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Conde SV, Martins FO, Sacramento JF. Carotid body interoception in health and disease. Auton Neurosci 2024; 255:103207. [PMID: 39121687 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2024.103207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Interoception entails perceiving or being aware of the internal state of the body, playing a pivotal role in regulating processes such as heartbeat, digestion, glucose metabolism, and respiration. The carotid body (CB) serves as an interoceptive organ, transmitting information to the brain via its sensitive nerve, the carotid sinus nerve, to maintain homeostasis. While traditionally known for sensing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels, the CB is now recognized to possess additional interoceptive properties, detecting various mediators involved in blood pressure regulation, inflammation, and glucose homeostasis, among other physiological functions. Furthermore, in the last decades CB dysfunction has been linked to diseases like sleep apnea, essential hypertension, and diabetes. In this review manuscript, we make a concise overview of the traditional interoceptive functions of the CB, acting as a sensor for oxygen levels, carbon dioxide levels, and pH, and introduce the novel interoceptive properties of the CB related to vascular, glucose and energy regulation. Additionally, we revise the contribution of the CB to the onset and progression of metabolic diseases, delving into the potential dysfunction of its interoceptive metabolic functions as a contributing factor to pathophysiology. Finally, we postulate the use of therapeutic interventions targeting the metabolic interoceptive properties of the CB as a potential avenue for addressing metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia V Conde
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Fatima O Martins
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana F Sacramento
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Baltos JA, Casillas-Espinosa PM, Rollo B, Gregory KJ, White PJ, Christopoulos A, Kwan P, O'Brien TJ, May LT. The role of the adenosine system in epilepsy and its comorbidities. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2143-2157. [PMID: 37076128 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most serious and common chronic neurological conditions, characterised by recurrent hypersynchronous electrical activity in the brain that lead to seizures. Despite over 50 million people being affected worldwide, only ~70% of people with epilepsy have their seizures successfully controlled with current pharmacotherapy, and many experience significant psychiatric and physical comorbidities. Adenosine, a ubiquitous purine metabolite, is a potent endogenous anti-epileptic substance that can abolish seizure activity via the adenosine A1 G protein-coupled receptor. Activation of A1 receptors decreases seizure activity in animal models, including models of drug-resistant epilepsy. Recent advances have increased our understanding of epilepsy comorbidities, highlighting the potential for adenosine receptors to modulate epilepsy-associated comorbidities, including cardiovascular dysfunction, sleep and cognition. This review provides an accessible resource of the current advances in understanding the adenosine system as a therapeutic target for epilepsy and epilepsy-associated comorbidities. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Anne Baltos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Rollo
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J White
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick Kwan
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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He X, Zhou Z. Purinergic P2X 3 receptors in the carotid body as new therapeutic targets for controlling heart failure. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:5-8. [PMID: 37211586 PMCID: PMC10828460 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is associated with multiple mechanisms, including sympatho-excitation, and is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Enhanced carotid body chemoreflex function is strongly related to excessive sympathetic nerve activity and sleep-disordered breathing in heart failure. How to reduce the excitability of the carotid body is still scientifically challenging. Both clinical and experimental evidence have suggested that targeting purinergic receptors is of great potential to combat heart failure. In a recent study, Lataro et al. (Lataro et al. in Nat Commun 14:1725, 5) demonstrated that targeting purinergic P2X3 receptors in the carotid body attenuates the progression of heart failure. Using a series of molecular, biochemical, and functional assays, the authors observed that the carotid body generates spontaneous, episodic burst discharges coincident with the onset of disordered breathing in male rats with heart failure, which was generated by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. Moreover, P2X3 receptor expression was found to be upregulated in the petrosal ganglion chemoreceptive neurons of rats with heart failure. Of particular note, treatment with a P2X3 antagonist rescued pathological breathing disturbances, abolished episodic discharges, reinstated autonomic balance, attenuated cardiac dysfunction, and reduced the immune cell response and plasma cytokine levels in those rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximeng He
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina/International Joint Research Centre On Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 37 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610075, China
- Acupuncture & Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Zhichao Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Souza JR, Machado BH. Cardiovascular and respiratory evaluation in adenosine A 2A receptor knockout mice submitted to short-term sustained hypoxia. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:1434-1445. [PMID: 37632713 PMCID: PMC10988442 DOI: 10.1113/ep091221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Sustained hypoxia (SH) in mice induces changes in the respiratory pattern and increase in the parasympathetic tone to the heart. Among adenosine G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the A2A receptors are especially important in mediating adenosine actions during hypoxia due to their expression in neurons involved with the generation and modulation of the autonomic and respiratory functions. Herein, we performed an in vivo evaluation of the baseline cardiovascular and respiratory parameters and their changes in response to SH in knockout mice for A2A receptors (A2A KO). SH produced similar and significant reductions in mean arterial pressure and heart rate in both wild-type (WT) and A2A KO mice when compared to their respective normoxic controls. Mice from WT and A2A KO groups submitted to normoxia or SH presented similar cardiovascular responses to peripheral chemoreflex activation (KCN). Under normoxic conditions A2A KO mice presented a respiratory frequency (fR ) significantly higher in relation to the WT group, which was reduced in response to SH. These data show that the lack of adenosine A2A receptors in mice does not affect the cardiovascular parameters and the autonomic responses to chemoreflex activation in control (normoxia) and SH mice. We conclude that the A2A receptors play a major role in the control of respiratory frequency and in the tachypnoeic response to SH in mice. NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? Are cardiovascular and respiratory parameters and their changes in response to sustained hypoxia (SH) altered in adenosine A2A receptor knockout mice? What is the main finding and its importance? Cardiovascular parameters and their changes in response to SH were not altered in A2A KO mice. The respiratory frequency in A2A KO was higher than in WT mice. In response to SH the respiratory frequency increased in WT, while it was reduced in A2A KO mice. A2A receptors play a major role in the modulation of respiratory frequency and in the tachypnoeic response to SH in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R. Souza
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoSPBrazil
| | - Benedito H. Machado
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoSPBrazil
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Tubek S, Niewinski P, Langner-Hetmanczuk A, Jura M, Kuliczkowski W, Reczuch K, Ponikowski P. The effects of P2Y 12 adenosine receptors' inhibitors on central and peripheral chemoreflexes. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1214893. [PMID: 37538377 PMCID: PMC10394699 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1214893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The most common side effect of ticagrelor is dyspnea, which leads to premature withdrawal of this life-saving medication in 6.5% of patients. Increased chemoreceptors' sensitivity was suggested as a possible pathophysiological explanation of this phenomenon; however, the link between oversensitization of peripheral and/or central chemosensory areas and ticagrelor intake has not been conclusively proved. Methods: We measured peripheral chemoreceptors' sensitivity using hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), central chemoreceptors' sensitivity using hypercapnic hyperoxic ventilatory response (HCVR), and dyspnea severity before and 4 ± 1 weeks following ticagrelor initiation in 11 subjects with chronic coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The same tests were performed in 11 age-, sex-, and BMI-matched patients treated with clopidogrel. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.com at NCT05080478. Results: Ticagrelor significantly increased both HVR (0.52 ± 0.46 vs. 0.84 ± 0.69 L min-1 %-1; p < 0.01) and HCVR (1.05 ± 0.64 vs. 1.75 ± 1.04 L min-1 mmHg-1; p < 0.01). The absolute change in HVR correlated with the change in HCVR. Clopidogrel administration did not significantly influence HVR (0.63 ± 0.32 vs. 0.58 ± 0.33 L min-1%-1; p = 0.53) and HCVR (1.22 ± 0.67 vs. 1.2 ± 0.64 L min-1 mmHg-1; p = 0.79). Drug-related dyspnea was reported by three subjects in the ticagrelor group and by none in the clopidogrel group. These patients were characterized by either high baseline HVR and HCVR or excessive increase in HVR following ticagrelor initiation. Discussion: Ticagrelor, contrary to clopidogrel, sensitizes both peripheral and central facets of chemodetection. Two potential mechanisms of ticagrelor-induced dyspnea have been identified: 1) high baseline HVR and HCVR or 2) excessive increase in HVR or HVR and HCVR. Whether other patterns of changes in chemosensitivities play a role in the pathogenesis of this phenomenon needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw Tubek
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Institute of Heart Diseases, University Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Niewinski
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Institute of Heart Diseases, University Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Langner-Hetmanczuk
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Institute of Heart Diseases, University Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maksym Jura
- Institute of Heart Diseases, University Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Physiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Kuliczkowski
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Institute of Heart Diseases, University Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Reczuch
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Institute of Heart Diseases, University Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Institute of Heart Diseases, University Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
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Giannoni A, Borrelli C, Gentile F, Sciarrone P, Spießhöfer J, Piepoli M, Richerson GB, Floras JS, Coats AJS, Javaheri S, Emdin M, Passino C. Autonomic and respiratory consequences of altered chemoreflex function: clinical and therapeutic implications in cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Heart Fail 2023; 25:642-656. [PMID: 36907827 PMCID: PMC10989193 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of chemoreflex function for cardiovascular health is increasingly recognized in clinical practice. The physiological function of the chemoreflex is to constantly adjust ventilation and circulatory control to match respiratory gases to metabolism. This is achieved in a highly integrated fashion with the baroreflex and the ergoreflex. The functionality of chemoreceptors is altered in cardiovascular diseases, causing unstable ventilation and apnoeas and promoting sympathovagal imbalance, and it is associated with arrhythmias and fatal cardiorespiratory events. In the last few years, opportunities to desensitize hyperactive chemoreceptors have emerged as potential options for treatment of hypertension and heart failure. This review summarizes up to date evidence of chemoreflex physiology/pathophysiology, highlighting the clinical significance of chemoreflex dysfunction, and lists the latest proof of concept studies based on modulation of the chemoreflex as a novel target in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Giannoni
- Health Science Interdisciplinary Center, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Gentile
- Health Science Interdisciplinary Center, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Jens Spießhöfer
- Health Science Interdisciplinary Center, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - John S Floras
- Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Shahrokh Javaheri
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Bethesda North Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, and Division of Cardiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio USA
| | - Michele Emdin
- Health Science Interdisciplinary Center, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Passino
- Health Science Interdisciplinary Center, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
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Getsy PM, Davis J, Coffee GA, Lewis THJ, Lewis SJ. Hypercapnic signaling influences hypoxic signaling in the control of breathing in C57BL6 mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:1188-1206. [PMID: 36892890 PMCID: PMC10151047 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00548.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between hypoxic and hypercapnic signaling pathways, expressed as ventilatory changes occurring during and following a simultaneous hypoxic-hypercapnic gas challenge (HH-C) have not been determined systematically in mice. This study in unanesthetized male C57BL6 mice addressed the hypothesis that hypoxic (HX) and hypercapnic (HC) signaling events display an array of interactions indicative of coordination by peripheral and central respiratory mechanisms. We evaluated the ventilatory responses elicited by hypoxic (HX-C, 10%, O2, 90% N2), hypercapnic (HC-C, 5% CO2, 21%, O2, 90% N2), and HH-C (10% O2, 5%, CO2, 85% N2) challenges to determine whether ventilatory responses elicited by HH-C were simply additive of responses elicited by HX-C and HC-C, or whether other patterns of interactions existed. Responses elicited by HH-C were additive for tidal volume, minute ventilation and expiratory time, among others. Responses elicited by HH-C were hypoadditive of the HX-C and HC-C responses (i.e., HH-C responses were less than expected by simple addition of HX-C and HC-C responses) for frequency of breathing, inspiratory time and relaxation time, among others. In addition, end-expiratory pause increased during HX-C, but decreased during HC-C and HH-C, therefore showing that HC-C responses influenced the HX-C responses when given simultaneously. Return to room-air responses was additive for tidal volume and minute ventilation, among others, whereas they were hypoadditive for frequency of breathing, inspiratory time, peak inspiratory flow, apneic pause, inspiratory and expiratory drives, and rejection index. These data show that HX-C and HH-C signaling pathways interact with one another in additive and often hypoadditive processes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We present data showing that the ventilatory responses elicited by a hypoxic gas challenge in male C57BL6 mice are markedly altered by coexposure to hypercapnic gas challenge with hypercapnic responses often dominating the hypoxic responses. These data suggest that hypercapnic signaling processes activated within brainstem regions, such as the retrotrapezoid nuclei, may directly modulate the signaling processes within the nuclei tractus solitarius resulting from hypoxic-induced increase in carotid body chemoreceptor input to these nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Jesse Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Gregory A Coffee
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Tristan H J Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Stephen J Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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Pauza AG, Murphy D, Paton JFR. Transcriptomics of the Carotid Body. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1427:1-11. [PMID: 37322330 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32371-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for treating sympathetically mediated cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic diseases. In adjunct to its classical role as an arterial O2 sensor, the CB is a multimodal sensor activated by a range of stimuli in the circulation. However, consensus on how CB multimodality is achieved is lacking; even the best studied O2-sensing appears to involve multiple convergent mechanisms. A strategy to understand multimodal sensing is to adopt a hypothesis-free, high-throughput transcriptomic approach. This has proven instrumental for understanding fundamental mechanisms of CB response to hypoxia and other stimulants, its developmental niche, cellular heterogeneity, laterality, and pathophysiological remodeling in disease states. Herein, we review this published work that reveals novel molecular mechanisms underpinning multimodal sensing and reveals numerous gaps in knowledge that require experimental testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrys G Pauza
- Manaaki Manawa - The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Manaaki Manawa - The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Lazarov NE, Atanasova DY. Neurochemical Anatomy of the Mammalian Carotid Body. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2023; 237:63-103. [PMID: 37946078 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44757-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Carotid body (CB) glomus cells in most mammals, including humans, contain a broad diversity of classical neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and gaseous signaling molecules as well as their cognate receptors. Among them, acetylcholine, adenosine triphosphate and dopamine have been proposed to be the main excitatory transmitters in the mammalian CB, although subsequently dopamine has been considered an inhibitory neuromodulator in almost all mammalian species except the rabbit. In addition, co-existence of biogenic amines and neuropeptides has been reported in the glomus cells, thus suggesting that they store and release more than one transmitter in response to natural stimuli. Furthermore, certain metabolic and transmitter-degrading enzymes are involved in the chemotransduction and chemotransmission in various mammals. However, the presence of the corresponding biosynthetic enzyme for some transmitter candidates has not been confirmed, and neuroactive substances like serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid and adenosine, neuropeptides including opioids, substance P and endothelin, and gaseous molecules such as nitric oxide have been shown to modulate the chemosensory process through direct actions on glomus cells and/or by producing tonic effects on CB blood vessels. It is likely that the fine balance between excitatory and inhibitory transmitters and their complex interactions might play a more important than suggested role in CB plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai E Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Martins FO, Conde SV. Gender Differences in the Context of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Metabolic Diseases. Front Physiol 2022; 12:792633. [PMID: 34970158 PMCID: PMC8712658 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.792633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and endocrine and metabolic disease is unequivocal. OSA, which is characterized by intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation, leads to and exacerbates obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) as well as endocrine disturbances, such as hypothyroidism and Cushing syndrome, among others. However, this relationship is bidirectional with endocrine and metabolic diseases being considered major risk factors for the development of OSA. For example, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, is significantly associated with OSA in adult patients. Several factors have been postulated to contribute to or be critical in the genesis of dysmetabolic states in OSA including the increase in sympathetic activation, the deregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), insulin resistance, alteration in adipokines levels, and inflammation of the adipose tissue. However, probably the alterations in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis and the altered secretion of hormones from the peripheral endocrine glands could play a major role in the gender differences in the link between OSA-dysmetabolism. In fact, normal sleep is also different between men and women due to the physiologic differences between genders, with sex hormones such as progesterone, androgens, and estrogens, being also connected with breathing pathologies. Moreover, it is very well known that OSA is more prevalent among men than women, however the prevalence in women increases after menopause. At the same time, the step-rise in obesity and its comorbidities goes along with mounting evidence of clinically important sex and gender differences. Metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, seen as a men's illness for decades, presently are more common in women than in men and obesity has a higher association with insulin-resistance-related risk factors in women than in men. In this way, in the present manuscript, we will review the major findings on the overall mechanisms that connect OSA and dysmetabolism giving special attention to the specific regulation of this relationship in each gender. We will also detail the gender-specific effects of hormone replacement therapies on metabolic control and sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima O Martins
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sílvia V Conde
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Ventilatory responses during and following hypercapnic gas challenge are impaired in male but not female endothelial NOS knock-out mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20557. [PMID: 34663876 PMCID: PMC8523677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99922-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the ventilatory responses during and after a hypercapnic gas challenge (HCC, 5% CO2, 21% O2, 74% N2) were assessed in freely-moving female and male wild-type (WT) C57BL6 mice and eNOS knock-out (eNOS-/-) mice of C57BL6 background using whole body plethysmography. HCC elicited an array of ventilatory responses that were similar in male and female WT mice, such as increases in breathing frequency (with falls in inspiratory and expiratory times), and increases in tidal volume, minute ventilation, peak inspiratory and expiratory flows, and inspiratory and expiratory drives. eNOS-/- male mice had smaller increases in minute ventilation, peak inspiratory flow and inspiratory drive, and smaller decreases in inspiratory time than WT males. Ventilatory responses in female eNOS-/- mice were similar to those in female WT mice. The ventilatory excitatory phase upon return to room-air was similar in both male and female WT mice. However, the post-HCC increases in frequency of breathing (with decreases in inspiratory times), and increases in tidal volume, minute ventilation, inspiratory drive (i.e., tidal volume/inspiratory time) and expiratory drive (i.e., tidal volume/expiratory time), and peak inspiratory and expiratory flows in male eNOS-/- mice were smaller than in male WT mice. In contrast, the post-HCC responses in female eNOS-/- mice were equal to those of the female WT mice. These findings provide the first evidence that the loss of eNOS affects the ventilatory responses during and after HCC in male C57BL6 mice, whereas female C57BL6 mice can compensate for the loss of eNOS, at least in respect to triggering ventilatory responses to HCC.
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12
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Getsy PM, Sundararajan S, May WJ, von Schill GC, McLaughlin DK, Palmer LA, Lewis SJ. Short-term facilitation of breathing upon cessation of hypoxic challenge is impaired in male but not female endothelial NOS knock-out mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18346. [PMID: 34526532 PMCID: PMC8443732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreases in arterial blood oxygen stimulate increases in minute ventilation via activation of peripheral and central respiratory structures. This study evaluates the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the expression of the ventilatory responses during and following a hypoxic gas challenge (HXC, 10% O2, 90% N2) in freely moving male and female wild-type (WT) C57BL6 and eNOS knock-out (eNOS-/-) mice. Exposure to HXC caused an array of responses (of similar magnitude and duration) in both male and female WT mice such as, rapid increases in frequency of breathing, tidal volume, minute ventilation and peak inspiratory and expiratory flows, that were subject to pronounced roll-off. The responses to HXC in male eNOS-/- mice were similar to male WT mice. In contrast, several of the ventilatory responses in female eNOS-/- mice (e.g., frequency of breathing, and expiratory drive) were greater compared to female WT mice. Upon return to room-air, male and female WT mice showed similar excitatory ventilatory responses (i.e., short-term potentiation phase). These responses were markedly reduced in male eNOS-/- mice, whereas female eNOS-/- mice displayed robust post-HXC responses that were similar to those in female WT mice. Our data demonstrates that eNOS plays important roles in (1) ventilatory responses to HXC in female compared to male C57BL6 mice; and (2) expression of post-HXC responses in male, but not female C57BL6 mice. These data support existing evidence that sex, and the functional roles of specific proteins (e.g., eNOS) have profound influences on ventilatory processes, including the responses to HXC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M. Getsy
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Research Building BRB 319, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue Mail Stop 1714, Cleveland, OH 44106-1714 USA ,grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Sripriya Sundararajan
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XPediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA USA ,grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Present Address: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Walter J. May
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XPediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Graham C. von Schill
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XPediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Dylan K. McLaughlin
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XPediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Lisa A. Palmer
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XPediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Research Building BRB 319, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue Mail Stop 1714, Cleveland, OH 44106-1714 USA ,grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA ,grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
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13
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Getsy PM, Sundararajan S, Lewis SJ. Carotid sinus nerve transection abolishes the facilitation of breathing that occurs upon cessation of a hypercapnic gas challenge in male mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:821-835. [PMID: 34236243 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01031.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial pCO2 elevations increase minute ventilation via activation of chemosensors within the carotid body (CB) and brainstem. Although the roles of CB chemoafferents in the hypercapnic (HC) ventilatory response have been investigated, there are no studies reporting the role of these chemoafferents in the ventilatory responses to a HC challenge or the responses that occur upon return to room air, in freely moving mice. This study found that an HC challenge (5% CO2, 21% O2, 74% N2 for 15 min) elicited an array of responses, including increases in frequency of breathing (accompanied by decreases in inspiratory and expiratory times), and increases in tidal volume, minute ventilation, peak inspiratory and expiratory flows, and inspiratory and expiratory drives in sham-operated (SHAM) adult male C57BL6 mice, and that return to room air elicited a brief excitatory phase followed by gradual recovery of all parameters toward baseline values over a 15-min period. The array of ventilatory responses to the HC challenge in mice with bilateral carotid sinus nerve transection (CSNX) performed 7 days previously occurred more slowly but reached similar maxima as SHAM mice. A major finding was responses upon return to room air were dramatically lower in CSNX mice than SHAM mice, and the parameters returned to baseline values within 1-2 min in CSNX mice, whereas it took much longer in SHAM mice. These findings are the first evidence that CB chemoafferents play a key role in initiating the ventilatory responses to HC challenge in C57BL6 mice and are essential for the expression of post-HC ventilatory responses.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study presents the first evidence that carotid body chemoafferents play a key role in initiating the ventilatory responses, such as increases in frequency of breathing, tidal volume, and minute ventilation that occur in response to a hypercapnic gas challenge in freely moving C57BL6 mice. Our study also demonstrates for the first time that these chemoafferents are essential for the expression of the ventilatory responses that occur upon return to room air in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sripriya Sundararajan
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Stephen J Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pharmacology, Case Western University, Cleveland, Ohio
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14
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Iturriaga R, Alcayaga J, Chapleau MW, Somers VK. Carotid body chemoreceptors: physiology, pathology, and implications for health and disease. Physiol Rev 2021; 101:1177-1235. [PMID: 33570461 PMCID: PMC8526340 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is the main peripheral chemoreceptor for arterial respiratory gases O2 and CO2 and pH, eliciting reflex ventilatory, cardiovascular, and humoral responses to maintain homeostasis. This review examines the fundamental biology underlying CB chemoreceptor function, its contribution to integrated physiological responses, and its role in maintaining health and potentiating disease. Emphasis is placed on 1) transduction mechanisms in chemoreceptor (type I) cells, highlighting the role played by the hypoxic inhibition of O2-dependent K+ channels and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, and their modification by intracellular molecules and other ion channels; 2) synaptic mechanisms linking type I cells and petrosal nerve terminals, focusing on the role played by the main proposed transmitters and modulatory gases, and the participation of glial cells in regulation of the chemosensory process; 3) integrated reflex responses to CB activation, emphasizing that the responses differ dramatically depending on the nature of the physiological, pathological, or environmental challenges, and the interactions of the chemoreceptor reflex with other reflexes in optimizing oxygen delivery to the tissues; and 4) the contribution of enhanced CB chemosensory discharge to autonomic and cardiorespiratory pathophysiology in obstructive sleep apnea, congestive heart failure, resistant hypertension, and metabolic diseases and how modulation of enhanced CB reactivity in disease conditions may attenuate pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Iturriaga
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, and Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Julio Alcayaga
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mark W Chapleau
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Virend K Somers
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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15
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Stocco E, Sfriso MM, Borile G, Contran M, Barbon S, Romanato F, Macchi V, Guidolin D, De Caro R, Porzionato A. Experimental Evidence of A 2A-D 2 Receptor-Receptor Interactions in the Rat and Human Carotid Body. Front Physiol 2021; 12:645723. [PMID: 33935801 PMCID: PMC8082109 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.645723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) and dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) are known to be involved in the physiological response to hypoxia, and their expression/activity may be modulated by chronic sustained or intermittent hypoxia. To date, A2AR and D2R can form transient physical receptor–receptor interactions (RRIs) giving rise to a dynamic equilibrium able to influence ligand binding and signaling, as demonstrated in different native tissues and transfected mammalian cell systems. Given the presence of A2AR and D2R in type I cells, type II cells, and afferent nerve terminals of the carotid body (CB), the aim of this work was to demonstrate here, for the first time, the existence of A2AR–D2R heterodimers by in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA). Our data by PLA analysis and tyrosine hydroxylase/S100 colocalization indicated the formation of A2AR–D2R heterodimers in type I and II cells of the CB; the presence of A2AR–D2R heterodimers also in afferent terminals is also suggested by PLA signal distribution. RRIs could play a role in CB dynamic modifications and plasticity in response to development/aging and environmental stimuli, including chronic intermittent/sustained hypoxia. Exploring other RRIs will allow for a broad comprehension of the regulative mechanisms these interactions preside over, with also possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stocco
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Martina Sfriso
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Borile
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "G. Galilei," University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Martina Contran
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Barbon
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Romanato
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "G. Galilei," University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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16
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Xue Q, Wang R, Wang L, Xiong B, Li L, Qian J, Hao L, Wang Z, Liu D, Deng C, Rong S, Yao Y, Jiang Y, Zhu Q, Huang J. Downregulating the P2X3 receptor in the carotid body to reduce blood pressure via acoustic gene delivery in canines. Transl Res 2021; 227:30-41. [PMID: 32554072 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The purinergic P2X3 receptor in the carotid body (CB) is considered a new target for treating hypertension, although approaches for targeted regulating P2X3 receptor expression are lacking. Here, we explored the feasibility of targeted P2X3 receptor down-regulation in CBs by localized low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU)-mediated gene delivery to reduce the blood pressure. Thirty-two Kunming canines were randomly assigned to the treatment group (n = 14), negative control group (n = 10), LIFU + cationic microbubbles group (n = 4), and LIFU-only group (n = 4). Plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles were injected and bilateral CBs were irradiated with a LIFU-based transducer. Flow cytometry showed that 33.15% of transfected cells expressed the green fluorescent protein reporter gene. T7 endonuclease I assays showed an insertion-deletion rate of 8.30%. The P2X3 receptor mRNA- and protein-expression levels in CBs decreased by 56.31% and 45.10%, respectively, in the treatment group. Mean systolic (152.5 ± 3.0 vs 138.0 ± 2.9 mm Hg, P = 0.003) and diastolic (97.8 ± 1.5 vs 87.2 ± 2.3 mm Hg, P= 0.002) blood pressures reduced on day 14 in the treatment group, compared with the baseline values, whereas no effects were observed with LIFU treatment or cationic microbubbles injection alone. Canines treated with this strategy exhibited no local or systemic adverse events. Thus, LIFU-mediated gene delivery to CBs successfully modulated CB function and reduced blood pressure in a canine model, suggesting a new possibility for treating hypertension and further clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xue
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruiyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingjiao Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Hao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dichuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changming Deng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shunkang Rong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanqing Yao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonghong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Que Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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17
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Resolving the Ionotropic P2X4 Receptor Mystery Points Towards a New Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145005. [PMID: 32679900 PMCID: PMC7404342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a primordial versatile autacoid that changes its role from an intracellular energy saver to a signaling molecule once released to the extracellular milieu. Extracellular ATP and its adenosine metabolite are the main activators of the P2 and P1 purinoceptor families, respectively. Mounting evidence suggests that the ionotropic P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) plays pivotal roles in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, yet further therapeutic advances have been hampered by the lack of selective P2X4R agonists. In this review, we provide the state of the art of the P2X4R activity in the cardiovascular system. We also discuss the role of P2X4R activation in kidney and lungs vis a vis their interplay to control cardiovascular functions and dysfunctions, including putative adverse effects emerging from P2X4R activation. Gathering this information may prompt further development of selective P2X4R agonists and its translation to the clinical practice.
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18
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Gauda EB, Conde S, Bassi M, Zoccal DB, Almeida Colombari DS, Colombari E, Despotovic N. Leptin: Master Regulator of Biological Functions that Affects Breathing. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:1047-1083. [PMID: 32941688 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic in developed countries accounting for many of the metabolic and cardiorespiratory morbidities that occur in adults. These morbidities include type 2 diabetes, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), obstructive sleep apnea, chronic intermittent hypoxia, and hypertension. Leptin, produced by adipocytes, is a master regulator of metabolism and of many other biological functions including central and peripheral circuits that control breathing. By binding to receptors on cells and neurons in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and carotid body, leptin links energy and metabolism to breathing. In this comprehensive article, we review the central and peripheral locations of leptin's actions that affect cardiorespiratory responses during health and disease, with a particular focus on obesity, SDB, and its effects during early development. Obesity-induced hyperleptinemia is associated with centrally mediated hypoventilation with decrease CO2 sensitivity. On the other hand, hyperleptinemia augments peripheral chemoreflexes to hypoxia and induces sympathoexcitation. Thus, "leptin resistance" in obesity is relative. We delineate the circuits responsible for these divergent effects, including signaling pathways. We review the unique effects of leptin during development on organogenesis, feeding behavior, and cardiorespiratory responses, and how undernutrition and overnutrition during critical periods of development can lead to cardiorespiratory comorbidities in adulthood. We conclude with suggestions for future directions to improve our understanding of leptin dysregulation and associated clinical diseases and possible therapeutic targets. Lastly, we briefly discuss the yin and the yang, specifically the contribution of relative adiponectin deficiency in adults with hyperleptinemia to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:1047-1083, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle B Gauda
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Silvia Conde
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mirian Bassi
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Zoccal
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Simoes Almeida Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nikola Despotovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Mitchell L, MacFarlane PM. Mechanistic actions of oxygen and methylxanthines on respiratory neural control and for the treatment of neonatal apnea. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 273:103318. [PMID: 31626973 PMCID: PMC6986994 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apnea remains one of the most concerning and prevalent respiratory disorders spanning all ages from infants (particularly those born preterm) to adults. Although the pathophysiological consequences of apnea are fairly well described, the neural mechanisms underlying the etiology of the different types of apnea (central, obstructive, and mixed) still remain incompletely understood. From a developmental perspective, however, research into the respiratory neural control system of immature animals has shed light on both central and peripheral neural pathways underlying apnea of prematurity (AOP), a highly prevalent respiratory disorder of preterm infants. Animal studies have also been fundamental in furthering our understanding of how clinical interventions (e.g. pharmacological and mechanical) exert their beneficial effects in the clinical treatment of apnea. Although current clinical interventions such as supplemental O2 and positive pressure respiratory support are critically important for the infant in respiratory distress, they are not fully effective and can also come with unfortunate, unintended (and long-term) side-effects. In this review, we have chosen AOP as one of the most common clinical scenarios involving apnea to highlight the mechanistic basis behind how some of the interventions could be both beneficial and also deleterious to the respiratory neural control system. We have included a section on infants with critical congenital heart diseases (CCHD), in whom apnea can be a clinical concern due to treatment with prostaglandin, and who may benefit from some of the treatments used for AOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Peter M MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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20
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Zera T, Moraes DJA, da Silva MP, Fisher JP, Paton JFR. The Logic of Carotid Body Connectivity to the Brain. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 34:264-282. [PMID: 31165684 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00057.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The carotid body has emerged as a therapeutic target for cardio-respiratory-metabolic diseases. With the expansive functions of the chemoreflex, we sought mechanisms to explain differential control of individual responses. We purport a remarkable correlation between phenotype of a chemosensory unit (glomus cell-sensory afferent) with a distinct component of the reflex response. This logic could permit differential modulation of distinct chemoreflex responses, a strategy ideal for therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tymoteusz Zera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Davi J A Moraes
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Melina P da Silva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - James P Fisher
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
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21
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Reklow RJ, Alvares TS, Zhang Y, Miranda Tapia AP, Biancardi V, Katzell AK, Frangos SM, Hansen MA, Toohey AW, Cass CE, Young JD, Pagliardini S, Boison D, Funk GD. The Purinome and the preBötzinger Complex - A Ménage of Unexplored Mechanisms That May Modulate/Shape the Hypoxic Ventilatory Response. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:365. [PMID: 31496935 PMCID: PMC6712068 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration of purinergic signaling in brainstem homeostatic control processes is challenging the traditional view that the biphasic hypoxic ventilatory response, which comprises a rapid initial increase in breathing followed by a slower secondary depression, reflects the interaction between peripheral chemoreceptor-mediated excitation and central inhibition. While controversial, accumulating evidence supports that in addition to peripheral excitation, interactions between central excitatory and inhibitory purinergic mechanisms shape this key homeostatic reflex. The objective of this review is to present our working model of how purinergic signaling modulates the glutamatergic inspiratory synapse in the preBötzinger Complex (key site of inspiratory rhythm generation) to shape the hypoxic ventilatory response. It is based on the perspective that has emerged from decades of analysis of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampus, where the actions of extracellular ATP are determined by a complex signaling system, the purinome. The purinome involves not only the actions of ATP and adenosine at P2 and P1 receptors, respectively, but diverse families of enzymes and transporters that collectively determine the rate of ATP degradation, adenosine accumulation and adenosine clearance. We summarize current knowledge of the roles played by these different purinergic elements in the hypoxic ventilatory response, often drawing on examples from other brain regions, and look ahead to many unanswered questions and remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Reklow
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tucaaue S. Alvares
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ana P. Miranda Tapia
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vivian Biancardi
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alexis K. Katzell
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sara M. Frangos
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Megan A. Hansen
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alexander W. Toohey
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Carol E. Cass
- Professor Emerita, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James D. Young
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Silvia Pagliardini
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Gregory D. Funk
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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22
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Sacramento JF, Olea E, Ribeiro MJ, Prieto-Lloret J, Melo BF, Gonzalez C, Martins FO, Monteiro EC, Conde SV. Contribution of adenosine and ATP to the carotid body chemosensory activity in ageing. J Physiol 2019; 597:4991-5008. [PMID: 31426127 DOI: 10.1113/jp274179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Adenosine and ATP are excitatory neurotransmitters involved in the carotid body (CB) response to hypoxia. During ageing the CB exhibits a decline in its functionality, demonstrated by decreased hypoxic responses. In aged rats (20-24 months old) there is a decrease in: basal and hypoxic release of adenosine and ATP from the CB; expression of adenosine and ATP receptors in the petrosal ganglion; carotid sinus nerve (CSN) activity in response to hypoxia; and ventilatory responses to ischaemic hypoxia. There is also an increase in SNAP25, ENT1 and CD73 expression. It is concluded that, although CSN activity and ventilatory responses to hypoxia decrease with age, adjustments in purinergic metabolism in the CB in aged animals are present aiming to maintain the contribution of adenosine and ATP. The possible significance of the findings in the context of ageing and in CB-associated pathologies is considered. ABSTRACT During ageing the carotid body (CB) exhibits a decline in its functionality. Here we investigated the effect of ageing on functional CB characteristics as well as the contribution of adenosine and ATP to CB chemosensory activity. Experiments were performed in 3-month-old and 20- to 24-month-old male Wistar rats. Ageing decreased: the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immune-positive cells, but not type II cells or nestin-positive cells in the CB; the expression of P2X2 and A2A receptors in the petrosal ganglion; and the basal and hypoxic release of adenosine and ATP from the CB. Ageing increased ecto-nucleotidase (CD73) immune-positive cells and the expression of synaptosome associated protein 25 (SNAP25) and equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) in the CB. Additionally, ageing did not modify basal carotid sinus nerve (CSN) activity or the activity in response to hypercapnia, but decreased CSN activity in hypoxia. The contribution of adenosine and ATP to stimuli-evoked CSN chemosensory activity in aged animals followed the same pattern of 3-month-old animals. Bilateral common carotid occlusions during 5, 10 and 15 s increased ventilation proportionally to the duration of ischaemia, an effect decreased by ageing. ATP contributed around 50% to ischaemic-ventilatory responses in young and aged rats; the contribution of adenosine was dependent on the intensity of ischaemia, being maximal in ischaemias of 5 s (50%) and much smaller in 15 s ischaemias. Our results demonstrate that both ATP and adenosine contribute to CB chemosensory activity in ageing. Though CB responses to hypoxia, but not to hypercapnia, decrease with age, the relative contribution of both ATP and adenosine for CB activity is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F Sacramento
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elena Olea
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC, Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria J Ribeiro
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jesus Prieto-Lloret
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082, Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC, Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Bernardete F Melo
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Constancio Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC, Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Fatima O Martins
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Emilia C Monteiro
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Silvia V Conde
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082, Lisbon, Portugal
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Leonard EM, Zhang M, Nurse CA. Evidence for protein kinase involvement in the 5-HT-[Ca 2+ ] i -pannexin-1 signalling pathway in type II glial cells of the rat carotid body. Exp Physiol 2018; 104:244-253. [PMID: 30456914 DOI: 10.1113/ep087411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The mammalian carotid body (CB) is a peripheral chemoreceptor organ involved in O2 and CO2 /H+ homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that 5-HT, released from CB receptor cells, can stimulate adjacent glial-like type II cells, leading to an increase in intracellular Ca2+ (Δ[Ca2+ ]i ) and activation of ATP-permeable pannexin-1 (Panx-1) channels. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of protein kinases in the 5-HT-[Ca2+ ]i -Panx-1 signalling pathway. What is the main finding and its importance? Src family kinase and protein kinase A, acting downstream from Δ[Ca2+ ]i , played central roles in 5-HT-mediated Panx-1 channel activation. This provides new insight into mechanisms regulating CB excitation, especially in pathophysiological conditions. ABSTRACT Chemoreceptor (type I) cells of the rodent carotid body (CB) synthesize and release several neurotransmitters/neuromodulators, including 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), implicated in enhanced CB excitation after exposure to chronic intermittent hypoxia, e.g. sleep apnoea. However, recent studies suggest that 5-HT can robustly stimulate adjacent glial-like type II cells via ketanserin-sensitive 5-HT2 receptors, leading to intracellular Ca2+ elevation (Δ[Ca2+ ]i ) and activation of ATP-permeable pannexin-1 (Panx-1) channels. Using dissociated rat CB cultures, we investigated the role of protein kinases in the intracellular signalling pathways in type II cells. In isolated type II cells, 5-HT activated a Panx-1-like inward current (I5-HT ) that was reversibly inhibited by the Src family kinase inhibitor PP2 (1 μm), but not by its inactive analogue, PP3 (1 μm). Moreover, I5-HT was reversibly inhibited (>90%) by H89 (1 μm), a protein kinase A blocker, whereas the protein kinase C blocker GF109203X (2 μm) was largely ineffective. In contrast, the P2Y2R agonist UTP (100 μm) activated Panx-1-like currents that were reversibly inhibited (∼60%) by either H89 or GF109203X. Using fura-2 spectrofluorimetry, the 5-HT-induced Δ[Ca2+ ]i was unaffected by PP2, H89 and GF109293X, suggesting that the kinases acted downstream of the Ca2+ rise. Given that intracellular Ca2+ chelation was previously shown to block receptor-mediated Panx-1 current activation in type II cells, these data suggest that CB neuromodulators use overlapping, but not necessarily identical, signalling pathways to activate Panx-1 channels and release ATP, a CB excitatory neurotransmitter. In conclusion, these studies provide new mechanistic insight into 5-HT signalling in the CB that has pathophysiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Leonard
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin A Nurse
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Słomko J, Zawadka-Kunikowska M, Kujawski S, Klawe JJ, Tafil-Klawe M, Newton JL, Zalewski P. Do Changes in Hemodynamic Parameters Depend Upon Length of Sleep Deprivation? Comparison Between Subjects With Normal Blood Pressure, Prehypertension, and Hypertension. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1374. [PMID: 30356818 PMCID: PMC6190849 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the study was to analyze the impact of sleep deprivation upon hemodynamic and autonomic parameters in subjects with normal blood pressure (BP) compared to prehypertension and hypertension at 24, 28, and 32 h of total sleep deprivation (TSD). Thirty volunteers, healthy men with current medical tests indicating the absence of disease took part in the study. After physical examination (basic neurological, clinical examination, echocardiography and doppler ultrasound of the renal arteries, evaluation of the autonomic nervous system) subjects were divided into three groups: I – normotensive, II – pre-hypertensive, III – hypertensive (age: 31.2 ± 2.1 vs. 33.5 ± 2.7 vs. 36.8 ± 2.7 years, p > 0.05; BMI: 25.2 ± 0.8 vs. 29.0 ± 1.5 vs. 26.4 ± 1.0 kg/m2, p > 0.05). Hemodynamic and autonomic parameters were automatically measured at rest and in a tilted position with a Task Force Monitor. The Task Force Monitor consists of electrocardiography, impedance cardiography, oscillometric, and continuous BP measurement. Mixed models with random effects was applied in order to analyze the parameters’ dependence on the time and the group of patients. One-way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test were used to detect differences between normotensive, pre-hypertensive and hypertensive groups in each time point. In the pre-hypertensive group 28-h TSD resulted in increased vagal outflow [changes in high frequency heart rate (HR) variability, p = 0.0189], as evidenced by decreased HR (p = 0.0293). Moreover after 24-h TSD and 28-h TSD we observed changes in BP parameters. In hypertensive group, the most important changes in hemodynamic parameters: systolic blood pressure (sBP, p = 0.0031), diastolic blood pressure (dBP, p = 0.0136), cardiac output (CO, p = 0.0439) and changes in HR (p = 0.0063) after tilt test were observed after 32-h TSD. In conclusion, our results show that changes in hemodynamic parameters during sleep deprivation depend on the baseline BP and duration of TSD. What is important, both groups reported a decrease of sBP and dBP during the TSD (pre-hypertensive group after 24, 28-h TSD; hypertensive group after 32-h TSD. In our opinion, this is the first study which considers three homogenous groups in terms of gender: only men, during different points of acute TSD: 24, 28, and 32 h of TSD in laboratory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Słomko
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Monika Zawadka-Kunikowska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kujawski
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jacek J Klawe
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Tafil-Klawe
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Julia L Newton
- Institute for Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paweł Zalewski
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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Moya EA, Powell FL. Serotonin and Adenosine G-protein Coupled Receptor Signaling for Ventilatory Acclimatization to Sustained Hypoxia. Front Physiol 2018; 9:860. [PMID: 30072908 PMCID: PMC6059110 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Different patterns of hypoxia evoke different forms of plasticity in the neural control of ventilation. For example, acute intermittent hypoxia produces long term facilitation (LTF) of ventilation, while chronic sustained hypoxia (CH) causes ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH). In both LTF and VAH, ventilation in normoxia is greater than normal after the hypoxic stimulus is removed and the acute hypoxic ventilatory response can increase. However, the mechanisms of LTF and VAH are thought to be different based on previous results showing serotonin 5HT2 receptors, which are G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) that activate GQ signaling, contribute to LTF but not VAH. Newer results show that a different GPCR, namely adenosine A2A receptors and the GS signaling pathway, cause LTF with more severe intermittent hypoxia, i.e., PaO2 = 25–30 Torr for GS versus 35–45 Torr for LTF with the GQ signaling pathway. We hypothesized adenosine A2A receptors and GS signaling are involved in establishing VAH with longer term moderate CH and tested this in adult male rats by measuring ventilatory responses to O2 and CO2 with barometric pressure plethysmography after administering MSX-3 or ketanserin (A2A and 5HT2 antagonists, respectively, both 1 mg/Kg i.p.) during CH for 7 days. Blocking GS or GQ signals throughout CH exposure, significantly decreased VAH. After VAH was established, GQ blockade did not affect ventilation while GS blockade increased VAH. Similar to LTF, data support roles for both GQ and GS pathways in the development of VAH but after VAH has been established, the GS pathway inhibits VAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban A Moya
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Frank L Powell
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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26
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Moraes DJA, da Silva MP, Spiller PF, Machado BH, Paton JFR. Purinergic plasticity within petrosal neurons in hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R963-R971. [PMID: 29949411 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00142.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The carotid bodies are peripheral chemoreceptors and contribute to the homeostatic maintenance of arterial levels of O2, CO2, and [H+]. They have attracted much clinical interest recently because of the realization that aberrant signaling in these organs is associated with several pathologies including hypertension. Herein, we describe data suggesting that sympathetic overactivity in neurogenic hypertension is, at least in part, dependent on carotid body tonicity and hyperreflexia that is related to changes in the electrophysiological properties of chemoreceptive petrosal neurons. We present results showing critical roles for both ATP levels in the carotid bodies and expression of P2X3 receptors in petrosal chemoreceptive, but not baroreceptive, terminals in the etiology of carotid body tonicity and hyperreflexia. We discuss mechanisms that may underlie the changes in electrophysiological properties and P2X3 receptor expression in chemoreceptive petrosal neurons, as well as factors affecting ATP release by cells within the carotid bodies. Our findings support the notion of targeting the carotid bodies to reduce sympathetic outflow and arterial pressure, emphasizing the potential clinical importance of modulating purinergic transmission to treat pathologies associated with carotid body dysfunction but, importantly, sparing physiological chemoreflex function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi J A Moraes
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Melina P da Silva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Pedro F Spiller
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Benedito H Machado
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Cardiovascular Autonomic Research Cluster, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
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