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Maaliki D, Jaffa AA, Nasser S, Sahebkar A, Eid AH. Adrenoceptor Desensitization: Current Understanding of Mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:358-387. [PMID: 38697858 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce a wide range of extracellular signals. They are key players in the majority of biologic functions including vision, olfaction, chemotaxis, and immunity. However, as essential as most of them are to body function and homeostasis, overactivation of GPCRs has been implicated in many pathologic diseases such as cancer, asthma, and heart failure (HF). Therefore, an important feature of G protein signaling systems is the ability to control GPCR responsiveness, and one key process to control overstimulation involves initiating receptor desensitization. A number of steps are appreciated in the desensitization process, including cell surface receptor phosphorylation, internalization, and downregulation. Rapid or short-term desensitization occurs within minutes and involves receptor phosphorylation via the action of intracellular protein kinases, the binding of β-arrestins, and the consequent uncoupling of GPCRs from their cognate heterotrimeric G proteins. On the other hand, long-term desensitization occurs over hours to days and involves receptor downregulation or a decrease in cell surface receptor protein level. Of the proteins involved in this biologic phenomenon, β-arrestins play a particularly significant role in both short- and long-term desensitization mechanisms. In addition, β-arrestins are involved in the phenomenon of biased agonism, where the biased ligand preferentially activates one of several downstream signaling pathways, leading to altered cellular responses. In this context, this review discusses the different patterns of desensitization of the α 1-, α 2- and the β adrenoceptors and highlights the role of β-arrestins in regulating physiologic responsiveness through desensitization and biased agonism. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A sophisticated network of proteins orchestrates the molecular regulation of GPCR activity. Adrenoceptors are GPCRs that play vast roles in many physiological processes. Without tightly controlled desensitization of these receptors, homeostatic imbalance may ensue, thus precipitating various diseases. Here, we critically appraise the mechanisms implicated in adrenoceptor desensitization. A better understanding of these mechanisms helps identify new druggable targets within the GPCR desensitization machinery and opens exciting therapeutic fronts in the treatment of several pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Maaliki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (D.M.); School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (A.A.J.); Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom (S.N.); Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Aneese A Jaffa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (D.M.); School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (A.A.J.); Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom (S.N.); Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Suzanne Nasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (D.M.); School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (A.A.J.); Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom (S.N.); Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (D.M.); School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (A.A.J.); Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom (S.N.); Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (D.M.); School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (A.A.J.); Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom (S.N.); Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
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Thotamune W, Ubeysinghe S, Shrestha KK, Mostafa ME, Young MC, Karunarathne A. Optical Control of Cell-Surface and Endomembrane-Exclusive β-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.14.580335. [PMID: 38405895 PMCID: PMC10888897 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.14.580335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Beta-adrenergic receptors (βARs) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that mediate catecholamine-induced stress responses, such as heart rate increase and bronchodilation. In addition to signals from the cell surface, βARs also broadcast non-canonical signaling activities from the cell interior membranes (endomembranes). Dysregulation of these receptor pathways underlies severe pathological conditions. Excessive βAR stimulation is linked to cardiac hypertrophy, leading to heart failure, while impaired stimulation causes compromised fight or flight stress responses and homeostasis. In addition to plasma membrane βAR, emerging evidence indicates potential pathological implications of deeper endomembrane βARs, such as inducing cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis, underlying heart failure. However, the lack of approaches to control their signaling in subcellular compartments exclusively has impeded linking endomembrane βAR signaling with pathology. Informed by the β1AR-catecholamine interactions, we engineered an efficiently photo-labile, protected hydroxy β1AR pro-ligand (OptoIso) to trigger βAR signaling at the cell surface, as well as exclusive endomembrane regions upon blue light stimulation. Not only does OptoIso undergo blue light deprotection in seconds, but it also efficiently enters cells and allows examination of G protein heterotrimer activation exclusively at endomembranes. In addition to its application in the optical interrogation of βARs in unmodified cells, given its ability to control deep organelle βAR signaling, OptoIso will be a valuable experimental tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waruna Thotamune
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | | | - Kendra K. Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | | | - Michael C. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
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Mangmool S, Duangrat R, Parichatikanond W, Kurose H. New Therapeutics for Heart Failure: Focusing on cGMP Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12866. [PMID: 37629047 PMCID: PMC10454066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Current drugs for treating heart failure (HF), for example, angiotensin II receptor blockers and β-blockers, possess specific target molecules involved in the regulation of the cardiac circulatory system. However, most clinically approved drugs are effective in the treatment of HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Novel drug classes, including angiotensin receptor blocker/neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel blocker, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) stimulator/activator, and cardiac myosin activator, have recently been introduced for HF intervention based on their proposed novel mechanisms. SGLT2 inhibitors have been shown to be effective not only for HFrEF but also for HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). In the myocardium, excess cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) stimulation has detrimental effects on HFrEF, whereas cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling inhibits cAMP-mediated responses. Thus, molecules participating in cGMP signaling are promising targets of novel drugs for HF. In this review, we summarize molecular pathways of cGMP signaling and clinical trials of emerging drug classes targeting cGMP signaling in the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supachoke Mangmool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Ratchanee Duangrat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.M.); (R.D.)
| | | | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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Ren H, Liu Y, Tan Z, Luo G, Zhang M, Li S, Tang T, Zhao L. A Common Variant of ARRB2 Promoter Region Associated with the Prognosis of Heart Failure. Hum Hered 2023; 88:68-78. [PMID: 37100034 DOI: 10.1159/000530827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of ARRB2 in cardiovascular disease has recently gained increasing attention. However, the association between ARRB2 polymorphisms and heart failure (HF) has not yet been investigated. METHODS A total of 2,386 hospitalized patients with chronic HF were enrolled as the first cohort and followed up for a mean period of 20.2 months. Meanwhile, ethnically and geographically matched 3,000 individuals without evidence of HF were included as healthy controls. We genotyped the common variant in ARRB2 gene to identify the association between variant and HF. A replicated independent cohort enrolling 837 patients with chronic HF was applied to validate the observed association. A series of function analyses were conducted to illuminate the underlying mechanism. RESULTS We identified a common variant rs75428611 associated with the prognosis of HF in two-stage population: adjusted p = 0.001, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.31 (1.11-1.54) in additive model and adjusted p = 0.001, HR = 1.39 (1.14-1.69) in dominant model in first-stage population; adjusted p = 0.04, HR = 1.41 (1.02-1.95) in additive model and adjusted p = 0.03, HR = 1.51 (1.03-2.20) in dominant model in replicated stage. However, rs75428611 did not significantly associate with the risk of HF. Functional analysis indicated that rs75428611-G allele increased the promoter activity and the mRNA expression level of ARRB2 by facilitating transcription factor SRF binding but not the A allele. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that rs75428611 in promoter of ARRB2 was associated with the risk of HF mortality. It is a promising potential treatment target for HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Ren
- Cardiovascular Center, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China,
| | - Yijun Liu
- Cardiovascular Center, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Cardiovascular Center, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Guiquan Luo
- Cardiovascular Center, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Cardiovascular Center, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Cardiovascular Center, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Tingwei Tang
- Cardiovascular Center, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Cardiovascular Center, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
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Mokrov GV. Linked biaromatic compounds as cardioprotective agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 355:e2100428. [PMID: 34967027 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are widespread in the modern world, and their number is constantly growing. For a long time, CVDs have been the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Drugs for the treatment of CVD have been developed almost since the beginning of the 20th century, and a large number of effective cardioprotective agents of various classes have been created. Nevertheless, the need for the design and development of new safe drugs for the treatment of CVD remains. Literature data indicate that a huge number of cardioprotective agents of various generations and mechanisms correspond to a single generalized pharmacophore model containing two aromatic nuclei linked by a linear linker. In this regard, we put forward a concept for the design of a new generation of cardioprotective agents with a multitarget mechanism of action within the indicated pharmacophore model. This review is devoted to a generalization of the currently known compounds with cardioprotective properties and corresponding to the pharmacophore model of biaromatic compounds linked by a linear linker. Particular attention is paid to the history of the creation of these drugs, approaches to their design, and analysis of the structure-action relationship within each class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory V Mokrov
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, FSBI "Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology", Moscow, Russia
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Prasad A, Mahmood A, Gupta R, Bisoyi P, Saleem N, Naga Prasad SV, Goswami SK. In cardiac muscle cells, both adrenergic agonists and antagonists induce reactive oxygen species from NOX2 but mutually attenuate each other's effects. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 908:174350. [PMID: 34265295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In cardiac muscle cells adrenergic agonists stimulate the generation of reactive oxygen species, followed by redox signaling. We postulated that the antagonists would attenuate such reactive oxygen species generation by the agonists. H9c2 cardiac myoblasts, neonatal rat cardiac myocytes, and HEK293 cells expressing β1/β2 adrenoceptors were stimulated with several agonists and antagonists. All the agonists and antagonists independently generated reactive oxygen species; but its generation was minimum whenever an agonists was added together with an antagonist. We monitored the Ca++ signaling in the treated cells and obtained similar results. In all treatment sets, superoxide and H2O2 were generated in the mitochondria and the cytosol respectively. NOX2 inhibitor gp91ds-tat blocked reactive oxygen species generation by both the agonists and the antagonists. The level of p47phox subunit of NOX2 rapidly increased upon treatment, and it translocated to the plasma membrane, confirming NOX2 activation. Inhibitor studies showed that the activation of NOX2 involves ERK, PI3K, and tyrosine kinases. Recombinant promoter-reporter assays showed that reactive oxygen species generated by both the agonists and antagonists modulated downstream gene expression. Mice injected with the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol and fed with the antagonist metoprolol showed a robust induction of p47phox in the heart. We conclude that both the agonism and antagonism of adrenoceptors initiate redox signaling but when added together, they mutually counteract each other's effects. Our study thus highlights the importance of reactive oxygen species in adrenoceptor agonism and antagonism with relevance to the therapeutic use of the β blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Prasad
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Amena Mahmood
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India; DDU-Kaushal Kendra, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Richa Gupta
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Padmini Bisoyi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Nikhat Saleem
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sathyamangla V Naga Prasad
- NB50, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Shyamal K Goswami
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Du X. Sympatho-adrenergic mechanisms in heart failure: new insights into pathophysiology. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2021; 1:47-77. [PMID: 37724075 PMCID: PMC10388789 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2021-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system is activated in the setting of heart failure (HF) to compensate for hemodynamic instability. However, acute sympathetic surge or sustained high neuronal firing rates activates β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) signaling contributing to myocardial remodeling, dysfunction and electrical instability. Thus, sympatho-βAR activation is regarded as a hallmark of HF and forms pathophysiological basis for β-blocking therapy. Building upon earlier research findings, studies conducted in the recent decades have significantly advanced our understanding on the sympatho-adrenergic mechanism in HF, which forms the focus of this article. This review notes recent research progress regarding the roles of cardiac β2AR or α1AR in the failing heart, significance of β1AR-autoantibodies, and βAR signaling through G-protein independent signaling pathways. Sympatho-βAR regulation of immune cells or fibroblasts is specifically discussed. On the neuronal aspects, knowledge is assembled on the remodeling of sympathetic nerves of the failing heart, regulation by presynaptic α2AR of NE release, and findings on device-based neuromodulation of the sympathetic nervous system. The review ends with highlighting areas where significant knowledge gaps exist but hold promise for new breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Du
- Faculty of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi’an710061, Shaanxi, China
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC3004, Australia
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Ramalingam S, Radhakrishnan S, Kaliappan T, Gopalan R, Subrahmanian M, Sankaran R. The genetics of cardiac failure: Role of a G protein-coupled receptor polymorphism in therapeutic response in an Indian population. J Clin Transl Res 2021; 7:501-510. [PMID: 34541364 PMCID: PMC8445626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The incidence of heart failure (HF) is rising to epidemic proportions in developing countries like India. A lack of adequate Indian studies underscores the importance of pursuing research into HF in an Indian population. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) Gln41>Leu (rs2230345) polymorphism was reported as a genetic modifier associated with survival in HF patients. A prospective study was conducted to investigate the association of GRK5 Gln41>Leu polymorphism with response to β-blocker therapy in Indian HF patients. METHODS HF patients (n=584) were recruited for the study. The patients were genotyped by tetra-primer based allele specific polymerase chain reaction and confirmed with Sanger sequencing. The HF patients were evaluated for GRK5 gene expression and followed up for ~3 years. Drug dosages, cardiac output and hospitalization-free survival were evaluated as study outcomes. HF subgroups (i.e. systolic or diastolic dysfunction, biventricular dysfunction and pulmonary artery hypertension) were also analyzed in association with hospital-free survival. RESULTS HF patients showed genotype frequencies of AT (15%) and TT (1%). AT/TT genotype carriers showed downregulated GRK5 gene expression and significant reduction in carvedilol drug dosage (p=0.0001). Moreover, AT/TT genotype carriers on β-blockers showed improved ejection fraction from 27% to 36% (p=0.0007) and increased hospitalization-free survival in comparison to other HF patients. HF patients with AA genotype showed an increased rate of hospital admission in comparison with patients with the AT/TT genotype. HF subgroups with the AT/TT genotype showed an increased hospitalization-free survival versus subgroups with the AA genotype. CONCLUSIONS GRK5 Gln41>Leu polymorphism in response to β-blocker therapy improved cardiac function in HF patients. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS This study presents a comprehensive clinicofunctional pharmacogenetic characterization of GRK5 Gln41>Leu polymorphism in a cohort of Indian HF patients. GRK5 Gln41>Leu polymorphism can confer improved cardiac function and reduce hospitalization, thus improving the quality of life in HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Ramalingam
- 1PSG Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India,
Corresponding authors: Sudha Ramalingam and Ramalingam Sankaran, PSG Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore - 641 004, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Meenu Subrahmanian
- 1PSG Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramalingam Sankaran
- 1PSG Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India,
Corresponding authors: Sudha Ramalingam and Ramalingam Sankaran, PSG Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore - 641 004, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail:
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Parichatikanond W, Kyaw ETH, Madreiter-Sokolowski CT, Mangmool S. BRET-based assay to specifically monitor β 2AR/GRK2 interaction and β-arrestin2 conformational change upon βAR stimulation. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 166:67-81. [PMID: 34752340 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) are members of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and have been one of the most important GPCRs for studying receptor endocytosis and signaling pathway. Agonist binding of βARs leads to an activation of G proteins and their canonical effectors. In a parallel way, βAR stimulation triggers the termination of its signals by receptor desensitization. This termination process is initiated by G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)-induced βAR phosphorylation that promotes the recruitment of β-arrestins to phosphorylated βAR. The uncoupled βARs which formed a complex with GRK and β-arrestin subsequently internalize into the cytosol. In addition, GRKs and β-arrestins also act as scaffolding proteins and signal transducers in their own functions to modulate various downstream effectors. Upon translocation to the βAR, β-arrestin is believed to undergo an important conformational change in the structure that is necessary for its signal transduction. The bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) technique involves the fusion of donor (luciferase) and acceptor (fluorescent) molecules to the interested proteins. Co-expression of these fusion proteins enables direct detection of their interactions in living cells. Here we describe the use of our established BRET technique to track the interaction of βAR with both GRK and β-arrestin. The assay described here allows the measurement of the BRET signal for detecting the interaction of β2AR with GRK2 and the conformational change of β-arrestin2 following βAR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ei Thet Htar Kyaw
- Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Supachoke Mangmool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Wu Y, Zeng L, Zhao S. Ligands of Adrenergic Receptors: A Structural Point of View. Biomolecules 2021; 11:936. [PMID: 34202543 PMCID: PMC8301793 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenergic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine. They are targets of many drugs for various conditions, including treatment of hypertension, hypotension, and asthma. Adrenergic receptors are intensively studied in structural biology, displayed for binding poses of different types of ligands. Here, we summarized molecular mechanisms of ligand recognition and receptor activation exhibited by structure. We also reviewed recent advances in structure-based ligand discovery against adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; (Y.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Liting Zeng
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; (Y.W.); (L.Z.)
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; (Y.W.); (L.Z.)
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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11
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Feuerstein TJ, Schlicker E. β 1-Blockers Enhance Inotropy of Endogenous Catecholamines in Chronic Heart Failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:639562. [PMID: 34179127 PMCID: PMC8220816 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.639562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although β1-blockers impressively reduce mortality in chronic heart failure (CHF), there are concerns about negative inotropic effects and worsening of hemodynamics in acute decompensated heart failure. May receptor theory dispel these concerns and confirm clinical practice to use β1-blockers? In CHF, concentrations of catecholamines at the β1-adrenoceptors usually exceed their dissociation constants (KDs). The homodimeric β1-adrenoceptors have a receptor reserve and display negative cooperativity. We considered the binomial distribution of occupied receptor dimers with respect to the interaction of an exogenous β1-blocker and elevated endogenous agonist concentrations > [KDs], corresponding to an elevated sympathetic tone. Modeling based on binomial distribution suggests that despite the presence of a low concentration of the antagonist, the activation of the dimer receptors is higher than that in its absence. Obviously, the antagonist improves the ratio of the dimer receptors with only single agonist activation compared with the dimer receptors with double activation. This leads to increased positive inotropic effects of endogenous catecholamines due to a β1-blocker. To understand the positive inotropic sequels of β1-blockers in CHF is clinically relevant. This article may help to eliminate the skepticism of clinicians about the use of β1-blockers because of their supposed negative inotropic effect, since, on the contrary, a positive inotropic effect can be expected for receptor-theoretical reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Feuerstein
- Sektion für Neuroelektronische Systeme, Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Universität Freiburg, Breisgau, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburgf and Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eberhard Schlicker
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Vikhorev PG, Vikhoreva NN, Yeung W, Li A, Lal S, dos Remedios CG, Blair CA, Guglin M, Campbell KS, Yacoub MH, de Tombe P, Marston SB. Titin-truncating mutations associated with dilated cardiomyopathy alter length-dependent activation and its modulation via phosphorylation. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 118:241-253. [PMID: 33135063 PMCID: PMC8752363 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is associated with mutations in many genes encoding sarcomere proteins. Truncating mutations in the titin gene TTN are the most frequent. Proteomic and functional characterizations are required to elucidate the origin of the disease and the pathogenic mechanisms of TTN-truncating variants.
Methods and results
We isolated myofibrils from DCM hearts carrying truncating TTN mutations and measured the Ca2+ sensitivity of force and its length dependence. Simultaneous measurement of force and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) consumption in skinned cardiomyocytes was also performed. Phosphorylation levels of troponin I (TnI) and myosin binding protein-C (MyBP-C) were manipulated using protein kinase A and λ phosphatase. mRNA sequencing was employed to overview gene expression profiles. We found that Ca2+ sensitivity of myofibrils carrying TTN mutations was significantly higher than in myofibrils from donor hearts. The length dependence of the Ca2+ sensitivity was absent in DCM myofibrils with TTN-truncating variants. No significant difference was found in the expression level of TTN mRNA between the DCM and donor groups. TTN exon usage and splicing were also similar. However, we identified down-regulation of genes encoding Z-disk proteins, while the atrial-specific regulatory myosin light chain gene, MYL7, was up-regulated in DCM patients with TTN-truncating variants.
Conclusion
Titin-truncating mutations lead to decreased length-dependent activation and increased elasticity of myofibrils. Phosphorylation levels of TnI and MyBP-C seen in the left ventricles are essential for the length-dependent changes in Ca2+ sensitivity in healthy donors, but they are reduced in DCM patients with TTN-truncating variants. A decrease in expression of Z-disk proteins may explain the observed decrease in myofibril passive stiffness and length-dependent activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr G Vikhorev
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Natalia N Vikhoreva
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield Hospital, London UB9 6JH, UK
| | - WaiChun Yeung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Sean Lal
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Cristobal G dos Remedios
- Division of Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Cheavar A Blair
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Maya Guglin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kenneth S Campbell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Magdi H Yacoub
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Pieter de Tombe
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield Hospital, London UB9 6JH, UK
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven B Marston
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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13
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Abstract
Heart failure is a major source of morbidity and mortality, driven, in part, by maladaptive sympathetic hyperactivity in response to poor cardiac output. Current therapies target β-adrenergic and angiotensin II G protein-coupled receptors to reduce adverse cardiac remodeling and improve clinical outcomes; however, there is a pressing need for new therapeutic approaches to preserve cardiac function. β-arrestin is a multifunctional protein which has come under analysis in recent years as a key player in G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction and a potential therapeutic target in heart failure. β-arrestin attenuates β-adrenergic and angiotensin II receptor signaling to limit the deleterious response to excessive sympathetic stimulation while simultaneously transactivating cardioprotective signaling cascades that preserve cardiac structure and function in response to injury. β-arrestin signaling may provide unique advantages compared to classic heart failure treatment approaches, but a number of challenges currently limit clinical applications. In this review, we discuss the role and functions of β-arrestin and the current attempts to develop G protein-coupled receptor agonists biased towards β-arrestin activation. Furthermore, we examine the functional diversity of cardiac β-arrestin isotypes to explore key considerations in the promise of β-arrestin as a pharmacotherapeutic target in heart failure.
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14
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Borovac JA, D'Amario D, Bozic J, Glavas D. Sympathetic nervous system activation and heart failure: Current state of evidence and the pathophysiology in the light of novel biomarkers. World J Cardiol 2020; 12:373-408. [PMID: 32879702 PMCID: PMC7439452 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v12.i8.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the activation of at least several neurohumoral pathways that have a common role in maintaining cardiac output and adequate perfusion pressure of target organs and tissues. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is upregulated in HF as evident in dysfunctional baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes, circulating and neuronal catecholamine spillover, attenuated parasympathetic response, and augmented sympathetic outflow to the heart, kidneys and skeletal muscles. When these sympathoexcitatory effects on the cardiovascular system are sustained chronically they initiate the vicious circle of HF progression and become associated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis, maladaptive ventricular and vascular remodeling, arrhythmogenesis, and poor prognosis in patients with HF. These detrimental effects of SNS activity on outcomes in HF warrant adequate diagnostic and treatment modalities. Therefore, this review summarizes basic physiological concepts about the interaction of SNS with the cardiovascular system and highlights key pathophysiological mechanisms of SNS derangement in HF. Finally, special emphasis in this review is placed on the integrative and up-to-date overview of diagnostic modalities such as SNS imaging methods and novel laboratory biomarkers that could aid in the assessment of the degree of SNS activation and provide reliable prognostic information among patients with HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Anđelo Borovac
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split 21000, Croatia
- Working Group on Heart Failure of Croatian Cardiac Society, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Domenico D'Amario
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Universita Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Josko Bozic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Duska Glavas
- Working Group on Heart Failure of Croatian Cardiac Society, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
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15
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Copeland O, Messer A, Jabbour A, Poggesi C, Prasad S, Marston S. Pressure Overload Is Associated With Low Levels of Troponin I and Myosin Binding Protein C Phosphorylation in the Hearts of Patients With Aortic Stenosis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:241. [PMID: 32265736 PMCID: PMC7096377 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies of septal heart muscle from HCM patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM, LVOT gradient 50-120 mmHg) we found that the level of phosphorylation of troponin I (TnI) and myosin binding protein C (MyBP-C) was extremely low yet samples from hearts with HCM or DCM mutations that did not have pressure overload were similar to donor heart controls. We therefore investigated heart muscle samples taken from patients undergoing valve replacement for aortic stenosis, since they have pressure overload that is unrelated to inherited cardiomyopathy. Thirteen muscle samples from septum and from free wall were analyzed (LVOT gradients 30-100 mmHg) The levels of TnI and MyBP-C phosphorylation were determined in muscle myofibrils by separating phosphospecies using phosphate affinity SDS-PAGE and detecting with TnI and MyBP-C specific antibodies. TnI was predominantly monophosphorylated and total phosphorylation was 0.85 ± 0.03 molsPi/mol TnI. This phosphorylation level was significantly different (p < 0.0001) from both donor heart TnI (1.6 ± 0.06 molsPi/mol TnI) and HOCM heart TnI (0.19 ± 0.04 molsPi/mol TnI). MyBP-C is phosphorylated at up to four sites. In donor heart the 4P and 3P species predominate but in the pressure overload samples the 4P species was much reduced and 3P and 1P species predominated. Total phosphorylation was 2.0 ± 0.2 molsPi/mol MyBP-C (n = 8) compared with 3.4 ± 0.07 (n = 21) in donor heart and 1.1 ± 0.1 (n = 10) in HOCM heart. We conclude that pressure overload may be associated with substantial dephosphorylation of troponin I and MyBP-C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Jabbour
- Royal Brompton Hospital, and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sanjay Prasad
- Royal Brompton Hospital, and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Oliver E, Mayor Jr F, D’Ocon P. Bloqueadores beta: perspectiva histórica y mecanismos de acción. Rev Esp Cardiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Oliver E, Mayor F, D'Ocon P. Beta-blockers: Historical Perspective and Mechanisms of Action. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 72:853-862. [PMID: 31178382 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Beta-blockers are widely used molecules that are able to antagonize β-adrenergic receptors (ARs), which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family and receive their stimulus from endogenous catecholamines. Upon β-AR stimulation, numerous intracellular cascades are activated, ultimately leading to cardiac contraction or vascular dilation, depending on the relevant subtype and their location. Three subtypes have been described that are differentially expressed in the body (β1-, β2- and β3-ARs), β1 being the most abundant subtype in the heart. Since their discovery, β-ARs have become an important target to fight cardiovascular disease. In fact, since their discovery by James Black in the late 1950s, β-blockers have revolutionized the field of cardiovascular therapies. To date, 3 generations of drugs have been released: nonselective β-blockers, cardioselective β-blockers (selective β1-antagonists), and a third generation of these drugs able to block β1 together with extra vasodilation activity (also called vasodilating β-blockers) either by blocking α1- or by activating β3-AR. More than 50 years after propranolol was introduced to the market due to its ability to reduce heart rate and consequently myocardial oxygen demand in the event of an angina attack, β-blockers are still widely used in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Oliver
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Federico Mayor
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar D'Ocon
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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18
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Yang M, Lin Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. High-glucose induces cardiac myocytes apoptosis through Foxo1 /GRK2 signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:154-158. [PMID: 30952428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High glucose-induced cardiac myocytes apoptosis has been well demonstrated, but the mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we found that exposure of cardiac H9c2 cells to high glucose promoted Foxo1 and GRK2 expression, and induced autophagy. Further investigation showed that high glucose simultaneously increased the expression of cytoplasmic and nuclear Foxo1. Inhibition of Foxo1 reduced GRK2 expression and blocked autophagy, enhancing high glucose-induced apoptosis. GRK2 knockdown did not significantly affect Foxo1 expression and autophagy, but attenuated high glucose-induced apoptosis. Intriguingly, GRK2 knockdown reduced ROS generation. NAC treatment not only reduced the levels of cytoplasmic and nuclear Foxo1, but also inhibited GRK2 expression and autophagy, remarkably reducing high glucose-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of autophagy did not notably affect the expression of Foxo1 and GRK2, but enlarged high glucose-induced apoptosis. ChIP assay and Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that Foxo1 positively regulated GRK2 transcription. These results suggested that Foxo1 was involved in glucose-induced apoptosis by regulating GRK2 expression and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Yanliang Lin
- Center Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
| | - Yulin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
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19
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Transcriptomics of cardiac biopsies reveals differences in patients with or without diagnostic parameters for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3179. [PMID: 30816197 PMCID: PMC6395693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure affects 2–3% of adult Western population. Prevalence of heart failure with preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (HFpEF) increases. Studies suggest HFpEF patients to have altered myocardial structure and functional changes such as incomplete relaxation and increased cardiac stiffness. We hypothesised that patients undergoing elective coronary bypass surgery (CABG) with HFpEF characteristics would show distinctive gene expression compared to patients with normal LV physiology. Myocardial biopsies for mRNA expression analysis were obtained from sixteen patients with LV ejection fraction ≥45%. Five out of 16 patients (31%) had echocardiographic characteristics and increased NTproBNP levels indicative of HFpEF and this group was used as HFpEF proxy, while 11 patients had Normal LV physiology. Utilising principal component analysis, the gene expression data clustered into two groups, corresponding to HFpEF proxy and Normal physiology, and 743 differentially expressed genes were identified. The associated top biological functions were cardiac muscle contraction, oxidative phosphorylation, cellular remodelling and matrix organisation. Our results also indicate that upstream regulatory events, including inhibition of transcription factors STAT4, SRF and TP53, and activation of transcription repressors HEY2 and KDM5A, could provide explanatory mechanisms to observed gene expression differences and ultimately cardiac dysfunction in the HFpEF proxy group.
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