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Elmorsy EA, Youssef ME, Abdel-Hamed MR, Amer MM, Elghandour SR, Alkhamiss AS, Mohamed NB, Khodeir MM, Elsisi HA, Alsaeed TS, Kamal MM, Ellethy AT, Elesawy BH, Saber S. Activation of AMPK/SIRT1/FOXO3a signaling by BMS-477118 (saxagliptin) mitigates chronic colitis in rats: uncovering new anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic roles. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1456058. [PMID: 39359253 PMCID: PMC11445602 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1456058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a debilitating chronic disease marked by persistent inflammation and intestinal fibrosis. Despite the availability of various treatments, many patients fail to achieve long-term remission, underscoring a significant unmet therapeutic need. BMS-477118, a reversible inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in preclinical and clinical studies with minimal adverse effects compared to other antidiabetic agents. However, the potential benefits of BMS-477118 in chronic UC have not yet been explored. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of BMS-477118 in rats subjected to chronic dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) administration. Our findings indicate that BMS-477118 activates the interconnected positive feedback loop involving AMPK, SIRT1, and FOXO3a, improving histological appearance in injured rat colons. BMS-477118 also reduced fibrotic changes associated with the chronic nature of the animal model, alleviated macroscopic damage and disease severity, and improved the colon weight-to-length ratio. Additionally, BMS-477118 prevented DSS-induced weight loss and enhanced tight junction proteins. These effects, in conjunction with reduced oxidative stress and its potential anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and autophagy-inducing properties, fostered prolonged survival in rats with chronic UC. To conclude, BMS-477118 has the potential to activate the AMPK/SIRT1/FOXO3a signaling pathway in inflamed colons. These results suggest that the AMPK/SIRT1/FOXO3a pathway could be a new therapeutic target for UC. Further research is mandatory to explore the therapeutic possibilities of this pathway. Additionally, continued studies on the therapeutic potential of BMS-477118 and other DPP4 inhibitors are promising for creating new treatments for various conditions, including UC in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed A Elmorsy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud E Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R Abdel-Hamed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha M Amer
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar R Elghandour
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alkhamiss
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahla B Mohamed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa M Khodeir
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hossam A Elsisi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Thamir Saad Alsaeed
- Department of Biology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal M Kamal
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abousree T Ellethy
- Department of Oral and Medical Basic Sciences, Biochemistry Division, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basem H Elesawy
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
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Liu YM, Zhang J, Wu JJ, Guo WW, Tang FS. Strengthening pharmacotherapy research for COVID-19-induced pulmonary fibrosis. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:875-879. [PMID: 38414600 PMCID: PMC10895630 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i5.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has resulted in a significant number of individuals developing pulmonary fibrosis (PF), an irreversible lung injury. This condition can manifest within a short interval following the onset of pneumonia symptoms, sometimes even within a few days. While lung transplantation is a potentially lifesaving procedure, its limited availability, high costs, intricate surgeries, and risk of immunological rejection present significant drawbacks. The optimal timing of medication administration for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced PF remains controversial. Despite this, it is crucial to explore pharmacotherapy interventions, involving early and preventative treatment as well as pharmacotherapy options for advanced-stage PF. Additionally, studies have demonstrated disparities in anti-fibrotic treatment based on race and gender factors. Genetic mutations may also impact therapeutic efficacy. Enhancing research efforts on pharmacotherapy interventions, while considering relevant pharmacological factors and optimizing the timing and dosage of medication administration, will lead to enhanced, personalized, and fair treatment for individuals impacted by COVID-19-related PF. These measures are crucial in lessening the burden of the disease on healthcare systems and improving patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Miao Liu
- The First Clinical Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy in Zunyi City, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Central Hospital in Jinchang City, Jinchang 737102, Gansu Province, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy in Zunyi City, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Wei-Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy in Zunyi City, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Fu-Shan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy in Zunyi City, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou Province, China
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Roham PH, Kamath JJ, Sharma S. Dissecting the Interrelationship between COVID-19 and Diabetes Mellitus. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300107. [PMID: 37246237 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 disease, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to enormous morbidity and mortality worldwide. After gaining entry into the human host, the virus initially infects the upper and lower respiratory tract, subsequently invading multiple organs, including the pancreas. While on one hand, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant risk factor for severe COVID-19 infection and associated death, recent reports have shown the onset of DM in COVID-19-recovered patients. SARS-CoV-2 infiltrates the pancreatic islets and activates stress response and inflammatory signaling pathways, impairs glucose metabolism, and consequently leads to their death. Indeed, the pancreatic autopsy samples of COVID-19 patients reveal the presence of SARS-CoV-2 particles in β-cells. The current review describes how the virus enters the host cells and activates an immunological response. Further, it takes a closer look into the interrelationship between COVID-19 and DM with the aim to provide mechanistic insights into the process by which SARS-CoV-2 infects the pancreas and mediates dysfunction and death of endocrine islets. The effects of known anti-diabetic interventions for COVID-19 management are also discussed. The application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a future therapy for pancreatic β-cells damage to reverse COVID-19-induced DM is also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha H Roham
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Jayesh J Kamath
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Shilpy Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
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Plaut S. “Long COVID-19” and viral “fibromyalgia-ness”: Suggesting a mechanistic role for fascial myofibroblasts (Nineveh, the shadow is in the fascia). Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:952278. [PMID: 37089610 PMCID: PMC10117846 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.952278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic has led to a wave of chronic disease cases; “Long COVID-19” is recognized as a new medical entity and resembles “fibromyalgia” which, likewise, lacks a clear mechanism. Observational studies indicate that up to 30%–40% of convalescent COVID-19 patients develop chronic widespread pain and fatigue and fulfill the 2016 diagnostic criteria for “fibromyalgia.” A recent study suggested a theoretical neuro-biomechanical model (coined “Fascial Armoring”) to help explain the pathogenesis and cellular pathway of fibromyalgia, pointing toward mechanical abnormalities in connective tissue and fascia, driven by contractile myo/fibroblasts and altered extracellular matrix remodeling with downstream corresponding neurophysiological aberrations. This may help explain several of fibromyalgia’s manifestations such as pain, distribution of pain, trigger points/tender spots, hyperalgesia, chronic fatigue, cardiovascular abnormalities, metabolic abnormalities, autonomic abnormalities, small fiber neuropathy, various psychosomatic symptoms, lack of obvious inflammation, and silent imaging investigations. Pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic pathways provide input into this mechanism via stimulation of proto/myofibroblasts. In this hypothesis and theory paper the theoretical model of Fascial Armoring is presented to help explain the pathogenesis and manifestations of “long COVID-19” as a disease of immuno-rheumo-psycho-neurology. The model is also used to make testable experimental predictions on investigations and predict risk and relieving factors.
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Siriyotha S, Lukkunaprasit T, Angkananard T, Looareesuwan P, McKay GJ, Attia J, Thakkinstian A. Clinical effectiveness of second-line antihyperglycemic drugs on major adverse cardiovascular events: An emulation of a target trial. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1094221. [PMID: 36793285 PMCID: PMC9922758 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1094221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cardiovascular benefits of multiple antihyperglycemic drugs as add-on therapies to metformin in the real-practice are unclear. This study aimed to directly compare major adverse cardiovascular events (CVE) associated with these multiple drugs. METHODS An emulation of a target trial was conducted using a retrospective-cohort data of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prescribed with second-line drugs on top of metformin, including sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i), thiazolidinediones (TZD) and sulfonylureas (SUs). We applied inverse probability weighting and regression adjustment using intention-to-treat (ITT), per-protocol analysis (PPA) and modified ITT. Average treatment effects (ATE) were estimated using SUs as the reference. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Among 25,498 patients with T2DM, 17,586 (69.0%), 3,261 (12.8%), 4,399 (17.3%), and 252 (1.0%) received SUs, TZD, DPP4i, and SGLT2i. Median follow-up time was 3.56 (1.36-7.00) years. CVE was identified in 963 patients. The ITT and modified ITT approaches showed similar results; the ATE (i.e., the difference of CVE risks) for SGLT2i, TZD, and DPP4i compared to SUs were -0.020(-0.040, -0.0002), -0.010(-0.017, -0.003), and -0.004(-0.010, 0.002), respectively, indicating 2% and 1% significant absolute risk reduction in CVE in SGLT2i and TZD compared to SUs. These corresponding effects were also significant in the PPA with ATEs of -0.045(-0.060, -0.031), -0.015(-0.026, -0.004), and -0.012(-0.020, -0.004). In addition, SGLT2i had 3.3% significant absolute risk reduction in CVE relative to DPP4i. Our study demonstrated benefits of SGLT2i and TZD in reducing CVE in T2DM patients compared to SUs when added to metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Siriyotha
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thitiya Lukkunaprasit
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Teeranan Angkananard
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Teeranan Angkananard, , ; Panu Looareesuwan,
| | - Panu Looareesuwan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Teeranan Angkananard, , ; Panu Looareesuwan,
| | - Gareth J. McKay
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - John Attia
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Ammarin Thakkinstian
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Erol RS, Sen EC, Ozturk FY, Sarac Z, Kokoglu GL, Canat MM, Yildiz D, Aytekin YE, Sevgi DY, Altuntas Y. Does DPP-4 inhibitor treatment affect the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients? North Clin Istanb 2022; 9:207-214. [PMID: 36199855 PMCID: PMC9464847 DOI: 10.14744/nci.2022.34341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim to investigate whether the use of dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors (DPP-4i) affects the severity of disease, hospital mortality, and 3-month post-discharge mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. METHODS The study included 217 patients with type 2 diabetes hospitalized due to COVID-19 between March and October 2020. The patients included in the study were divided into two groups those using DPP-4i and those not using DPP-4i. Demographic characteristics, laboratory parameters, accompanying risk factors, concomitant comorbidities, hospital mortality, clinical course, and 3-month post-discharge mortality were compared between the patients who used DPP-4i and those who did not use. RESULTS The duration of hospitalization was 10.96±9.16 days in the group using DPP-4i, 12.22±9.1 days in the group not using DPP-4i, and when both groups were evaluated together, it was determined as 11.91±9.11 days. The hospitalization periods were similar between DPP-4i users and non-DPP-4i users (p=0.384). The need for mechanical ventilation (p=0.478 OR 0.710 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.274-1.836) and high-flow nasal cannula (p=0.457, OR: 0.331, 95% CI: 0.41-2.67) were similar between DPP-4i users and non-users. It was determined that the mortality (p=0.208, OR: 0.409, 95% CI: 0.117-1.429) and 3-month post-discharge mortality (p=0.383) were similar in the group using DPP-4i and those not using DPP-4i. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the use of DPP-4i by patients with T2DM in catching COVID-19 does not affect the mortality due to COVID-19, the severity of COVID-19 disease, and 3-month post-discharge mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumeysa Selvinaz Erol
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Esra Cil Sen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Feyza Yener Ozturk
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Zeynep Sarac
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Gizem Leyla Kokoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Muhammed Masum Canat
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Duygu Yildiz
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Yunus Emre Aytekin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Dilek Yildiz Sevgi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Yuksel Altuntas
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye
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Gorący A, Rosik J, Szostak B, Ustianowski Ł, Ustianowska K, Gorący J. Human Cell Organelles in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An Up-to-Date Overview. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051092. [PMID: 35632833 PMCID: PMC9144443 DOI: 10.3390/v14051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, the whole world has been struggling with the life-threatening pandemic amongst all age groups and geographic areas caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has led to more than 468 million cases and over 6 million deaths reported worldwide (as of 20 March 2022), is one of the greatest threats to human health in history. Meanwhile, the lack of specific and irresistible treatment modalities provoked concentrated efforts in scientists around the world. Various mechanisms of cell entry and cellular dysfunction were initially proclaimed. Especially, mitochondria and cell membrane are crucial for the course of infection. The SARS-CoV-2 invasion depends on angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), and cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147), expressed on host cells. Moreover, in this narrative review, we aim to discuss other cell organelles targeted by SARS-CoV-2. Lastly, we briefly summarize the studies on various drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorący
- Independent Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.G.); (J.G.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Independent Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.G.); (J.G.)
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.S.); (Ł.U.); (K.U.)
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Bartosz Szostak
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.S.); (Ł.U.); (K.U.)
| | - Łukasz Ustianowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.S.); (Ł.U.); (K.U.)
| | - Klaudia Ustianowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.S.); (Ł.U.); (K.U.)
| | - Jarosław Gorący
- Independent Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.G.); (J.G.)
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Farheen S, Agrawal S, Zubair S, Agrawal A, Jamal F, Altaf I, Kashif Anwar A, Umair SM, Owais M. Patho-Physiology of Aging and Immune-Senescence: Possible Correlates With Comorbidity and Mortality in Middle-Aged and Old COVID-19 Patients. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:748591. [PMID: 35822018 PMCID: PMC9261314 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.748591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During the last 2 years, the entire world has been severely devastated by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic (COVID-19) as it resulted in several million deaths across the globe. While the virus infects people indiscriminately, the casualty risk is higher mainly in old, and middle-aged COVID-19 patients. The incidences of COVID-19 associated co-morbidity and mortality have a great deal of correlation with the weakened and malfunctioning immune systems of elderly people. Presumably, due to the physiological changes associated with aging and because of possible comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular, and lung diseases, which are more common in elderly people, may be considered as the reason making the elderly vulnerable to the infection on one hand, and COVID-19 associated complications on the other. The accretion of senescent immune cells not only contributes to the deterioration of host defense, but also results in elevated inflammatory phenotype persuaded immune dysfunction. In the present review, we envisage to correlate functioning of the immune defense of older COVID-19 patients with secondary/super infection, increased susceptibility or aggravation against already existing cancer, infectious, autoimmune, and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Moreover, we have discussed how age-linked modulations in the immune system affect therapeutic response against administered drugs as well as immunological response to various prophylactic measures including vaccination in the elderly host. The present review also provides an insight into the intricate pathophysiology of the aging and the overall immune response of the host to SARS-CoV-2 infection. A better understanding of age-related immune dysfunction is likely to help us in the development of targeted preemptive strategies for deadly COVID-19 in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Farheen
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Sudhanshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Swaleha Zubair
- Department of Computer Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Fauzia Jamal
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Ishrat Altaf
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Abu Kashif Anwar
- Department of Anatomy, HSZH Gov, Unani Medical College, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Mohammad Owais
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Owais,
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Kumar I, Prakash A, Ranjan M, Chakrabarti SS, Shukla RC, Verma A. Short-term follow-up HRCT Chest of COVID-19 survivors and association with persistent dyspnea. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2021. [PMCID: PMC8453470 DOI: 10.1186/s43055-021-00607-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is an increasing concern that a proportion of the survivors of COVID 19 might develop fibrotic and/or other non-reversible lung changes. The aim of this retrospective study was to review the imaging findings of HRCT of lungs in a cohort of COVID 19 survivors, coming for short-term clinical follow-up and to assess the relation of the observed HRCT changes with the presence of dyspnea. Results In total, 40 patients with residual CT findings were included in this study with a mean age of 44.3 years and male: female ratio of 3:2. The presence of residual ground-glass opacities (85%) and reticular opacities (80%) was the most common findings. 25% of the cases had cystic changes in their lung. The presence of dyspnea was significantly associated with male sex and a history of smoking. On HRCT, the presence of cystic changes, involvement of > 10 lung segments, and an HRCT severity score > 7 were significantly associated with dyspnea. Conclusion Survivors of COVID 19 demonstrate persistent changes in the lung on HRCT. We recommend that a follow-up HRCT should be performed in these patients to identify those with post-COVID sequelae.
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Han T, Ma S, Sun C, Zhang H, Qu G, Chen Y, Cheng C, Chen EL, Ayaz Ahmed M, Kim KY, Manem R, Chen M, Guo Z, Yang H, Yan Y, Zhou Q. The Association Between Anti-diabetic Agents and Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Med Res 2021; 53:186-195. [PMID: 34412904 PMCID: PMC8349690 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shaodi Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chenyu Sun
- Internal Medicine, AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Huimei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of the First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ce Cheng
- The University of Arizona College of Medicine at South Campus, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eric L Chen
- Internal Medicine, AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mubashir Ayaz Ahmed
- Internal Medicine, AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Keun Young Kim
- Internal Medicine, AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Raveena Manem
- Internal Medicine, AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mengshi Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhichun Guo
- Massachusetts college of Pharmacy and Health sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongru Yang
- Massachusetts college of Pharmacy and Health sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yue Yan
- Massachusetts college of Pharmacy and Health sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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11
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Rasmi Y, Saloua KS, Nemati M, Choi JR. Recent Progress in Nanotechnology for COVID-19 Prevention, Diagnostics and Treatment. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1788. [PMID: 34361174 PMCID: PMC8308319 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is currently an unprecedented public health threat. The rapid spread of infections has led to calls for alternative approaches to combat the virus. Nanotechnology is taking root against SARS-CoV-2 through prevention, diagnostics and treatment of infections. In light of the escalating demand for managing the pandemic, a comprehensive review that highlights the role of nanomaterials in the response to the pandemic is highly desirable. This review article comprehensively discusses the use of nanotechnology for COVID-19 based on three main categories: prevention, diagnostics and treatment. We first highlight the use of various nanomaterials including metal nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles and magnetic nanoparticles for COVID-19. We critically review the benefits of nanomaterials along with their applications in personal protective equipment, vaccine development, diagnostic device fabrication and therapeutic approaches. The remaining key challenges and future directions of nanomaterials for COVID-19 are briefly discussed. This review is very informative and helpful in providing guidance for developing nanomaterial-based products to fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5714783734, Iran;
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5714783734, Iran
| | - Kouass Sahbani Saloua
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | - Mahdieh Nemati
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5154853431, Iran;
| | - Jane Ru Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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12
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Kocic G, Gajic M, Tomovic K, Hadzi-Djokic J, Anderluh M, Smelcerovic A. Purine adducts as a presumable missing link for aristolochic acid nephropathy-related cellular energy crisis, potential anti-fibrotic prevention and treatment. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4411-4427. [PMID: 34235731 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid nephropathy is a progressive exposome-induced disease characterized by tubular atrophy and fibrosis culminating in end-stage renal disease and malignancies. The molecular mechanisms of the energy crisis as a putative cause of fibrosis have not yet been elucidated. In light of the fact that aristolochic acid forms DNA and RNA adducts by covalent binding of aristolochic acid metabolites to exocyclic amino groups of (deoxy)adenosine and (deoxy)guanosine, we hypothesize here that similar aristolochic acid adducts may exist with other purine-containing molecules. We also provide new insights into the aristolochic acid-induced energy crisis and presumably a link between already known mechanisms. In addition, an overview of potential targets in fibrosis treatment is provided, which is followed by recommendations on possible preventive measures that could be taken to at least postpone or partially alleviate aristolochic acid nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Kocic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Mihajlo Gajic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Katarina Tomovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | | | - Marko Anderluh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrija Smelcerovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
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13
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Tomovic K, Ilic BS, Smelcerovic A. Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of Cocrystallized Gliptin-like Pyrrolidine, Trifluorophenyl, and Pyrimidine-2,4-Dione Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9639-9648. [PMID: 34190540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Approved and potent reported dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors with gliptin-like structures are classified here according to their structures and mechanisms of the inhibition in three groups: (i) those with pyrrolidine or analogs as P1 fragment with α-aminoacyl linker, (ii) structures with trifluorophenyl moiety or analogs as P1 fragment with β-aminobutanoyl linker, and (iii) DPP-4 inhibitors with pyrimidine-2,4-dione or analogs as P1' fragment. The structure-activity relationship analysis was performed for those whose cocrystallized structures with the enzyme were published. While inhibitors with pyrrolidine and trifluorophenyl moiety or analogs as P1 fragment bind in a similar way in S1, S2 and S2 extensive domains of the enzyme, the binding mode of pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivatives/analogs differs with additional interactions in S1' and S2' pockets. Three general schemes of fragmented gliptins and gliptin-like structures with the enzyme and protein-ligand interaction fingerprints were made, which might be useful in the creation of DPP-4 inhibitor's design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Tomovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Budimir S Ilic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Andrija Smelcerovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia
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14
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Roussel R, Darmon P, Pichelin M, Goronflot T, Abouleka Y, Ait Bachir L, Allix I, Ancelle D, Barraud S, Bordier L, Carlier A, Chevalier N, Coffin‐Boutreux C, Cosson E, Dorange A, Dupuy O, Fontaine P, Fremy B, Galtier F, Germain N, Guedj A, Larger E, Laugier‐Robiolle S, Laviolle B, Ludwig L, Monier A, Montanier N, Moulin P, Moura I, Prevost G, Reznik Y, Sabbah N, Saulnier P, Serusclat P, Vatier C, Wargny M, Hadjadj S, Gourdy P, Cariou B. Use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and prognosis of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes: A propensity score analysis from the CORONADO study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:1162-1172. [PMID: 33528920 PMCID: PMC8013481 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association between routine use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in patient with type 2 diabetes in a large multicentric study. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was a secondary analysis of the CORONADO study on 2449 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) hospitalized for COVID-19 in 68 French centres. The composite primary endpoint combined tracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation and death within 7 days of admission. Stabilized weights were computed for patients based on propensity score (DPP-4 inhibitors users vs. non-users) and were used in multivariable logistic regression models to estimate the average treatment effect in the treated as inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). RESULTS Five hundred and ninety-six participants were under DPP-4 inhibitors before admission to hospital (24.3%). The primary outcome occurred at similar rates in users and non-users of DPP-4 inhibitors (27.7% vs. 28.6%; p = .68). In propensity analysis, the IPTW-adjusted models showed no significant association between the use of DPP-4 inhibitors and the primary outcome by Day 7 (OR [95% CI]: 0.95 [0.77-1.17]) or Day 28 (OR [95% CI]: 0.96 [0.78-1.17]). Similar neutral findings were found between use of DPP-4 inhibitors and the risk of tracheal intubation and death. CONCLUSIONS These data support the safety of DPP-4 inhibitors for diabetes management during the COVID-19 pandemic and they should not be discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Roussel
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Nutrition, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisCentre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERMParisFrance
| | - Patrice Darmon
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Nutrition, Hôpital de la Conception, Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de MarseilleINSERM, INRA, C2VN, Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Matthieu Pichelin
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Nutrition, l'institut du thoraxINSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU NantesNantesFrance
| | | | - Yawa Abouleka
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Nutrition, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisCentre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERMParisFrance
| | - Leila Ait Bachir
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie, NutritionHôpital Franco‐britanniqueLevallois‐PerretFrance
| | - Ingrid Allix
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie, NutritionCHU de AngersAngersFrance
| | - Deborah Ancelle
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie, NutritionCH Le HavreLe HavreFrance
| | - Sara Barraud
- CRESTIC EA 3804, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Moulin de la HousseReimsFrance
- Service d'Endocrinologie ‐ Diabète – NutritionCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de ReimsReimsFrance
| | - Lyse Bordier
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Maladies Métaboliques, Service de Santé des ArméesHôpital d'instruction des Armées BéginSaint MandéFrance
| | - Aurélie Carlier
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Nutrition, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisCentre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERMParisFrance
| | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Service d'endocrinologie, diabétologie et médecine de la reproduction, hôpital de l'Archet 2Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de NiceNiceFrance
- INSERM, UMR U1065/UNS; Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de NiceNiceFrance
| | | | - Emmanuel Cosson
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et NutritionCRNH‐IdF, CINFO Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM, UMR U557; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris CitéBobignyFrance
| | - Anne Dorange
- Département de Diabétologie, EndocrinologieCH Le MansLe MansFrance
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Département d'Endocrinologie, DiabétologieParis Hôpital Saint‐JosephParisFrance
| | - Pierre Fontaine
- Département d'endocrinologie, Diabète et maladies métaboliquesHôpital Huriez, Université de LilleLilleFrance
| | - Bénédicte Fremy
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie, NutritionCH de Agen‐NeracAgenFrance
| | - Florence Galtier
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique et Département des Maladies EndocriniennesINSERM, CIC 1411, Hôpital St Éloi, CHU MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Natacha Germain
- Département d'EndocrinologieCHU de Saint‐EtienneSaint‐EtienneFrance
- TAPE Research Group EA 7423, Université Jean MonnetSaint‐EtienneFrance
| | - Anne‐Marie Guedj
- Département Maladies Métaboliques et EndocriniennesCHU NîmesNîmesFrance
| | - Etienne Larger
- Service de diabétologie, Hôpital Cochin, AP‐HP, Centre‐Université de ParisParisFrance
| | | | - Bruno Laviolle
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Rennes)RennesFrance
| | - Lisa Ludwig
- CHRU Nancy, hôpital BrahoisUniversité de LorraineNancyFrance
| | - Arnaud Monier
- Département de Diabétologie, Endocrinologie, NutritionCH de CHARTRESChartresFrance
| | | | - Philippe Moulin
- Fédération d'endocrinologie, maladies métaboliques, diabète et nutritionINSERM UMR 1060 CARMEN Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Isabelle Moura
- Unité transversale Diabétologie – EndocrinologieCH de AlbiAlbiFrance
| | - Gaëtan Prevost
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies MétaboliquesCHU de Rouen, Université de RouenRouenFrance
| | - Yves Reznik
- Département de DiabétologieCHU de CaenCaenFrance
| | - Nadia Sabbah
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie, NutritionCH de CayenneCayenneFrance
| | - Pierre‐Jean Saulnier
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC 1402Université de Poitiers, Inserm, CHU de PoitiersPoitiersFrance
| | - Pierre Serusclat
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et NutritionGroupe Hospitalier Mutualiste Les Portes du SudVénissieuxFrance
| | - Camille Vatier
- Département d'EndocrinologieAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint‐Antoine Hospital, Centre de Référence: Rare Diseases of Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity (PRISIS)ParisFrance
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS 938, Centre de Recherche Saint‐AntoineParisFrance
| | - Matthieu Wargny
- CIC‐EC 1413, Clinique des Données, CHU de NantesNantesFrance
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Nutrition, l'institut du thoraxINSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU NantesNantesFrance
| | - Pierre Gourdy
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et NutritionCHU Toulouse, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR1048 INSERM/UPS, Université de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Nutrition, l'institut du thoraxINSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU NantesNantesFrance
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15
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Rahmani-Kukia N, Abbasi A. Physiological and Immunological Causes of the Susceptibility of Chronic Inflammatory Patients to COVID-19 Infection: Focus on Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:576412. [PMID: 33746897 PMCID: PMC7971178 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.576412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has recently emerged, which was then spread rapidly in more than 190 countries worldwide so far. According to the World Health Organization, 3,232,062 global cases of COVID-19 were confirmed on April 30th with a mortality rate of 3.4%. Notably, the symptoms are almost similar to those of flu such as fever, cough, and fatigue. Unfortunately, the global rates of morbidity and mortality caused by this disease are more and still increasing on a daily basis. The rates for patients suffering from inflammatory diseases like diabetes, is even further, due to their susceptibility to the pathogenesis of COVID-19. In this review, we attempted to focus on diabetes to clarify the physiological and immunological characteristics of diabetics before and after the infection with COVID-19. We hope these conceptions could provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in COVID-19 susceptibility and increase the awareness of risk to motivate behavior changes in vulnerable people for enhancing the prevention. Up to now, the important role of immune responses, especially the innate ones, in the development of the worst signs in COVID-19 infection have been confirmed. Therefore, to better control patients with COVID-19, it is recommended to consider a history of chronic inflammatory diseases as well as the way of controlling immune response in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Rahmani-Kukia
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Abbasi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Gadanec LK, McSweeney KR, Qaradakhi T, Ali B, Zulli A, Apostolopoulos V. Can SARS-CoV-2 Virus Use Multiple Receptors to Enter Host Cells? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:992. [PMID: 33498183 PMCID: PMC7863934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22030992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVD-19), represents a catastrophic threat to global health. Protruding from the viral surface is a densely glycosylated spike (S) protein, which engages angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to mediate host cell entry. However, studies have reported viral susceptibility in intra- and extrapulmonary immune and non-immune cells lacking ACE2, suggesting that the S protein may exploit additional receptors for infection. Studies have demonstrated interactions between S protein and innate immune system, including C-lectin type receptors (CLR), toll-like receptors (TLR) and neuropilin-1 (NRP1), and the non-immune receptor glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78). Recognition of carbohydrate moieties clustered on the surface of the S protein may drive receptor-dependent internalization, accentuate severe immunopathological inflammation, and allow for systemic spread of infection, independent of ACE2. Furthermore, targeting TLRs, CLRs, and other receptors (Ezrin and dipeptidyl peptidase-4) that do not directly engage SARS-CoV-2 S protein, but may contribute to augmented anti-viral immunity and viral clearance, may represent therapeutic targets against COVID-19.
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17
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Allawadhi P, Khurana A, Allwadhi S, Joshi K, Packirisamy G, Bharani KK. Nanoceria as a possible agent for the management of COVID-19. NANO TODAY 2020; 35:100982. [PMID: 32952596 PMCID: PMC7492057 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as an unprecedented global healthcare emergency and has devastated the global economy. The SARS-CoV-2 virus replicates in the host cells and is seemingly much more virulent compared to other flu viruses, as well as the SARS-CoV-1. The respiratory complications of the disease include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cytokine storm, systemic inflammation, and pulmonary fibrosis. Nanoceria (NC) is a versatile rare earth nanoparticle with remarkable catalase and superoxide dismutase mimetic redox regenerative properties. Interestingly, NC possesses promising anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-fibrotic properties, making it an attractive tool to fight against the SARS-CoV-2 as well as the associated systemic complications. Until now, there is no clinically approved vaccine or drug for the treatment of COVID-19, and the conquest to find a novel therapy for this global havoc is being undertaken at a warlike pace. Herein, based on preclinical evidence, we hypothesize that NC owing to its unique pharmacological properties, might be an attractive preclinical candidate to win the battle over COVID-19. Further, it may be used as a prevention or treatment strategy in combination with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Allawadhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500030, India
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering (CBME), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sachin Allwadhi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET), Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Kamaldeep Joshi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET), Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Gopinath Packirisamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Kala Kumar Bharani
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500030, India
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