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Xie Y, Yang S, Xu Y, Gu P, Zhang Y, You X, Yin H, Shang B, Yao Y, Li W, Wang D, Zhou T, Song Y, Chen W, Ma J. Interleukin-11 drives fibroblast metabolic reprogramming in crystalline silica-induced lung fibrosis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:174976. [PMID: 39047838 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to crystalline silica (CS) particles is common and occurs during natural, industrial, and agricultural activities. Prolonged inhalation of CS particles can cause silicosis, a serious and incurable pulmonary fibrosis disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain veiled. Herein, we aim to elucidate the novel mechanisms of interleukin-11 (IL-11) driving fibroblast metabolic reprogramming during the development of silicosis. We observed that CS exposure induced lung fibrosis in mice and activated fibroblasts, accompanied by increased IL-11 expression and metabolic reprogramming switched from mitochondrial respiration to glycolysis. Besides, we innovatively uncovered that elevated IL-11 promoted the glycolysis process, thereby facilitating the fibroblast-myofibroblast transition (FMT). Mechanistically, CS-stimulated IL-11 activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and the latter increased the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) via promoting the translation and delaying the degradation of the protein. HIF-1α further facilitated glycolysis, driving the FMT process and ultimately the formation of silicosis. Moreover, either silence or neutralization of IL-11 inhibited glycolysis augmentation and attenuated CS-induced lung myofibroblast generation and fibrosis. Overall, our findings elucidate the role of IL-11 in promoting fibroblast metabolic reprogramming through the ERK-HIF-1α axis during CS-induced lung fibrosis, providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets of silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Xie
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shiyu Yang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yiju Xu
- Chongchuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Pei Gu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yingdie Zhang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaojie You
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Haoyu Yin
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Bingxin Shang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yuxin Yao
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Dongming Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yuanchao Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health, Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei 230041, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Jixuan Ma
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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2
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Di W, Li Y, Zhang L, Zhou Q, Fu Z, Xi S. The hippo-YAP1/HIF-1α pathway mediates arsenic-induced renal fibrosis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 257:119325. [PMID: 38844032 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence reveals that arsenic increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans, but its mechanism of action has so far been unclear. Fibrosis is the manifestation of end-stage renal disease. Hypoxia is recognized as a vital event accompanying the progression of renal fibrosis. KM mice were exposed to 0, 20, 40, and 80 mg/L NaAsO2 for 12 weeks. HK-2 cells were treated with 1 μM NaAsO2 for 4 weeks. The results showed that arsenic increased the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) (P < 0.05), which is involved in inorganic arsenic-induced renal fibrosis. The Hippo signaling pathway is the upstream signal of HIF-1α and the kinase cascade of Large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1) and Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is the heart of the Hippo pathway. Our results showed that protein expressions of LATS1 and phosphorylated YAP1 were decreased, and dephosphorylated YAP1 expression increased in arsenic-treated mouse kidneys and human HK-2 cells (P < 0.05). Our research manifested that arsenic treatment suppressed the Hippo signaling and induced high expression of YAP1 into the nucleus. We also found that YAP1 was involved in arsenic-induced renal fibrosis by forming a complex with HIF-1α and maintaining HIF-1α stability. Our findings indicate that YAP1 is a potential target for molecular-based therapy for arsenic-mediated renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Di
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China; The Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province on Toxic and Biological Effects of Arsenicy, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Foreign Languages, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China; The Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province on Toxic and Biological Effects of Arsenicy, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China; The Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province on Toxic and Biological Effects of Arsenicy, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Zhushan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China; The Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province on Toxic and Biological Effects of Arsenicy, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Shuhua Xi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China; The Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province on Toxic and Biological Effects of Arsenicy, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China.
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3
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Streutker EM, Devamoglu U, Vonk MC, Verdurmen WPR, Le Gac S. Fibrosis-on-Chip: A Guide to Recapitulate the Essential Features of Fibrotic Disease. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303991. [PMID: 38536053 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis, which is primarily marked by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, is a pathophysiological process associated with many disorders, which ultimately leads to organ dysfunction and poor patient outcomes. Despite the high prevalence of fibrosis, currently there exist few therapeutic options, and importantly, there is a paucity of in vitro models to accurately study fibrosis. This review discusses the multifaceted nature of fibrosis from the viewpoint of developing organ-on-chip (OoC) disease models, focusing on five key features: the ECM component, inflammation, mechanical cues, hypoxia, and vascularization. The potential of OoC technology is explored for better modeling these features in the context of studying fibrotic diseases and the interplay between various key features is emphasized. This paper reviews how organ-specific fibrotic diseases are modeled in OoC platforms, which elements are included in these existing models, and the avenues for novel research directions are highlighted. Finally, this review concludes with a perspective on how to address the current gap with respect to the inclusion of multiple features to yield more sophisticated and relevant models of fibrotic diseases in an OoC format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Streutker
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Utku Devamoglu
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnoloygy and TechMed Centre, Organ-on-Chip Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Madelon C Vonk
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter P R Verdurmen
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Séverine Le Gac
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnoloygy and TechMed Centre, Organ-on-Chip Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
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4
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Choudhury M, Schaefbauer KJ, Kottom TJ, Yi ES, Tschumperlin DJ, Limper AH. Targeting Pulmonary Fibrosis by SLC1A5-Dependent Glutamine Transport Blockade. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 69:441-455. [PMID: 37459644 PMCID: PMC10557918 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0339oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The neutral amino acid glutamine plays a central role in TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β)-induced myofibroblast activation and differentiation. Cells take up glutamine mainly through a transporter expressed on the cell surface known as solute carrier SLC1A5 (solute carrier transporter 1A5). In the present work, we demonstrated that profibrotic actions of TGF-β are mediated, at least in part, through a metabolic maladaptation of SLC1A5 and that targeting SLC1A5 abrogates multiple facets of fibroblast activation. This approach could thus represent a novel therapeutic strategy to treat patients with fibroproliferative diseases. We found that SLC1A5 was highly expressed in fibrotic lung fibroblasts and fibroblasts isolated from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lungs. The expression of profibrotic targets, cell migration, and anchorage-independent growth by TGF-β required the activity of SLC1A5. Loss or inhibition of SLC1A5 function enhanced fibroblast susceptibility to autophagy; suppressed mTOR, HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor), and Myc signaling; and impaired mitochondrial function, ATP production, and glycolysis. Pharmacological inhibition of SLC1A5 by the small-molecule inhibitor V-9302 shifted fibroblast transcriptional profiles from profibrotic to fibrosis resolving and attenuated fibrosis in a bleomycin-treated mouse model of lung fibrosis. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to demonstrate the utility of a pharmacological inhibitor of glutamine transport in fibrosis, providing a framework for new paradigm-shifting therapies targeting cellular metabolism for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Choudhury
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Kyle J. Schaefbauer
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Theodore J. Kottom
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Eunhee S. Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daniel J. Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and Science, and
| | - Andrew H. Limper
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
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Aghakhani S, Silva-Saffar SE, Soliman S, Niarakis A. Hybrid computational modeling highlights reverse warburg effect in breast cancer-associated fibroblasts. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:4196-4206. [PMID: 37705596 PMCID: PMC10495551 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are amongst the key players of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and are involved in cancer initiation, progression, and resistance to therapy. They exhibit aggressive phenotypes affecting extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, immune system modulation, tumor growth, and proliferation. CAFs phenotypic changes appear to be associated with metabolic alterations, notably a reverse Warburg effect that may drive fibroblasts transformation. However, its precise molecular mechanisms and regulatory drivers are still under investigation. Deciphering the reverse Warburg effect in breast CAFs may contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between TME and tumor cells, leading to new treatment strategies. In this regard, dynamic modeling approaches able to span multiple biological layers are essential to capture the emergent properties of various biological entities when complex and intertwined pathways are involved. This work presents the first hybrid large-scale computational model for breast CAFs covering major cellular signaling, gene regulation, and metabolic processes. It was generated by combining a cell- and disease-specific asynchronous Boolean model with a generic core metabolic network leveraging both data-driven and manual curation approaches. This model reproduces the experimentally observed reverse Warburg effect in breast CAFs and further identifies Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) as its key molecular driver. Targeting HIF-1 as part of a TME-centered therapeutic strategy may prove beneficial in the treatment of breast cancer by addressing the reverse Warburg effect. Such findings in CAFs, in light of our previously published results in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts, point to a common HIF-1-driven metabolic reprogramming of fibroblasts in breast cancer and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Aghakhani
- GenHotel – European Research Laboratory for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Univ. Evry, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
- Lifeware Group, Inria Saclay Île-de-France, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sacha E Silva-Saffar
- GenHotel – European Research Laboratory for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Univ. Evry, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Sylvain Soliman
- Lifeware Group, Inria Saclay Île-de-France, Palaiseau, France
| | - Anna Niarakis
- GenHotel – European Research Laboratory for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Univ. Evry, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
- Lifeware Group, Inria Saclay Île-de-France, Palaiseau, France
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Rubio K, Molina-Herrera A, Pérez-González A, Hernández-Galdámez HV, Piña-Vázquez C, Araujo-Ramos T, Singh I. EP300 as a Molecular Integrator of Fibrotic Transcriptional Programs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12302. [PMID: 37569677 PMCID: PMC10418647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in tissues, leading to organ dysfunction and failure. Recent studies have identified EP300, a histone acetyltransferase, as a crucial regulator of the epigenetic changes that contribute to fibrosis. In fact, EP300-mediated acetylation of histones alters global chromatin structure and gene expression, promoting the development and progression of fibrosis. Here, we review the role of EP300-mediated epigenetic regulation in multi-organ fibrosis and its potential as a therapeutic target. We discuss the preclinical evidence that suggests that EP300 inhibition can attenuate fibrosis-related molecular processes, including extracellular matrix deposition, inflammation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. We also highlight the contributions of small molecule inhibitors and gene therapy approaches targeting EP300 as novel therapies against fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Rubio
- International Laboratory EPIGEN, Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Puebla (CONCYTEP), Instituto de Ciencias, Ecocampus Valsequillo, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla 72570, Mexico
- Laboratoire IMoPA, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7365, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Alejandro Molina-Herrera
- International Laboratory EPIGEN, Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Puebla (CONCYTEP), Instituto de Ciencias, Ecocampus Valsequillo, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Andrea Pérez-González
- International Laboratory EPIGEN, Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Puebla (CONCYTEP), Instituto de Ciencias, Ecocampus Valsequillo, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Hury Viridiana Hernández-Galdámez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - Carolina Piña-Vázquez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - Tania Araujo-Ramos
- Emmy Noether Research Group Epigenetic Machineries and Cancer, Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Indrabahadur Singh
- Emmy Noether Research Group Epigenetic Machineries and Cancer, Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Ramamoorthy R, Hussain H, Ravelo N, Sriramajayam K, Di Gregorio DM, Paulrasu K, Chen P, Young K, Masciarella AD, Jayakumar AR, Paidas MJ. Kidney Damage in Long COVID: Studies in Experimental Mice. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1070. [PMID: 37626956 PMCID: PMC10452084 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Signs and symptoms involving multiple organ systems which persist for weeks or months to years after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection (also known as PASC or long COVID) are common complications of individuals with COVID-19. We recently reported pathophysiological changes in various organs post-acute infection of mice with mouse hepatitis virus-1 (MHV-1, a coronavirus) (7 days) and after long-term post-infection (12 months). One of the organs severely affected in this animal model is the kidney, which correlated well with human studies showing kidney injury post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our long-term post-infection pathological observation in kidneys includes the development of edema and inflammation of the renal parenchyma, severe acute tubular necrosis, and infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes, in addition to changes observed in both acute and long-term post-infection, which include tubular epithelial cell degenerative changes, peritubular vessel congestion, proximal and distal tubular necrosis, hemorrhage in the interstitial tissue, and vacuolation of renal tubules. These findings strongly suggest the possible development of renal fibrosis, in particular in the long-term post-infection. Accordingly, we investigated whether the signaling system that is known to initiate the above-mentioned changes in kidneys in other conditions is also activated in long-term post-MHV-1 infection. We found increased TGF-β1, FGF23, NGAL, IL-18, HIF1-α, TLR2, YKL-40, and B2M mRNA levels in long-term post-MHV-1 infection, but not EGFR, TNFR1, BCL3, and WFDC2. However, only neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) increased in acute infection (7 days). Immunoblot studies showed an elevation in protein levels of HIF1-α, TLR-2, and EGFR in long-term post-MHV-1 infection, while KIM-1 and MMP-7 protein levels are increased in acute infection. Treatment with a synthetic peptide, SPIKENET (SPK), which inhibits spike protein binding, reduced NGAL mRNA in acute infection, and decreased TGF-β1, BCL3 mRNA, EGFR, HIF1-α, and TLR-2 protein levels long-term post-MHV-1 infection. These findings suggest that fibrotic events may initiate early in SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to pronounced kidney fibrosis in long COVID. Targeting these factors therapeutically may prevent acute or long-COVID-associated kidney complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmi Ramamoorthy
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.R.); (N.R.)
| | - Hussain Hussain
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Disease, Larkin Community Hospital, Miami, FL 33143, USA;
| | - Natalia Ravelo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.R.); (N.R.)
| | - Kannappan Sriramajayam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Dibe M. Di Gregorio
- University of Miami College of Arts and Sciences, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA;
| | - Kodisundaram Paulrasu
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Pingping Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (P.C.); (K.Y.)
| | - Karen Young
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (P.C.); (K.Y.)
| | | | - Arumugam R. Jayakumar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.R.); (N.R.)
| | - Michael J. Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.R.); (N.R.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Purushothaman AK, Nelson EJR. Role of innate immunity and systemic inflammation in cystic fibrosis disease progression. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17553. [PMID: 37449112 PMCID: PMC10336457 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathophysiological manifestations of cystic fibrosis (CF) result from a functional defect in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) paving way for mucus obstruction and pathogen colonization. The role of CFTR in modulating immune cell function and vascular integrity, irrespective of mucus thickening, in determining the host cell response to pathogens/allergens and causing systemic inflammation is least appreciated. Since CFTR plays a key role in the conductance of anions like Cl-, loss of CFTR function could affect various basic cellular processes, such as cellular homeostasis, lysosome acidification, and redox balance. CFTR aids in endotoxin tolerance by regulating Toll-like receptor-mediated signaling resulting in uncontrolled activation of innate immune cells. Although leukocytes of CF patients are hyperactivated, they exhibit compromised phagosome activity thus favouring the orchestration of sepsis from defective pathogen clearance. This review will emphasize the importance of innate immunity and systemic inflammatory response in the development of CF and other CFTR-associated pathologies.
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Baudo G, Wu S, Massaro M, Liu H, Lee H, Zhang A, Hamilton DJ, Blanco E. Polymer-Functionalized Mitochondrial Transplantation to Fibroblasts Counteracts a Pro-Fibrotic Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10913. [PMID: 37446100 PMCID: PMC10342003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT) leads to excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition-a well-known hallmark of fibrotic disease. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the primary cytokine driving FMT, and this phenotypic conversion is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, notably a metabolic reprogramming towards enhanced glycolysis. The objective of this study was to examine whether the establishment of favorable metabolic phenotypes in TGF-β-stimulated fibroblasts could attenuate FMT. The hypothesis was that mitochondrial replenishment of TGF-β-stimulated fibroblasts would counteract a shift towards glycolytic metabolism, consequently offsetting pro-fibrotic processes. Isolated mitochondria, functionalized with a dextran and triphenylphosphonium (TPP) (Dex-TPP) polymer conjugate, were administered to fibroblasts (MRC-5 cells) stimulated with TGF-β, and effects on bioenergetics and fibrotic programming were subsequently examined. Results demonstrate that TGF-β stimulation of fibroblasts led to FMT, which was associated with enhanced glycolysis. Dex-TPP-coated mitochondria (Dex-TPP/Mt) delivery to TGF-β-stimulated fibroblasts abrogated a metabolic shift towards glycolysis and led to a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Importantly, TGF-β-stimulated fibroblasts treated with Dex-TPP/Mt had lessened expression of FMT markers and ECM proteins, as well as reduced migration and proliferation. Findings highlight the potential of mitochondrial transfer, as well as other strategies involving functional reinforcement of mitochondria, as viable therapeutic modalities in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gherardo Baudo
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Suhong Wu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matteo Massaro
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haoran Liu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hyunho Lee
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dale J. Hamilton
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elvin Blanco
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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10
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Sikkema L, Ramírez-Suástegui C, Strobl DC, Gillett TE, Zappia L, Madissoon E, Markov NS, Zaragosi LE, Ji Y, Ansari M, Arguel MJ, Apperloo L, Banchero M, Bécavin C, Berg M, Chichelnitskiy E, Chung MI, Collin A, Gay ACA, Gote-Schniering J, Hooshiar Kashani B, Inecik K, Jain M, Kapellos TS, Kole TM, Leroy S, Mayr CH, Oliver AJ, von Papen M, Peter L, Taylor CJ, Walzthoeni T, Xu C, Bui LT, De Donno C, Dony L, Faiz A, Guo M, Gutierrez AJ, Heumos L, Huang N, Ibarra IL, Jackson ND, Kadur Lakshminarasimha Murthy P, Lotfollahi M, Tabib T, Talavera-López C, Travaglini KJ, Wilbrey-Clark A, Worlock KB, Yoshida M, van den Berge M, Bossé Y, Desai TJ, Eickelberg O, Kaminski N, Krasnow MA, Lafyatis R, Nikolic MZ, Powell JE, Rajagopal J, Rojas M, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Seibold MA, Sheppard D, Shepherd DP, Sin DD, Timens W, Tsankov AM, Whitsett J, Xu Y, Banovich NE, Barbry P, Duong TE, Falk CS, Meyer KB, Kropski JA, Pe'er D, Schiller HB, Tata PR, Schultze JL, Teichmann SA, Misharin AV, Nawijn MC, Luecken MD, Theis FJ. An integrated cell atlas of the lung in health and disease. Nat Med 2023; 29:1563-1577. [PMID: 37291214 PMCID: PMC10287567 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell technologies have transformed our understanding of human tissues. Yet, studies typically capture only a limited number of donors and disagree on cell type definitions. Integrating many single-cell datasets can address these limitations of individual studies and capture the variability present in the population. Here we present the integrated Human Lung Cell Atlas (HLCA), combining 49 datasets of the human respiratory system into a single atlas spanning over 2.4 million cells from 486 individuals. The HLCA presents a consensus cell type re-annotation with matching marker genes, including annotations of rare and previously undescribed cell types. Leveraging the number and diversity of individuals in the HLCA, we identify gene modules that are associated with demographic covariates such as age, sex and body mass index, as well as gene modules changing expression along the proximal-to-distal axis of the bronchial tree. Mapping new data to the HLCA enables rapid data annotation and interpretation. Using the HLCA as a reference for the study of disease, we identify shared cell states across multiple lung diseases, including SPP1+ profibrotic monocyte-derived macrophages in COVID-19, pulmonary fibrosis and lung carcinoma. Overall, the HLCA serves as an example for the development and use of large-scale, cross-dataset organ atlases within the Human Cell Atlas.
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Grants
- P50 AR080612 NIAMS NIH HHS
- R01 HL153375 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 HL127349 NHLBI NIH HHS
- U54 HL165443 NHLBI NIH HHS
- P01 HL107202 NHLBI NIH HHS
- U01 HL148856 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R21 HL156124 NHLBI NIH HHS
- U54 AG075931 NIA NIH HHS
- Wellcome Trust
- R01 HL146557 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 HL123766 NHLBI NIH HHS
- U01 HL148861 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 HL141852 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 ES034350 NIEHS NIH HHS
- UL1 TR001863 NCATS NIH HHS
- R01 HL126176 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R21 HL161760 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 HL145372 NHLBI NIH HHS
- P01 AG049665 NIA NIH HHS
- K12 HD105271 NICHD NIH HHS
- U19 AI135964 NIAID NIH HHS
- P30 CA008748 NCI NIH HHS
- R01 HL142568 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 HL153312 NHLBI NIH HHS
- U54 AG079754 NIA NIH HHS
- R56 HL157632 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 HL158139 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 HL135156 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 HL153045 NHLBI NIH HHS
- U54 HL145608 NHLBI NIH HHS
- P50 AR060780 NIAMS NIH HHS
- R01 HL128439 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 HL146519 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 HL117004 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 HL068702 NHLBI NIH HHS
- U01 HL145567 NHLBI NIH HHS
- P01 HL132821 NHLBI NIH HHS
- MR/R015635/1 Medical Research Council
- R01 MD010443 NIMHD NIH HHS
- Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, LLC Seed Network grant (CZF2019-002438) “Lung Cell Atlas 1.0” NIH 1U54HL145608-01 CZIF2022-007488 from the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Foundation CZIF2022-007488 from the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Foundation
- ESPOD fellowship of EMBL-EBI and Sanger Institute
- 3IA Cote d’Azur PhD program
- The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy by means of the PPP
- EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)
- Joachim Herz Stiftung (Joachim Herz Foundation)
- P50 AR060780-06A1
- University College London, Birkbeck MRC Doctoral Training Programme
- Jikei University School of Medicine (Jikei University)
- 5R01HL14254903, 4UH3CA25513503
- R01HL127349, R01HL141852, U01HL145567 and CZI
- MRC Clinician Scientist Fellowship (MR/W00111X/1)
- Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, LLC Seed Network grant (CZF2019-002438) “Lung Cell Atlas 1.0” 2R01HL068702
- R01 HL135156, R01 MD010443, R01 HL128439, P01 HL132821, P01 HL107202, R01 HL117004, and DOD Grant W81WH-16-2-0018
- HL142568 and HL14507 from the NHLBI
- Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, LLC Seed Network grant (CZF2019-002438) “Lung Cell Atlas 1.0”, 2R01HL068702
- Wellcome (WT211276/Z/18/Z) Sanger core grant WT206194 CZIF2022-007488 from the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Foundation
- R21HL156124, R56HL157632, and R21HL161760
- CZI, 5U01HL148856
- CZI, 5U01HL148856, R01 HL153045
- U.S. Department of Defense (United States Department of Defense)
- The National Institute of Health R01HL145372
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (Foundation for Medical Research in France)
- Conseil Départemental des Alpes Maritimes
- Inserm Cross-cutting Scientific Program HuDeCA 2018, ANR SAHARRA (ANR-19-CE14–0027), ANR-19-P3IA-0002–3IA, the National Infrastructure France Génomique (ANR-10-INBS-09-03), PPIA 4D-OMICS (21-ESRE-0052), and the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, LLC Seed Network grant (CZF2019-002438) “Lung Cell Atlas 1.0”.
- Wellcome Trust (Wellcome)
- Sanger core grant WT206194 Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, LLC Seed Network grant (CZF2019-002438) “Lung Cell Atlas 1.0” CZIF2022-007488 from the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Foundation
- Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (DDCF)
- The National Institute of Health R01HL145372 Department of Defense W81XWH-19-1-0416
- The National Institute of Health R01HL146557 and R01HL153375 and funds from Chan Zuckerberg Initiative - Human Lung Cell Atlas-pilot award
- 1U54HL145608-01
- CZI Deep Visual Proteomics
- 1U54HL145608-01, U01HL148861-03
- 1) the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, LLC Seed Network grant CZF2019-002438 “Lung Cell Atlas 1.0”; 2) R01 HL153312; 3) U19 AI135964; 4) P01 AG049665
- Netherlands Lung Foundation project nos. 5.1.14.020 and 4.1.18.226, LLC Seed Network grant CZF2019-002438 “Lung Cell Atlas 1.0”
- grant number 2019-002438 from the Chan Zuckerberg Foundation, by the Helmholtz Association’s Initiative and Networking Fund through Helmholtz AI [ZT-I-PF-5-01] and by the Bavarian Ministry of Science and the Arts in the framework of the Bavarian Research Association “ForInter” (Interaction of human brain cells)
- 1 U01 HL14555-01, R01 HL123766-04
- NIH U54 AG075931, 5R01 HL146519
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sikkema
- Department of Computational Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ciro Ramírez-Suástegui
- Department of Computational Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel C Strobl
- Department of Computational Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tessa E Gillett
- Experimental Pulmonary and Inflammatory Research, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Luke Zappia
- Department of Computational Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | | | - Nikolay S Markov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laure-Emmanuelle Zaragosi
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Valbonne, France
| | - Yuge Ji
- Department of Computational Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Meshal Ansari
- Department of Computational Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (a member of the German Center for Lung Research) and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie-Jeanne Arguel
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Valbonne, France
| | - Leonie Apperloo
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Banchero
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christophe Bécavin
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Valbonne, France
| | - Marijn Berg
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mei-I Chung
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Antoine Collin
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Valbonne, France
- 3IA Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Aurore C A Gay
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janine Gote-Schniering
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (a member of the German Center for Lung Research) and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Baharak Hooshiar Kashani
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (a member of the German Center for Lung Research) and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kemal Inecik
- Department of Computational Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manu Jain
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Theodore S Kapellos
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (a member of the German Center for Lung Research) and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tessa M Kole
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvie Leroy
- Pulmonology Department, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OncoAge, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Christoph H Mayr
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (a member of the German Center for Lung Research) and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Lance Peter
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Chase J Taylor
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Chuan Xu
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linh T Bui
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Carlo De Donno
- Department of Computational Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Leander Dony
- Department of Computational Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry and International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Alen Faiz
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- School of Life Sciences, Respiratory Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Minzhe Guo
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, US
| | | | - Lukas Heumos
- Department of Computational Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (a member of the German Center for Lung Research) and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ni Huang
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ignacio L Ibarra
- Department of Computational Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathan D Jackson
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Preetish Kadur Lakshminarasimha Murthy
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohammad Lotfollahi
- Department of Computational Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tracy Tabib
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carlos Talavera-López
- Department of Computational Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum der Lüdwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Kyle J Travaglini
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kaylee B Worlock
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Masahiro Yoshida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tushar J Desai
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Robert Lafyatis
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marko Z Nikolic
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph E Powell
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cellular and Tissue Genomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Max A Seibold
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Douglas P Shepherd
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Don D Sin
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wim Timens
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander M Tsankov
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Whitsett
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Pascal Barbry
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Valbonne, France
- 3IA Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Thu Elizabeth Duong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine S Falk
- Institute for Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan A Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Herbert B Schiller
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (a member of the German Center for Lung Research) and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Joachim L Schultze
- Department of Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen and University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sara A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander V Misharin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Martijn C Nawijn
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Malte D Luecken
- Department of Computational Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (a member of the German Center for Lung Research) and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Department of Computational Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany.
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
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11
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Dorababu A, Maraswami M. Recent Advances (2015-2020) in Drug Discovery for Attenuation of Pulmonary Fibrosis and COPD. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093674. [PMID: 37175084 PMCID: PMC10179756 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A condition of scarring of lung tissue due to a wide range of causes (such as environmental pollution, cigarette smoking (CS), lung diseases, some medications, etc.) has been reported as pulmonary fibrosis (PF). This has become a serious problem all over the world due to the lack of efficient drugs for treatment or cure. To date, no drug has been designed that could inhibit fibrosis. However, few medications have been reported to reduce the rate of fibrosis. Meanwhile, ongoing research indicates pulmonary fibrosis can be treated in its initial stages when symptoms are mild. Here, an attempt is made to summarize the recent studies on the effects of various chemical drugs that attenuate PF and increase patients' quality of life. The review is classified based on the nature of the drug molecules, e.g., natural/biomolecule-based, synthetic-molecule-based PF inhibitors, etc. Here, the mechanisms through which the drug molecules attenuate PF are discussed. It is shown that inhibitory molecules can significantly decrease the TGF-β1, profibrotic factors, proteins responsible for inflammation, pro-fibrogenic cytokines, etc., thereby ameliorating the progress of PF. This review may be useful in designing better drugs that could reduce the fibrosis process drastically or even cure the disease to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atukuri Dorababu
- Department of Chemistry, SRMPP Government First Grade College, Huvinahadagali 583219, India
| | - Manikantha Maraswami
- Department of Chemistry, Abzena LLC., 360 George Patterson Blvd, Bristol, PA 19007, USA
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12
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Sharma RK, Kamble SH, Krishnan S, Gomes J, To B, Li S, Liu IC, Gumz ML, Mohandas R. Involvement of lysyl oxidase in the pathogenesis of arterial stiffness in chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 324:F364-F373. [PMID: 36825626 PMCID: PMC10069822 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00239.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events. CKD is associated with increases in arterial stiffness, whereas improvements in arterial stiffness correlate with better survival. However, arterial stiffness is increased early in CKD, suggesting that there might be additional factors, unique to kidney disease, that increase arterial stiffness. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a key mediator of collagen cross linking and matrix remodeling. LOX is predominantly expressed in the cardiovascular system, and its upregulation has been associated with increased tissue stiffening and extracellular matrix remodeling. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the role of increased LOX activity in inducing aortic stiffness in CKD and whether β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), a LOX inhibitor, could prevent aortic stiffness by reducing collagen cross linking. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx) or sham surgery. Two weeks after surgery, mice were randomized to BAPN (300 mg/kg/day in water) or vehicle treatment for 4 wk. Aortic stiffness was assessed by pulse wave velocity (PWV) using Doppler ultrasound. Aortic levels of LOX were assessed by ELISA, and cross-linked total collagen levels were analyzed by mass spectrometry and Sircol assay. Nx mice showed increased PWV and aortic wall remodeling compared with control mice. Collagen cross linking was increased in parallel with the increases in total collagen in the aorta of Nx mice. In contrast, Nx mice that received BAPN treatment showed decreased cross-linked collagens and PWV compared with that received vehicle treatment. Our results indicated that LOX might be an early and key mediator of aortic stiffness in CKD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Arterial stiffness in CKD is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, the mechanisms underlying increased aortic stiffness in CKD are unclear. Herein, we demonstrated that 1) increased aortic stiffness in CKD is independent of hypertension and calcification and 2) LOX-mediated changes in extracellular matrix are at least in part responsible for increased aortic stiffness in CKD. Prevention of excess LOX may have therapeutic potential in alleviating increased aortic stiffness and improving cardiovascular disease in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra K Sharma
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Shyam H Kamble
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Suraj Krishnan
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Joshua Gomes
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Brandon To
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Shiyu Li
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - I-Chia Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Michelle L Gumz
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Rajesh Mohandas
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
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Feng J, Wu Y. Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: Potential Target of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2023; 23:231-246. [PMID: 36841924 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-023-00573-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemotherapeutic agents is becoming more frequent as the proportion of new oncology patients increases worldwide, with prolonged survival after treatment. As one of the most popular chemotherapy drugs, doxorubicin plays a substantial role in the treatment of tumors. Unfortunately, the use of doxorubicin is associated with several adverse effects, particularly severe cardiotoxicity that can be life-threatening, which greatly limits its clinical use. For decades, scientists have tried to explore many cardioprotective agents and therapeutic approaches, but their efficacy remains controversial, and some drugs have even brought about significant adverse effects. The concrete molecular mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is still to be unraveled, yet endothelial damage is gradually being identified as an important mechanism triggering the development and progression of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a fundamental process regulating morphogenesis in multicellular organisms, is recognized to be associated with endothelial damage repair and acts as an important factor in the progression of cardiovascular diseases, tumors, and rheumatic immune diseases. Mounting evidence suggests that endothelial-mesenchymal transition may play a non-negligible role in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. In this paper, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of EndMT and outlined the molecular mechanisms of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and the current therapeutic advances. Furthermore, we summarized the basic principles of doxorubicin-induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition that lead to endothelial dysfunction and cardiotoxicity, aiming to provide suggestions or new ideas for the prevention and treatment of doxorubicin-induced endothelial and cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Glycolytic reprogramming is involved in tissue remodeling on chronic rhinosinusitis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281640. [PMID: 36795696 PMCID: PMC9934430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycolytic reprogramming is a key feature of chronic inflammatory disease. Extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by myofibroblasts plays an important role in tissue remodeling of nasal mucosa in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). This study aimed to determine whether glycolytic reprogramming contributes to myofibroblast differentiation and ECM production in nasal fibroblasts. METHODS Primary nasal fibroblasts were isolated from the nasal mucosa of patients with CRS. Glycolytic reprogramming was assessed by measuring the extracellular acidification and oxygen consumption rates in nasal fibroblast, with and without transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) treatment. Expression of glycolytic enzymes and ECM components was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunocytochemical staining. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed using whole RNA-sequencing data of nasal mucosa of healthy donors and patients with CRS. RESULT Glycolysis of nasal fibroblasts stimulated with TGF-B1 was upregulated along with glycolytic enzymes. Hypoxia-inducing factor (HIF)-1α was a high-level regulator of glycolysis, and increased HIF-1α expression promoted glycolysis of nasal fibroblasts, and inhibition of HIF-1α down-regulated myofibroblasts differentiation and ECM production. CONCLUSION This study suggests that inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme and HIF-1α in nasal fibroblasts regulates myofibroblast differentiation and ECM generation associated with nasal mucosa remodeling.
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Park BY, Wu D, Kwon KR, Kim MJ, Kim TG, Lee JH, Park DY, Kim IK. Implantation and tracing of green fluorescent protein-expressing adipose-derived stem cells in peri-implant capsular fibrosis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:22. [PMID: 36750973 PMCID: PMC9906918 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have been reported to reduce fibrosis in various tissues. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory role of ASCs on capsule formation by analyzing the histologic, cellular, and molecular changes in a mouse model of peri-implant fibrosis. We also investigated the fate and distribution of ASCs in the peri-implant capsule. METHODS To establish a peri-implant fibrosis model, customized silicone implants were inserted into the dorsal site of C57BL/6 wild-type mice. ASCs were harvested from the fat tissues of transgenic mice that express a green fluorescent protein (GFP-ASCs) and then injected into the peri-implant space of recipient mice. The peri-implant tissues were harvested from postoperative week 2 to 8. We measured the capsule thickness, distribution, and differentiation of GFP-ASCs, as well as the cellular and molecular changes in capsular tissue following ASC treatment. RESULTS Injected GFP-ASCs were distributed within the peri-implant capsule and proliferated. Administration of ASCs reduced the capsule thickness, decreased the number of myofibroblasts and macrophages in the capsule, and decreased the mRNA level of fibrogenic genes within the peri-implant tissue. Angiogenesis was enhanced due to trans-differentiation of ASCs into vascular endothelial cells, and tissue hypoxia was relieved upon ASC treatment. CONCLUSIONS We uncovered that implanted ASCs inhibit capsule formation around the implant by characterizing a series of biological alterations upon ASC treatment and the fate of injected ASCs. These findings highlight the value of ASCs for future clinical applications in the prevention of capsular contracture after implant-based reconstruction surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yoon Park
- grid.413028.c0000 0001 0674 4447Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170, Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42415 Korea
| | - Dirong Wu
- grid.413028.c0000 0001 0674 4447Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170, Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42415 Korea
| | - Kyoo-Ri Kwon
- grid.413028.c0000 0001 0674 4447Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170, Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42415 Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Kim
- grid.413028.c0000 0001 0674 4447Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170, Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42415 Korea
| | - Tae-Gon Kim
- grid.413028.c0000 0001 0674 4447Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170, Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42415 Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Lee
- grid.413028.c0000 0001 0674 4447Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170, Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42415 Korea
| | - Do Young Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170, Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42415, Korea.
| | - Il-Kug Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170, Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42415, Korea.
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Paredes F, Williams HC, Suster I, Tejos M, Fuentealba R, Bogan B, Holden CM, San Martin A. Metabolic regulation of the proteasome under hypoxia by Poldip2 controls fibrotic signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 195:283-297. [PMID: 36596387 PMCID: PMC10268434 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The polymerase delta interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein required for oxidative metabolism. Under hypoxia, Poldip2 expression is repressed by an unknown mechanism. Therefore, low levels of Poldip2 are required to maintain glycolytic metabolism. The Cellular Communication Network Factor 2 (CCN2, Connective tissue growth factor, CTGF) is a profibrogenic molecule highly expressed in cancer and vascular inflammation in advanced atherosclerosis. Because CCN2 is upregulated under hypoxia and is associated with glycolytic metabolism, we hypothesize that Poldip2 downregulation is responsible for the upregulation of profibrotic signaling under hypoxia. Here, we report that Poldip2 is repressed under hypoxia by a mechanism that requires the activation of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 repressive complex (EZH2) downstream from the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 (CDK2). Importantly, we found that Poldip2 repression is required for CCN2 expression downstream of metabolic inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-dependent stabilization of the serum response factor. Pharmacological or gene expression inhibition of CDK2 under hypoxia reverses Poldip2 downregulation, the inhibition of the UPS, and the expression of CCN2, collagen, and fibronectin. Thus, our findings connect cell cycle regulation and proteasome activity to mitochondrial function and fibrotic responses under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Paredes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Holly C Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Izabela Suster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Macarena Tejos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Roberto Fuentealba
- Institute of Chemistry and Natural Resources, Universidad de Talca, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Bethany Bogan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Claire M Holden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Alejandra San Martin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Yang SA, Rhee KH, Yoo HJ, Pyo MC, Lee KW. Ochratoxin A induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and fibrosis in the kidney via the HIF-1α/miR-155-5p link. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:133-145. [PMID: 36714464 PMCID: PMC9879730 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a ubiquitous fungal toxin found in agricultural products and foods that is toxic to both humans and animals. OTA mainly affects kidney, but the mechanisms underlying OTA-induced nephrotoxicity remain not fully understood. MicroRNA (miRNA) is involved in key cellular processes. The toxic mechanism and regulatory effects of miRNAs on OTA toxicity in kidney, and particularly the role of HIFα-1/miR-155-5p on OTA-caused ER stress and fibrosis, were investigated in this study. OTA induced hypoxia-like conditions such as ER stress and fibrosis in HK-2 cells and renal tissues via modulating HIF-1α, which was followed by regulation of ER stress-related proteins (GRP78 and ATF-4), as well as fibrosis-related markers (fibronectin, α-SMA, and E-cadherin). Notably, a total of 62 miRNAs showed significant differential expression in kidney of OTA-treated mice. Under OTA exposure, HIF-1α enhanced miR-155-5p expression, causing ER stress and fibrosis in HK-2 cells. HIF-1α knockdown decreased OTA-induced miR-155-5p expression as well as ER stress and fibrotic responses, whereas miR-155-5p overexpression restored this. Our data suggest that OTA enhances ER stress and fibrosis in the kidney through upregulating the HIF-1α/miR-155-5p link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Ah Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyun Rhee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Joon Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cheol Pyo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, the Republic of Korea,Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, the Republic of Korea,Correspondence to: Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Bioinformatic Exploration of Hub Genes and Potential Therapeutic Drugs for Endothelial Dysfunction in Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3677532. [PMID: 36483920 PMCID: PMC9723419 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3677532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is a fatal chronic pulmonary circulatory disease, characterized by hypoxic pulmonary vascular constriction and remodeling. Studies performed to date have confirmed that endothelial dysfunction plays crucial roles in HPH, while the underlying mechanisms have not been fully revealed. The microarray dataset GSE11341 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between hypoxic and normoxic microvascular endothelial cell, followed by Gene Ontology (GO) annotation/Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) pathway enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. Next, GSE160255 and RT-qPCR were used to validate hub genes. Meanwhile, GO/KEGG and GSEA were performed for each hub gene to uncover the potential mechanism. A nomogram based on hub genes was established. Furthermore, mRNA-miRNA network was predicted by miRNet, and the Connectivity Map (CMAP) database was in use to identify similarly acting therapeutic candidates. A total of 148 DEGs were screened in GSE11341, and three hub genes (VEGFA, CDC25A, and LOX) were determined and validated via GSE160255 and RT-qPCR. Abnormalities in the pathway of vascular smooth muscle contraction, lysosome, and glycolysis might play important roles in HPH pathogenesis. The hub gene-miRNA network showed that hsa-mir-24-3p, hsa-mir-124-3p, hsa-mir-195-5p, hsa-mir-146a-5p, hsa-mir-155-5p, and hsa-mir-23b-3p were associated with HPH. And on the basis of the identified hub genes, a practical nomogram is developed. To repurpose known and therapeutic drugs, three candidate compounds (procaterol, avanafil, and lestaurtinib) with a high level of confidence were obtained from the CMAP database. Taken together, the identification of these three hub genes, enrichment pathways, and potential therapeutic drugs might have important clinical implications for HPH diagnosis and treatment.
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Zou X, Ouyang H, Lin F, Zhang H, Yang Y, Pang D, Han R, Tang X. MYBPC3 deficiency in cardiac fibroblasts drives their activation and contributes to fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:948. [PMID: 36357371 PMCID: PMC9649783 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mutations in the MYBPC3 gene encoding cardiac myosin binding protein C (cMyBP-C) are the most common cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Myocardial fibrosis (MF) plays a critical role in the development of HCM. However, the mechanism for mutant MYBPC3-induced MF is not well defined. In this study, we developed a R495Q mutant pig model using cytosine base editing and observed an early-onset MF in these mutant pigs shortly after birth. Unexpectedly, we found that the "cardiac-specific" MYBPC3 gene was actually expressed in cardiac fibroblasts from different species as well as NIH3T3 fibroblasts at the transcription and protein levels. CRISPR-mediated disruption of Mybpc3 in NIH3T3 fibroblasts activated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, which increased the expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) and other pro-inflammatory genes. The upregulation of TGF-β1 promoted the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 subunit α (HIF-1α) and its downstream targets involved in glycolysis such as GLUT1, PFK, and LDHA. Consequently, the enhanced aerobic glycolysis with higher rate of ATP biosynthesis accelerated the activation of cardiac fibroblasts, contributing to the development of HCM. This work reveals an intrinsic role of MYBPC3 in maintaining cardiac fibroblast homeostasis and disruption of MYBPC3 in these cells contributes to the disease pathogenesis of HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Research Institute of Jilin University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanyu Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Research Institute of Jilin University, Chongqing, China
| | - Renzhi Han
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Xiaochun Tang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Research Institute of Jilin University, Chongqing, China.
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He X, Shi Y, Zeng Z, Tang B, Xiao X, Yu J, Zou P, Liu J, Xiao Y, Luo Y, Xiao R. Intimate intertwining of the pathogenesis of hypoxia and systemic sclerosis: A transcriptome integration analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929289. [PMID: 36389675 PMCID: PMC9660309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/30/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease caused by various pathogenic factors, including hypoxia. Hypoxia stimulates the production of the extracellular matrix to promote fibrosis. However, the integrated function and the underlying mechanism of hypoxia in SSc are unclear. METHODS In the present study, we used Agilent SurePrint G3 Human Gene Expression v3 for the transcriptional sequencing of fibroblasts with and without hypoxia to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in hypoxia. We analyzed the results with the transcriptome data of SSc lesions (GSE95065) to select the co-DEGs. Then, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed on the basis of the co-DEGs using the R package ClusterProfiler, which showed that hypoxia and cross talk of hypoxia with other pathogenic factors are involved in the pathogenesis of SSc. Furthermore, we constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of co-DEGs and screened two significant functional expression modules. RESULTS We identified nine hub genes (ALDH1A1, EGF, NOX4, LYN, DNTT, PTGS2, TKT, ACAA2, and ALDH3A1). These genes affect the pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative stress, and lipolysis. CONCLUSION Our study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the effects of hypoxia on SSc pathogenesis, which will help to better understand SSc pathogenesis and develop new therapeutic strategies for SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglan He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaqian Shi
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuotong Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bingsi Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiangfan Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Puyu Zou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiani Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yangfan Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yangyang Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Jiang Y, Xie YZ, Peng CW, Yao KN, Lin XY, Zhan SF, Zhuang HF, Huang HT, Liu XH, Huang XF, Li H. Modeling Kaempferol as a Potential Pharmacological Agent for COVID-19/PF Co-Occurrence Based on Bioinformatics and System Pharmacological Tools. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:865097. [PMID: 35754492 PMCID: PMC9214245 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.865097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: People suffering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are prone to develop pulmonary fibrosis (PF), but there is currently no definitive treatment for COVID-19/PF co-occurrence. Kaempferol with promising antiviral and anti-fibrotic effects is expected to become a potential treatment for COVID-19 and PF comorbidities. Therefore, this study explored the targets and molecular mechanisms of kaempferol against COVID-19/PF co-occurrence by bioinformatics and network pharmacology. Methods: Various open-source databases and Venn Diagram tool were applied to confirm the targets of kaempferol against COVID-19/PF co-occurrence. Protein-protein interaction (PPI), MCODE, key transcription factors, tissue-specific enrichment, molecular docking, Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were used to clarify the influential molecular mechanisms of kaempferol against COVID-19 and PF comorbidities. Results: 290 targets and 203 transcription factors of kaempferol against COVID-19/PF co-occurrence were captured. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase SRC (SRC), mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8), RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1), transcription factor p65 (RELA) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform (PIK3CA) were identified as the most critical targets, and kaempferol showed effective binding activities with the above critical eight targets. Further, anti-COVID-19/PF co-occurrence effects of kaempferol were associated with the regulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, immunity, virus infection, cell growth process and metabolism. EGFR, interleukin 17 (IL-17), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT serine/threonine kinase (PI3K/AKT) and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways were identified as the key anti-COVID-19/PF co-occurrence pathways. Conclusion: Kaempferol is a candidate treatment for COVID-19/PF co-occurrence. The underlying mechanisms may be related to the regulation of critical targets (EGFR, SRC, MAPK3, MAPK1, MAPK8, AKT1, RELA, PIK3CA and so on) and EGFR, IL-17, TNF, HIF-1, PI3K/AKT and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. This study contributes to guiding development of new drugs for COVID-19 and PF comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jiang
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi-Zi Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Wen Peng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai-Nan Yao
- Shenzhen Bao'an District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue-Ying Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Feng Zhan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Fa Zhuang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ting Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hang Li
- Shenzhen Bao'an District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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22
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Effects of Ultrafine Single-Nanometer Oxygen Bubbles on Radiation Sensitivity in a Tumor-Bearing Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126838. [PMID: 35743281 PMCID: PMC9224848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy against cancer cells often causes radiation resistance via accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF-1α) under hypoxic conditions and severe side effects. Radiation sensitizers without side effects are required to overcome hypoxia-induced radiation resistance and decrease radiation-related side effects in patients with refractory cancer. We previously developed oxygen nanobubble water (NBO2 water) and demonstrated that it suppresses hypoxia-induced radiation resistance in cancer cell lines within the single-nanometer range. This study aimed to elucidate whether NBO2 water could act as a radiosensitizer via regulation of HIF-1α in a tumor-bearing mouse model. Six-week-old female BALB/c mice subcutaneously injected with tumor cells received control water or NBO2 water for 28 days, after which biochemical examinations and radiation treatment were performed. Hypoxic tumor regions were detected immunohistochemically. We found that NBO2 water sensitized radiation reactivity in the xenografted tumors. Notably, NBO2 water administration downregulated the accumulation of HIF-1α in xenografted tumors and did not affect the vital organs of healthy mice. The combination of radiation and single-nanometer NBO2 water without severe side effects may be a promising therapeutic option to improve radiation sensitivity in cancer patients without tolerance to invasive treatments.
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23
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Jiang X, Tian W, Kim D, McQuiston AS, Vinh R, Rockson SG, Semenza GL, Nicolls MR. Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Lymphedema. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:851057. [PMID: 35450048 PMCID: PMC9017680 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.851057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by edema, fat deposition, and fibrotic tissue remodeling. Despite significant advances in lymphatic biology research, our knowledge of lymphedema pathology is incomplete. Currently, there is no approved pharmacological therapy for this debilitating disease. Hypoxia is a recognized feature of inflammation, obesity, and fibrosis. Understanding hypoxia-regulated pathways in lymphedema may provide new insights into the pathobiology of this chronic disorder and help develop new medicinal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Jiang
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Wen Tian
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Dongeon Kim
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alexander S McQuiston
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ryan Vinh
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Gregg L Semenza
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Oncology, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mark R Nicolls
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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24
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A New Hypothetical Concept in Metabolic Understanding of Cardiac Fibrosis: Glycolysis Combined with TGF-β and KLF5 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084302. [PMID: 35457114 PMCID: PMC9027193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of fibrosis in cardiac tissues is one of the leading causes of heart failure. The principal cellular effectors in cardiac fibrosis are activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, which serve as the primary source of matrix proteins. TGF-β signaling pathways play a prominent role in cardiac fibrosis. The control of TGF-β by KLF5 in cardiac fibrosis has been demonstrated for modulating cardiovascular remodeling. Since the expression of KLF5 is reduced, the accumulation of fibrosis diminishes. Because the molecular mechanism of fibrosis is still being explored, there are currently few options for effectively reducing or reversing it. Studying metabolic alterations is considered an essential process that supports the explanation of fibrosis in a variety of organs and especially the glycolysis alteration in the heart. However, the interplay among the main factors involved in fibrosis pathogenesis, namely TGF-β, KLF5, and the metabolic process in glycolysis, is still indistinct. In this review, we explain what we know about cardiac fibroblasts and how they could help with heart repair. Moreover, we hypothesize and summarize the knowledge trend on the molecular mechanism of TGF-β, KLF5, the role of the glycolysis pathway in fibrosis, and present the future therapy of cardiac fibrosis. These studies may target therapies that could become important strategies for fibrosis reduction in the future.
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25
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Carson JP, Robinson MW, Ramm GA, Gobert GN. Synthetic peptides derived from the Schistosoma mansoni secretory protein Sm16 induce contrasting responses in hepatic stellate cells. Exp Parasitol 2022; 236-237:108255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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26
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Mao J, Liu J, Zhou M, Wang G, Xiong X, Deng Y. Hypoxia-induced interstitial transformation of microvascular endothelial cells by mediating HIF-1α/VEGF signaling in systemic sclerosis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263369. [PMID: 35231032 PMCID: PMC8887755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this research was to systematically investigate the effects of endothelial mesenchymal transition (EndMT) induced by hypoxia on the skin microvascular remodeling of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and the underlying mechanism. METHODS Skin tissues from SSc patients and controls were collected for isobaric tags for the relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based proteomics and immunohistochemical test. Human microvascular endothelial cell line-1 (HMEC-1) cultured in hypoxic or normal conditions was treated by tamoxifen or bevacizumab. RESULTS The iTRAQ-based proteomics indicated a significantly upregulated hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signal in SSc samples. The immunohistochemical results demonstrated the significant downregulation of CD31, the positive staining of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), HIF-1α, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-a) in SSc skin tissues, compared with control samples. Consistent with these observations, HMEC-1 cells cultured under hypoxic conditions exhibited a significant decrease in CD31 and VE-cadherin expression, alongside a marked increase in the expression of α-SMA and fibronectin, as well as a distinct upregulation of HIF-1α and VEGF-a, when compared with those under normal conditions. It is noteworthy that the inhibition of HIF-1α by tamoxifen effectively downregulated the hypoxic induction of VEGF-a and α-SMA while rescuing the hypoxic suppression of CD31. In addition, the VEGF-a inhibitor bevacizumab treatment had the same effect on the hypoxic expression of α-SMA and CD31, as a tamoxifen intervention, but did not reduce HIF-1α. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway can have a critical role in mediating the effect of hypoxia-induced EndMT on the skin microvascular remodeling of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Mao
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Jiexiong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Guiqiang Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yongqiong Deng
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P.R. China
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27
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The Immunogenetics of Morphea and Lichen Sclerosus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:155-172. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Li T, Xing Y, Zhang G, Wang Y, Wei Y, Cui L, Zhang S, Wang Q. Circular RNA Plasmacytoma Variant Translocation 1 (CircPVT1) knockdown ameliorates hypoxia-induced bladder fibrosis by regulating the miR-203/Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3) signaling axis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:1288-1303. [PMID: 35000524 PMCID: PMC8805914 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2001221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of circular RNAs (circRNAs) on bladder outlet obstruction (BOO)-induced hypertrophy and fibrogenesis in rats and hypoxia-induced bladder smooth muscle cell (BSMC) fibrosis remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the regulatory role of circRNAs in the phenotypic changes in BSMCs in BOO-induced rats.circRNAmicroarray and real-time PCR were used to explore differentiated expressed circRNAs. Bioinformatics analyses and dual-luciferase reporter were performed to identify the targets for circRNA PVT1 (circPVT1). BOO was performed to establish a bladder fibrosis animal model. The circPVT1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression levels were upregulated (p = 0.0061 and 0.0328, respectively), whereas the microRNA-203a (miR-203) level was downregulated in rats with bladder remodeling (p=0.0085). Bioinformatics analyses and dual-luciferase reporter assay results confirmed that circPVT1 sponges miR-203 and that the latter targets the 3'-untranslated region of SOCS3. Additionally, circPVT1 knockdown alleviated BOO-induced bladder hypertrophy and fibrogenesis. Furthermore, hypoxia was induced in BSMCs to establish a cell model of bladder fibrosis. Hypoxia induction in BSMCs resulted in upregulated circPVT1 and SOCS3 levels (p = 0.0052) and downregulated miR-203 levels. Transfection with circPVT1 and SOCS3 shRNA ameliorated hypoxia-induced transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1), TGFβR1, α-smooth muscle actin, fibrotic growth factor, extracellular matrix subtypes, BSMC proliferation, and apoptosis-associated cell injury, whereas co-transfection with miR-203 inhibitor counteracted the effect of circPVT1 shRNA on these phenotypes.These findings revealed a novel circRNA regulator of BOO-associated bladder wall remodeling and hypoxia-induced phenotypic changes in BMSCs by targeting the miR-203-SOCS3 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi Xing
- Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guoxian Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yinsheng Wei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingang Cui
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaojin Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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29
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Arroyo N, Villamayor L, Díaz I, Carmona R, Ramos-Rodríguez M, Muñoz-Chápuli R, Pasquali L, Toscano MG, Martín F, Cano DA, Rojas A. GATA4 induces liver fibrosis regression by deactivating hepatic stellate cells. JCI Insight 2021; 6:150059. [PMID: 34699385 PMCID: PMC8675192 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to liver injury, hepatic stellate cells activate and acquire proliferative and contractile features. The regression of liver fibrosis appears to involve the clearance of activated hepatic stellate cells, either by apoptosis or by reversion toward a quiescent-like state, a process called deactivation. Thus, deactivation of active hepatic stellate cells has emerged as a novel and promising therapeutic approach for liver fibrosis. However, our knowledge of the master regulators involved in the deactivation and/or activation of fibrotic hepatic stellate cells is still limited. The transcription factor GATA4 has been previously shown to play an important role in embryonic hepatic stellate cell quiescence. In this work, we show that lack of GATA4 in adult mice caused hepatic stellate cell activation and, consequently, liver fibrosis. During regression of liver fibrosis, Gata4 was reexpressed in deactivated hepatic stellate cells. Overexpression of Gata4 in hepatic stellate cells promoted liver fibrosis regression in CCl4-treated mice. GATA4 induced changes in the expression of fibrogenic and antifibrogenic genes, promoting hepatic stellate cell deactivation. Finally, we show that GATA4 directly repressed EPAS1 transcription in hepatic stellate cells and that stabilization of the HIF2α protein in hepatic stellate cells leads to liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Arroyo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Villamayor
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Díaz
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rita Carmona
- Universidad de Málaga y Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina, Málaga, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Legal Medicine and History of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mireia Ramos-Rodríguez
- Endocrine Regulatory Genomics, Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lorenzo Pasquali
- Endocrine Regulatory Genomics, Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Franz Martín
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Madrid, Spain
| | - David A Cano
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Anabel Rojas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Zhang J, Sharma R, Ryu K, Shen P, Salaita K, Jo H. Conditional Antisense Oligonucleotides Triggered by miRNA. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2255-2267. [PMID: 34664929 PMCID: PMC10982875 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are single-stranded short nucleic acids that silence the expression of target mRNAs and show increasing therapeutic potential. Since ASOs are internalized by many cell types, both normal and diseased cells, gene silencing in unwanted cells is a significant challenge for their therapeutic use. To address this challenge, we created conditional ASOs that become active only upon detecting transcripts unique to the target cell. As a proof-of-concept, we modified an HIF1α ASO (EZN2968) to generate miRNA-specific conditional ASOs, which can inhibit HIF1α in the presence of a hepatocyte-specific miRNA, miR-122, via a toehold exchange reaction. We characterized a library of nucleic acids, testing how the conformation, thermostability, and chemical composition of the conditional ASO impact the specificity and efficacy in response to miR-122 as a trigger signal. Optimally designed conditional ASOs demonstrated knockdown of HIF1α in cells transfected with exogenous miR-122 and in hepatocytes expressing endogenous miR-122. We confirmed that conditional ASO activity was mediated by toehold exchange between miR-122 and the conditional ASO duplex, and the magnitude of the knockdown depended on the toehold length and miR-122 levels. Using the same concept, we further generated another conditional ASO that can be triggered by miR-21. Our results suggest that conditional ASOs can be custom-designed with any miRNA to control ASO activation in targeted cells while reducing unwanted effects in nontargeted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Radhika Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kitae Ryu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Patrick Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States; Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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31
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Machcinska S, Kopcewicz M, Bukowska J, Walendzik K, Gawronska-Kozak B. Impairment of the Hif-1α regulatory pathway in Foxn1-deficient (Foxn1 -/- ) mice affects the skin wound healing process. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21289. [PMID: 33475195 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001907r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia and hypoxia-regulated factors (eg, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α [Hif-1α], factor inhibiting Hif-1α [Fih-1], thioredoxin-1 [Trx-1], aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 [Arnt-2]) have essential roles in skin wound healing. Using Foxn1-/- mice that can heal skin injuries in a unique scarless manner, we investigated the interaction between Foxn1 and hypoxia-regulated factors. The Foxn1-/- mice displayed impairments in the regulation of Hif-1α, Trx-1, and Fih-1 but not Arnt-2 during the healing process. An analysis of wounded skin showed that the skin of the Foxn1-/- mice healed in a scarless manner, displaying rapid re-epithelialization and an increase in transforming growth factor β (Tgfβ-3) and collagen III expression. An in vitro analysis revealed that Foxn1 overexpression in keratinocytes isolated from the skin of the Foxn1-/- mice led to reduced Hif-1α expression in normoxic but not hypoxic cultures and inhibited Fih-1 expression exclusively under hypoxic conditions. These data indicate that in the skin, Foxn1 affects hypoxia-regulated factors that control the wound healing process and suggest that under normoxic conditions, Foxn1 is a limiting factor for Hif-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Machcinska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Kopcewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Bukowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Walendzik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Gawronska-Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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32
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Noscapine Acts as a Protease Inhibitor of In Vitro Elastase-Induced Collagen Deposition in Equine Endometrium. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105333. [PMID: 34069423 PMCID: PMC8159119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrosis is a reproductive pathology that is responsible for mare infertility. Our recent studies have focused on the involvement of neutrophil extracellular traps enzymes, such as elastase (ELA), in the development of equine endometrosis. Noscapine (NOSC) is an alkaloid derived from poppy opium with anticough, antistroke, anticancer, and antifibrotic properties. The present work investigates the putative inhibitory in vitro effect of NOSC on collagen type I alpha 2 chain (COL1A2) mRNA and COL1 protein relative abundance induced by ELA in endometrial explants of mares in the follicular or mid-luteal phases at 24 or 48 h of treatment. The COL1A2 mRNA was evaluated by qPCR and COL1 protein relative abundance by Western blot. In equine endometrial explants, ELA increased COL 1 expression, while NOSC inhibited it at both estrous cycle phases and treatment times. These findings contribute to the future development of new endometrosis treatment approaches. Noscapine could be a drug capable of preventing collagen synthesis in mare’s endometrium and facilitate the therapeutic approach.
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33
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Ranjan P, Kumari R, Goswami SK, Li J, Pal H, Suleiman Z, Cheng Z, Krishnamurthy P, Kishore R, Verma SK. Myofibroblast-Derived Exosome Induce Cardiac Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:676267. [PMID: 33969024 PMCID: PMC8102743 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.676267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Endothelial cells (ECs) play a critical role in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis and in heart function. It was shown that activated fibroblast-derived exosomes impair cardiomyocyte function in hypertrophic heart, but their effect on ECs is not yet clear. Thus, we hypothesized that activated cardiac fibroblast-derived exosomes (FB-Exo) mediate EC dysfunction, and therefore modulation of FB-exosomal contents may improve endothelial function. Methods and Results: Exosomes were isolated from cardiac fibroblast (FB)-conditioned media and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis and electron microscopy. ECs were isolated from mouse heart. ECs were treated with exosomes isolated from FB-conditioned media, following FB culture with TGF-β1 (TGF-β1-FB-Exo) or PBS (control) treatment. TGF-β1 significantly activated fibroblasts as shown by increase in collagen type1 α1 (COL1α1), periostin (POSTN), and fibronectin (FN1) gene expression and increase in Smad2/3 and p38 phosphorylation. Impaired endothelial cell function (as characterized by a decrease in tube formation and cell migration along with reduced VEGF-A, Hif1α, CD31, and angiopoietin1 gene expression) was observed in TGF-β1-FB-Exo treated cells. Furthermore, TGF-β1-FB-Exo treated ECs showed reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis as compared to control cells. TGF-β1-FB-Exo cargo analysis revealed an alteration in fibrosis-associated miRNAs, including a significant increase in miR-200a-3p level. Interestingly, miR-200a-3p inhibition in activated FBs, alleviated TGF-β1-FB-Exo-mediated endothelial dysfunction. Conclusions: Taken together, this study demonstrates an important role of miR-200a-3p enriched within activated fibroblast-derived exosomes on endothelial cell biology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Ranjan
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Rajesh Kumari
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sumanta Kumar Goswami
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Harish Pal
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zainab Suleiman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zhongjian Cheng
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Raj Kishore
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Suresh Kumar Verma
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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De Pieri A, Korman BD, Jüngel A, Wuertz-Kozak K. Engineering Advanced In Vitro Models of Systemic Sclerosis for Drug Discovery and Development. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000168. [PMID: 33852183 PMCID: PMC8717409 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex multisystem disease with the highest case-specific mortality among all autoimmune rheumatic diseases, yet without any available curative therapy. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic antifibrotic strategies that effectively decrease skin and organ fibrosis is needed. Existing animal models are cost-intensive, laborious and do not recapitulate the full spectrum of the disease and thus commonly fail to predict human efficacy. Advanced in vitro models, which closely mimic critical aspects of the pathology, have emerged as valuable platforms to investigate novel pharmaceutical therapies for the treatment of SSc. This review focuses on recent advancements in the development of SSc in vitro models, sheds light onto biological (e.g., growth factors, cytokines, coculture systems), biochemical (e.g., hypoxia, reactive oxygen species) and biophysical (e.g., stiffness, topography, dimensionality) cues that have been utilized for the in vitro recapitulation of the SSc microenvironment, and highlights future perspectives for effective drug discovery and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Pieri
- Dr. A. De Pieri, Prof. K. Wuertz-Kozak, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), 106 Lomb Memorial Rd., Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Benjamin D Korman
- Prof. B. D. Korman, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Astrid Jüngel
- Prof. A. Jüngel, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Clinic of Rheumatology, Balgrist University Hospital, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
- Prof. A. Jüngel, Department of Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Dr. A. De Pieri, Prof. K. Wuertz-Kozak, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), 106 Lomb Memorial Rd., Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
- Prof. K. Wuertz-Kozak, Schön Clinic Munich Harlaching, Spine Center, Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg (Austria), Munich, 81547, Germany
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Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1A Supports a Pro-Fibrotic Phenotype Loop in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073331. [PMID: 33805152 PMCID: PMC8078165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease with poor prognosis. The IPF-conditioned matrix (IPF-CM) system enables the study of matrix–fibroblast interplay. While effective at slowing fibrosis, nintedanib has limitations and the mechanism is not fully elucidated. In the current work, we explored the underlying signaling pathways and characterized nintedanib involvement in the IPF-CM fibrotic process. Results were validated using IPF patient samples and bleomycin-treated animals with/without oral and inhaled nintedanib. IPF-derived primary human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) were cultured on Matrigel and then cleared using NH4OH, creating the IPF-CM. Normal HLF-CM served as control. RNA-sequencing, PCR and western-blots were performed. HIF1α targets were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in bleomycin-treated rats with/without nintedanib and in patient samples with IPF. HLFs cultured on IPF-CM showed over-expression of ‘HIF1α signaling pathway’ (KEGG, p < 0.0001), with emphasis on SERPINE1 (PAI-1), VEGFA and TIMP1. IPF patient samples showed high HIF1α staining, especially in established fibrous tissue. PAI-1 was overexpressed, mainly in alveolar macrophages. Nintedanib completely reduced HIF1α upregulation in the IPF-CM and rat-bleomycin models. IPF-HLFs alter the extracellular matrix, thus creating a matrix that further propagates an IPF-like phenotype in normal HLFs. This pro-fibrotic loop includes the HIF1α pathway, which can be blocked by nintedanib.
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Tsai CF, Yang SF, Lo CH, Chu HJ, Ueng KC. Role of the ROS-JNK Signaling Pathway in Hypoxia-Induced Atrial Fibrotic Responses in HL-1 Cardiomyocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063249. [PMID: 33806765 PMCID: PMC8004875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
By promoting atrial structural remodeling, atrial hypoxia contributes to the development of the atrial fibrillation substrate. Our study aimed to investigate the modulatory effect of hypoxia on profibrotic activity in cultured HL-1 cardiomyocytes and explore the possible signaling transduction mechanisms of profibrotic activity in vitro. Hypoxia (1% O2) significantly and time-dependently increased the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and fibrotic marker proteins collagen I and III (COL1A and COL3A), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA). Western blot or immunohistochemistry analysis showed that hypoxia-induced increase in COL1A and COL3A was significantly attenuated by the addition of SP600125 (a specific c-Jun N-terminal kinase [JNK] inhibitor) or expression of dominant-negative JNK before hypoxia treatment. The inhibition of hypoxia-activated phosphorylation of JNK signal components (JNK, MKK4, nuclear c-Jun and ATF-2) by pre-treatment with SP600125 could suppress hypoxia-stimulated HIF-1α upregulation and fibrotic marker proteins expression. Hypoxia significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cultured HL-1 atrial cells. Pre-treatment with N-acetylcysteine significantly abrogated the expression of nuclear HIF-1α, JNK transduction components and fibrotic marker proteins. Taken together, these findings indicated that the hypoxia-induced atrial profibrotic response occurs mainly via the ROS/JNK pathway, its downstream upregulation of HIF-1α and c-Jun/ATF2 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation to up-regulate the expression of fibrosis-related proteins (COL1A, COL3A, TGF-β1 and α-SMA). Our result suggests that suppression of ROS/JNK signaling pathway is a critical mechanism for developing a novel therapeutic strategy against atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Feng Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (C.-F.T.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Hsien Lo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (C.-F.T.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Hsiao-Ju Chu
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
| | - Kwo-Chang Ueng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (C.-F.T.); (C.-H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-24739595 (ext. 32527); Fax: +886-4-24739220
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Angiotensin II blockers improve cardiac coronary flow under hemodynamic pressure overload. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:803-812. [PMID: 33568793 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Coronary flow velocity (CFV) is reduced in pathologic cardiac hypertrophy. This functional reduction is linked to adverse cardiac remodeling, hypertension and fibrosis, and angiotensin II (AngII) is a key molecular player. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are known to attenuate adverse cardiac remodeling and fibrosis following increased afterload, while the mechanism by which these drugs offer clinical benefits and regulate hemodynamics remains unknown. To establish a direct connection between coronary flow changes and angiotensin-induced hypertension, we used a Doppler echocardiographic method in two distinct disease models. First, we performed serial echocardiography to visualize coronary flow and assess heart function in patients newly diagnosed with hypertension and currently on ARBs or calcium channel blockers (CCBs). CFV improved significantly in the hypertensive patients after 12 weeks of ARB treatment but not in those treated with CCBs. Second, using murine models of pressure overload, including Ang II infusion and aortic banding, we mimicked the clinical conditions of Ang II- and mechanical stress-induced hypertension, respectively. Both Ang II infusion and aortic banding increased the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship and cardiac fibrosis, but interestingly, only Ang II infusion resulted in a significant reduction in CFV and corresponding activation of pressure-sensitive proteins, including connective tissue growth factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. These data support the existence of a molecular and functional link between AngII-induced hemodynamic remodeling and alterations in coronary vasculature, which, in part, can explain the clinical benefit of ARB treatment in hypertensive patients.
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Wang B, Zhang C, Chu D, Ma X, Yu T, Liu X, Hu C. Astragaloside IV improves angiogenesis under hypoxic conditions by enhancing hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α SUMOylation. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:244. [PMID: 33537820 PMCID: PMC7893755 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving angiogenic capacity under hypoxic conditions is essential for improving the survival of skin grafts, as they often lack the necessary blood supply. The stable expression levels of hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α (HIF‑1α) in the nucleus directly affect the downstream vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway and regulate angiogenesis in a hypoxic environment. Astragaloside IV (AS‑IV), an active component isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, has multiple biological effects including antioxidant and anti‑diabetic effects, and the ability to provide protection from cardiovascular damage. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects have not previously been elucidated. The present study investigated whether AS‑IV promotes angiogenesis via affecting the balance between ubiquitination and small ubiquitin‑related modifier (SUMO) modification of HIF‑1α. The results demonstrated that persistent hypoxia induces changes in expression levels of HIF‑1α protein and significantly increases the proportion of dysplastic blood vessels. Further western blotting experiments showed that rapid attenuation and delayed compensation of SUMO1 activity is one of the reasons for the initial increase then decrease in HIF‑1α levels. SUMO1 overexpression stabilized the presence of HIF‑1α in the nucleus and decreased the extent of abnormal blood vessel morphology observed following hypoxia. AS‑IV induces vascular endothelial cells to continuously produce SUMO1, stabilizes the HIF‑1α/VEGF pathway and improves angiogenesis in hypoxic conditions. In summary, the present study confirmed that AS‑IV stimulates vascular endothelial cells to continuously resupply SUMO1, stabilizes the presence of HIF‑1α protein and improves angiogenesis in adverse hypoxic conditions, which may improve the success rate of flap graft surgery following trauma or burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshen Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The No. 1 Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Binhai New Area Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Chu
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Ma
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
| | - Tian Yu
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
| | - Changqing Hu
- The Fifth Orthopaedics Department, The No. 1 Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
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Shi J, Xiao P, Liu X, Chen Y, Xu Y, Fan J, Yin Y. Notch3 Modulates Cardiac Fibroblast Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Transition via Negative Regulation of the RhoA/ROCK/Hif1α Axis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:669. [PMID: 32695015 PMCID: PMC7339920 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathological process in multiple cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction (MI). Abnormal cardiac fibroblast (CF) activity is a key event in cardiac fibrosis. Although the Notch signaling pathway has been reported to play a vital role in protection from cardiac fibrosis, the exact mechanisms underlying cardiac fibrosis and protection from it have not yet been elucidated. Similarly, Hif1α and the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway have been shown to participate in cardiac fibrosis. The RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway has been reported to be an upstream pathway of Hif1α in several pathophysiological processes. In the present study, we aimed to determine the effects of notch3 on CF activity and its relationship with the RhoA/ROCK/Hif1α signaling pathway. Using in vitro experiments, we demonstrated that notch3 inhibited CF proliferation and fibroblast to myofibroblast transition (FMT) and promoted CF apoptosis. A knockdown of notch3 using siRNAs had the exact opposite effect. Next, we found that notch3 regulated CF activity by negative regulation of the RhoA/ROCK/Hif1α signaling pathway. Extending CF-based studies to an in vivo rat MI model, we showed that overexpression of notch3 by the Ad-N3ICD injection attenuated the increase of RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2, and Hif1α levels following MI and further prevented MI-induced cardiac fibrosis. On the basis of these results, we conclude that notch3 is involved in the regulation of several aspects of CF activity, including proliferation, FMT, and apoptosis, by inhibiting the RhoA/ROCK/Hif1α signaling pathway. These findings are significant to further our understanding of the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis and to ultimately identify new therapeutic targets for cardiac fibrosis, potentially based on the RhoA/ROCK/Hif1α signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peilin Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunlin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanping Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinqi Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yuehui Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Huang H, Wang X, Zhang X, Wang H, Jiang W. Roxadustat attenuates experimental pulmonary fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Lett 2020; 331:112-121. [PMID: 32534005 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Roxadustat is the first orally administered, small-molecule hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor that has been submitted for FDA regulatory approval to treat anemia secondary to chronic kidney diseases. Its usage has also been suggested for pulmonary fibrosis; however, the corresponding therapeutic effects remain to be investigated. The in vitro effects of roxadustat on cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-stimulated pulmonary fibrosis with L929 mouse fibroblasts as well as on an in vivo pulmonary fibrosismice model induced with bleomycin (BLM; intraperitoneal injection, 50 mg/kg twice a week for 4 continuous weeks) were investigated. It found that the proliferation of L929 cells was inhibited and the production of collagen I, collagen III, prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2), HIF-1α, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and p-Smad3 were reduced relative to that in the CoCl2 or BLM group after roxadustat treatment. Roxadustat ameliorated pulmonary fibrosis by reducing the pathology score and collagen deposition as well as decreasing the expression of collagen I, collagen III, PHD2, HIF-1α, α-SMA, CTGF, TGF-β1 and p-Smad3/Smad3. Our cumulative results demonstrate that roxadustat administration can attenuate experimental pulmonary fibrosis via the inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidi Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Wanglin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
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Liu C, Zhou X, Lu J, Zhu L, Li M. Autophagy mediates 2-methoxyestradiol-inhibited scleroderma collagen synthesis and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition induced by hypoxia. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 58:1966-1975. [PMID: 31049569 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether autophagy mediates 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME)-inhibited hypoxia-induced fibrosis and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (endoMT) in SSc. METHODS Autophagy in the skin of SSc patients was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. SSc skin fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured under hypoxic (1% O2) conditions with 2-ME or autophagy inhibitor. Collagen I and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in fibroblasts and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, CD31, vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in HUVECs were examined by western blotting. Autophagic markers were evaluated by confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence. RESULTS SSc skins presented increased autolysosomes, LC3-II, collagen I and CTGF. Hypoxia-challenged fibroblasts and HUVECs formed more autophagosomes and autolysosomes, with increased LC3 and decreased P62. Meanwhile, hypoxia increased collagen I and CTGF in fibroblasts and increased vimentin and α-SMA but decreased VE-cadherin and CD31 in HUVECs. Bafilomycin A1 increased LC3-II and P62 in fibroblasts and HUVECs and decreased collagen I and CTGF in fibroblasts and vimentin and α-SMA in HUVECs, while upregulating VE-cadherin and CD31. 3-methyladenine decreased autophagy and fibrosis in fibroblasts and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in HUVECs. 2-ME-treated HUVECs showed more autophagosomes and fewer autolysosomes while 2-ME-treated fibroblasts showed fewer of both. Moreover, 2-ME decreased LC3-II and increased P62 in fibroblasts and increased both in HUVECs. Inhibition of autophagy by 2-ME showed the same effect with bafilomycin A1 on fibroblast collagen synthesis as well as endothelial and mesenchymal markers in HUVECs. CONCLUSION Autophagy mediated hypoxia-induced fibroblast collagen synthesis and endoMT in SSc, which could be reversed by 2-ME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghao Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lubing Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Li J, Yuan YQ, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhang SW, Zhang Y, Xuan XX, Wang MJ, Zhang JY. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide protects against high glucose-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress by inhibiting the STAT3/HIF-1α pathway in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:3948-3958. [PMID: 31616516 PMCID: PMC6781810 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous gasotransmitter, possesses multiple physiological and pharmacological properties including anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative stress and cardiac protective activities in diabetic cardiomyopathy. An increasing body of evidence has suggested that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has beneficial effects in the heart. However, the effect of diabetes on the phosphorylation or activation of cardiac STAT3 appears to be controversial. The present study was designed to investigate the precise function of the STAT3/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) signaling pathway in high glucose (HG)-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury and the function of the STAT3/HIF-1α pathway in the cardioprotective action of H2S. The results revealed that GYY4137 pretreatment substantially ameliorated the HG-induced decrease in cell viability and the increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in H9c2 cells. Additionally, HG treatment resulted in the upregulation of the phosphorylated (p)-STAT3/STAT3 ratio and HIF-1α protein expression in H9c2 cells, indicating that the activation of the STAT3/HIF-1α pathway was induced by HG. STAT3/HIF-1α pathway inhibition induced by transfection with STAT3 small interfering (si)-RNA attenuated the HG-induced downregulation of cell viability and the upregulation of LDH release. Furthermore, STAT3 siRNA transfection and GYY4137 pretreatment combined attenuated HG-induced apoptosis as illustrated by the decrease in the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells, caspase-3 activity, apoptosis ratio and BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator/BCL2 apoptosis regulator ratio in H9c2 cells. In addition, STAT3 siRNA transfection and GYY4137 blocked HG-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by the decrease in reactive oxygen species generation, malondialdehyde content and NADPH oxidase 2 expression, and the increase in superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione level. Notably, GYY4137 pretreatment was revealed to reduce the p-STAT3/STAT3 ratio and HIF-1α protein expression, resulting in the inhibition of the STAT3/HIF-1α signaling pathway in HG-treated H9c2 cells. Altogether, the present results demonstrated that H2S mitigates HG-induced H9c2 cell damage, and reduces apoptosis and oxidative stress by suppressing the STAT3/HIF-1α signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Qiang Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450016, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450016, P.R. China
| | - Shen-Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450016, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450016, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Xi Xuan
- Department of Cardiology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450016, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Jie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450016, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
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Zhang X, Huang H, Zhang G, Li D, Wang H, Jiang W. Raltegravir Attenuates Experimental Pulmonary Fibrosis In Vitro and In Vivo. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:903. [PMID: 31481891 PMCID: PMC6710384 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Raltegravir, an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) integrase, has been used to treat HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; however, its therapeutic effects on pulmonary fibrosis have not been investigated. In this study, the in vitro effects of raltegravir (RAV) on transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced pulmonary fibrosis on L929 mouse fibroblasts were investigated. In addition, the effects of RAV on an in vivo pulmonary fibrosis model induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin were investigated. The proliferation of L929 cells was inhibited after RAV treatment. Meanwhile, the in vitro and in vivo protein expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor 3 (NLRP3), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2, phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB (p-NF-κB), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), collagens I and III was reduced relative to TGF-β1 or the bleomycin group. Raltegravir ameliorated pulmonary fibrosis by reducing the pathology score, collagen deposition, and expression of α-smooth muscle actin, NLRP3, HMGB1, TLR4, inhibitor of kappa B, p-NF-κB, HIF-1α, collagen I, and collagen III. The results of this study demonstrate that RAV attenuated experimental attenuates pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting NLRP3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Haidi Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Guanghua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Defang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Wanglin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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44
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Strowitzki MJ, Ritter AS, Kimmer G, Schneider M. Hypoxia-adaptive pathways: A pharmacological target in fibrotic disease? Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104364. [PMID: 31376431 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing responses are physiological reactions to injuries and share common characteristics and phases independently of the injured organ or tissue. A major hallmark of wound healing responses is the formation of extra-cellular matrix (ECM), mainly consisting of collagen fibers, to restore the initial organ architecture and function. Overshooting wound healing responses result in unphysiological accumulation of ECM and collagen deposition, a process called fibrosis. Importantly, hypoxia (oxygen demand exceeds supply) plays a significant role during wound healing responses and fibrotic diseases. Under hypoxic conditions, cells activate a gene program, including the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which induces the expression of HIF target genes counteracting hypoxia. In contrast, in normoxia, so-called HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) oxygen-dependently hydroxylate HIF-α, which marks it for proteasomal degradation. Importantly, PHDs can be pharmacologically inhibited (PHI) by so-called PHD inhibitors. There is mounting evidence that the HIF-pathway is continuously up-regulated during the development of tissue fibrosis, and that pharmacological (HIFI) or genetic inhibition of HIF can prevent organ fibrosis. By contrast, initial (short-term) activation of the HIF pathway via PHI during wound healing seems to be beneficial in several models of inflammation or acute organ injury. Thus, timing and duration of PHI and HIFI treatment seem to be crucial. In this review, we will highlight the role of hypoxia-adaptive pathways during wound healing responses and development of fibrotic disease. Moreover, we will discuss whether PHI and HIFI might be a promising treatment option in fibrotic disease, and consider putative pitfalls that might result from this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz J Strowitzki
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alina S Ritter
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gwendolyn Kimmer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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45
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Hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibrosis for the development of breast capsular contracture. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10269. [PMID: 31311941 PMCID: PMC6635377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46439-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis has been considered as a major cause of capsular contracture. Hypoxia has widely emerged as one of the driving factors for fibrotic diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hypoxia-induced fibrosis and breast capsular contracture formation. Fibrosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vimentin, fibronectin, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in tissues from patients with capsular contracture were determined according to the Baker classification system. Normal breast skin cells in patients with capsular contracture after implant-based breast surgery and NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts were cultured with cobalt chloride (CoCl2) to mimic hypoxic conditions. Treatment responses were determined by detecting the expression of HIF-1α, vimentin, fibronectin, N-cadherin, snail, twist, occludin, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and -2, as well as phosphorylated ERK. The expression levels of HIF-1α, vimentin, fibronectin, and fibrosis as well as EMT were positively correlated with the severity of capsular contracture. MMP-9 expression was negatively correlated the Baker score. Hypoxia up-regulated the expression of HIF-1α, vimentin, fibronectin, N-cadherin, snail, twist, TIMP-1 and -2, as well as phosphorylated ERK in normal breast skin cells and NIH3T3. Nonetheless, the expression levels of MMP-9 and occludin were down-regulated in response to CoCl2 treatment. This study is the first to demonstrate the association of hypoxia-induced fibrosis and capsular contracture.
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Zhernovkov V, Santra T, Cassidy H, Rukhlenko O, Matallanas D, Krstic A, Kolch W, Lobaskin V, Kholodenko BN. An integrative computational approach for a prioritization of key transcription regulators associated with nanomaterial-induced toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2019; 171:303-314. [PMID: 31271423 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid increase of new nanomaterial products poses new challenges for their risk assessment. Current traditional methods for estimating potential adverse health effect of nanomaterials (NMs) are complex, time consuming and expensive. In order to develop new prediction tests for nanotoxicity evaluation, a systems biology approach and data from high-throughput omics experiments can be used. We present a computational approach that combines reverse engineering techniques, network analysis and pathway enrichment analysis for inferring the transcriptional regulation landscape and its functional interpretation. To illustrate this approach, we used published transcriptomic data derived from mice lung tissue exposed to carbon nanotubes (NM-401 and NRCWE-26). Because fibrosis is the most common adverse effect of these NMs, we included in our analysis the data for bleomycin (BLM) treatment, which is a well-known fibrosis inducer. We inferred gene regulatory networks for each NM and BLM to capture functional hierarchical regulatory structures between genes and their regulators. Despite the different nature of the lung injury caused by nanoparticles and BLM, we identified several conserved core regulators for all agents. We reason that these regulators can be considered as early predictors of toxic responses after NMs exposure. This integrative approach, which refines traditional methods of transcriptomic analysis, can be useful for prioritization of potential core regulators and generation of new hypothesis about mechanisms of nanoparticles toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Zhernovkov
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tapesh Santra
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Hilary Cassidy
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Oleksii Rukhlenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David Matallanas
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Aleksandar Krstic
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Boris N Kholodenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
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47
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Gli signaling pathway modulates fibroblast activation and facilitates scar formation in pulmonary fibrosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:684-690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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48
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Zhang HX, Li YN, Wang XL, Ye CL, Zhu XY, Li HP, Yang T, Liu YJ. Probucol ameliorates EMT and lung fibrosis through restoration of SIRT3 expression. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2019; 57:101803. [PMID: 31085231 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2019.101803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive fibrotic lung disease with a paucity of therapeutic options. Here we investigated the potential roles of probucol, a cholesterol-lowering drug with potent anti-oxidation properties, on pulmonary epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibrosis. We found that bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis was associated with increased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and decreased E-cadherin expression in lung tissues, indicating EMT formation. Bleomycin treatment resulted in an induction of oxidative stress in lung tissues. Probucol treatment attenuated bleomycin-induced TGF-β1 production, EMT and pulmonary fibrosis, meanwhile it suppressed bleomycin-induced oxidative stress. Bleomycin treatment resulted in decreases in protein expressions of Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) in the lung, which were restored by ROS scavenger NAC and probucol treatment, suggesting that probucol might restore SIRT3 expression by suppressing bleomycin-induced oxidative stress. In the mouse alveolar type II epithelial cell line MLE-12, probucol treatment leads to an increase in SIRT3 expression in bleomycin-treated AT-II cells, which might contribute to the inhibitory effect of probucol on EMT through suppressing hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α/TGF-β1 pathway. In addition, probucol inhibited bleomycin-induced macrophage infiltration in the lung. Bleomycin decreased SIRT3 protein expression, whereas increased HIF-1α activation and TGF-β1 release in the mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7, which were attenuated by probucol treatment. Taken together, the present study suggests that probucol may ameliorate EMT and lung fibrosis through restoration of SIRT3 expression. The data obtained in this study provides proof for the idea that probucol may be a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Zhang
- Department of Respiration, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China; Department of Respiration, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China; Department of Respiration, Kongjiang Hospital, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yi-Nan Li
- School of Kinesiology, The Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China; Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- School of Kinesiology, The Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Chang-Lin Ye
- School of Kinesiology, The Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hui-Ping Li
- Department of Respiration, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China; Department of Respiration, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yu-Jian Liu
- School of Kinesiology, The Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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49
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Warbrick I, Rabkin SW. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) as a factor mediating the relationship between obesity and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Obes Rev 2019; 20:701-712. [PMID: 30828970 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), a common condition with an increased mortality, is strongly associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The latter two conditions are associated with increased epicardial fat that can extend into the heart. This review advances the proposition that hypoxia-inhibitory factor-1α (HIF-1α) maybe a key factor producing HFpEF. HIF-1α, a highly conserved transcription factor that plays a key role in tissue response to hypoxia, is increased in adipose tissue in obesity. Increased HIF-1α expression leads to expression of a potent profibrotic transcriptional programme involving collagen I, III, IV, TIMP, and lysyl oxidase. The net effect is the formation of collagen fibres leading to fibrosis. HIF-1α is also responsible for recruiting M1 macrophages that mediate obesity-associated inflammation, releasing IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β with increased expression of thrombospondin, pro α2 (I) collagen, transforming growth factor β, NADPH oxidase, and connective tissue growth factor. These factors can accelerate cardiac fibrosis and impair cardiac diastolic function. Inhibition of HIF-1α expression in adipose tissue of mice fed a high-fat diet suppressed fibrosis and reduces inflammation in adipose tissue. Delineation of the role played by HIF-1α in obesity-associated HFpEF may lead to new potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Warbrick
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Simon W Rabkin
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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50
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Leinhos L, Peters J, Krull S, Helbig L, Vogler M, Levay M, van Belle GJ, Ridley AJ, Lutz S, Katschinski DM, Zieseniss A. Hypoxia suppresses myofibroblast differentiation by changing RhoA activity. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs223230. [PMID: 30659117 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.223230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts show a high range of phenotypic plasticity, including transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts are responsible for generation of the contraction forces that are important for wound healing and scar formation. Overactive myofibroblasts, by contrast, are involved in abnormal scarring. Cell stretching and extracellular signals such as transforming growth factor β can induce the myofibroblastic program, whereas microenvironmental conditions such as reduced tissue oxygenation have an inhibitory effect. We investigated the effects of hypoxia on myofibroblastic properties and linked this to RhoA activity. Hypoxia reversed the myofibroblastic phenotype of primary fibroblasts. This was accompanied by decreased αSMA (ACTA2) expression, alterations in cell contractility, actin reorganization and RhoA activity. We identified a hypoxia-inducible induction of ARHGAP29, which is critically involved in myocardin-related transcription factor-A (MRTF-A) signaling, the differentiation state of myofibroblasts and modulates RhoA activity. This novel link between hypoxia and MRTF-A signaling is likely to be important for ischemia-induced tissue remodeling and the fibrotic response.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Leinhos
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Peters
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Krull
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena Helbig
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Vogler
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Magdolna Levay
- Experimental Pharmacology, European Center of Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gijsbert J van Belle
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne J Ridley
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Susanne Lutz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dörthe M Katschinski
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anke Zieseniss
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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