1
|
Wang W, Choudhary A, Mu C, Scantlebury MH, Shearer J, Reimer RA. Protocol for nutritional intervention in neonatal rats using the "pup-in-a-cup" artificial rearing system. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:102919. [PMID: 38427567 PMCID: PMC10918325 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.102919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Early-life nutrition fundamentally influences newborn development and health. Here, we present a protocol for nutritional intervention in neonatal rats using the "pup-in-a-cup" artificial rearing system. We describe steps for rat milk substitute preparation, cheek cannulation and maintenance, and nutritional manipulation during the suckling period. This protocol enables investigation into the role of nutritional factors in newborns by artificially rearing rats away from the mother with experimental diets starting at postnatal day 4 for up to 18 days. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Wang et al.,1 Choudhary et al.,2 and Mu et al.3,4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weilan Wang
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Anamika Choudhary
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chunlong Mu
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Morris H Scantlebury
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shimizu T, Fujii T, Hanita K, Shinozaki R, Takamura Y, Suzuki Y, Kageyama T, Kato M, Nishijo H, Tominaga M, Sakai H. Polycystic kidney disease 2-like 1 channel contributes to the bitter aftertaste perception of quinine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4271. [PMID: 36922541 PMCID: PMC10017821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitterness is an important physiological function in the defense responses to avoid toxic foods. The taste receptor 2 family is well known to mediate bitter taste perception in Type II taste cells. Here, we report that the polycystic kidney disease 2-like 1 (PKD2L1) channel is a novel sensor for the bitter aftertaste in Type III taste cells. The PKD2L1 channel showed rebound activation after the washout of quinine, a bitter tastant, in electrophysiological whole-cell recordings of the PKD2L1-expressing HEK293T cells and Ca2+-imaging analysis of Type III taste cells isolated from wild-type PKD2L1 mice. In the short-term two-bottle preference and lick tests in vivo, the wild-type mice avoided normal water while the PKD2L1-knockout mice preferred normal water after they ingested the quinine-containing water. These results may explain the new mechanism of the quinine-triggered bitter aftertaste perception in Type III taste cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Takuto Fujii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hanita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ryo Shinozaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yusaku Takamura
- Department of System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Suzuki
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Teppei Kageyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- Department of System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Patrono E, Svoboda J, Stuchlík A. Schizophrenia, the gut microbiota, and new opportunities from optogenetic manipulations of the gut-brain axis. Behav Brain Funct 2021; 17:7. [PMID: 34158061 PMCID: PMC8218443 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-021-00180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia research arose in the twentieth century and is currently rapidly developing, focusing on many parallel research pathways and evaluating various concepts of disease etiology. Today, we have relatively good knowledge about the generation of positive and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. However, the neural basis and pathophysiology of schizophrenia, especially cognitive symptoms, are still poorly understood. Finding new methods to uncover the physiological basis of the mental inabilities related to schizophrenia is an urgent task for modern neuroscience because of the lack of specific therapies for cognitive deficits in the disease. Researchers have begun investigating functional crosstalk between NMDARs and GABAergic neurons associated with schizophrenia at different resolutions. In another direction, the gut microbiota is getting increasing interest from neuroscientists. Recent findings have highlighted the role of a gut-brain axis, with the gut microbiota playing a crucial role in several psychopathologies, including schizophrenia and autism. There have also been investigations into potential therapies aimed at normalizing altered microbiota signaling to the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the central nervous system (CNS). Probiotics diets and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are currently the most common therapies. Interestingly, in rodent models of binge feeding, optogenetic applications have been shown to affect gut colony sensitivity, thus increasing colonic transit. Here, we review recent findings on the gut microbiota–schizophrenia relationship using in vivo optogenetics. Moreover, we evaluate if manipulating actors in either the brain or the gut might improve potential treatment research. Such research and techniques will increase our knowledge of how the gut microbiota can manipulate GABA production, and therefore accompany changes in CNS GABAergic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Patrono
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, 1830, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Svoboda
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, 1830, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Stuchlík
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, 1830, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sclafani A, Ackroff K. Nutrient-conditioned intake stimulation does not require a distinctive flavor cue in rats. Appetite 2020; 154:104793. [PMID: 32621941 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The postoral actions of nutrients in rodents can stimulate intake and condition flavor preferences through an appetition process. Appetition is revealed in rodents by their increased intake of and preference for a flavored solution paired with intragastric (IG) nutrient infusions. Here we determined if IG 16% maltodextrin (MD) infusions can stimulate intake and preference in the absence of a distinctive flavor cue. Rats implanted with IG catheters were given chow and water 2 h/day followed, 2 h later, by 20-h oral access to water paired with IG MD infusions. Other rats were given bitter sucrose octaacetate solution (SOA) paired with IG MD infusions 20 h/day. Over 8 test days, the SOA rats increased their total 20-h fluid intake (oral + IG) from 26 to 119 g/20 h and Water rats increased their intake from 31 to 96 g/20 h. When infused IG with water instead of MD in a 4-day extinction test, the SOA and Water groups reduced their fluid intakes to 45-48 g/20 h. When oral fluids were again paired with IG MD infusions, the SOA and Water groups increased their intakes to 115 and 109 g/20 h, respectively. In two-bottle tests, the SOA rats drank more SOA paired with IG MD than water paired with IG water. Water rats given the choice of a water bottle paired with IG MD and water bottle paired with IG water did not consistently prefer the H2O/ID MD bottle. Instead they displayed side or sipper tube preferences although neither cue was consistently paired with IG MD during one-bottle training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sclafani
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA.
| | - Karen Ackroff
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bretas RV, Matsumoto J, Nishimaru H, Takamura Y, Hori E, Ono T, Nishijo H. Neural Representation of Overlapping Path Segments and Reward Acquisitions in the Monkey Hippocampus. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:48. [PMID: 31572133 PMCID: PMC6751269 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disambiguation of overlapping events is thought to be the hallmark of episodic memory. Recent rodent studies have reported that when navigating overlapping path segments in the different routes place cell activity in the same overlapping path segments were remapped according to different goal locations in different routes. However, it is unknown how hippocampal neurons disambiguate reward delivery in overlapping path segments in different routes. In the present study, we recorded monkey hippocampal neurons during performance of three virtual navigation (VN) tasks in which a monkey alternately navigated two different routes that included overlapping path segments (common central hallway) and acquired rewards in the same locations in overlapping path segments by manipulating a joystick. The results indicated that out of 106 hippocampal neurons, 57 displayed place-related activity (place-related neurons), and 18 neurons showed route-dependent activity in the overlapping path segments, consistent with a hippocampal role in the disambiguation of overlapping path segments. Moreover, 75 neurons showed neural correlates to reward delivery (reward-related neurons), whereas 56 of these 75 reward-related neurons showed route-dependent reward-related activity in the overlapping path segments. The ensemble activity of reward-related neurons represented reward delivery, locations, and routes in the overlapping path segments. In addition, ensemble activity patterns of hippocampal neurons more distinctly represented overlapping path segments than non-overlapping path segments. The present results provide neurophysiological evidence of disambiguation in the monkey hippocampus, consistent with a hippocampal role in episodic memory, and support a recent computational model of "neural differentiation," in which overlapping items are better represented by repeated retrieval with competitive learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Vieira Bretas
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical University, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Symbolic Cognitive Development, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jumpei Matsumoto
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical University, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimaru
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical University, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yusaku Takamura
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical University, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hori
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical University, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical University, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical University, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|