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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as the causative agent of the recent COVID-19 pandemic, continues representing one of the main health concerns worldwide. Autophagy, in addition to its role in cellular homeostasis and metabolism, plays an important part for the host antiviral immunity. However, viruses including SARS-CoV-2 have evolved diverse mechanisms to not only overcome autophagy's antiviral pressure but also manipulate its machinery in order to enhance viral replication and propagation. Here, we discuss our current knowledge on the impact that autophagy exerts on SARS-CoV-2 replication, as well as the different counteracting measures that this virus has developed to manipulate autophagy's complex machinery. Some of the elements regarding this interplay may become future therapeutic targets in the fight against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd, Dezhou, China
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Navarini L, Vomero M, Currado D, Berardicurti O, Biaggi A, Marino A, Bearzi P, Corberi E, Rigon A, Arcarese L, Leuti A, Fava M, Fogolari M, Mattei A, Ruscitti P, Di Cola I, Sambuco F, Travaglino F, Angeletti S, Ursini F, Mariani E, Cipriani P, Agrò FE, Iagnocco A, Antonelli Incalzi R, Maccarrone M, Giacomelli R. The specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator Protectin D1 affects macrophages differentiation and activity in Adult-onset Still's disease and COVID-19, two hyperinflammatory diseases sharing similar transcriptomic profiles. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1148268. [PMID: 37153620 PMCID: PMC10160453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 and autoinflammatory diseases, such as Adult-onset Still's Disease (AOSD), are characterized by hyperinflammation, in which it is observed massive production and uncontrolled secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) family is one the most important processes counteracting hyperinflammation inducing tissue repair and homeostasis restoration. Among SPMs, Protectin D1 (PD1) is able to exert antiviral features, at least in animal models. The aim of this study was to compare the transcriptome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with AOSD and COVID-19 and to evaluate the role of PD1 on those diseases, especially in modulating macrophages polarization. Methods This study enrolled patients with AOSD, COVID-19, and healthy donors HDs, undergoing clinical assessment and blood sample collection. Next-generation deep sequencing was performed to identify differences in PBMCs transcripts profiles. Plasma levels of PD1 were assessed by commercial ELISA kits. Monocyte-derived macrophages were polarized into M1 and M2 phenotypes. We analyzed the effect of PD1 on macrophages differentiation. At 10 days, macrophages were analyzed for surface expression of subtypes markers by flow cytometry. Cytokines production was measured in supernatants by Bio-Plex Assays. Results In the transcriptomes from AOSD patients and COVID-19 patients, genes involved in inflammation, lipid catabolism, and monocytes activation were specifically dysregulated in AOSD and COVID-19 patients when compared to HDs. Patients affected by COVID-19, hospitalized in intensive care unit (ICU), showed higher levels of PD1 when compared to not-ICU hospitalized patients and HDs (ICU COVID-19 vs not-ICU COVID-19, p= 0.02; HDs vs ICU COVID-19, p= 0.0006). PD1 levels were increased in AOSD patients with SS ≥1 compared to patients with SS=0 (p=0.028) and HDs (p=0.048). In vitro treatment with PD1 of monocytes-derived macrophages from AOSD and COVID-19 patients induced a significant increase of M2 polarization vs control (p<0.05). Furthermore, a significant release of IL-10 and MIP-1β from M2 macrophages was observed when compared to controls (p<0.05). Discussion PD1 is able to induce pro-resolutory programs in both AOSD and COVID-19 increasing M2 polarization and inducing their activity. In particular, PD1-treated M2 macrophages from AOSD and COVID-19 patients increased the production of IL-10 and enhanced homeostatic restoration through MIP-1β production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Navarini
- Clinical and Research Section of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Campus Bio-Medico”, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Luca Navarini,
| | - Marta Vomero
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Campus Bio-Medico”, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Damiano Currado
- Clinical and Research Section of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Campus Bio-Medico”, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Onorina Berardicurti
- Clinical and Research Section of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Campus Bio-Medico”, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Biaggi
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Campus Bio-Medico”, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Marino
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Campus Bio-Medico”, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Bearzi
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Campus Bio-Medico”, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Corberi
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Campus Bio-Medico”, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Amelia Rigon
- Clinical and Research Section of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Arcarese
- Clinical and Research Section of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leuti
- Neurochemistry of Lipids Unit, European Center for Brain Research, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Fava
- Neurochemistry of Lipids Unit, European Center for Brain Research, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Fogolari
- Operative Research Unit of Clinical Laboratory, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Campus Biomedico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Mattei
- Operative Research Unit of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Fondazione Policiclinico Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Ruscitti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Ilenia Di Cola
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Federica Sambuco
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Travaglino
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Operative Research Unit of Clinical Laboratory, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Campus Biomedico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Ursini
- Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erminia Mariani
- Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Cipriani
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Felice Eugenio Agrò
- Operative Research Unit of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Fondazione Policiclinico Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Iagnocco
- Academic Rheumatology Centre - AO Mauriziano Torino, Cattedra di Reumatologia - Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi
- Unit of Geriatrics, University of Rome “Campus Biomedico”, Rome, Italy
- Internal Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Neurochemistry of Lipids Unit, European Center for Brain Research, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberto Giacomelli
- Clinical and Research Section of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Campus Bio-Medico”, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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Peng F, Yi Q, Zhang Q, Deng J, Li C, Xu M, Wu C, Zhong Y, Wu S. Performance of D-dimer to lymphocyte ratio in predicting the mortality of COVID-19 patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1053039. [PMID: 36590587 PMCID: PMC9797859 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1053039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nowadays, there is still no effective treatment developed for COVID-19, and early identification and supportive therapies are essential in reducing the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. This is the first study to evaluate D-dimer to lymphocyte ratio (DLR) as a prognostic utility in patients with COVID-19. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 611 patients and separated them into groups of survivors and non-survivors. The area under the curve (AUC) of various predictors integrated into the prognosis of COVID-19 was compared using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. In order to ascertain the interaction between DLR and survival in COVID-19 patients, the Kaplan-Meier (KM) curve was chosen. Results Age (OR = 1.053; 95% CI, 1.022-1.086; P = 0.001), NLR (OR = 1.045; 95% CI, 1.001-1.091; P = 0.046), CRP (OR = 1.010; 95% CI, 1.005-1.016; P < 0.001), PT (OR = 1.184; 95% CI, 1.018-1.377; P = 0.029), and DLR (OR = 1.048; 95% CI, 1.018-1.078; P = 0.001) were the independent risk factors related with the mortality of COVID-19. DLR had the highest predictive value for COVID-19 mortality with the AUC of 0.924. Patients' survival was lower when compared to those with lower DLR (Log Rank P <0.001). Conclusion DLR might indicate a risk factor in the mortality of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Yi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiayi Deng
- Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of respiratory medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Min Xu
- Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenfang Wu
- Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanjun Zhong
- Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Yanjun Zhong, ; Shangjie Wu,
| | - Shangjie Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Yanjun Zhong, ; Shangjie Wu,
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Inchingolo AD, Malcangi G, Ceci S, Patano A, Corriero A, Azzollini D, Marinelli G, Coloccia G, Piras F, Barile G, Settanni V, Mancini A, De Leonardis N, Garofoli G, Palmieri G, Isacco CG, Rapone B, Jones M, Bordea IR, Tartaglia GM, Scarano A, Lorusso F, Macchia L, Larocca AMV, Tafuri S, Migliore G, Brienza N, Dipalma G, Inchingolo F. Antispike Immunoglobulin-G (IgG) Titer Response of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-Vaccine (BNT162b2): A Monitoring Study on Healthcare Workers. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2402. [PMID: 36289664 PMCID: PMC9598246 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The secretion of IgG SARS-CoV-2 antispike antibodies after vaccination with BNT162b2 and the protection represent the response of the human organism to the viral vector symptomatic infections. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the immune reaction in health workers of the Polyclinic of Bari to identify the relationship of antispike titers with blood type, sex, age, and comorbidities. This prospective observational study (RENAISSANCE) had as its primary endpoint the assessment of serologic response to BNT162b2 at three blood titers: the first at 60 days after the second dose (3 February 2021); the second titer at 75 days after the first titer; and the third titer at 130 days after the second titer. Out of 230 enrolled staff members, all responded excellently to the mRna Pfizer (BNT162b) vaccine. Only one patient, 40 days after the second dose (3 February 2021), was positive on the swab control performed on 15 March 2021, although completely asymptomatic, and was negative on the subsequent molecular swab performed on 30 March 2021. All the patients responded to the mRNA Pfizer (BNT162b) vaccine with an antispike IgG level above 500 BAU/mL at the first antispike protein essay (60 days after the second dose on 3 April 2021); at the second titer (75 days after the first titer on 20 June 2021), 4 (1.7% of 230 enrolled) patients showed an antispike IgG level under 500 BAU/mL; at the third titer (130 days after the second titer on 30 June 2021, which means 9 months after the second dose), 37 (16.1% of 230 enrolled) patients showed an antispike IgG level under 500 BAU/mL. The data analysis demonstrated that patients belonging to blood group 0, regardless of their rhesus factor, showed the strongest level of antibodies compared to the other groups. No dependency was found between low antibodies level and sex or age. Molecular swab controls were performed every 15th of the month continuously. However, the enrolled patients' activity was at high risk because they carried out medical activities such as dental and surgical as well with droplets of water vaporized by the effect of turbines, piezosurgery. The vaccination campaign among health workers of the Policlinico of the University of Bari "Aldo Moro" led to an excellent serological response and the complete absence of COVID-19 incident cases, so the antibody response was excellent. The COVID-19 vaccine booster shot should be administered after 9 months and not without prompt antispike titer detection to assess if any sign of waning immunity is present in that specific patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Malcangi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Sabino Ceci
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Assunta Patano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Alberto Corriero
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Intensive Care Unit Section, Aldo Moro University, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Azzollini
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Marinelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Coloccia
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Piras
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Barile
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Settanni
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Mancini
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicole De Leonardis
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Garofoli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giulia Palmieri
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Ciro Gargiulo Isacco
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Biagio Rapone
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Megan Jones
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Ioana Roxana Bordea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Scarano
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Felice Lorusso
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Luigi Macchia
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Vittoria Larocca
- Hygiene Complex Operating Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Place Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Silvio Tafuri
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Brienza
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Intensive Care Unit Section, Aldo Moro University, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Barbati C, Celia AI, Colasanti T, Vomero M, Speziali M, Putro E, Buoncuore G, Savino F, Colafrancesco S, Ucci FM, Ciancarella C, Balbinot E, Scarpa S, Natalucci F, Pellegrino G, Ceccarelli F, Spinelli FR, Mastroianni CM, Conti F, Alessandri C. Autophagy Hijacking in PBMC From COVID-19 Patients Results in Lymphopenia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:903498. [PMID: 35711451 PMCID: PMC9196331 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.903498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a homeostatic process responsible for the self-digestion of intracellular components and antimicrobial defense by inducing the degradation of pathogens into autophagolysosomes. Recent findings suggest an involvement of this process in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, the role of autophagy in the immunological mechanisms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis remains largely unexplored. This study reveals the presence of autophagy defects in peripheral immune cells from COVID-19 patients. The impairment of the autophagy process resulted in a higher percentage of lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the inverse correlation between autophagy markers levels and peripheral lymphocyte counts in COVID-19 patients confirms how a defect in autophagy might contribute to lymphopenia, causing a reduction in the activation of viral defense. These results provided intriguing data that could help in understanding the cellular underlying mechanisms in COVID-19 infection, especially in severe forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Barbati
- Arthritis Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Cristiana Barbati,
| | - Alessandra Ida Celia
- Arthritis Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tania Colasanti
- Arthritis Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Vomero
- Rheumatology, Immunology and Clinical Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Speziali
- Arthritis Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Erisa Putro
- Arthritis Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Buoncuore
- Arthritis Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Savino
- Arthritis Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Colafrancesco
- Arthritis Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Maria Ucci
- Arthritis Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Ciancarella
- Arthritis Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenia Balbinot
- Arthritis Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Scarpa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Natalucci
- Arthritis Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Pellegrino
- Arthritis Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvia Ceccarelli
- Arthritis Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Spinelli
- Arthritis Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Conti
- Arthritis Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Alessandri
- Arthritis Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Han NR, Moon PD, Nam SY, Ko SG, Park HJ, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. TSLP up-regulates inflammatory responses through induction of autophagy in T cells. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22148. [PMID: 34997949 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101447r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a type I cytokine belonging to the IL-2 cytokine family, promotes Th2-mediated inflammatory responses. The aim of this study is to investigate whether TSLP increases inflammatory responses via induction of autophagy using a murine T cell lymphoma cell line, EL4 cells, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected mice. TSLP increased expression levels of autophagy-related factors, such as Beclin-1, LC3-II, p62, Atg5, and lysosome associated membrane protein 1/2, whereas these factors increased by TSLP disappeared by neutralization of TSLP in EL4 cells. TSLP activated JAK1/JAK2/STAT5/JNK/PI3K, while the blockade of JAK1/JAK2/STAT5/JNK/PI3K signaling pathways reduced the expression levels of Beclin-1, LC3-II, and p62 in TSLP-stimulated EL4 cells. In addition, TSLP simultaneously increased levels of inflammatory cytokines via induction of autophagy by activation of JAK1/JAK2/STAT5/JNK/PI3K signaling pathways. In an LPS-induced acute liver injury (ALI) mouse model, exogenous TSLP increased expression levels of Beclin-1 and LC3-II, whereas functional deficiency of TSLP by TSLP siRNA resulted in lower expression of Beclin-1, LC3-II, and inflammatory cytokines, impairing their ability to form autophagosomes in ALI mice. Thus, our findings show a new role of TSLP between autophagy and inflammatory responses. In conclusion, regulating TSLP-induced autophagy may be a potential therapeutic strategy for inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Ra Han
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil-Dong Moon
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Department of Anatomy & Information Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ja Jeong
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
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7
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Farahani M, Niknam Z, Mohammadi Amirabad L, Amiri-Dashatan N, Koushki M, Nemati M, Danesh Pouya F, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Rasmi Y, Tayebi L. Molecular pathways involved in COVID-19 and potential pathway-based therapeutic targets. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 145:112420. [PMID: 34801852 PMCID: PMC8585639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the molecular downstream consequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)- 2 infection is important for a greater understanding of the disease and treatment planning. Furthermore, greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies can help in the development of vaccines and drugs against COVID-19. At present, the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 in the host cells are not sufficiently comprehended. Some of the mechanisms are proposed considering the existing similarities between SARS-CoV-2 and the other members of the β-CoVs, and others are explained based on studies advanced in the structure and function of SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we endeavored to map the possible mechanisms of the host response following SARS-CoV-2 infection and surveyed current research conducted by in vitro, in vivo and human observations, as well as existing suggestions. We addressed the specific signaling events that can cause cytokine storm and demonstrated three forms of cell death signaling following virus infection, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Given the elicited signaling pathways, we introduced possible pathway-based therapeutic targets; ADAM17 was especially highlighted as one of the most important elements of several signaling pathways involved in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. We also provided the possible drug candidates against these targets. Moreover, the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway was found as one of the important cross-talk pathways through a pathway-pathway interaction analysis for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Farahani
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Niknam
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nasrin Amiri-Dashatan
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Koushki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Nemati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fahima Danesh Pouya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
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8
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Croci S, Venneri MA, Mantovani S, Fallerini C, Benetti E, Picchiotti N, Campolo F, Imperatore F, Palmieri M, Daga S, Gabbi C, Montagnani F, Beligni G, Farias TDJ, Carriero ML, Di Sarno L, Alaverdian D, Aslaksen S, Cubellis MV, Spiga O, Baldassarri M, Fava F, Norman PJ, Frullanti E, Isidori AM, Amoroso A, Mari F, Furini S, Mondelli MU, Gen-Covid Multicenter Study, Chiariello M, Renieri A, Meloni I. The polymorphism L412F in TLR3 inhibits autophagy and is a marker of severe COVID-19 in males. Autophagy 2021; 18:1662-1672. [PMID: 34964709 PMCID: PMC9298458 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1995152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymorphism L412F in TLR3 has been associated with several infectious diseases. However, the mechanism underlying this association is still unexplored. Here, we show that the L412F polymorphism in TLR3 is a marker of severity in COVID-19. This association increases in the sub-cohort of males. Impaired macroautophagy/autophagy and reduced TNF/TNFα production was demonstrated in HEK293 cells transfected with TLR3L412F-encoding plasmid and stimulated with specific agonist poly(I:C). A statistically significant reduced survival at 28 days was shown in L412F COVID-19 patients treated with the autophagy-inhibitor hydroxychloroquine (p = 0.038). An increased frequency of autoimmune disorders such as co-morbidity was found in L412F COVID-19 males with specific class II HLA haplotypes prone to autoantigen presentation. Our analyses indicate that L412F polymorphism makes males at risk of severe COVID-19 and provides a rationale for reinterpreting clinical trials considering autophagy pathways. Abbreviations: AP: autophagosome; AUC: area under the curve; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; COVID-19: coronavirus disease-2019; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; RAP: rapamycin; ROC: receiver operating characteristic; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TLR: toll like receptor; TNF/TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Croci
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mary Anna Venneri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Mantovani
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fallerini
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elisa Benetti
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Picchiotti
- DIISM-SAILAB, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Department of Mathematics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Campolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Imperatore
- Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Core Research Laboratory, Via Fiorentina, Siena, Italy.,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto DI Fisiologia Clinica, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Palmieri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sergio Daga
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Gabbi
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Montagnani
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Giada Beligni
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ticiana D J Farias
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Miriam Lucia Carriero
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Di Sarno
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Diana Alaverdian
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sigrid Aslaksen
- Department of Clinical Science, Universty of Bergen and K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Ottavia Spiga
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Baldassarri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Fava
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paul J Norman
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Elisa Frullanti
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Amoroso
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Mari
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Italy
| | - Simone Furini
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mario U Mondelli
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Mario Chiariello
- Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Core Research Laboratory, Via Fiorentina, Siena, Italy.,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto DI Fisiologia Clinica, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Italy
| | - Ilaria Meloni
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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9
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Hasankhani A, Bahrami A, Sheybani N, Aria B, Hemati B, Fatehi F, Ghaem Maghami Farahani H, Javanmard G, Rezaee M, Kastelic JP, Barkema HW. Differential Co-Expression Network Analysis Reveals Key Hub-High Traffic Genes as Potential Therapeutic Targets for COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Immunol 2021; 12:789317. [PMID: 34975885 PMCID: PMC8714803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.789317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The recent emergence of COVID-19, rapid worldwide spread, and incomplete knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2 infection have limited development of therapeutic strategies. Our objective was to systematically investigate molecular regulatory mechanisms of COVID-19, using a combination of high throughput RNA-sequencing-based transcriptomics and systems biology approaches. Methods RNA-Seq data from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy persons, mild and severe 17 COVID-19 patients were analyzed to generate a gene expression matrix. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify co-expression modules in healthy samples as a reference set. For differential co-expression network analysis, module preservation and module-trait relationships approaches were used to identify key modules. Then, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, based on co-expressed hub genes, were constructed to identify hub genes/TFs with the highest information transfer (hub-high traffic genes) within candidate modules. Results Based on differential co-expression network analysis, connectivity patterns and network density, 72% (15 of 21) of modules identified in healthy samples were altered by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 caused systemic perturbations in host biological gene networks. In functional enrichment analysis, among 15 non-preserved modules and two significant highly-correlated modules (identified by MTRs), 9 modules were directly related to the host immune response and COVID-19 immunopathogenesis. Intriguingly, systemic investigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection identified signaling pathways and key genes/proteins associated with COVID-19's main hallmarks, e.g., cytokine storm, respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute lung injury (ALI), lymphopenia, coagulation disorders, thrombosis, and pregnancy complications, as well as comorbidities associated with COVID-19, e.g., asthma, diabetic complications, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), liver disorders and acute kidney injury (AKI). Topological analysis with betweenness centrality (BC) identified 290 hub-high traffic genes, central in both co-expression and PPI networks. We also identified several transcriptional regulatory factors, including NFKB1, HIF1A, AHR, and TP53, with important immunoregulatory roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, several hub-high traffic genes, including IL6, IL1B, IL10, TNF, SOCS1, SOCS3, ICAM1, PTEN, RHOA, GDI2, SUMO1, CASP1, IRAK3, HSPA5, ADRB2, PRF1, GZMB, OASL, CCL5, HSP90AA1, HSPD1, IFNG, MAPK1, RAB5A, and TNFRSF1A had the highest rates of information transfer in 9 candidate modules and central roles in COVID-19 immunopathogenesis. Conclusion This study provides comprehensive information on molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-host interactions and identifies several hub-high traffic genes as promising therapeutic targets for the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Hasankhani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Bahrami
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
- Biomedical Center for Systems Biology Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Negin Sheybani
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Aria
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Behzad Hemati
- Biotechnology Research Center, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farhang Fatehi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Ghazaleh Javanmard
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahsa Rezaee
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - John P. Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Herman W. Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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10
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SARS-CoV-2 promote autophagy to suppress type I interferon response. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:180. [PMID: 33966045 PMCID: PMC8105701 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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11
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Inchingolo AD, Inchingolo AM, Bordea IR, Malcangi G, Xhajanka E, Scarano A, Lorusso F, Farronato M, Tartaglia GM, Isacco CG, Marinelli G, D’Oria MT, Hazballa D, Santacroce L, Ballini A, Contaldo M, Inchingolo F, Dipalma G. SARS-CoV-2 Disease Adjuvant Therapies and Supplements Breakthrough for the Infection Prevention. Microorganisms 2021; 9:525. [PMID: 33806624 PMCID: PMC7999785 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is a high-risk viral agent involved in the recent pandemic stated worldwide by the World Health Organization. The infection is correlated to a severe systemic and respiratory disease in many cases, which is clinically treated with a multi-drug pharmacological approach. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate through a literature overview the effect of adjuvant therapies and supplements for the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The research has analyzed the advantage of the EK1C4, by also assessing the studies on the resveratrol, vitamin D, and melatonin as adjuvant supplements for long hauler patients' prognosis. The evaluated substances reported important benefits for the improvement of the immune system and as a potential inhibitor molecules against SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the use of sartans as therapy. The adjuvant supplements seem to create an advantage for the healing of the long hauler patients affected by chronic symptoms of constant chest and heart pain, intestinal disorders, headache, difficulty concentrating, memory loss, and tachycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Angelo Michele Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Ioana Roxana Bordea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Giuseppina Malcangi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Edit Xhajanka
- Dental Prosthesis Department, Medical University of Tirana, UMT, Rruga e Dibrës, Tirana 1001, Albania;
| | - Antonio Scarano
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Felice Lorusso
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Marco Farronato
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (G.M.T.)
| | - Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (G.M.T.)
| | - Ciro Gargiulo Isacco
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
- Human Stem Cells Research Center HSC of Ho Chi Minh, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Vietnam
- Embryology and Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Pham Chau Trinh University of Medicine Hoi An, Hoi An 70000, Vietnam
| | - Grazia Marinelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Maria Teresa D’Oria
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Via delle Scienze, Università degli Studi di Udine, 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Denisa Hazballa
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
- Kongresi Elbasanit, Rruga: Aqif Pasha, 3001 Elbasan, Albania
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Campus Universitario, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy;
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Contaldo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
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