, and CyclinE1, but reduced levels of p27. We preliminary explored the potential mechanism of PAR2, and results showed that overexpression of PAR2 increased expression levels of VEGFA and Angiopoietin 2 compared to controls. Moreover, overexpression of PAR2 enhanced production of tissue factor and IL-8 compared to normal controls. Conclusions PAR2 promotes cell proliferation and disrupts the quiescent condition of VSMCs, which may be a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wei
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- Department of General Family Medicine, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Mingqi Zheng
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Le Wang
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Yanchao Qi
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Gang Liu
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
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Zhang Y, Ge T, Xiang P, Mao H, Tang S, Li A, Lin L, Wei Y. Therapeutic effect of protease-activated receptor 2 agonist SLIGRL-NH 2 on loperamide-induced Sprague-Dawley rat constipation model and the related mechanism. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2403-2411. [PMID: 30122898 PMCID: PMC6078190 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s160628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the therapeutic effects of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) agonist SLIGRL-NH2 on loperamide-induced Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat constipation animal models. Materials and methods Loperamide was injected subcutaneously to induce constipation twice a day for 3 days. SD rats (n = 30) were randomly divided into five groups: non-constipation group (control, n = 6), constipation group (constipation, n = 6), constipation + SLIGRL-NH2 low-dosage group (SLIGRL-NH2 low, n=6), constipation + SLIGRL-NH2 high-dosage group (SLIGRL-NH2 high, n = 6), and constipation + prucalopride (positive control, n = 6). The SLIGRL-NH2 low group and SLIGRL-NH2 high group were administered with 2.5 μmol/kg and 5 μmol/kg SLIGRL-NH2, respectively, and the prucalopride group received 2 mg/kg prucalopride. The control and constipation group received 1× PBS under the same pattern. SLIGRL-NH2 and prucalopride were orally administrated once daily for 7 days. On the final day of oral administration, food intake, water intake, the number of stool pellets, weight, and fecal water content was calculated; moreover, the colons of rats in different groups were collected and histological features were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining; furthermore, the expression of anoctamin-1 was determined by Immunohistochemical methods, and the expressions of c-kit and PAR-2 were examined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot methods; finally, the expressions of neurotransmitter vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) were examined using enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay methods. Results The feeding and excretion behaviors, intestinal transit ratio, and the histological feature of the colon in the constipated rats were all improved by SLIGRL-NH2 treatment; moreover, SLIGRL-NH2 treatment induced significant increase in the expression of PAR-2 and also increased number of interstitial Cajal cells. Furthermore, SLIGRL-NH2 also decreased the contents of the inhibitory neurotransmitter VIP and increased the expression of the excitatory neurotransmitter SP. High dose of SLIGRL-NH2 has shown similar anti-constipation effects as prucalopride. Conclusion These results suggested that SLIGRL-NH2 can enhance gastrointestinal transit and alleviate in rats with loperamide-induced constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Tingrui Ge
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Haibing Mao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Shumin Tang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Aimin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yinting Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lianyungang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang 222000, China,
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