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Zhang J, Han M, Wang S, Wu R, Zhao Q, Chen M, Yang Y, Zhang J, Meng X, Zhang Y, Wang Z. Study on the anti-mitochondrial apoptosis mechanism of Erigeron breviscapus injection based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS metabolomics and molecular docking in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117310. [PMID: 37827296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Erigeron breviscapus is a common medicine of eight ethnic minorities, including Miao, Naxi, and Yi. As early as the Ming Dynasty (AD 1368-1644), Lanmao's Materia Medica of Southern Yunnan (AD 1436) recorded that the medicine is used for the treatment of "Zuo tan you huan." In modern pharmacological research, Erigeron breviscapus injection is the most commonly used preparation in the treatment of ischemic stroke caused by acute cerebral infarction, but its mechanism of action in the treatment of ischemic stroke is not well understood. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, a metabonomics study based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) was used in investigating the effect of a traditional Chinese medicine preparation Erigeron breviscapus injection on the rat model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and the affinity of its main components with the targets of mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study used molecular docking technology to verify the effective binding ability of main effective components of Erigeron breviscapus injection to target proteins related to mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. This study developed a metabonomics method based on the ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC Q-TOF MS) to evaluate the efficacy and study the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine preparation. With pattern recognition analysis (principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminate analysis) of urinary metabolites, a clear separation of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model group and healthy control group was achieved. RESULTS Erigeron breviscapus injection can significantly reduce the area of cerebral infarction, improve tissue morphological lesion in rats, and can increase the number of Nissl bodies. It may be a promoting factor by inhibiting hippocampal nerve cell apoptosis and Bax protein expression and by exerting effects against ischemia reperfusion after the induction of apoptosis. Thus, it plays a role in brain protection. Moreover, it can considerably promote the recovery of neurological deficiency signs in advance. Meanwhile, Erigeron breviscapus decreased malondialdehyde content and T-NOS activity. Its curative effect from strong to weak order: low dose > high dose > medium dose. The representative components of Erigeron breviscapus have good affinity with the active sites of mitochondrial apoptosis-related proteins. Metabolomics found that the potential biomarkers regulated by breviscapine are kynurequinolinic acid, succinylornithine, and leucine proline. It is speculated that it may participate in TRP-kynurequinolinic acid and succinylornithine-urea cycle-NO metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS This paper revealed the potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways regulated by Erigeron breviscapus. It was speculated that the mechanism is related to its inhibition of mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis. Erigeron breviscapus could restore the metabolic profiles of the model animals to normal animal levels. The mechanism may be related to the potential biomarkers of quinolinic acid, succinylornithine, and leucine proline and the metabolic pathways involved. However, the exact mechanism by which Erigeron breviscapus inhibits mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis remains to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Mengtian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Shu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Heze University, Heze, 274015, China
| | - Ruixia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qipeng Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Meihua Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yongmao Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Zhang Wang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Perez-Palomar B, Erdozain AM, Erkizia-Santamaría I, Ortega JE, Meana JJ. Maternal Immune Activation Induces Cortical Catecholaminergic Hypofunction and Cognitive Impairments in Offspring. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:348-365. [PMID: 37208550 PMCID: PMC10577104 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment of specific cognitive domains in schizophrenia has been associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) catecholaminergic deficits. Among other factors, prenatal exposure to infections represents an environmental risk factor for schizophrenia development in adulthood. However, it remains largely unknown whether the prenatal infection-induced changes in the brain may be associated with concrete switches in a particular neurochemical circuit, and therefore, if they could alter behavioral functions. METHODS In vitro and in vivo neurochemical evaluation of the PFC catecholaminergic systems was performed in offspring from mice undergoing maternal immune activation (MIA). The cognitive status was also evaluated. Prenatal viral infection was mimicked by polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) administration to pregnant dams (7.5 mg/kg i.p., gestational day 9.5) and consequences were evaluated in adult offspring. RESULTS MIA-treated offspring showed disrupted recognition memory in the novel object recognition task (t = 2.30, p = 0.031). This poly(I:C)-based group displayed decreased extracellular dopamine (DA) concentrations compared to controls (t = 3.17, p = 0.0068). Potassium-evoked release of DA and noradrenaline (NA) were impaired in the poly(I:C) group (DA: Ft[10,90] = 43.33, p < 0.0001; Ftr[1,90] = 1.224, p = 0.2972; Fi[10,90] = 5.916, p < 0.0001; n = 11); (NA: Ft[10,90] = 36.27, p < 0.0001; Ftr[1,90] = 1.841, p = 0.208; Fi[10,90] = 8.686, p < 0.0001; n = 11). In the same way, amphetamine-evoked release of DA and NA were also impaired in the poly(I:C) group (DA: Ft[8,328] = 22.01, p < 0.0001; Ftr[1,328] = 4.507, p = 0.040; Fi[8,328] = 2.319, p = 0.020; n = 43); (NA: Ft[8,328] = 52.07; p < 0.0001; Ftr[1,328] = 4.322; p = 0.044; Fi[8,398] = 5.727; p < 0.0001; n = 43). This catecholamine imbalance was accompanied by increased dopamine D1 and D2 receptor expression (t = 2.64, p = 0.011 and t = 3.55, p = 0.0009; respectively), whereas tyrosine hydroxylase, DA and NA tissue content, DA and NA transporter (DAT/NET) expression and function were unaltered. CONCLUSIONS MIA induces in offspring a presynaptic catecholaminergic hypofunction in PFC with cognitive impairment. This poly(I:C)-based model reproduces catecholamine phenotypes reported in schizophrenia and represents an opportunity for the study of cognitive impairment associated to this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Perez-Palomar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, E-48940, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Amaia M Erdozain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, E-48940, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ines Erkizia-Santamaría
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, E-48940, Spain
| | - Jorge E Ortega
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, E-48940, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Leioa, Spain.
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - J Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, E-48940, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Bizkaia, Spain
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Garrido-Torres N, Cerrillos L, García Cerro S, Pérez Gómez A, Canal-Rivero M, de Felipe B, Alameda L, Marqués Rodríguez R, Anillo S, Praena J, Duque Sánchez C, Roca C, Paniagua M, López Díaz A, Romero-García R, Olbrich P, Puertas Albarracín MDP, Reguera Pozuelo P, Sosa IL, Moreno Dueñas MB, Pineda Cachero R, Zamudio Juan L, García Rumi V, Guerrero Benitez M, Figueroa R, Martín Rendón AM, Partida A, Rodríguez Cocho MI, Gallardo Trujillo C, Gallego Jiménez I, García Spencer S, Gómez Verdugo M, Bermejo Fernández C, Pérez Benito M, Castillo Reina RE, Cejudo López A, Sánchez Tomás C, Chacón Gamero MÁ, Rubio A, Moreno Mellado A, Ramos Herrero V, Starr E, González Fernández de Palacios M, García Victori E, Pavón Delgado A, Fernández Cuervo I, Arias Ruiz A, Menéndez Gil IE, Domínguez Gómez I, Coca Mendoza I, Ayesa-Arriola R, Fañanas L, Leza JC, Cisneros JM, Sánchez Céspedes J, Ruiz-Mateos E, Crespo-Facorro B, Ruiz-Veguilla M. Examining the immune signatures of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy and the impact on neurodevelopment: Protocol of the SIGNATURE longitudinal study. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:899445. [PMID: 36619503 PMCID: PMC9811261 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.899445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a valuable opportunity to carry out cohort studies that allow us to advance our knowledge on pathophysiological mechanisms of neuropsychiatric diseases. One of these opportunities is the study of the relationships between inflammation, brain development and an increased risk of suffering neuropsychiatric disorders. Based on the hypothesis that neuroinflammation during early stages of life is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and confers a greater risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders, we propose a cohort study of SARS-CoV-2-infected pregnant women and their newborns. The main objective of SIGNATURE project is to explore how the presence of prenatal SARS-CoV-2 infection and other non-infectious stressors generates an abnormal inflammatory activity in the newborn. The cohort of women during the COVID-19 pandemic will be psychological and biological monitored during their pregnancy, delivery, childbirth and postpartum. The biological information of the umbilical cord (foetus blood) and peripheral blood from the mother will be obtained after childbirth. These samples and the clinical characterisation of the cohort of mothers and newborns, are tremendously valuable at this time. This is a protocol report and no analyses have been conducted yet, being currently at, our study is in the recruitment process step. At the time of this publication, we have identified 1,060 SARS-CoV-2 infected mothers and all have already given birth. From the total of identified mothers, we have recruited 537 SARS-COV-2 infected women and all of them have completed the mental health assessment during pregnancy. We have collected biological samples from 119 mothers and babies. Additionally, we have recruited 390 non-infected pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Garrido-Torres
- Mental Health Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain
- Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Lucas Cerrillos
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Susana García Cerro
- Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez Gómez
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Canal-Rivero
- Mental Health Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain
- Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Felipe
- Congenital Immunity Disorders Group de Alteraciones Congénitas de Inmunidad, Seville Biomedical Research Institute, Seville, Spain
- Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Alameda
- Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Service of General Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Renata Marqués Rodríguez
- Department of Pediatrics, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital / Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | - Sergio Anillo
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Julia Praena
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Cristina Duque Sánchez
- Department of Pediatrics, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital / Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | - Cristina Roca
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - María Paniagua
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Alvaro López Díaz
- Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Rafael Romero-García
- Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Peter Olbrich
- Congenital Immunity Disorders Group de Alteraciones Congénitas de Inmunidad, Seville Biomedical Research Institute, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Reguera Pozuelo
- Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Luján Sosa
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - María Begoña Moreno Dueñas
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío Pineda Cachero
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Lidia Zamudio Juan
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Verónica García Rumi
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Mercedes Guerrero Benitez
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Rosario Figueroa
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Manuel Martín Rendón
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Partida
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez Cocho
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Gallardo Trujillo
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Isabel Gallego Jiménez
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Sarah García Spencer
- Department of Pediatrics, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital / Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Gómez Verdugo
- Department of Pediatrics, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital / Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | - Cintia Bermejo Fernández
- Department of Pediatrics, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital / Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | - María Pérez Benito
- Department of Pediatrics, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital / Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | | | - Angela Cejudo López
- Department of family medicine, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Primary Care Health Centers, Seville, Spain
| | - Candela Sánchez Tomás
- Department of family medicine, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Primary Care Health Centers, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Ana Rubio
- Mental Health Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Amanda Moreno Mellado
- Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | - Víctor Ramos Herrero
- Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | - Ella Starr
- Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | | | - Elena García Victori
- Department of Pediatrics, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital / Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Pavón Delgado
- Department of Pediatrics, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital / Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla - Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Lourdes Fañanas
- Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan C Leza
- Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense Madrid, CIBERSAM, Imas12, IUINQ, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Cisneros
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez Céspedes
- Viral Diseases and Infections in Immunodeficiencies Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Mental Health Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain
- Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Veguilla
- Mental Health Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain
- Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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