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Chen J, Chen W, Li X, Ye Y, Huang W, Gao L, Zhang M. CBC-1 as a Cynanbungeigenin C derivative inhibits the growth of colorectal cancer through targeting Hedgehog pathway component GLI 1. Steroids 2024; 206:109421. [PMID: 38614233 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal cancers that results in death in worldwide. The Hedgehog (HH) signalling pathway regulates the initiation and progression of CRC. Inhibiting the HH pathway has been presented as a potential treatment strategy in recent years. Cynanbungeigenin C (CBC) is a new type of C21 steroid that has been previously reported for the treatment of medulloblastoma. However, its further investigation was limited by its poor water solubility. In this study, six new CBC derivatives were synthesized through the structural modification of CBC, and four of them showed better water solubility than CBC. Moreover, their antiproliferative activities on CRC were evaluated. It was found that CBC-1 presented the best inhibitory effect on three types of CRC cell lines, and this effect was superior to that of CBC. Mechanistically, CBC-1 inhibited the proliferation of CRC cells through regulation of mRNA and proteins of the HH pathway according to qRT-PCR and Western blotting analysis. Furthermore, Cellular Thermal Shift Assay results indicated that CBC-1 regulated this signalling pathway by targeting glioma‑associated oncogene (GLI 1).In addition, cell apoptosis was induced increasingly by transfection with GLI 1 siRNA or treatment with CBC-1 to downregulate GLI 1. Last, the in vivo results demonstrated that CBC-1 significantly reduced tumour size and downregulated GLI 1 in CRC. Therefore, this study suggests that CBC-1, a new GLI 1 inhibitor derived from natural products, may be developed as a potential antitumour candidate for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China.
| | - Yiping Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenkang Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Jing J, Wu Z, Wang J, Luo G, Lin H, Fan Y, Zhou C. Hedgehog signaling in tissue homeostasis, cancers, and targeted therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:315. [PMID: 37596267 PMCID: PMC10439210 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen significant advances in our understanding of Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway in various biological events. HH signaling pathway exerts its biological effects through a complex signaling cascade involved with primary cilium. HH signaling pathway has important functions in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. It plays a central role in the regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells. Importantly, it has become increasingly clear that HH signaling pathway is associated with increased cancer prevalence, malignant progression, poor prognosis and even increased mortality. Understanding the integrative nature of HH signaling pathway has opened up the potential for new therapeutic targets for cancer. A variety of drugs have been developed, including small molecule inhibitors, natural compounds, and long non-coding RNA (LncRNA), some of which are approved for clinical use. This review outlines recent discoveries of HH signaling in tissue homeostasis and cancer and discusses how these advances are paving the way for the development of new biologically based therapies for cancer. Furthermore, we address status quo and limitations of targeted therapies of HH signaling pathway. Insights from this review will help readers understand the function of HH signaling in homeostasis and cancer, as well as opportunities and challenges of therapeutic targets for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhuoxuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guowen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hengyi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Li S, Wang X, Liu Y, Xiao J, Yi J. The implication of necroptosis-related lncRNAs in orchestrating immune infiltration and predicting therapeutic efficacy in colon adenocarcinoma: an integrated bioinformatic analysis with preliminarily experimental validation. Front Genet 2023; 14:1170640. [PMID: 37600653 PMCID: PMC10433646 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1170640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Necroptosis contributes significantly to colon adenocarcinoma (COAD). We aim to assess the relationship between immunoinfiltration and stemness in COAD patients through the development of a risk score profile using necroptosis-related long noncoding RNAs (NRLs). Methods: Our study was based on gene expression data and relevant clinical information from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Necroptosis-related genes (NRGs) were obtained from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) database. Pearson correlation analysis, Cox regression, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression were used to determine the NRL prognositic signature (NRLPS). NRLs expression was examined using qRT-PCR method. Several algorithms were used to identify relationships between immune cell infiltration and NRLPS risk scores. Further analysis of somatic mutations, tumor stemness index (TSI), and drug sensitivity were also explored. Results: To construct NRLPS, 15 lncRNAs were investigated. Furthermore, NRLPS patients with high-risk subgroups had lower survival rates than that of patients with low-risk subgroups. Using GSEA analysis, NRL was found to be enriched in Notch, Hedgehog and Smoothened pathways. Immune infiltration analysis showed significant differences in CD8+ T cells, dendritic cell DCs, and CD4+ T cells between the two risk groups. In addition, our NRLPS showed a relevance with the regulation of tumor microenvironment, tumor mutation burden (TMB) and stemness. Finally, NRLPS demonstrated potential applications in predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy and chemotherapy in patients with COAD. Conclusion: Based on NRLs, a prognostic model was developed for COAD patients that allows a personalized tailoring immunotherapy and chemotherapy to be tailored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhe Li
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junbo Xiao
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Yi
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
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1'-O-methyl-averantin isolated from the endolichenic fungus Jackrogersella sp. EL001672 suppresses colorectal cancer stemness via sonic Hedgehog and Notch signaling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2811. [PMID: 36797277 PMCID: PMC9935543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Endolichenic fungi are host organisms that live on lichens and produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites. Colorectal cancer stem cells are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into cancer cells, which makes cancers difficult to eradicate. New alternative therapeutics are needed to inhibit the growth of tumor stem cells. This study examined the ability of an extract of Jackrogersella sp. EL001672 (derived from the lichen Cetraria sp.) and the isolated compound 1'-O-methyl-averantin to inhibit development of cancer stemness. The endolichenic fungus Jackrogersella sp. EL001672 (KACC 83021BP), derived from Cetraria sp., was grown in culture medium. The culture broth was extracted with acetone to obtain a crude extract. Column chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC were used to isolate an active compound. The anticancer activity of the extract and the isolated compound was evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting, and in cell viability, spheroid formation, and reporter assays. The acetone extract of EL001672 did not affect cell viability. However, 1'-O-methyl-averantin showed cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines at 50 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL. Both the crude extract and 1'-O-methyl-averantin suppressed spheroid formation in CRC cell lines, and downregulated expression of stemness markers ALDH1, CD44, CD133, Lgr-5, Msi-1, and EphB1. To further characterize the mechanism underlying anti-stemness activity, we examined sonic Hedgehog and Notch signaling. The results showed that the crude extract and the 1'-O-methyl-averantin inhibited Gli1, Gli2, SMO, Bmi-1, Notch-1, Hes-1, and the CSL complex. Consequently, an acetone extract and 1'-O-methyl-averantin isolated from EL001672 suppresses colorectal cancer stemness by regulating the sonic Hedgehog and Notch signaling pathways.
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Bontempi G, Terri M, Garbo S, Montaldo C, Mariotti D, Bordoni V, Valente S, Zwergel C, Mai A, Marchetti A, Domenici A, Menè P, Battistelli C, Tripodi M, Strippoli R. Restoration of WT1/miR-769-5p axis by HDAC1 inhibition promotes MMT reversal in mesenchymal-like mesothelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:965. [PMID: 36396626 PMCID: PMC9672101 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Histone acetylation/deacetylation play an essential role in modifying chromatin structure and in regulating cell plasticity in eukaryotic cells. Therefore, histone deacetylase (HDAC) pharmacological inhibitors are promising tools in the therapy of fibrotic diseases and in cancer. Peritoneal fibrosis is a pathological process characterized by many cellular and molecular alterations, including the acquisition of invasive/pro-fibrotic abilities by mesothelial cells (MCs) through induction of mesothelial to mesenchymal transition (MMT). The aim of this study was to characterize the molecular mechanism of the antifibrotic role of HDAC1 inhibition. Specifically, treatment with MS-275, an HDAC1-3 inhibitor previously known to promote MMT reversal, induced the expression of several TGFBRI mRNA-targeting miRNAs. Among them, miR-769-5p ectopic expression was sufficient to promote MMT reversal and to limit MC migration and invasion, whereas miR-769-5p silencing further enhanced mesenchymal gene expression. These results were confirmed by HDAC1 genetic silencing. Interestingly, miR-769-5p silencing maintained mesenchymal features despite HDAC1 inhibition, thus indicating that it is necessary to drive MMT reversal induced by HDAC1 inhibition. Besides TGFBRI, miR-769-5p was demonstrated to target SMAD2/3 and PAI-1 expression directly. When analyzing molecular mechanisms underlying miR-769-5p expression, we found that the transcription factor Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1), a master gene controlling MC development, binds to the miR-769-5p promoter favoring its expression. Interestingly, both WT1 expression and binding to miR-769-5p promoter were increased by HDAC1 inhibition and attenuated by TGFβ1 treatment. Finally, we explored the significance of these observations in the cell-to-cell communication: we evaluated the ability of miR-769-5p to be loaded into extracellular vesicles (EVs) and to promote MMT reversal in recipient mesenchymal-like MCs. Treatment of fibrotic MCs with EVs isolated from miR-769-5p over-expressing MCs promoted the down-regulation of specific mesenchymal targets and the reacquisition of an epithelial-like morphology. In conclusion, we highlighted an HDAC1-WT1-miR-769-5p axis potentially relevant for therapies aimed at counteracting organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bontempi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, Rome, 00149, Italy
| | - Michela Terri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, Rome, 00149, Italy
| | - Sabrina Garbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Montaldo
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, Rome, 00149, Italy
| | - Davide Mariotti
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, Rome, 00149, Italy
| | - Veronica Bordoni
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, Rome, 00149, Italy
| | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Clemens Zwergel
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Marchetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Domenici
- Renal Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Menè
- Renal Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Battistelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tripodi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, Rome, 00149, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, Rome, 00149, Italy.
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Xu Y, Sun H. Involvement of hedgehog signaling in all-trans retinoic acid-mediated suppression of colon cancer. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:6536-6549. [PMID: 36247302 PMCID: PMC9556466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) exerts tumor-inhibitory effects on acute leukemia and certain types of solid tumors. This study was designed to evaluate the mechanism on ATRA-mediated suppression of colon cancer based on the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway. METHODS Normal intestinal epithelial cells and three colon cancer cell lines were studied to evaluate the inhibitory effect of ATRA on tumor cell activity. The inhibitory effect of ATRA on colon cancer was evaluated by cell invasion, migration, and apoptosis of HCT116 cells. Retinoic acid receptor (RAR)- and Shh-related protein expression was assessed. RESULTS ATRA administration inhibited the activity of three different colon cancer lines, but did not inhibit the activity of normal intestinal epithelial cells. Administration of ATRA induced apoptosis and restricted invasion and migration of HCT116 colon cancer cells. Administration of ATRA also increased expression of RAR and transmembrane receptor patched 1 (Ptch1), and decreased expression of the smoothened (Smo) and glioma-associated oncogene homolog1 (Gli-1). RARα and RARβ agonists inhibited Shh signaling, and the mediating effect of ATRA on Shh signaling was abolished by RARα or RARβ antagonists. The combination of purmorphamine (Smo agonist) and ATRA partially abolished the inhibitory effect of ATRA on the proliferation of colon cancer cells. In vivo studies showed that ATRA inhibited tumor growth, which was accompanied by down-regulation of the Shh signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS ATRA inhibits the growth of colon cancer by downregulating the Shh pathway, which further verifies the anticancer activity of ATRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121000, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongzhi Sun
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121000, Liaoning, China
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He Y, Wang J, Jiang X, Gao J, Cheng Y, Liang T, Zhou J, Sun L, Zhang G. Effects of an inhibitor of the SHH signaling pathway on endometrial cells of patients with endometriosis. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:37. [PMID: 35933378 PMCID: PMC9356504 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-022-00426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological diseases, and seriously reduces the quality of life of patients. However, the pathogenesis of this disease is unclear. Therefore, more studies are needed to elucidate its pathogenesis. Our previous publication found that the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway was activated in endometriosis. This study tested whether SHH signaling in endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) was critical for the pathogenesis of endometriosis. METHODS To examine the effect of inhibiting the SHH signaling pathway on endometriosis, we first isolated ESCs from eutopic endometrial tissues of patients with or without endometriosis and identified the extracted cells by morphological observation and immunofluorescence. Then, we treated ESCs with the GLI inhibitor GANT61 and used CCK-8, wound healing and invasion assays to detect cell activities, such as proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Furthermore, we detected the expression of key proteins and proliferation markers of the SHH signaling pathway in the lesions of nude mice using immunochemistry. RESULTS We demonstrated that higher concentrations of GANT61 decreased the proliferation rate and migration distance of ESCs. We observed that GANT61 inhibited the invasion of ESCs. In addition, blockage of the SHH signaling pathway significantly reduced cell proliferation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that inhibition of the SHH pathway is involved in cell proliferation and invasive growth in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan He
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyan Jiang
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianhua Gao
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tian Liang
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liyuan Sun
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangmei Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Next RNA Therapeutics: The Mine of Non-Coding. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137471. [PMID: 35806476 PMCID: PMC9267739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing knowledge on several classes of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their different functional roles has aroused great interest in the scientific community. Beyond the Central Dogma of Biology, it is clearly known that not all RNAs code for protein products, and they exert a broader repertoire of biological functions. As described in this review, ncRNAs participate in gene expression regulation both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and represent critical elements driving and controlling pathophysiological processes in multicellular organisms. For this reason, in recent years, a great boost was given to ncRNA-based strategies with potential therapeutic abilities, and nowadays, the use of RNA molecules is experimentally validated and actually exploited in clinics to counteract several diseases. In this review, we summarize the principal classes of therapeutic ncRNA molecules that are potentially implied in disease onset and progression, which are already used in clinics or under clinical trials, highlighting the advantages and the need for a targeted therapeutic strategy design. Furthermore, we discuss the benefits and the limits of RNA therapeutics and the ongoing development of delivery strategies to limit the off-target effects and to increase the translational application.
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Chai JY, Sugumar V, Alshawsh MA, Wong WF, Arya A, Chong PP, Looi CY. The Role of Smoothened-Dependent and -Independent Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Tumorigenesis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1188. [PMID: 34572373 PMCID: PMC8466551 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh)-glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) signaling pathway is highly conserved among mammals, with crucial roles in regulating embryonic development as well as in cancer initiation and progression. The GLI transcription factors (GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3) are effectors of the Hh pathway and are regulated via Smoothened (SMO)-dependent and SMO-independent mechanisms. The SMO-dependent route involves the common Hh-PTCH-SMO axis, and mutations or transcriptional and epigenetic dysregulation at these levels lead to the constitutive activation of GLI transcription factors. Conversely, the SMO-independent route involves the SMO bypass regulation of GLI transcription factors by external signaling pathways and their interacting proteins or by epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of GLI transcription factors expression. Both routes of GLI activation, when dysregulated, have been heavily implicated in tumorigenesis of many known cancers, making them important targets for cancer treatment. Hence, this review describes the various SMO-dependent and SMO-independent routes of GLI regulation in the tumorigenesis of multiple cancers in order to provide a holistic view of the paradigms of hedgehog signaling networks involving GLI regulation. An in-depth understanding of the complex interplay between GLI and various signaling elements could help inspire new therapeutic breakthroughs for the treatment of Hh-GLI-dependent cancers in the future. Lastly, we have presented an up-to-date summary of the latest findings concerning the use of Hh inhibitors in clinical developmental studies and discussed the challenges, perspectives, and possible directions regarding the use of SMO/GLI inhibitors in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yi Chai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (J.Y.C.); (P.P.C.)
| | - Vaisnevee Sugumar
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | | | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Aditya Arya
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Building 184, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Pei Pei Chong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (J.Y.C.); (P.P.C.)
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (J.Y.C.); (P.P.C.)
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
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10
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Zhang J, Fan J, Zeng X, Nie M, Luan J, Wang Y, Ju D, Yin K. Hedgehog signaling in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis and the gastrointestinal tumor microenvironment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:609-620. [PMID: 33777671 PMCID: PMC7982428 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway plays important roles in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis and the gastrointestinal tumor microenvironment (TME). Aberrant HH signaling activation may accelerate the growth of gastrointestinal tumors and lead to tumor immune tolerance and drug resistance. The interaction between HH signaling and the TME is intimately involved in these processes, for example, tumor growth, tumor immune tolerance, inflammation, and drug resistance. Evidence indicates that inflammatory factors in the TME, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), macrophages, and T cell-dependent immune responses, play a vital role in tumor growth by affecting the HH signaling pathway. Moreover, inhibition of proliferating cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and inflammatory factors can normalize the TME by suppressing HH signaling. Furthermore, aberrant HH signaling activation is favorable to both the proliferation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the drug resistance of gastrointestinal tumors. This review discusses the current understanding of the role and mechanism of aberrant HH signaling activation in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis, the gastrointestinal TME, tumor immune tolerance and drug resistance and highlights the underlying therapeutic opportunities.
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Key Words
- 5-Fu, 5-fluorouracil
- ALK5, TGF-β receptor I kinase
- ATO, arsenic trioxide
- BCC, basal cell carcinoma
- BCL-2, B cell lymphoma 2
- BMI-1, B cell-specific moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region-1
- CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- CSCs, cancer stem cells
- Cancer stem cells
- Carcinogenesis
- DHH, Desert Hedgehog
- Drug resistance
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- FOLFOX, oxaliplatin
- G protein coupled receptor kinase 2, HH
- Gastrointestinal cancer
- Hedgehog
- Hedgehog, HIF-1α
- IHH, Indian Hedgehog
- IL-10/6, interleukin 10/6
- ITCH, itchy E3 ubiquitin ligase
- MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- NK, natural killer
- NOX4, NADPH Oxidase 4
- PD-1, programmed cell death-1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand-1
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PTCH, Patched
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SHH, Sonic Hedgehog
- SMAD3, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3
- SMO, Smoothened
- SNF5, sucrose non-fermenting 5
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- SUFU, Suppressor of Fused
- TAMs, tumor-related macrophages
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- Tumor microenvironment
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- WNT, Wingless/Integrated
- and leucovorin, GLI
- ch5E1, chimeric monoclonal antibody 5E1
- glioma-associated oncogene homologue, GRK2
- hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, IFN-γ: interferon-γ
- βArr2, β-arrestin2
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xian Zeng
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingming Nie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingyun Luan
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 65349106 (Kai Yin); Tel.: +86 21 5198 0037; Fax +86 21 5198 0036 (Dianwen Ju).
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 65349106 (Kai Yin); Tel.: +86 21 5198 0037; Fax +86 21 5198 0036 (Dianwen Ju).
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11
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Choi JY, Lee YS, Shim DM, Seo SW. PTCH1 regulates anchorage-independent growth and bone invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Bone 2021; 144:115829. [PMID: 33359005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acquisition of metastatic potential by cancer cells is related to cancer stemness and anchorage-independent growth. The onset and progression of cancer are known to involve Hedgehog (HH) signaling that is activated by the binding of HH to the Patched 1 (PTCH1) receptor. However, the functions and mechanisms of action of PTCH1 in the context of bone metastasis remain to be elucidated. In this study, lentivirally-delivered shRNA was used to deplete PTCH1 levels, which resulted in the inhibition of spherical colony formation by the human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line; this suggested that PTCH1 promotes anchorage-independent growth. Concordantly, knockdown of PTCH1 resulted in significantly reduced migration and invasion of NSCLC cells; this was accompanied by the downregulation of MMP7 and SOX2. PTCH1 knockdown resulted in decreased bone destruction and osteoclastogenesis in a mouse bone metastasis model. These results indicate that PTCH1 may be an important regulator of bone invasion, and strongly suggest that knockdown of PTCH1 may decrease the anchorage-independent growth and metastatic potential of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yoon Choi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, 5 #50, Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, 135-710, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sun Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, 5 #50, Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, 135-710, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Mi Shim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, 5 #50, Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, 135-710, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Seo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, 5 #50, Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, 135-710, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Javed Z, Javed Iqbal M, Rasheed A, Sadia H, Raza S, Irshad A, Koch W, Kukula-Koch W, Głowniak-Lipa A, Cho WC, Sharifi-Rad J. Regulation of Hedgehog Signaling by miRNAs and Nanoformulations: A Possible Therapeutic Solution for Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 10:607607. [PMID: 33489917 PMCID: PMC7817854 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.607607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling aberrations trigger differentiation and proliferation in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the current approaches which inhibit this vital cellular pathway provoke some side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to look for new therapeutic options. MicroRNAs are small molecules that modulate expression of the target genes and can be utilized as a potential therapeutic option for CRC. On the other hand, nanoformulations have been implemented in the treatment of plethora of diseases. Owing to their excessive bioavailability, limited cytotoxicity and high specificity, nanoparticles may be considered as an alternative drug delivery platform for the Hh signaling mediated CRC. This article reviews the Hh signaling and its involvement in CRC with focus on miRNAs, nanoformulations as potential diagnostic/prognostic and therapeutics for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Javed
- Office for Research Innovation and Commercialization, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Javed Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Amna Rasheed
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haleema Sadia
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Raza
- Office for Research Innovation and Commercialization, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asma Irshad
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Wojciech Koch
- Chair and Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Anna Głowniak-Lipa
- Department of Cosmetology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
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13
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Battistelli C, Garbo S, Riccioni V, Montaldo C, Santangelo L, Vandelli A, Strippoli R, Tartaglia GG, Tripodi M, Cicchini C. Design and Functional Validation of a Mutant Variant of the LncRNA HOTAIR to Counteract Snail Function in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Cancer Res 2021; 81:103-113. [PMID: 33158813 PMCID: PMC7611326 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HOTAIR is a lncRNA overexpressed in several epithelial cancers and strongly correlated with invasion. This lncRNA was proven a pivotal element of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a transdifferentiation process triggering metastasis. Snail, master inducer of EMT, requires HOTAIR to recruit EZH2 on specific epithelial target genes (i.e., HNF4α, E-cadherin, and HNF1α) and cause their repression. Here, we designed a HOTAIR deletion mutant form, named HOTAIR-sbid, including the putative Snail-binding domain but depleted of the EZH2-binding domain. HOTAIR-sbid acted as a dominant negative of the endogenous HOTAIR. In both murine and human tumor cells, HOTAIR-sbid impaired the ability of HOTAIR to bind Snail and, in turn, trigger H3K27me3/EZH2-mediated repression of Snail epithelial target genes. Notably, HOTAIR-sbid expression was proven to reduce cellular motility, invasiveness, anchorage-independent growth, and responsiveness to TGFβ-induced EMT. These data provide evidence on a lncRNA-based strategy to effectively impair the function of a master EMT-transcriptional factor. SIGNIFICANCE: This study defines an innovative RNA-based strategy to interfere with a pivotal function of the tumor-related lncRNA HOTAIR, comprising a dominant negative mutant that was computationally designed and that impairs epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Battistelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Garbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Riccioni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Montaldo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Santangelo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Vandelli
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Systems Biology of Infection Lab, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Gaetano Tartaglia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Biology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Tripodi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Cicchini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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14
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Targeting Hedgehog Pathway and DNA Methyltransferases in Uterine Leiomyosarcoma Cells. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010053. [PMID: 33396427 PMCID: PMC7824187 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is an aggressive tumor that presents poor prognosis, high rates of recurrence and metastasis. Because of its rarity, there is no information available concerning LMS molecular mechanisms of origin and development. Here, we assessed the expression profile of Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway markers and the effects of their pharmacological inhibition on uterine smooth muscle (UTSM), leiomyoma and LMS cells. Additionally, we also evaluated the effects of DNMTs inhibition on LMS cells behavior. Cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis rates were evaluated by MTT, Scratch and Annexin V assays, respectively. RNA expression and protein levels were assessed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. We found that SMO and GLIs (1, 2 and 3) expression was upregulated in LMS cells, with increased nuclear levels of GLI proteins. Treatment with LDE225 (SMOi) and Gant61 (GLIi) resulted in a significant reduction in Glis protein levels in LMS (p < 0.05). Additionally, the expression of DNMT (1, 3a, and 3b), as well as GLI1 nuclear expression, was significantly decreased after treatment with HH inhibitor in LMS cells. Our results showed that blocking of SMO, GLI and DNMTs is able to inhibit LMS proliferation, migration and invasion. Importantly, the combination of those treatments exhibited a potentiated effect on LMS malignant features due to HH pathway deactivation.
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15
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Chen J, Qiu S, Kim JT, Cho JS, Moon JH, Zhou Y, Auh JH, Lee HJ. Garcinone C suppresses colon tumorigenesis through the Gli1-dependent hedgehog signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:153334. [PMID: 32920288 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although garcinone C, a natural xanthone derivative identified in the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana, has been demonstrated to exert different health beneficial activities in oxidative stress and β-amyloid aggregation, the role of garcinone C in colon tumorigenesis has not been investigated. In addition, aberrant Hedgehog (Hh) signaling activation is associated with tumorigenesis including colon cancer. Here, we hypothesized that garcinone C can prevent colon tumorigenesis through regulating the Hh signaling pathway. METHOD Colony formation assay and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the effect of garcinone C on the proliferation and cell cycle progression of colon cancer cells. Protein expression of cell cycle related markers and Hh/Gli1 signaling mediators were determined. The regulatory effect of orally administered garcinone C on the Hh/Gli1 signaling pathway and colon tumorigenesis was evaluated in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colon cancer animal model. RESULTS Garcinone C suppressed the proliferation of colon cancer cells, induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, as well as regulated the expression of cell cycle-related markers such as cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK6, and p21. Garcinone C inhibited the expression of Gli1, a key mediator of Hedgehog signaling, and protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation in Smo-independent colon cancer cells. In the AOM/DSS-induced colon tumorigenesis model, garcinone C significantly inhibited tumor development, regulated the expression of cell cycle markers and Gli1, and reduced AKT phosphorylation in colon tumor tissues, which is consistent with our in vitro results. CONCLUSION Garcinone C can suppress colon tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo through Gli1-dependent non-canonical Hedgehog signaling, suggesting that it may serve as a potent chemopreventive agent against colon tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea
| | - Shuai Qiu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea
| | - Jin Tae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea
| | - Jae Seok Cho
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Moon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea
| | - Yimeng Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea
| | - Joong-Hyuck Auh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea.
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea.
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16
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Abstract
Background: The hedgehog pathway (HH) is one of the key regulators involved in many biological events. Malfunction of this pathway is associated with a variety of diseases including several types of cancers. Methods: We collected data from public databases and conducted a comprehensive search linking the HH pathway with female cancers. In addition, we overviewed clinical trials of targeting HH pathway in female cancers. Results: The activation of HH pathway and its role in female cancers, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and uterine leiomyosarcoma were summarized. Treatment options targeting SMO and GLI in HH pathway were reviewed and discussed. Conclusions: The hedgehog pathway was shown to be activated in several types of female cancers. Therefore, targeting HH pathway may be considered as a therapeutic option to be acknowledged in the treatment of female cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qiwei Yang
- Corresponding Author: Dr. Qiwei Yang, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA, Tel: 312-996-5689;
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17
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The Role of Smoothened in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186863. [PMID: 32962123 PMCID: PMC7555769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoothened (SMO) belongs to the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway, which regulates cell growth, migration, invasion and stem cells in cancer. The HH signaling pathway includes both canonical and noncanonical pathways. The canonical HH pathway functions through major HH molecules such as HH ligands, PTCH, SMO and GLI, whereas the noncanonical HH pathway involves the activation of SMO or GLI through other pathways. The role of SMO has been discussed in different types of cancer, including breast, liver, pancreatic and colon cancers. SMO expression correlates with tumor size, invasiveness, metastasis and recurrence. In addition, SMO inhibitors can suppress cancer formation, reduce the proliferation of cancer cells, trigger apoptosis and suppress cancer stem cell activity. A better understanding of the role of SMO in cancer could contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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18
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Harada K, Ohashi R, Naito K, Kanki K. Hedgehog Signal Inhibitor GANT61 Inhibits the Malignant Behavior of Undifferentiated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Targeting Non-Canonical GLI Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093126. [PMID: 32354204 PMCID: PMC7247445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH)–GLI pathway plays an important role in cell dedifferentiation and is therefore pivotally involved in the malignant transformation of cancer cells. GANT61, a selective inhibitor of GLI1 and GLI2, was reported as a promising treatment for cancer in various tissues; however, the biological impact of GANT61 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially in undifferentiated HCC cells, remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the antitumor effect of GANT61 using two undifferentiated hepatoma cell lines: HLE and HLF. Quantitative PCR and RT-PCR analyses revealed that these cells express GLI transcripts, showing mesenchymal phenotypes characterized by the loss of epithelial and hepatic markers and specific expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes. GANT61 significantly reduced the proliferation and cell viability after drug treatment using 5-FU and Mitomycin C. We showed that GLI transcript levels were down-regulated by the MEK inhibitor U0126 and the Raf inhibitor sorafenib, suggesting that non-canonical signaling including the Ras–Raf–MEK–ERK pathway is involved. Sphere formation and migration were significantly decreased by GANT61 treatment, and it is suggested that the underlying molecular mechanisms are the down-regulation of stemness-related genes (Oct4, Bmi1, CD44, and ALDH) and the EMT-related gene Snail1. The data presented here showed that direct inhibition of GLI might be beneficial for the treatment of dedifferentiated HCC.
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19
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Jeng KS, Chang CF, Lin SS. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Organogenesis, Tumors, and Tumor Microenvironments. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030758. [PMID: 31979397 PMCID: PMC7037908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During mammalian embryonic development, primary cilia transduce and regulate several signaling pathways. Among the various pathways, Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is one of the most significant. SHH signaling remains quiescent in adult mammalian tissues. However, in multiple adult tissues, it becomes active during differentiation, proliferation, and maintenance. Moreover, aberrant activation of SHH signaling occurs in cancers of the skin, brain, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, colon, breast, lung, prostate, and hematological malignancies. Recent studies have shown that the tumor microenvironment or stroma could affect tumor development and metastasis. One hypothesis has been proposed, claiming that the pancreatic epithelia secretes SHH that is essential in establishing and regulating the pancreatic tumor microenvironment in promoting cancer progression. The SHH signaling pathway is also activated in the cancer stem cells (CSC) of several neoplasms. The self-renewal of CSC is regulated by the SHH/Smoothened receptor (SMO)/Glioma-associated oncogene homolog I (GLI) signaling pathway. Combined use of SHH signaling inhibitors and chemotherapy/radiation therapy/immunotherapy is therefore key in targeting CSCs.
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20
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Xu Y, Song S, Wang Z, Ajani JA. The role of hedgehog signaling in gastric cancer: molecular mechanisms, clinical potential, and perspective. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:157. [PMID: 31775795 PMCID: PMC6882007 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced gastric cancer usually have a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Overcoming this challenge requires novel targets and effective drugs. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the development of the gastrointestinal tract and maintenance of the physiologic function of the stomach. Aberrantly activated Hh signaling is implicated in carcinogenesis as well as maintenance of cancer stem cells. Somatic mutations in the components of Hh signaling (PTCH1 and SMO) have been shown to be a major cause of basal cell carcinoma, and dozens of Hh inhibitors have been developed. To date, two inhibitors (GDC-0449 and LDE225) have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. Here, we review the role of the Hh signaling in the carcinogenesis and progression of gastric cancer and summarize recent findings on Hh inhibitors in gastric cancer. Hedgehog signaling is often aberrantly activated and plays an important role during inflammation and carcinogenesis of gastric epithelial cells. Further study of the precise mechanisms of Hh signaling in this disease is needed for the validation of therapeutic targets and evaluation of the clinical utility of Hh inhibitors for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumei Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.
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21
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Konings K, Belmans N, Vermeesen R, Baselet B, Lamers G, Janssen A, Isebaert S, Baatout S, Haustermans K, Moreels M. Targeting the Hedgehog pathway in combination with X‑ray or carbon ion radiation decreases migration of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:1339-1348. [PMID: 31638201 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of carbon ion therapy for cancer treatment is becoming more widespread due to the advantages of carbon ions compared with X‑rays. Breast cancer patients may benefit from these advantages, as the surrounding healthy tissues receive a lower dose, and the increased biological effectiveness of carbon ions can better control radioresistant cancer cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is linked to the development and progression of breast cancer, as well as to resistance to X‑irradiation and the migratory capacity of cancer cells. Hence, there is an increasing interest in targeting the Hh pathway in combination with radiotherapy. Several studies have already investigated this treatment strategy with conventional radiotherapy. However, to the best of our knowledge, the combination of Hh inhibitors with particle therapy has not yet been explored. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of the Hh inhibitor GANT61 as an effective modulator of radiosensitivity and migration potential in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells, and compare potential differences between carbon ion irradiation and X‑ray exposure. Although Hh targeting was not able to radiosensitise cells to any radiation type used, the combination of GANT61 with X‑rays or carbon ions (energy: 95 MeV/n; linear energy transfer: 73 keV/µm) was more effective in decreasing MCF‑7 cell migration compared with either radiation type alone. Gene expression of the Hh pathway was affected to different degrees in response to X‑ray and carbon ion irradiation, as well as in response to the combination of GANT61 with irradiation. In conclusion, combining Hh inhibition with radiation (X‑rays or carbon ions) more effectively decreased breast cancer cell migration compared with radiation treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Konings
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Antwerp, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Niels Belmans
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Antwerp, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Randy Vermeesen
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Antwerp, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Antwerp, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Greta Lamers
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Antwerp, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Ann Janssen
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Antwerp, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Sofie Isebaert
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Flemish‑Brabant, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Antwerp, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Karin Haustermans
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Flemish‑Brabant, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marjan Moreels
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Antwerp, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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22
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Magistri P, Battistelli C, Toietta G, Strippoli R, Sagnotta A, Forgione A, Di Benedetto F, Uccini S, Vittorioso P, D'Angelo F, Aurello P, Ramacciato G, Nigri G. In vivo Bioluminescence-Based Monitoring of Liver Metastases from Colorectal Cancer: An Experimental Model. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2019; 7:136-140. [PMID: 31548925 PMCID: PMC6753694 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_51_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In this study we aimed to develop a new in vivo bioluminescence-based tool to monitor and to quantify colon cancer (CC) liver metastasis development. Methods: HCT 116 cells were transducted with pLenti6/V5-DEST-fLuc for constitutive expression of firefly luciferase. Infection was monitored analyzing endogenous bioluminescence using the IVIS Lumina II In vivo Imaging System and a positive clone constitutively expressing luciferase (HCT 116-fLuc) was isolated. HCT 116-fLuc cells were left untreated or treated with 1 μM GDC-0449, a Hedgehog pharmacological inhibitor. Moreover, 1 x 106 HCT 116-fLuc cells were implanted via intra-splenic injection in nude mice. Bioluminescence was analyzed in these mice every 7 days for 5 weeks. After that, mice were sacrificed and bioluminescence was analyzed on explanted livers. Results: We found that in vitro bioluminescence signal was significantly reduced when HCT 116-fLuc cells were treated with GDC-0449. Regarding in vivo data, bioluminescence sources consistent with hepatic anatomical localization were detected after 21 days from HCT 116-fLuc intrasplenic injection and progressively increased until the sacrifice. The presence of liver metastasis was further confirmed by ex-vivo bioluminescence analysis of explanted livers. Conclusions: Our in vitro results suggest that inhibition of Hedgehog pathway may hamper CC cell proliferation and impel for further studies. Regarding in vivo data, we set-up a strategy for liver metastasis visualization, that may allow follow-up and quantification of the entire metastatic process. This cost-effective technique would reduce experimental variability, as well as the number of sacrificed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Magistri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Battistelli
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology, Molecular Genetics Section, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Toietta
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation - Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology, Molecular Genetics Section, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Sagnotta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Forgione
- Advanced International Mini-invasive Surgery (AIMS) Academy, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Di Benedetto
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Uccini
- Department of Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Vittorioso
- Pasteur Institute Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco D'Angelo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Aurello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ramacciato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nigri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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23
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Konings K, Vandevoorde C, Belmans N, Vermeesen R, Baselet B, Walleghem MV, Janssen A, Isebaert S, Baatout S, Haustermans K, Moreels M. The Combination of Particle Irradiation With the Hedgehog Inhibitor GANT61 Differently Modulates the Radiosensitivity and Migration of Cancer Cells Compared to X-Ray Irradiation. Front Oncol 2019; 9:391. [PMID: 31139573 PMCID: PMC6527843 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the advantages of charged particles compared to conventional radiotherapy, a vast increase is noted in the use of particle therapy in the clinic. These advantages include an improved dose deposition and increased biological effectiveness. Metastasis is still an important cause of mortality in cancer patients and evidence has shown that conventional radiotherapy can increase the formation of metastasizing cells. An important pathway involved in the process of metastasis is the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Recent studies have demonstrated that activation of the Hh pathway, in response to X-rays, can lead to radioresistance and increased migratory, and invasive capabilities of cancer cells. Here, we investigated the effect of X-rays, protons, and carbon ions on cell survival, migration, and Hh pathway gene expression in prostate cancer (PC3) and medulloblastoma (DAOY) cell lines. In addition, the potential modulation of cell survival and migration by the Hh pathway inhibitor GANT61 was investigated. We found that in both cell lines, carbon ions were more effective in decreasing cell survival and migration as well as inducing more significant alterations in the Hh pathway genes compared to X-rays or protons. In addition, we show here for the first time that the Hh inhibitor GANT61 is able to sensitize DAOY medulloblastoma cells to particle radiation (proton and carbon ion) but not to conventional X-rays. This important finding demonstrates that the results of combination treatment strategies with X-ray radiotherapy cannot be automatically extrapolated to particle therapy and should be investigated separately. In conclusion, combining GANT61 with particle radiation could offer a benefit for specific cancer types with regard to cancer cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Konings
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Mol, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Niels Belmans
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Mol, Belgium.,Laboratory of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Randy Vermeesen
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Mol, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Mol, Belgium
| | - Merel Van Walleghem
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Mol, Belgium
| | - Ann Janssen
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Mol, Belgium
| | - Sofie Isebaert
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Mol, Belgium
| | - Karin Haustermans
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marjan Moreels
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Mol, Belgium
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24
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Fu J, Shrivastava A, Shrivastava SK, Srivastava RK, Shankar S. Triacetyl resveratrol upregulates miRNA‑200 and suppresses the Shh pathway in pancreatic cancer: A potential therapeutic agent. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1306-1316. [PMID: 30720134 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans‑3,4',5‑trihydroxystilbene (resveratrol) is a naturally occurring polyphenolic phytoalexin with marked anticancer activities, and is mainly found in grapes, berries and peanuts. However, due to a low bioavailability, it has not progressed to clinical practice for cancer treatment. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to examine the anticancer activities of the resveratrol derivative, triacetyl resveratrol (TCRV), in pancreatic cancer cells. Apoptosis was measured by fluorescence‑activated cell sorting and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)‑mediated dUTP nick‑end labeling assays. Gene expression was measured by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. TCRV inhibited colony formation and induced apoptosis through caspase‑3 activation in human pancreatic cancer AsPC‑1 and PANC‑1 cells, whereas it exerted no effect on human pancreatic normal ductal epithelial cells (HPNE). TCRV inhibited epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) by upregulating the expression of E‑cadherin and suppressing the expression of N‑cadherin and the transcription factors, Snail, Slug and Zeb1. TCRV inhibited Zeb1 3'UTR‑luciferase activity through the upregulation of microRNA (miR)‑200 family members. The inhibitory effects of TCRV on pancreatic cancer cell migration and invasion were counteracted by anti‑miR‑200 family members. The inhibitory effects of TCRV on EMT and the induction of apoptosis were exerted through the suppression of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, and through the modulation of cyclin D1 and Bcl‑2 expression. The hyperactivation of the Shh pathway by either Shh protein or Gli1 overexpression abrogated the biological effects of TCRV. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that TCRV inhibits pancreatic cancer growth and EMT by targeting the Shh pathway and its downstream signaling mediators. TCRV inhibited EMT through the upregulation of miR‑200 family members. Since TCRV effectively inhibited the growth of human pancreatic cancer cells by modulating the Shh pathway, without affecting the growth of HPNE cells, our findings suggest the possible use of TCRV as a promising candidate for the treatment and/or prevention of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Anju Shrivastava
- St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Sushant K Shrivastava
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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25
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Guo L, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Sun H, Wang Y, Qu Y. LncRNA ASAP1-IT1 positively modulates the development of cholangiocarcinoma via hedgehog signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:167-173. [PMID: 29653361 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, lncRNAs have attracted more and more attentions of researchers. It has been verified that lncRNAs can modulate multiple biological behaviors in various human cancers. LncRNA ASAP1-IT1 has been certified to be a tumor facilitator in several malignant tumors. This study aims to investigate the effects of dysregulated ASAP1-IT1 on biological processes of Cholangiocarcinoma. The high expression level of ASAP1-IT1 was tested in Cholangiocarcinoma tissues and cells with qRT-PCR. Upregulation of ASAP1-IT predicted the unfavorable prognosis for Cholangiocarcinoma patients. Next, ASAP1-IT1 was knocked down in cancerous cells for loss-of function assay. MTT, colony formation and transwell and western bot assays were performed to demonstrate the specific impacts of ASAP1-IT1 on proliferation, migration and EMT progression of Cholangiocarcinoma. Cells. As a results, the Cholangiocarcinoma progression was inhibited. Hedgehog signaling pathway has been discovered to be a treatment target in Cholangiocarcinoma. In this study, the interaction between ASAP1-IT1 and hedgehog pathway was specifically investigated. Smo and Gli1, two hedgehog-related proteins were examined in Cholangiocarcinoma cells. The results of qRT-PCR and western blot assay suggested that ASAP1-IT1 could positively modulate Smo and Gli1 in Cholangiocarcinoma. Finally, rescue assays were carried out to prove that ASAP1-IT1 could improve Cholangiocarcinoma progression and development via hedgehog signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqi Guo
- Department of General surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi City 154003, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Tumor surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi City 154003, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Critical care medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi City 154003, China
| | - Huawei Sun
- Department of Radiochemotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi City 154003, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of pharmacology and toxicology, Wright State University, Fairborn, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Yikun Qu
- Department of General surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi City 154003, China.
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