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Jang J, He Z, Huang L, Hwang JY, Kim MY, Cho JY. Upregulation of NK cell activity, cytokine expression, and NF-κB pathway by ginsenoside concentrates from Panax ginseng berries in healthy mice and macrophage cell lines. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 335:118681. [PMID: 39121929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax ginseng (P. ginseng) C.A. Meyer. Has been studied for decades for its various biological activities, especially in terms of immune-regulatory properties. Traditionally, it has been known that root, leaves, and fruits of P. ginseng were eaten for improving body's Qi and homeostasis. Also, these were used to protect body from various types of infectious diseases. However, molecular mechanisms of immunomodulatory activities of ginseng berries have not been systemically studied as often as other parts of the plant. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this research is to discover the regulatory effects of P. ginseng berries, more importantly, their ginsenosides, on innate immune responses and to elucidate the molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ginseng berry concentrate (GBC) was orally injected into BALB/c mice for 30 days, and spleens were extracted for evaluation of immune-regulatory effects. Murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells were used for detailed molecular mechanism studies. Splenic natural killer (NK) cells were isolated using the magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) system, and the cytotoxic activity of isolated NK cells was measured using a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. The splenic immune cell population was determined by flow-cytometry. NF-κB promoter activity was assessed by in vitro luciferase assay. Expression of inflammatory proteins and cytokines of the spleen and RAW264.7 cells were evaluated using western blotting and real-time PCR, respectively. RESULTS The GBC enhanced cytotoxic activity of NK cells and the immune-regulation-related splenic cell population. Moreover, GBC promoted NF-κB promoter activity and stimulated the NF-κB signaling cascade. In spleen and RAW264.7 cells, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was increased upon GBC application, while expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines decreased. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that P. ginseng berry can stimulate innate immune responses and help maintain a balanced immune condition, mostly due to the action of its key ginsenoside Re, along with other protopanaxadiol- and protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides. Such finding will provide a new insight into the field of well-being diet research as well as non-chemical immune modulator, by providing nature-derived and plant-based bioactive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Jang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ziliang He
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Yeon Hwang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Liu S, Geng J, Chen W, Zong Y, Zhao Y, Du R, He Z. Isolation, structure, biological activity and application progress of ginseng polysaccharides from the Araliaceae family. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133925. [PMID: 39032904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Phytopolysaccharides are a class of natural macromolecules with a range of biological activities. Ginseng, red ginseng, American ginseng, and Panax notoginseng are all members of the Araliaceae family. They are known to contain a variety of medicinal properties and are typically rich in a wide range of medicinal values. Polysaccharides represent is one of the principal active ingredients in the aforementioned plants. However, there is a paucity of detailed reports on the separation methods, structural characteristics and comparison of various pharmacological effects of these polysaccharides. This paper presents a review of the latest research reports on ginseng, red ginseng, American ginseng and ginseng polysaccharides. The differences in extraction, separation, purification, structural characterization, and pharmacological activities of the four polysaccharides are compared and clarified. Upon examination of the current research literature, it becomes evident that the extraction and separation processes of the four polysaccharides are highly similar. Modern pharmacological studies have corroborated the multiple biological activities of these polysaccharides. These activities encompass a range of beneficial effects, including antioxidant stress injury, fatigue reduction, tumor inhibition, depression alleviation, regulation of intestinal flora, immunomodulation, diabetes management, central nervous system protection, anti-aging, and improvement of skin health. This paper presents a review of studies on the extraction, purification, characterization, and bioactivities of four natural plant ginseng polysaccharides. Furthermore, the review presents the most recent research findings on their pharmacological activities. The information provides a theoretical basis for the future application of natural plant polysaccharides and offers a new perspective for the in-depth development of the medicinal value of ginseng in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jianan Geng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Weijia Chen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Rui Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education of China, Changchun 130118, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Product Development of Sika Deer of China, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhongmei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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Silva-Nolasco AM, de la Cruz-Morcillo MA, García-Martínez MM, Zalacain A, Gálvez BG, Carmona M. Immunomodulatory activity of argentatins A and B isolated from guayule. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304713. [PMID: 38820477 PMCID: PMC11142701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Argentatins are secondary metabolites synthesized by guayule (Parthenium argentatum A. Gray) with numerous potential medical applications. In addition to inhibiting insect growth, they are endowed with several pharmacological properties including antimicrobial and antitumorigenic activity. However, their potential as immunomodulators remains unexplored. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether argentatins can modulate the function of the immune system. Human mesenchymal stem cells were treated with argentatins and the production of several anti- and proinflammatory cytokines was evaluated. The effect of argentatins on the polarization of CD4+ T-lymphocytes and macrophages was also assessed. Results demonstrated that argentatins can modulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the polarization of cellular phenotypes, including Th2 lymphocytes and M1 macrophages. These findings suggest that argentatins are promising therapeutic agents in autoimmune or allergic diseases, and open new perspectives for the investigation of argentatins in immune response and in the development of more targeted and effective immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniela M. Silva-Nolasco
- Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - M. Mercedes García-Martínez
- Instituto Técnico Agronómico Provincial (ITAP) S.A. Polígono Industrial Campollano, Albacete, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes y Biotecnología, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Amaya Zalacain
- Instituto Técnico Agronómico Provincial (ITAP) S.A. Polígono Industrial Campollano, Albacete, Spain
| | - Beatriz G. Gálvez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Carmona
- Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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Feng Q, Yan H, Feng Y, Cui L, Hussain H, Park JH, Kwon SW, Xie L, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Li J, Wang D. Characterization of the structure, anti-inflammatory activity and molecular docking of a neutral polysaccharide separated from American ginseng berries. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116521. [PMID: 38593700 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM American ginseng berries, grown in the aerial parts and harvested in August, are a potentially valuable material. The aim of the study was to analyze the specific polysaccharides in American ginseng berries, and to demonstrate the anti-inflammation effect through in vitro and in vivo experiments and molecular docking. METHODS After deproteinization and dialysis, the extracted crude polysaccharide was separated and purified. The structure of the specific isolated polysaccharide was investigated by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), GC-MS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo models (Raw 264.7 cells and zebrafish). Molecular docking was used to analyze the binding capacity and interaction with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). RESULTS A novel neutral polysaccharide fraction (AGBP-A) was isolated from American ginseng berries. The structural analysis demonstrated that AGBP-A had a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 122,988 Da with a dispersity index (Mw/Mn) value of 1.59 and was composed of arabinose and galactose with a core structure containing →6)-Gal-(1→ residues as the backbone and a branching substitution at the C3 position. The side-chains comprised of α-L-Ara-(1→, α-L-Ara-(1→, →5)-α-L-Ara-(1→, β-D-Gal-(1→. The results showed that it significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines in the cell model. In a zebrafish model, AGBP-A reduced the massive recruitment of neutrophils to the caudal lateral line neuromast, suggesting the relief of inflammation. Molecular docking was used to analyze the combined capacity and interaction with COX-2. CONCLUSION Our study indicated the potential efficacy of AGBP-A as a safe and valid natural anti-inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiang Feng
- Medicine and Food R&D and Health Product Creation International Joint Laboratory, Biological Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Heze Branch of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Heze 274000, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Huijiao Yan
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Li Cui
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Lei Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Medicine and Food R&D and Health Product Creation International Joint Laboratory, Biological Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Heze Branch of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Heze 274000, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Medicine and Food R&D and Health Product Creation International Joint Laboratory, Biological Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Heze Branch of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Heze 274000, China
| | - Jinfan Li
- Medicine and Food R&D and Health Product Creation International Joint Laboratory, Biological Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Heze Branch of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Heze 274000, China
| | - Daijie Wang
- Medicine and Food R&D and Health Product Creation International Joint Laboratory, Biological Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Heze Branch of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Heze 274000, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China.
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Shang Q, Liu W, Leslie F, Yang J, Guo M, Sun M, Zhang G, Zhang Q, Wang F. Nano-formulated delivery of active ingredients from traditional Chinese herbal medicines for cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1525-1541. [PMID: 38572106 PMCID: PMC10985040 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has garnered promise in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis through establishing durable and memorable immunological activity. However, low response rates, adverse side effects, and high costs compromise the additional benefits for patients treated with current chemical and biological agents. Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) are a potential treasure trove of natural medicines and are gaining momentum in cancer immunomodulation with multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway characteristics. The active ingredient extracted from CHMs benefit generalized patients through modulating immune response mechanisms. Additionally, the introduction of nanotechnology has greatly improved the pharmacological qualities of active ingredients through increasing the hydrophilicity, stability, permeability, and targeting characteristics, further enhancing anti-cancer immunity. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of active ingredients for cancer immunomodulation, highlight nano-formulated deliveries of active ingredients for cancer immunotherapy, and provide insights into the future applications in the emerging field of nano-formulated active ingredients of CHMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wandong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Faith Leslie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jiapei Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingmei Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingjiao Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Guangji Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine “Preventing Disease” Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Feihu Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Yu X, Zhu Y, Xu J, Song X. Successful complementary therapy with traditional Chinese medicine in a patient with Qi and Jin deficiency symptoms from adult-onset Still's disease: A case report. Explore (NY) 2024; 20:256-260. [PMID: 37612160 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare yet well-documented polygenic and systemic autoinflammatory disease characterized by recurrent spiking fever, transient skin rash, arthralgia, and sore throat. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) holds a significant role in complementary and alternative medicine. This study presents a unique case of a female AOSD patient with concurrent Qi and fluid deficiency syndrome who received combined treatment with formulated Zhu Ye Shi Gao Decoction (ZYSGD). CASE PRESENTATION In this case, a 28-year-old female patient presented with a 15-day history of fever and skin rash accompanied by sore throat, fatigue, myalgia, and arthralgia. Additionally, leucocytosis, aminotransferase abnormalities, and elevated inflammatory factor levels were observed. Infectious diseases, solid tumors, and hematological disorders were all ruled out. Anti-infective treatments proved ineffective, leading to the final diagnosis of AOSD. Glucocorticoid therapy provided only partial relief. Consequently, formulated ZYSGD and hepatoprotective drugs were added to the glucocorticoid treatment. Subsequently, the patient's symptoms and inflammatory biomarkers showed improvement. After discharge, the patient's condition remained stable while continuing the formulated ZYSGD in combination with 4 mg of Medrolol (qd) during a 10-month follow-up period. CONCLUSION This case report suggests that formulated ZYSGD could be a viable option for complementary and alternative therapy for late-stage AOSD, especially in cases involving both Qi and body fluid imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiali Yu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yuqing Zhu
- The First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Junmiao Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou Women's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Xinwei Song
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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Tian W, Huang J, Zhang W, Wang Y, Jin R, Guo H, Tang Y, Wang Y, Lai H, Leung ELH. Harnessing natural product polysaccharides against lung cancer and revisit its novel mechanism. Pharmacol Res 2024; 199:107034. [PMID: 38070793 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of lung cancer are on the rise worldwide. However, the benefit of clinical treatment in lung cancer is limited. Owning to important sources of drug development, natural products have received constant attention around the world. Main ingredient polysaccharides in natural products have been found to have various activities in pharmacological research. In recent years, more and more scientists are looking for the effects and mechanisms of different natural product polysaccharides on lung cancer. In this review, we focus on the following aspects: First, natural product polysaccharides have been discovered to directly suppress the growth of lung cancer cells, which can be effective in limiting tumor progression. Additionally, polysaccharides have been considered to enhance immune function, which can play a pivotal role in fighting lung cancer. Lastly, polysaccharides can improve the efficacy of drugs in lung cancer treatment by regulating the gut microbiota. Overall, the research of natural product polysaccharides in the treatment of lung cancer is a promising area that has the potential to lead to new clinical treatments. With better understanding, natural product polysaccharides have the potential to become important components of future lung cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangqi Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Economic Zone, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jumin Huang
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, and MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Weitong Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Economic Zone, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Economic Zone, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ruyi Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Economic Zone, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Economic Zone, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuping Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Economic Zone, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Economic Zone, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Huanling Lai
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, No. 9 XingDaoHuanBei Road, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangdong Province, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, and MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau.
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Liu Q, Song B, Tong S, Yang Q, Zhao H, Guo J, Tian X, Chang R, Wu J. Research Progress on the Anticancer Activity of Plant Polysaccharides. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2024; 19:573-598. [PMID: 37724671 DOI: 10.2174/1574892819666230915103434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Tumor is a serious threat to human health, with extremely high morbidity and mortality rates. However, tumor treatment is challenging, and the development of antitumor drugs has always been a significant research focus. Plant polysaccharides are known to possess various biological activities. They have many pharmacological properties such as immunomodulation, antitumor, antiviral, antioxidative, antithrombotic, and antiradiation effects, reduction of blood pressure and blood sugar levels, and protection from liver injury. Among these effects, the antitumor effect of plant polysaccharides has been widely studied. Plant polysaccharides can inhibit tumor proliferation and growth by inhibiting tumor cell invasion and metastasis, inducing cell apoptosis, affecting the cell cycle, and regulating the tumor microenvironment. They also have the characteristics of safety, high efficiency, and low toxicity, which can alleviate, to a certain extent, the adverse reactions caused by traditional tumor treatment methods such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Therefore, this paper systematically summarizes the direct antitumor effects of plant polysaccharides, their regulatory effects on the tumor microenvironment, and intervening many common high-incidence tumors in other ways. It also provides data support for the administration of plant polysaccharides in modern tumor drug therapy, enabling the identification of new targets and development of new drugs for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyan Liu
- School of Basic Medical, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Bo Song
- School of Basic Medical, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Sen Tong
- School of Basic Medical, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Qiuqiong Yang
- School of Basic Medical, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhao
- School of Basic Medical, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jia Guo
- School of Basic Medical, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Xuexia Tian
- School of Basic Medical, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Renjie Chang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Junzi Wu
- School of Basic Medical, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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Zhang M, Niu H, Li Q, Jiao L, Li H, Wu W. Active Compounds of Panax ginseng in the Improvement of Alzheimer's Disease and Application of Spatial Metabolomics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:38. [PMID: 38256872 PMCID: PMC10818864 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is one of the more common traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). It contains numerous chemical components and exhibits a range of pharmacological effects. An enormous burden is placed on people's health and life by Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition. Recent research has shown that P. ginseng's chemical constituents, particularly ginsenosides, have a significant beneficial impact on the prevention and management of neurological disorders. To understand the current status of research on P. ginseng to improve AD, this paper discusses the composition of P. ginseng, its mechanism of action, and its clinical application. The pathogenesis of AD includes amyloid beta protein (Aβ) generation and aggregation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidant stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial damage, and neurotransmitter and gut microbiota disorders. This review presents the key molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of the active ingredients in P. ginseng involved in improving AD from the perspective of AD pathogenesis. A P. ginseng-related signaling pathway network was constructed to provide effective targets for the treatment of AD. In addition, the application of spatial metabolomics techniques in studying P. ginseng and AD is discussed. In summary, this paper discusses research perspectives for the study of P. ginseng in the treatment of AD, including a systematic and in-depth review of the mechanisms of action of the active substances in P. ginseng, and evaluates the feasibility of applying spatial metabolomics in the study of AD pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hui Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.Z.); (H.N.); (Q.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.Z.); (H.N.); (Q.L.); (L.J.)
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Liu G, Wei P, Tang Y, Li J, Yi P, Deng Z, He X, Ling D, Sun J, Zhang L. Screening and Characteristics Analysis of Polysaccharides from Orah Mandarin ( Citrus reticulata cv. Orah). Foods 2023; 13:82. [PMID: 38201110 PMCID: PMC10778330 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to screen out polysaccharides with the ability to activate NK cells. Ten polysaccharides (OP) were isolated from orah mandarin (Citrus reticulata cv. Orah) peel using hot-water extraction combined with the alcohol precipitation method and the ultrafiltration-membrane separation method. After measuring the effects of 10 OPs on NK-92MI cell proliferation and cytotoxicity, it was found that the polysaccharide OP5 had the highest activity in vitro. OP5 can significantly promote the proliferation of and increase the gene expression of perforin, granzyme B and IFN-γ in NK-92MI cells. Its molecular weight was between 50 and 70 kDa. The identification results of monosaccharide composition indicated that OP5 was composed of arabinose (31.52%), galacturonic acid (22.35%), galactose (16.72%), glucose (15.95%), mannose (7.67%), rhamnose (2.39%), fucose (1.41%), xylose (1.30%), glucuronic acid (0.42%) and ribose (0.27%). The sugar ring of the β-configuration was the main, and that of the α-configuration was the auxiliary. These results would provide a foundation for the functional product development of OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoming Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China;
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ping Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Yayuan Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jiemin Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Zhonglin Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Xuemei He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Dongning Ling
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China;
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
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11
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Rod-in W, Surayot U, You S, Park WJ. Inhibitory effects of polysaccharides from Korean ginseng berries on LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294675. [PMID: 38015971 PMCID: PMC10684074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides isolated from Korean ginseng berries (GBPs) have shown beneficial effects such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic properties. However, little is known about anti-inflammatory effects of GBPs. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate anti-inflammatory properties of four fractions of GBPs, namely GBP-C, GBP-F1, GBP-F2, and GBP-F3, in macrophages. Their toxicities and effects on NO production in RAW264.7 cells were assessed by culturing cells with various concentrations of GBPs and stimulating cells with LPS. Furthermore, expression levels of inflammatory mediators, cytokines, cell surface molecules, and immune signaling pathways were evaluated in LPS-stimulated macrophages using different fractions of GBPs at 450 μg/mL. These GBPs activated LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells to significantly reduce NO production. They suppressed the expression of mRNA and cell surface molecules via MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Collectively, results revealed that all four GBP fractions showed anti-inflammatory effects, with GBP-F1 having a more efficient anti-inflammatory effect than GBP-C, GBP-F2, and GBP-F3. The structure of GBP-F1 mainly consists of 1 → 3)- Araf, 1 → 4)- Glcp, and 1 → 6)-Galp glycosidic linkages. These results demonstrate that GBPs can be employed as alternative natural sources of anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerawan Rod-in
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Research for Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Utoomporn Surayot
- College of Maritime Studies and Management, Chiang Mai University, Samut Sakhon, Thailand
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Korea
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12
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Li D, Wu Y, Yin H, Feng W, Ma X, Xiao H, Xin W, Li C. Panax Notoginseng polysaccharide stabilized gel-like Pickering emulsions: Stability and mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:125893. [PMID: 37473886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the polysaccharide from Panax Notoginseng (SPNP), a traditional herb in China, was used as an outstanding Pickering stabilizer to fabricate Pickering emulsions. The SPNP was characterized to be a porous network structure with a rough surface surrounded by some nanoparticles. Rheological measurement of the obtained Pickering emulsions demonstrated the formation of emulsion gels. Moreover, the emulsions exhibited excellent storage (14 days), pH (1.0-11.0), ionic strength (0-500 mM), and temperature (4-50 °C) stabilities. In addition, the Pickering emulsions showed a freeze-thaw stability, which is beneficial in food, cosmetic or biomedical applications when they may require freezing for storage and melting before use. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) results showed that SPNPs effectively adsorbed at the oil-water interface by forming a compact three-dimensional (3D) network structure and multilayer anchoring on the surface of the emulsion droplets, thus inhibiting the droplet coalescence and flocculation. This study provides a kind of Pickering emulsions applicable in food, biomedical and cosmetic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Li
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yingni Wu
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haoran Yin
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wei Feng
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Ma
- College of Notoginseng Medicine and Pharmacy, Wenshan University, Wenshan 663000, China
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Wenfeng Xin
- College of Notoginseng Medicine and Pharmacy, Wenshan University, Wenshan 663000, China.
| | - Chengcheng Li
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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13
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Cho G, Kim DR, Kwak YS. Transition from Ginseng Root Rot Disease-Conducive Soil to -Suppressive Soil Mediated by Pseudomonadaceae. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0115023. [PMID: 37404179 PMCID: PMC10433981 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01150-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is a popular medicinal herb with established therapeutic effects such as cardiovascular disease prevention, anticancer effects, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the slow growth of ginseng due to soilborne pathogens has been a challenge for establishing new plantations. In this study, we investigated root rot disease associated with the microbiota in a ginseng monoculture model system. Our results showed that a collapse of the early microbiota community inhibiting root rot disease was observed before the disease became severe, and nitrogen fixation was necessary to support the initial microbiota community structure. Furthermore, changes in the nitrogen composition were essential for the suppression of pathogen activity in early monoculture soils. We hypothesize that Pseudomonadaceae, a population built up by aspartic acid, can inhibit the occurrence of root rot disease in ginseng and that specific management practices that maintain a healthy microbiome can be implemented to prevent and mitigate the disease. Our findings provide insights into the potential use of specific members of the microbiota for controlling root rot disease in ginseng cultivation. IMPORTANCE Understanding the initial soil microbiota and community shifts in a monoculture system is critical for developing disease-suppressive soils for crop production. The lack of resistance genes against soilborne pathogens in plants highlights the need for effective management strategies. Our investigation of root rot disease and initial microbiota community shifts in a ginseng monoculture model system provides valuable insight into the development of conducive soil into specific suppressive soil. With a thorough understanding of the microbiota in disease-conducive soil, we can work toward the development of disease-suppressive soil to prevent outbreaks and ensure sustainable crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongjun Cho
- Division of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agriculture Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Ran Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science and RILS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Sig Kwak
- Division of Applied Life Science and RILS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Yoon EJ, Ahn JW, Kim HS, Choi Y, Jeong J, Joo SS, Park D. Improvement of Cognitive Function by Fermented Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer Berries Extracts in an AF64A-Induced Memory Deficit Model. Nutrients 2023; 15:3389. [PMID: 37571326 PMCID: PMC10421307 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the potential therapeutic properties of fermented ginseng berry extract (GBE) for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Fermented GBE was examined for its ginsenoside content and physiological properties, which have been suggested to have neuroprotective effects and improve cognitive function. The results showed that fermented GBE contains high levels of major active ginsenosides and exhibits antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Post-fermented GBE demonstrated therapeutic potential in AF64A-induced damaged neural stem cells and an animal model of AD. These findings suggest that fermented GBE may hold promise as a candidate for developing new therapeutic interventions for memory deficits and cognitive disorders associated with AD and other neurodegenerative conditions. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of fermented GBE in human subjects and to determine its clinical applications. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that fermented GBE has potential as a natural product for the prevention and treatment of AD. The high levels of active ginsenosides and antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of fermented GBE suggest that it may be a promising therapeutic agent for improving cognitive function and reducing neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Yoon
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Medicine, Department of Biology Education, Republic of Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.Y.); (J.J.)
| | - Jeong-Won Ahn
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung 25457, Gangwon, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.A.); (H.-S.K.)
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung 25457, Gangwon, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.A.); (H.-S.K.)
| | - Yunseo Choi
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Medicine, Department of Biology Education, Republic of Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.Y.); (J.J.)
| | - Jiwon Jeong
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Medicine, Department of Biology Education, Republic of Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.Y.); (J.J.)
| | - Seong-Soo Joo
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung 25457, Gangwon, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.A.); (H.-S.K.)
- Huscion MAJIC R&D Center, 331 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam 13488, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsun Park
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Medicine, Department of Biology Education, Republic of Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.Y.); (J.J.)
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15
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Zhang J, He J, Huang J, Li X, Fan X, Li W, Wu G, Xie C, Fan XX, Zhang J, Yao X, Wang R, Leung ELH. Pharmacokinetics, absorption and transport mechanism for ginseng polysaccharides. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114610. [PMID: 36989718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginseng polysaccharide (GP) is one of the most abundant components in Panax ginseng. However, the absorption pathways and mechanisms of GPs have not been investigated systematically due to the challenges of their detection. METHODS The fluorescein isothiocyanate derivative (FITC) was employed to label GP and ginseng acidic polysaccharide (GAP) to obtain target samples. HPLC-MS/MS assay was used to determine the pharmacokinetics of GP and GAP in rats. The Caco-2 cell model was used to investigate the uptake and transport mechanisms of GP and GAP in rats. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that the absorption of GAP was more than that of GP in rats after gavage administration, while there was no significant difference between both after intravenous administration. In addition, we found that GAP and GP were more distributed in the kidney, liver and genitalia, suggesting that GAP and GP are highly targeted to the liver, kidney and genitalia. Importantly, we explored the uptake mechanism of GAP and GP. GAP and GP are endocytosed into the cell via lattice proteins or niche proteins. Both are transported lysosomally mediated to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then enter the nucleus through the ER, thus completing the process of intracellular uptake and transportation. CONCLUSION Our results confirm that the uptake of GPs by small intestinal epithelial cells is primarily mediated via lattice proteins and the cytosolic cellar. The discovery of important pharmacokinetic properties and the uncovering of the absorption mechanism provide a research rationale for the research of GP formulation and clinical promotion.
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Zhang S, Ding C, Liu X, Zhao Y, Ding Q, Sun S, Zhang J, Yang J, Liu W, Li W. Research Progress on Extraction, Isolation, Structural Analysis and Biological Activity of Polysaccharides from Panax Genus. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093733. [PMID: 37175143 PMCID: PMC10179830 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The panax genus is a widely used medicinal plant with good biological activity. As one of the main active components of the Panax genus, polysaccharides have various pharmacological effects. This review summarizes the latest research reports on ginseng, American ginseng, and Panax notoginseng polysaccharides and compares the differences in extraction, isolation and purification, structural characteristics, and biological activities. The current research mainly focuses on ginseng polysaccharides, and the process of extraction, isolation, and structure analysis of each polysaccharide is roughly the same. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that these polysaccharides have antioxidants, antitumor, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, intestinal protection, skin repair, and other biological activities. This review provides new insights into the differences between the three kinds of ginseng polysaccharides which will help to further study the medicinal value of ginseng in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chuanbo Ding
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Xinglong Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Yingchun Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Qiteng Ding
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shuwen Sun
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jiali Yang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Wencong Liu
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuzhou University, Wuzhou 543003, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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Sadiq NB, Kwon H, Park NI, Hamayun M, Jung JH, Yang SH, Jang SW, Kabadayı SN, Kim HY, Kim YJ. The Impact of Light Wavelength and Darkness on Metabolite Profiling of Korean Ginseng: Evaluating Its Anti-Cancer Potential against MCF-7 and BV-2 Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097768. [PMID: 37175475 PMCID: PMC10178343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Korean ginseng is a source of functional foods and medicines; however, its productivity is hindered by abiotic stress factors, such as light. This study investigated the impacts of darkness and different light wavelengths on the metabolomics and anti-cancer activity of ginseng extracts. Hydroponically-grown Korean ginseng was shifted to a light-emitting diodes (LEDs) chamber for blue-LED and darkness treatments, while white fluorescent (FL) light treatment was the control. MCF-7 breast cancer and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 microglial cells were used to determine chemo-preventive and neuroprotective potential. Overall, 53 significant primary metabolites were detected in the treated samples. The levels of ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, and Re, as well as organic and amino acids, were significantly higher in the dark treatment, followed by blue-LED treatment and the FL control. The dark-treated ginseng extract significantly induced apoptotic signaling in MCF-7 cells and dose-dependently inhibited the NF-κB and MAP kinase pathways in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. Short-term dark treatment increased the content of Rd, Rc, Rb1, Rb2, and Re ginsenosides in ginseng extracts, which promoted apoptosis of MCF-7 cells and inhibition of the MAP kinase pathway in BV-2 microglial cells. These results indicate that the dark treatment might be effective in improving the pharmacological potential of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooruddin Bin Sadiq
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjoon Kwon
- Center of Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Il Park
- Department of Plant Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Je-Hyeong Jung
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Won Jang
- Korean Ginseng Company (KGC), 71 Beotkkot-gil, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon 34337, Republic of Korea
| | - Seda Nur Kabadayı
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Kim
- Center of Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
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18
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Fang X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Shan M, Guan S, Qiu Z, Zhu D, Luo H. Exploring the potential of ginseng glycoprotein to improve learning and memory in mice via Notch signaling pathway and structural analysis using multi-information fusion based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:115978. [PMID: 36519753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer reportedly exhibits various beneficial pharmacological activities. Panax ginseng glycoproteins (PGG) are a class of glycosylated protein components extracted from ginseng and can exert significant activity for improving learning and memory abilities. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of the present study was to investigate the PGG-mediated protective mechanism against neurodegenerative diseases via the Notch signaling pathway using proteomic methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined learning and memory in mice using the Morris water maze and nest-building paradigms. The PGG structure was determined using multi-information fusion based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Accurate glycosylation sites of glycoproteins were identified using the advanced glycosylation analysis software Byonic. Furthermore, connection modes of the oligosaccharide chain were clarified by methylation analysis of sugar residues. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between wild-type (WT) and APP/APS1 mice were measured and compared using label-free quantitative proteomics, and related signaling pathways were identified. For validation, we performed a series of in vitro tests, including an assessment of cell viability, apoptosis assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. RESULTS In the Morris water maze and nesting experiments, PGG-treated WT mice exhibited significantly improved learning and memory. The structures of 171 glycoprotein fragments in PGG matched the credible score, and typical structures were identified using LC/MS data analysis. According to the proteomic analysis results, 188 DEPs were detected between the model and administration groups, and two downregulated DEPs were related to the Notch signaling pathway. Based on the in vitro verification tests, PGG significantly inhibited the expression of key proteins in the Notch signaling pathway in microglia. CONCLUSIONS PGG could prevent the development of neuroinflammation by inhibiting excessive activation of the Notch signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting neuroapoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Fang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yegang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Changchun Customs District P.R. China, The Former Jilin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Mengyao Shan
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Shuguang Guan
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Zhidong Qiu
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Difu Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Haoming Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
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Farooqi AA, Rakhmetova V, Kapanova G, Mussakhanova A, Tashenova G, Tulebayeva A, Akhenbekova A, Xu B. Suppressive effects of bioactive herbal polysaccharides against different cancers: From mechanisms to translational advancements. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 110:154624. [PMID: 36584608 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fueled by rapidly evolving comprehension of multifaceted nature of cancers, recently emerging preclinical and clinical data have supported researchers in the resolution of knowledge gaps to deepen the understanding of the molecular mechanisms. The extra-ordinary and bewildering chemical diversity encompassed by biologically active natural products continues to be of relevance to drug discovery. Accumulating evidence has spurred a remarkable evolution of concepts related to pharmacological target of oncogenic signaling pathways by polysaccharides in different cancers. PURPOSE The objective of the current review is to provide new insights into study progress on anticancer effects of bioactive herbal polysaccharides. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and other databases were searched for articles related to anticancer effects of polysaccharides. Searches were conducted to locate relevant publications published up to October 2022. RESULTS Polysaccharides have been reported to pleiotropically modulate TGF/SMAD, BMP/SMAD, TLR4, mTOR, CXCR4 and VEGF/VEGFR cascades. We have also summarized how different polysaccharides regulated apoptosis and non-coding RNAs. Additionally, this mini-review describes increasingly sophisticated understanding related to polysaccharides mediated tumor suppressive and anti-metastatic effects in tumor-bearing mice. We have also provided an overview of the clinical trials related to chemopreventive role of polysaccharides. CONCLUSION Genomic and proteomic findings from these studies will facilitate 'next-generation' clinical initiatives in the prevention/inhibition of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gulnara Kapanova
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 al-Farabi Ave, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; Scientific Center of Anti-infectious Drugs, 75 a al-Faraby Ave, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Akmaral Mussakhanova
- Department of Public Health and Management, Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulnara Tashenova
- Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Kazakhstan; JSC "Scientific Center of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery", Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Department of Life Sciences, BNU-HKBU United International College, 2000, Jintong Road, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China.
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Tao R, Lu K, Zong G, Xia Y, Han H, Zhao Y, Wei Z, Lu Y. Ginseng polysaccharides: Potential antitumor agents. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:9-22. [PMID: 36644386 PMCID: PMC9834022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As a famous herbal medicine in China and Asia, ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is also known as the "King of All Herbs" and has long been used in medicine and healthcare. In addition to the obvious biological activities of ginsenosides, ginseng polysaccharides (GPs) exhibit excellent antitumor, antioxidant stress, and immunomodulatory effects. In particular, GPs can exert an antitumor effect and is a potential immunomodulator. However, due to the complexity and diversity in the structures and components of GPs, their specific physicochemical properties, and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this article, we have summarized the factors influencing the antitumor activity of GPs and their mechanism of action, including the stimulation of the immune system, regulation of the gut microbiota, and direct action on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Keqin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Gangfan Zong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yawen Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongkuan Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonghong Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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21
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De Giani A, Oldani M, Forcella M, Lasagni M, Fusi P, Di Gennaro P. Synergistic Antioxidant Effect of Prebiotic Ginseng Berries Extract and Probiotic Strains on Healthy and Tumoral Colorectal Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:373. [PMID: 36613815 PMCID: PMC9820163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS, O2•−, HO•, and H2O2) affects the aging process and the development of several diseases. A new frontier on its prevention includes functional foods with both specific probiotics and natural extracts as antioxidants. In this work, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer berries extract was characterized for the presence of beneficial molecules (54.3% pectin-based polysaccharides and 12% ginsenosides), able to specifically support probiotics growth (OD600nm > 5) with a prebiotic index of 0.49. The administration of the extract to a probiotic consortium induced the production of short-chain fatty acids (lactic, butyric, and propionic acids) and other secondary metabolites derived from the biotransformation of Ginseng components. Healthy and tumoral colorectal cell lines (CCD841 and HT-29) were then challenged with these metabolites at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL. The cell viability of HT-29 decreased in a dose-dependent manner after the exposition to the metabolites, while CCD841 vitality was not affected. Regarding ROS production, the metabolites protected CCD841 cells, while ROS levels were increased in HT-29 cells, potentially correlating with the less functionality of glutathione S-transferase, catalase, and total superoxide dismutase enzymes, and a significant increase in oxidized glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra De Giani
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Oldani
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Matilde Forcella
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Lasagni
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Fusi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Di Gennaro
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
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22
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The Effect of the Tongyang Huoxue Recipe (TYHX) on the I to/ I Kur in Ischemia/Reperfusion Sinoatrial Node Cells. Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 2022:4114817. [PMID: 36605374 PMCID: PMC9794430 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4114817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transient outward potassium current (I to) and the ultrarapid delayed rectifier potassium current (I Kur) are major potassium currents involved in the repolarization process of sinoatrial node cells (SNCs). Methods and Results The SNCs of neonatal rats were divided into control, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), I/R+blank serum, and Tongyang Huoxue recipe (TYHX) serum groups. I to and I Kur were recorded using the whole cell patch-clamp technique, and the current-voltage (I-V), steady-state activation (SSA), steady-state inactivation (SSI), and recovery from inactivation (RFI) curves were plotted, respectively. Compared to the control group, both the peak current density and the current density at the voltage of I to and I Kur decreased obviously in SNCs after simulated I/R, the SSA curves moved right, and the SSI curves moved left. After TYHX was added to the extracellular solution of SNCs, both the peak current density and the current density at the voltage of I to and I Kur increased significantly, the SSA curves moved left, and the SSI curves moved right with a significant difference of V 1/2. The recovery from the I Kur RFI curves was slightly restored, and the I to curves did not change. Conclusions TYHX increases the peak current density, accelerates the activation, and decreases the inactivation of the I to and I Kur. This may be the mechanism of TYHX in shortening the action potential duration of repolarization, which accelerates spontaneous pulsation.
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Ni B, Song X, Shi B, Wang J, Sun Q, Wang X, Xu M, Cao L, Zhu G, Li J. Research progress of ginseng in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1036498. [PMID: 36313365 PMCID: PMC9603756 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1036498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become one of the major causes of human death. Several anticancer drugs are available; howeve their use and efficacy are limited by the toxic side effects and drug resistance caused by their continuous application. Many natural products have antitumor effects with low toxicity and fewer adverse effects. Moreover, they play an important role in enhancing the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents, reducing toxic side effects, and reversing chemoresistance. Consequently, natural drugs are being applied as potential therapeutic options in the field of antitumor treatment. As natural medicinal plants, some components of ginseng have been shown to have excellent efficacy and a good safety profile for cancer treatment. The pharmacological activities and possible mechanisms of action of ginseng have been identified. Its broad range of pharmacological activities includes antitumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-stress, anti-fibrotic, central nervous system modulating, cardioprotective, and immune-enhancing effects. Numerous studies have also shown that throuth multiple pathways, ginseng and its active ingredients exert antitumor effects on gastrointestinal (GI) tract tumors, such as esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers. Herein, we introduced the main components of ginseng, including ginsenosides, polysaccharides, and sterols, etc., and reviewed the mechanism of action and research progress of ginseng in the treatment of various GI tumors. Futhermore, the pathways of action of the main components of ginseng are discussed in depth to promote the clinical development and application of ginseng in the field of anti-GI tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Ni
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Song
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bolun Shi
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Qianhui Sun
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmiao Wang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manman Xu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luchang Cao
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jie Li
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Li,
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24
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Baranauskaite J, Ockun MA, Uner B, Gungor B, Duman G, Tas C, Yesilada E. Development and In vitro characterization of pullulan fast dissolving films loaded with Panax ginseng extract, antioxidant properties and cytotoxic efficiency on lung and breast cancer cell lines. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Characterization of a novel polysaccharide from red ginseng and its ameliorative effect on oxidative stress injury in myocardial ischemia. Chin Med 2022; 17:111. [PMID: 36153627 PMCID: PMC9509600 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Red ginseng (RG) was widely used as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) or dietary supplement. However, few researches had been reported on the red ginseng polysaccharide (RGP). Methods In this study, a novel heteropolysaccharide named RGP1-1 was fractionated sequentially by DEAE-52 column and Sephadex G-100 gel column. The primary structure of RGP1-1, including glycosyl linkages, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, morphology and physicochemical property were conducted by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC–MS), atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric analysis (DSC-TG) and so on. The effect of RGP1-1 in preventing and treating myocardial ischemia was evaluated by an animal model isoprenaline (ISO) induced mice. Results RGP1-1, with a homogeneous molecular weight of 5655 Da, was composed of Glc and Gal in the ratio of 94.26:4.92. The methylation and NMR analysis indicated the backbone was composed of → 1)-Glcp-(4 → and → 1)-Galp-(4 →, branched partially at O-4 with α-D-Glcp-(1 → residue. Morphology and physicochemical property analysis revealed a triple-helical conformation, flaky and irregular spherical structure with molecule aggregations and stable thermal properties of RGP1-1. And it contained 6.82 mV zeta potential, 117.4 nm partical size and polymerization phenomenon. Furthermore, RGP1-1 possessed strong antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo, RGP1-1 could decrease cardiomyocyte apoptosis and myocardium fibrosis of mice in histopathology and it could decrease significantly the serum levels of cardiac troponin (cTnI), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA). Western blot analysis showed that RGP1-1 can increase the expression of main protein Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) and kelch-like ECH-associated protein1(keap1) in oxidative stress injure progress, and therefore regulate the pathway of Nrf2/HO-1. Conclusion The above findings indicated that RGP1-1 had an improving effect on ISO-induced myocardial ischemia injury in mice, as novel natural antioxidant and heart-protecting drugs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-022-00669-6.
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Wu Y, Cai Y, Ma L, Li F, Zhang M, Wang Y, Zheng F, Pi Z, Yue H. Identification and chemical profiling of anti-alcoholic liver disease biomarkers of ginseng Huang jiu using UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS and network pharmacology-based analyses. Front Nutr 2022; 9:978122. [PMID: 36034901 PMCID: PMC9412739 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.978122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanism of characteristic non-volatile organic compounds (NVOCs) from ginseng Huang jiu (GH) in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease through UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS and network pharmacological analyses. Changes in NVOC contents in ginseng Huang jiu and ginseng-soaked wine fermented by different processing technologies were analyzed through liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). A total of 96 ginsenosides were identified in ginseng Huang jiu throughout the fermentation process, which included 37 protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides, 47 protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides, and 4 oleanolic acid-type ginsenosides. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed that 20(R)-Rg2, Gypenoside XVII, 20(S)-Rf3, CK, Rg5, Rh2, and other rare ginsenosides in ginseng Huang jiu could be the potential index for determining ginseng Huang jiu. In addition, ginseng Huang jiu could improve alcoholic liver disease by regulating the GSTP1, HRAS, AKR1B1, GSTA1, Androgen receptor (AR), GSR, and LDHB genes through bioinformatics analysis. This study provides new insights into improving the industrial production of ginseng Huang jiu and treating alcoholic liver disease with medicinal and food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxi Wu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yongyu Cai
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Liting Ma
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Fangtong Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Meiyu Zhang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yizhu Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zifeng Pi
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Yue
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Herb Polysaccharide-Based Drug Delivery System: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications for Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081703. [PMID: 36015329 PMCID: PMC9414761 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Herb polysaccharides (HPS) have been studied extensively for their healthcare applications. Though the toxicity was not fully clarified, HPS were widely accepted for their biodegradability and biocompatibility. In addition, as carbohydrate polymers with a unique chemical composition, molecular weight, and functional group profile, HPS can be conjugated, cross-linked, and functionally modified. Thus, they are great candidates for the fabrication of drug delivery systems (DDS). HPS-based DDS (HPS-DDS) can bypass phagocytosis by the reticuloendothelial system, prevent the degradation of biomolecules, and increase the bioavailability of small molecules, thus exerting therapeutic effects. In this review, we focus on the application of HPS as components of immunoregulatory DDS. We summarize the principles governing the fabrication of HPS-DDS, including nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, microemulsions, hydrogels, and microneedles. In addition, we discuss the role of HPS in DDS for immunotherapy. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights that could guide the design of effective HPS-DDS.
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Zhou X, Wang X, Sun Q, Zhang W, Liu C, Ma W, Sun C. Natural compounds: A new perspective on targeting polarization and infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages in lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113096. [PMID: 35567987 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development in tumor immunology, people are gradually understanding the complexity and diversity of the tumor microenvironment immune status and its important effect on tumors. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), an important part of the tumor immune microenvironment, have a double effect on tumor growth and metastasis. Many studies have focused on lung cancer, especially non-small cell lung cancer and other "hot tumors" with typical inflammatory characteristics. The polarization and infiltration of TAMs is an important mechanism in the occurrence and development of malignant tumors, such as lung cancer, and in the tumor immune microenvironment. Therapeutic drugs designed for these reasons are key to targeting TAMs in the treatment of lung cancer. A large number of reports have suggested that natural compounds have a strong potential of affecting immunity by targeting the polarization and infiltration of TAMs to improve the immune microenvironment of lung cancer and exert a natural antitumor effect. This paper discusses the infiltration and polarization effects of natural compounds on lung cancer TAMs, provides a detailed classification and systematic review of natural compounds, and summarizes the bias of different kinds of natural compounds by affecting their antitumor mechanism of TAMs, with the aim of providing new perspectives and potential therapeutic drugs for targeted macrophages in the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Zhou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenzhe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China; College of Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, China.
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The Untapped Potential of Ginsenosides and American Ginseng Berry in Promoting Mental Health via the Gut-Brain Axis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122523. [PMID: 35745252 PMCID: PMC9227060 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the popularity of the ginseng (Panax) root in health research and on the market, the ginseng berry’s potential remains relatively unexplored. Implementing ginseng berry cultivations and designing berry-derived products could improve the accessibility to mental health-promoting nutraceuticals. Indeed, the berry could have a higher concentration of neuroprotective and antidepressant compounds than the root, which has already been the subject of research demonstrating its efficacy in the context of neuroprotection and mental health. In this review, data on the berry’s application in supporting mental health via the gut–brain axis is compiled and discussed.
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30
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Zhou L, Zou M, Xu Y, Lin P, Lei C, Xia X. Nano Drug Delivery System for Tumor Immunotherapy: Next-Generation Therapeutics. Front Oncol 2022; 12:864301. [PMID: 35664731 PMCID: PMC9160744 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.864301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy is an artificial stimulation of the immune system to enhance anti-cancer response. It has become a powerful clinical strategy for treating cancer. The number of immunotherapy drug approvals has been increasing in recent years, and many treatments are in clinical and preclinical stages. Despite this progress, the special tumor heterogeneity and immunosuppressive microenvironment of solid tumors made immunotherapy in the majority of cancer cases difficult. Therefore, understanding how to improve the intratumoral enrichment degree and the response rate of various immunotherapy drugs is key to improve efficacy and control adverse reactions. With the development of materials science and nanotechnology, advanced biomaterials such as nanoparticle and drug delivery systems like T-cell delivery therapy can improve effectiveness of immunotherapy while reducing the toxic side effects on non-target cells, which offers innovative ideas for improving immunity therapeutic effectiveness. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of tumor cell immune escape and focus on current immunotherapy (such as cytokine immunotherapy, therapeutic monoclonal antibody immunotherapy, PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, CAR-T therapy, tumor vaccine, oncolytic virus, and other new types of immunity) and its challenges as well as the latest nanotechnology (such as bionic nanoparticles, self-assembled nanoparticles, deformable nanoparticles, photothermal effect nanoparticles, stimuli-responsive nanoparticles, and other types) applications in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Manshu Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yilin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Chang Lei
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xinhua Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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31
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Yang Z, Liu Z, Xu J, Zhu J, Pu Y, Bao Y. Study on the physicochemical properties and immunomodulatory anti-tumor effect of the Pholiota adiposa polysaccharide. Food Funct 2022; 13:5153-5165. [PMID: 35420612 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03628a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the extraction, purification, physical and chemical properties, and biological activity of the Pholiota adiposa (PAP) polysaccharide were investigated. One fraction (PAP-1a) of Pholiota adiposa polysaccharides was isolated using DEAE Sepharose™ Fast Flow and Sephacryl™ S-300 High-Resolution columns. The HPLGPC results revealed that the molecular weight of PAP-1a was 16.453 kDa. PAP-1a was composed of mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, and fucose and their molar % was 33.41, 0.53, 1.33, 0.07, 0.27, 5.28, 38.31, 0.83, 18.04 and 2.23, respectively. PAP-1a could activate macrophages to secrete NO and cytokines such as TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-12p70. When hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCCs) and macrophages were co-cultured, it was observed that PAP-1a inhibited the growth of Hep-G2, Hep-3B, and Huh7 via immunoregulation. It triggered cell apoptosis by blocking the cell cycle in the G0/G1 stage. Furthermore, PAP-1a had no direct cytotoxicity against the hepatocyte cell line L02 and macrophages RAW264.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Zijing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Junmo Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Youwei Pu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Yixi Bao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
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The Antiviral Effect of Panax Notoginseng Polysaccharides by Inhibiting PRV Adsorption and Replication In Vitro. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041254. [PMID: 35209042 PMCID: PMC8880127 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine pseudorabies (PR) is an important infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), which poses a major threat to food safety and security. Vaccine immunization has become the main means to prevent and control the disease. However, since 2011, a new PRV variant has caused huge economic losses to the Chinese pig industry. Panax notoginseng polysaccharides have immunomodulatory activity and other functions, but the antiviral effect has not been reported. We studied the anti-PRV activity of Panax notoginseng polysaccharides in vitro. A less cytopathic effect was observed by increasing the concentration of Panax notoginseng polysaccharides. Western blot, TCID50, plaque assay, and IFA revealed that Panax notoginseng polysaccharides could significantly inhibit the infectivity of PRV XJ5 on PK15 cells. In addition, we also found that Panax notoginseng polysaccharides blocked the adsorption and replication of PRV to PK15 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These results show that Panax notoginseng polysaccharides play an antiviral effect mainly by inhibiting virus adsorption and replication in vitro. Therefore, Panax notoginseng polysaccharides may be a potential anti-PRV agent.
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Li M, Wang X, Wang Y, Bao S, Chang Q, Liu L, Zhang S, Sun L. Strategies for Remodeling the Tumor Microenvironment Using Active Ingredients of Ginseng-A Promising Approach for Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:797634. [PMID: 35002732 PMCID: PMC8727883 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.797634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in promoting the initiation and progression of tumors, leading to chemoradiotherapy resistance and immunotherapy failure. Targeting of the TME is a novel anti-tumor therapeutic approach and is currently a focus of anti-tumor research. Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng), an ingredient of well-known traditional Asia medicines, exerts beneficial anti-tumor effects and can regulate the TME. Here, we present a systematic review that describes the current status of research efforts to elucidate the functions and mechanisms of ginseng active components (including ginsenosides and ginseng polysaccharides) for achieving TME regulation. Ginsenosides have variety effects on TME, such as Rg3, Rd and Rk3 can inhibit tumor angiogenesis; Rg3, Rh2 and M4 can regulate the function of immune cells; Rg3, Rd and Rg5 can restrain the stemness of cancer stem cells. Ginseng polysaccharides (such as red ginseng acidic polysaccharides and polysaccharides extracted from ginseng berry and ginseng leaves) can regulate TME mainly by stimulating immune cells. In addition, we propose a potential mechanistic link between ginseng-associated restoration of gut microbiota and the tumor immune microenvironment. Finally, we describe recent advances for improving ginseng efficacy, including the development of a nano-drug delivery system. Taken together, this review provides novel perspectives on potential applications for ginseng active ingredients as anti-cancer adjuvants that achieve anti-cancer effects by reshaping the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shunchao Bao
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Yilmaz H, Karakoc Y, Tumkaya L, Mercantepe T, Sevinc H, Yilmaz A, Yılmaz Rakıcı S. The protective effects of red ginseng and amifostine against renal damage caused by ionizing radiation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221143029. [DOI: 10.1177/09603271221143029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the effects of amifostine (ethyol) (AM), a synthetic radioprotector, and red ginseng (RG), a natural radioprotective agent, against the toxic effect of ionizing radiation (IR) on kidney tissues through changes in biochemical and histopathological parameters in addition to contributions to the use of amifostine and RG in clinical studies . Five groups were established: Group I (control, receiving only saline by gavage), Group II (IR only), and Group III (IR+AM, 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.). Group IV (IR + RG, 200 mg/kg orally once a day for 4 weeks), and Group V (IR+RG+AM, 200 mg/kg orally once/day for 4 weeks before IR and 200 mg/kg AM administered (i.p.) 30 min before IR). All groups, except for the control group, were subject to 6-Gy whole-body IR in a single fraction. 24 h after irradiation, all animals were sacrificed under anesthesia. IR enhanced MDA, 8-OHdG, and caspase-3 expression while decreasing renal tissue GSH levels ( p < .05). Significant numbers of necrotic tubules together with diffuse vacuolization in proximal and distal tubule epithelial cells were also observed. The examination also revealed substantial brush boundary loss in proximal tubules as well as relatively unusual glomerular structures. While GSH levels significantly increased in the AM, RG, and AM+RG groups, a decrease in KHDS, MDA, 8-OHdG, and caspase-3 expression was observed, compared to the group subject to IR only ( p < .05). Therefore, reactive oxygen species-scavenging antioxidants may represent a promising treatment for avoiding kidney damage in patients receiving radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamit Yilmaz
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yunus Karakoc
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Levent Tumkaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Rize, Turkey
| | - Tolga Mercantepe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Rize, Turkey
| | - Hacer Sevinc
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Rize, Turkey
| | - Adnan Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Rize, Turkey
| | - Sema Yılmaz Rakıcı
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Rize, Turkey
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Qi H, Zhang Z, Liu J, Chen Z, Huang Q, Li J, Chen J, Wang M, Zhao D, Wang Z, Li X. Comparisons of Isolation Methods, Structural Features, and Bioactivities of the Polysaccharides from Three Common Panax Species: A Review of Recent Progress. Molecules 2021; 26:4997. [PMID: 34443587 PMCID: PMC8400370 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax spp. (Araliaceae family) are widely used medicinal plants and they mainly include Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng), and Panax notoginseng (notoginseng). Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients in these plants and have demonstrated diverse pharmacological functions, but comparisons of isolation methods, structural features, and bioactivities of these polysaccharides have not yet been reported. This review summarizes recent advances associated with 112 polysaccharides from ginseng, 25 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 36 polysaccharides from notoginseng and it compares the differences in extraction, purification, structural features, and bioactivities. Most studies focus on ginseng polysaccharides and comparisons are typically made with the polysaccharides from American ginseng and notoginseng. For the extraction, purification, and structural analysis, the processes are similar for the polysaccharides from the three Panax species. Previous studies determined that 55 polysaccharides from ginseng, 18 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 9 polysaccharides from notoginseng exhibited anti-tumor activity, immunoregulatory effects, anti-oxidant activity, and other pharmacological functions, which are mediated by multiple signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, or redox balance pathways. This review can provide new insights into the similarities and differences among the polysaccharides from the three Panax species, which can facilitate and guide further studies to explore the medicinal properties of the Araliaceae family used in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zepeng Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.Z.); (M.W.)
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Jing Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Mingxing Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Scientific Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
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Zhong C, Liu Z, Zhang X, Pu Y, Yang Z, Bao Y. Physicochemical properties of polysaccharides from Ligusticum chuanxiong and analysis of their anti-tumor potential through immunoregulation. Food Funct 2021; 12:1719-1731. [PMID: 33502414 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02978e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the extraction, purification, physicochemical properties and biological activity of Ligusticum chuanxiong polysaccharides (LCXPs). Two polysaccharide fractions (Ligusticum chuanxiong [LCX]P-1a and LCXP-3a) were obtained by DEAE Sepharose™ Fast Flow and Sephacryl™S-300 high resolution column chromatography. The results showed that the molecular weight of LCXP-1a and LCXP-3a was 11.159 kDa and 203.486 kDa, respectively. LCXP-1a is composed of rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, and glucose at a molar percentage of 0.52 : 1.88 : 1.06 : 95.36, But LCXP-3a has another molar percentage of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, and fucose of 0.64 : 6.69 : 1.03 : 43.74 : 2.20 : 26.90 : 0.82 : 15.94 : 1.80. Both LCXP-1a and LCXP-3a could stimulate macrophages to produce NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12p70. Co-culturing macrophages and hepatocellular carcinoma cells showed that LCXP-1a and LCXP-3a inhibited the growth of HepG2 and Hep3B through immunoregulation. They arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, there was no cytotoxicity to the hepatocyte cell line, LO2. We also noted that the immunomodulatory activity and anti-tumor activity of LCXP-3a were significantly better than those of LCXP-1a. Our data demonstrate that LCXP-3a is potentially a well-tolerated and effective immunomodulatory adjuvant cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Zijing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Xuyu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Youwei Pu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Zhongwei Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Yixi Bao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
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Rod-in W, Talapphet N, Monmai C, Jang AY, You S, Park WJ. Immune enhancement effects of Korean ginseng berry polysaccharides on RAW264.7 macrophages through MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2021.1934419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weerawan Rod-in
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Natchanok Talapphet
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Chaiwat Monmai
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - A.-yeong Jang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
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38
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Zhou X, Liu H, Zhang M, Li C, Li G. Spectrum-effect relationship between UPLC fingerprints and anti-lung cancer effect of Panax ginseng. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:339-346. [PMID: 32808367 PMCID: PMC8048684 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate among the various types of cancer. Panax ginseng (C. A. Mey). is a popular anti-cancer herbal supplement. The quality control of ginseng is crucial to ensure its clinical efficacy. This study aimed to establish new quality control methods for ginseng and to identify its main active components responsible for lung cancer treatment. METHODS Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was used to establish fingerprints of 18 batches of ginseng. CCK-8 test was performed to evaluate the inhibitory activity of ginseng on Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells. The spectrum-effect relationship analysis of ginseng was assessed by canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and bioactivity validation. KEY FINDINGS Six common peaks were identified and the variation coefficients were determined. The 18 batches of ginseng inhibited the proliferation of LLC cells to different degrees, showing different half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) values. Spectrum-effect relationship analysis showed that ginsenoside Ro is the main anti-proliferative constituent of LLC cell. CONCLUSIONS Spectrum-effect relationship is suitable for quality control of ginseng used for lung cancer. It is also effective in discovering the active ingredients related to the clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhou
- National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Tonghua Institute for Food and Drug ControlTonghuaChina
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Chunyu Li
- National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Guohui Li
- National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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39
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Li Y, Wang X, Ma X, Liu C, Wu J, Sun C. Natural Polysaccharides and Their Derivates: A Promising Natural Adjuvant for Tumor Immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:621813. [PMID: 33935714 PMCID: PMC8080043 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.621813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment process of tumor is advanced with the development of immunotherapy. In clinical experience, immunotherapy has achieved very significant results. However, the application of immunotherapy is limited by a variety of immune microenvironment. For a long time in the past, polysaccharides such as lentinan and Ganoderma lucidum glycopeptide have been used in clinic as adjuvant drugs to widely improve the immunity of the body. However, their mechanism in tumor immunotherapy has not been deeply discussed. Studies have shown that natural polysaccharides can stimulate innate immunity by activating upstream immune cells so as to regulate adaptive immune pathways such as T cells and improve the effect of immunotherapy, suggesting that polysaccharides also have a promising future in cancer therapy. This review systematically discusses that polysaccharides can directly or indirectly activate macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells etc., binding to their surface receptors, inducing PI3K/Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Notch and other pathways, promote their proliferation and differentiation, increasing the secretion of cytokines, and improve the state of immune suppression. These results provide relevant basis for guiding polysaccharide to be used as adjuvants of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoran Ma
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jibiao Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, China.,Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
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Liu Z, Liu T, Li W, Li J, Wang C, Zhang K. Insights into the antitumor mechanism of ginsenosides Rg3. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2639-2652. [PMID: 33661439 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng, an ancient herb, belonging to Chinese traditional medicine, is an important herb that has a remarkable impact on various diseases. Ginsenoside Rg3, one of the most abundant ginsenosides, exerts significant functions in the prevention of various types of cancers with few side effects. In the present review, its functional molecular mechanisms are explored, including the improvement of antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties, immune regulation, induction of tumor apoptosis, prevention of tumor invasion and metastasis, tumor proliferation and angiogenesis, and reduction of chemoresistance and radioresistance. On the other hand, metabolism, pharmacokinetics and clinical indications of Rg3 are also discussed. The biological functional role of ginsenoside Rg3 may be associated with that it is a steroid glycoside with diverse biological activities and many signaling pathway can be regulated. Many clinical trials are highly needed to confirm the functions of ginsenoside Rg3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Tongjun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Cuizhu Wang
- Department of New Drug Research Office, College of Pharmacy of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China.
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Wang H, Huang R, Li H, Jiao L, Liu S, Wu W. Serum metabolomic analysis of the anti-diabetic effect of Ginseng berry in type II diabetic rats based on ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 196:113897. [PMID: 33508764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Serum metabolomic method was used to investigated the anti-diabetic effects and mechanism of Ginseng berry (GB) on high-fat diet combined streptozotocin induced type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole Exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS). Serum samples from control group, T2DM group, metformin treatment group, and GB ginsenoside treatment group rats were collected after intervention. The biochemical parameters of serum were firstly analyzed. Then metabolomic studies based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS and multivariate statistical analysis were performed for the pattern recognition and characteristic metabolites identification. The differential metabolites were analyzed by KEGG metabolic pathway to study the potential mechanism. The treatment of GB ginsenoside significantly reduced the blood glucose level, increased the content of serum SOD, and reduced the content of malondialdehyde. Respectively 16, 9, and 24 differential metabolites were found and identified in T2DM compared to control group, metformin compared to T2DM group and GB compared to T2DM group. Metabolic pathways analysis indicated that GB ginsenoside regulated bile acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, glucuronization to play a role in the treatment of T2DM. This study verified the anti-diabetic and anti-oxidation effects of ginseng berry, elaborated that GB regulated the secretion of bile acids, activated GLP-1 pathway, increased the secretion of insulin, promoted the hydrolysis of fat and triglyceride, inhibited the activity of 5α - reductase, reduced weight and insulin resistance, so as to improved and treated T2DM, and laid the foundation for the further development and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyu Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Rensong Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Hui Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Lili Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
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Park JY, Shin MS. Inhibitory Effects of Pectic Polysaccharide Isolated from Diospyros kaki Leaves on Tumor Cell Angiogenesis via VEGF and MMP-9 Regulation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010064. [PMID: 33375243 PMCID: PMC7795685 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Persimmon leaves are an attractive source of phytochemicals with potential health benefits. However, there are only a few reports on the chemical properties and biological activity of the polysaccharide fractions (PLE-I-III) of persimmon leaves. We evaluated the angiogenesis-inhibiting ability of pectic-polysaccharides. The molecular weight of PLEs was determined using a high-performance size-exclusion chromatography system. Tube formation assay of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was performed using Matrigel-coated 96-well plates. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), PI3K, Akt, and p38 phosphorylation levels were determined using Western blotting; VEGF and MMP-9 transcript levels were measured using SYBR Green qRT-PCR. PLE-I-III significantly inhibited HUVEC tube formation at 12.5 and 25 μg/mL. Among them, PLE-II showed the strongest anti-tube formation activity, and the mRNA/protein expression of angiogenesis-related factors (VEGF/MMP-9) was significantly reduced by PLE-II. PLE-II also suppressed the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT and p38, JNK, and NF-κB p65 in HUVECs. These results suggest that the polysaccharide PLE-II isolated from persimmon leaves inhibited VEGF and MMP-9 expression in HUVECs via regulation of PI3K/AKT, p38, JNK, and NF-κB p65 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yeon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16227, Korea;
| | - Myoung-Sook Shin
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-750-5423
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Guo M, Shao S, Wang D, Zhao D, Wang M. Recent progress in polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Food Funct 2020; 12:494-518. [PMID: 33331377 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01896a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (P. ginseng) has a long history of medicinal use and can treat a variety of diseases. P. ginseng contains a variety of active ingredients, such as saponins, polypeptides, volatile oils, and polysaccharides. Among them, saponins have always been considered as the main components responsible for its pharmacological activities. However, more and more studies have shown that polysaccharides play an indispensable role in the medicinal value of ginseng. Modern biological and medical studies have found that ginseng polysaccharides have complex structural characteristics and diverse biological activities, such as immune regulation, anti-tumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-radiation functions, among others. Additionally, the structural characteristics of ginseng polysaccharides are closely related to their activity. In this review, the research background, extraction, purification, structural characteristics, and biological activities of ginseng polysaccharides from different parts of P. ginseng (roots, flowers stems and leaves, and berries) under different growth conditions (artificially cultivated ginseng, mountain ginseng, and wild ginseng) are summarized. The structural characteristics of purified polysaccharides were reviewed. Meanwhile, their biological activities were introduced, and some possible mechanisms were listed. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides was discussed. Some research perspectives for the study of ginseng polysaccharides were also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
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Lee SY, Kim MH, Kim SH, Ahn T, Kim SW, Kwak YS, Cho IH, Nah SY, Cho SS, Park KM, Park DH, Bae CS. Korean Red Ginseng affects ovalbumin-induced asthma by modulating IL-12, IL-4, and IL-6 levels and the NF-κB/COX-2 and PGE 2 pathways. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:482-489. [PMID: 34295208 PMCID: PMC8282494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma is an incurable hyper-responsive disease of the pulmonary system that is caused by various allergens, including indoor and outdoor stimulators. According to the Global Asthma Network, 339 million people suffered from asthma in 2018, with particularly severe forms in children. Numerous treatments for asthma are available; however, they are frequently associated with adverse effects such as growth retardation, neurological disorders (e.g., catatonia, poor concentration, and insomnia), and physiological disorders (e.g., immunosuppression, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and osteoporosis). Methods Korean Red Ginseng has long been used to treat numerous diseases in many countries, and we investigated the anti-asthmatic effects and mechanisms of action of Korean Red Ginseng. Eighty-four BALB/c mice were assigned to 6 treatment groups: control, ovalbumin-induced asthma group, dexamethasone treatment group, and 3 groups treated with Korean Red Ginseng water extract (KRGWE) at 5, 25, or 50 mg/kg/day for 5 days. Anti-asthmatic effects of KRGWE were assessed based on biological changes, such as white blood cell counts and differential counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, serum IgE levels, and histopathological changes in the lungs, and by examining anti-asthmatic mechanisms, such as the cytokines associated with Th1, Th2, and Treg cells and inflammation pathways. Results KRGWE affected ovalbumin-induced changes, such as increased white blood cell counts, increased IgE levels, and morphological changes (mucous hypersecretion, epithelial cell hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration) by downregulating cytokines such as IL-12, IL-4, and IL-6 via GATA-3 inactivation and suppression of inflammation via NF-κB/COX-2 and PGE2 pathways. Conclusion KRGWE is a promising drug for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Young Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kim
- College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Won Kim
- Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mok Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hun Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, 67 Donsghindae-gil, Naju, Jeonnam, 58245, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chun-Sik Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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The Antitumor Effect of Heparin is not Mediated by Direct NK Cell Activation. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082666. [PMID: 32824699 PMCID: PMC7463539 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes responsible for the elimination of infected or transformed cells. The activation or inhibition of NK cells is determined by the balance of target cell ligand recognition by stimulatory and inhibitory receptors on their surface. Previous reports have suggested that the glycosaminoglycan heparin is a ligand for the natural cytotoxicity receptors NKp30, NKp44 (human), and NKp46 (both human and mouse). However, the effects of heparin on NK cell homeostasis and function remain unclear. Here, we show that heparin does not enhance NK cell proliferation or killing through NK cell activation. Alternatively, in mice models, heparin promoted NK cell survival in vitro and controlled B16-F10 melanoma metastasis development in vivo. In human NK cells, heparin promisingly increased interferon (IFN)-γ production in synergy with IL-12, although the mechanism remains elusive. Our data showed that heparin is not able to increase NK cell cytotoxicity.
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