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Duan H, Ding Y, Cheng Z, Cai L, Tong Y, Che F, Han Z, Li F, Wang Q, Geng X. Low serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels are associated with poor outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients regardless of age. Brain Res 2024; 1842:149130. [PMID: 39048033 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Studies have indicated that reduced serum ALT levels are commonly linked to aging and are known to predict poor outcomes in many clinical conditions as potential frailty indicators. There are close connections between the brain and peripheral organs, particularly the liver. In patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), the interactive effects may change ALT levels, which in turn influence stroke outcomes. Whether ALT has potential neuroprotective effects or is an indicator of frailty in AIS patients remains unknown. This retrospective analysis examined 572 AIS patients in Beijing Luhe Hospital between August 2020 and June 2021. Patient demographics and laboratory results were assembled. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used to analyze stroke severity. Modified Rankin Score (mRS) determined stroke outcome 3 months after AIS, with mRS≤2 indicating a favorable outcome. Based on serum ALT measurements, patients were classified into three tertiles (T1-T3). Binary logistic regression analysis evaluated the correlation between ALT tertiles and AIS outcomes. Of the patients, 66 exhibited unfavorable outcomes. The median ALT level in this group was 13 (IQR: 11-18.25), which was lower than in the favorable outcomes cohort (16; IQR: 11-22). A decline in ALT corresponded with a higher incidence of poor outcomes at 3 months (T1, 15.5 %; T2, 11.4 %; T3, 7.0 %; p = 0.03). The lowest ALT tertile (T1) was independently linked to an adverse 3-month outcome (OR 2.50 95 %CI 1.24-5.07, p = 0.038) compared to the highest tertile. ALT levels demonstrated no correlation with age (T1, 62.59 ± 12.64; T2, 64.01 ± 11.47; T3, 65.12 ± 11.27; p > 0.05). Regardless of age, lower serum ALT levels are independently associated with poorer outcomes in AIS patients. This finding suggests the potential pivotal part of the liver in AIS outcomes, highlighting the need to consider both neurological and liver functions post-stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Duan
- Department of Neurology and the Stroke Intervention & Translational Center (SITC), Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Zhe Cheng
- Department of Neurology and the Stroke Intervention & Translational Center (SITC), Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Lipeng Cai
- Department of Neurology and the Stroke Intervention & Translational Center (SITC), Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Yanna Tong
- Department of Neurology and the Stroke Intervention & Translational Center (SITC), Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Fengli Che
- Department of Neurology and the Stroke Intervention & Translational Center (SITC), Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Zhenzhen Han
- Department of Neurology and the Stroke Intervention & Translational Center (SITC), Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Fengwu Li
- Luhe Institute of Neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingzhu Wang
- Luhe Institute of Neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurology and the Stroke Intervention & Translational Center (SITC), Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Luhe Institute of Neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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2
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Colombo E, Bacigaluppi M, Bartoccetti M, Triolo D, Bassani C, Bergamaschi A, Descamps HC, Gullotta GS, Henley M, Piccoli M, Anastasia L, Pitt D, Newcombe J, Martino G, Farina C. Astrocyte TrkB promotes brain injury and edema formation in ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 201:106670. [PMID: 39303814 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Following ischemic stroke astrocytes undergo rapid molecular and functional changes that may accentuate tissue damage. In this study we identified the neurotrophin receptor TrkB in astrocytes as a key promoter of acute CNS injury in ischemic stroke. In fact, TrkB protein was strongly upregulated in astrocytes after human and experimental stroke, and transgenic mice lacking astrocyte TrkB displayed significantly smaller lesion volume, lower brain atrophy and better motor performance than control animals after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neuropathological studies evidenced that edema directly correlated with astrogliosis and was limited in transgenic mice. Importantly, adaptive levels of the water channel AQP4 was astrocyte TrkB-dependent as AQP4 upregulation after stroke did not occur in mice lacking astrocyte TrkB. In vitro experiments with wild-type and/or TrkB-deficient astrocytes highlighted TrkB-dependent upregulation of AQP4 via activation of HIF1-alpha under hypoxia. Collectively, our observations indicate that TrkB signaling in astrocytes contributes to the development of edema and worsens cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Colombo
- Immunobiology of Neurological Disorders Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bacigaluppi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Bartoccetti
- Immunobiology of Neurological Disorders Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Triolo
- Immunobiology of Neurological Disorders Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Bassani
- Immunobiology of Neurological Disorders Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bergamaschi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Hélène C Descamps
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Serena Gullotta
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Henley
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Marco Piccoli
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Anastasia
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - David Pitt
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jia Newcombe
- NeuroResource, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Immunobiology of Neurological Disorders Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Vieira J, Karampatsi D, Vercalsteren E, Darsalia V, Patrone C, Duarte J. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals biomarkers of stroke recovery in a mouse model of obesity-associated type 2 diabetes. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20240249. [PMID: 38864508 PMCID: PMC11230867 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20240249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) are known to exacerbate cerebral injury caused by stroke. Metabolomics can provide signatures of metabolic disease, and now we explored whether the analysis of plasma metabolites carries biomarkers of how obesity and T2D impact post-stroke recovery. Male mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 months leading to development of obesity with T2D or a standard diet (non-diabetic mice). Then, mice were subjected to either transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) or sham surgery and allowed to recover on standard diet for 2 months before serum samples were collected. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of serum samples was used to investigate metabolite signals and metabolic pathways that were associated with tMCAO recovery in either T2D or non-diabetic mice. Overall, after post-stroke recovery there were different serum metabolite profiles in T2D and non-diabetic mice. In non-diabetic mice, which show full neurological recovery after stroke, we observed a reduction of isovalerate, and an increase of kynurenate, uridine monophosphate, gluconate and N6-acetyllysine in tMCAO relative to sham mice. In contrast, in mice with T2D, which show impaired stroke recovery, there was a reduction of N,N-dimethylglycine, succinate and proline, and an increase of 2-oxocaproate in serum of tMCAO versus sham mice. Given the inability of T2D mice to recover from stroke, in contrast with non-diabetic mice, we propose that these specific metabolite changes following tMCAO might be used as biomarkers of neurophysiological recovery after stroke in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P.P. Vieira
- Diabetes and Brain Function Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dimitra Karampatsi
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ellen Vercalsteren
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimer Darsalia
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cesare Patrone
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joao M.N. Duarte
- Diabetes and Brain Function Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Pérez-Mato M, López-Arias E, Bugallo-Casal A, Correa-Paz C, Arias S, Rodríguez-Yáñez M, Santamaría-Cadavid M, Campos F. New Perspectives in Neuroprotection for Ischemic Stroke. Neuroscience 2024; 550:30-42. [PMID: 38387732 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The constant failure of new neuroprotective therapies for ischemic stroke has partially halted the search for new therapies in recent years, mainly because of the high investment risk required to develop a new treatment for a complex pathology, such as stroke, with a narrow intervention window and associated comorbidities. However, owing to recent progress in understanding the stroke pathophysiology, improvement in patient care in stroke units, development of new imaging techniques, search for new biomarkers for early diagnosis, and increasingly widespread use of mechanical recanalization therapies, new opportunities have opened for the study of neuroprotection. This review summarizes the main protective agents currently in use, some of which are already in the clinical evaluation phase. It also includes an analysis of how recanalization therapies, new imaging techniques, and biomarkers have improved their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pérez-Mato
- Translational Stroke Laboratory Group (TREAT), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Esteban López-Arias
- Translational Stroke Laboratory Group (TREAT), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Bugallo-Casal
- Translational Stroke Laboratory Group (TREAT), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara Correa-Paz
- Translational Stroke Laboratory Group (TREAT), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana Arias
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Yáñez
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Santamaría-Cadavid
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Translational Stroke Laboratory Group (TREAT), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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5
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Yang XM, Yu H, Li JX, Li N, Li C, Xu DH, Zhang H, Fang TH, Wang SJ, Yan PY, Han BB. Excitotoxic Storms of Ischemic Stroke: A Non-neuronal Perspective. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04184-7. [PMID: 38662299 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Numerous neurological disorders share a fatal pathologic process known as glutamate excitotoxicity. Among which, ischemic stroke is the major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. For a long time, the main idea of developing anti-excitotoxic neuroprotective agents was to block glutamate receptors. Despite this, there has been little successful clinical translation to date. After decades of "neuron-centered" views, a growing number of studies have recently revealed the importance of non-neuronal cells. Glial cells, cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, blood cells, and so forth are extensively engaged in glutamate synthesis, release, reuptake, and metabolism. They also express functional glutamate receptors and can listen and respond for fast synaptic transmission. This broadens the thoughts of developing excitotoxicity antagonists. In this review, the critical contribution of non-neuronal cells in glutamate excitotoxicity during ischemic stroke will be emphasized in detail, and the latest research progress as well as corresponding therapeutic strategies will be updated at length, aiming to reconceptualize glutamate excitotoxicity in a non-neuronal perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Man Yang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Han Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-He Fang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jun Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pei-Yu Yan
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
- Zhuhai MUST Science and Technology Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing-Bing Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Babkina I, Savinkova I, Molchanova T, Sidorova M, Surin A, Gorbacheva L. Neuroprotective Effects of Noncanonical PAR1 Agonists on Cultured Neurons in Excitotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1221. [PMID: 38279219 PMCID: PMC10816171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases regulate cell functions through G protein-coupled protease-activated receptors (PARs). Cleavage of one peptide bond of the receptor amino terminus results in the formation of a new N-terminus ("tethered ligand") that can specifically interact with the second extracellular loop of the PAR receptor and activate it. Activation of PAR1 by thrombin (canonical agonist) and activated protein C (APC, noncanonical agonist) was described as a biased agonism. Here, we have supposed that synthetic peptide analogs to the PAR1 tethered ligand liberated by APC could have neuroprotective effects like APC. To verify this hypothesis, a model of the ischemic brain impairment based on glutamate (Glu) excitotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures of neonatal rats has been used. It was shown that the nanopeptide NPNDKYEPF-NH2 (AP9) effectively reduced the neuronal death induced by Glu. The influence of AP9 on cell survival was comparable to that of APC. Both APC and AP9 reduced the dysregulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis in cultured neurons induced by excitotoxic Glu (100 µM) or NMDA (200 µM) concentrations. PAR1 agonist synthetic peptides might be noncanonical PAR1 agonists and a basis for novel neuroprotective drugs for disorders related to Glu excitotoxicity such as brain ischemia, trauma and some neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Babkina
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.B.); (I.S.)
| | - Irina Savinkova
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.B.); (I.S.)
| | - Tatiana Molchanova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maria Sidorova
- Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander Surin
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Pain, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Liubov Gorbacheva
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.B.); (I.S.)
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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7
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Samad A, Samant R, Venkateshwara Rao K, Bhargava V, Sadique SI, Yadav R. Oxaloacetate as a Holy Grail Adjunctive Treatment in Gliomas: A Revisit to Metabolic Pathway. Cureus 2023; 15:e48821. [PMID: 38106701 PMCID: PMC10722244 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
India experiences a significant amount of morbidity and mortality due to gliomas particularly glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which ranks among the worst cancers. Oxaloacetate (OAA) is a human keto acid that is central to cellular metabolism; it has been recognized by the US FDA for use in GBM patients, triggering a review to revisit the cellular mechanism of its therapeutic action. Various cellular and molecular studies have proposed that instead of fueling the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), gliomas prefer to use glycolysis (the Warburg effect) to fuel macromolecules for the synthesis of nucleotides, fatty acids, and amino acids for the accelerated mitosis. A study found that oxaloacetate (OAA) inhibits human lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) in cancer cells, reversing the Warburg effect. Studies revealed that OAA supplementation reduced Warburg glycolysis, improved neuronal cell bioenergetics, and triggered brain mitochondrial biogenesis, thereby enhancing the efficacy of standard treatment. Similarly, OAA has been found in preclinical investigations to be able to decrease tumor development and survival rates by blocking the conversion of glutamine to alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in the TCA cycle and lowering nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) levels. OAA is a safe adjuvant that has the potential to be an effective therapy in gliomas when combined with temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy and routine surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Samad
- Department of Medical Affairs, Celagenex Research (India) Private Limited, Thane, IND
| | - Rajaram Samant
- Department of Medicine, Celagenex Research (India) Private Limited, Thane, IND
| | - K Venkateshwara Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, IND
| | - Vyom Bhargava
- Department of Neurosurgery, HMC Hospital, Ludhiana, IND
| | - Shahid I Sadique
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGMER) and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial (SSKM) Hospital, Kolkata, IND
| | - Rohit Yadav
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGMER) and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial (SSKM) Hospital, Kolkata, IND
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8
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Neves D, Salazar IL, Almeida RD, Silva RM. Molecular mechanisms of ischemia and glutamate excitotoxicity. Life Sci 2023; 328:121814. [PMID: 37236602 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is classically defined as the neuronal damage caused by the excessive release of glutamate, and subsequent activation of excitatory plasma membrane receptors. In the mammalian brain, this phenomenon is mainly driven by excessive activation of glutamate receptors (GRs). Excitotoxicity is common to several chronic disorders of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and is considered the primary mechanism of neuronal loss of function and cell death in acute CNS diseases (e.g. ischemic stroke). Multiple mechanisms and pathways lead to excitotoxic cell damage including pro-death signaling cascade events downstream of glutamate receptors, calcium (Ca2+) overload, oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, excessive glutamate in the synaptic cleft as well as altered energy metabolism. Here, we review the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that underlie excitotoxicity, emphasizing the role of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism. We also discuss novel and promising therapeutic strategies to treat excitotoxicity, highlighting recent clinical trials. Finally, we will shed light on the ongoing search for stroke biomarkers, an exciting and promising field of research, which may improve stroke diagnosis, prognosis and allow better treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Neves
- iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ivan L Salazar
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Ageing, MIA - Portugal, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ramiro D Almeida
- iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Raquel M Silva
- iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Saúde, Viseu, Portugal.
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9
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Huang Y, Wang Z, Huang ZX, Liu Z. Biomarkers and the outcomes of ischemic stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1171101. [PMID: 37342100 PMCID: PMC10277488 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1171101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are measurable substances that could be used as objective indicators for disease diagnosis, responses to treatments, and outcomes predictions. In this review, we summarized the data on a number of important biomarkers including glutamate, S100B, glial fibrillary acidic protein, receptor for advanced glycation end-products, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, von willebrand factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-a, activated protein C, copeptin, neuron-specific enolase, tau protein, gamma aminobutyric acid, blood glucose, endothelial progenitor cells, and circulating CD34-positive cells that could be potentially used to indicate the disease burden and/or predict clinical outcome of ischemic stroke. We examined the relationship between specific biomarkers and disease burden and outcomes and discussed the potential mechanisms underlying the relationship. The clinical significance and implications of these biomarkers were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
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10
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Huang H, Oo TT, Apaijai N, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. An Updated Review of Mitochondrial Transplantation as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy Against Cerebral Ischemia and Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1865-1883. [PMID: 36595193 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Regardless of the progress made in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, it remains a leading cause of adult disability and death. To date, the most effective treatment for ischemic stroke is the timely recanalization of the occluded artery. However, the short time window and reperfusion injury have greatly limited its application and efficacy. Mitochondrial dysfunction and ATP depletion have become regarded as being hallmarks of neuropathophysiology following ischemic stroke. Mitochondrial transplantation is a novel potential therapeutic intervention for ischemic stroke that has sparked widespread concern during the past few years. This review summarizes and discusses the effects of mitochondrial transplantation in in vitro and in vivo ischemic stroke models. In addition, pharmacological interventions promoting mitochondrial transplantation are reviewed and discussed. We also discuss the potential challenges to the clinical application of mitochondrial transplantation in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huatuo Huang
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Thura Tun Oo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nattayaporn Apaijai
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand. .,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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11
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Frank D, Gruenbaum BF, Zlotnik A, Semyonov M, Frenkel A, Boyko M. Pathophysiology and Current Drug Treatments for Post-Stroke Depression: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315114. [PMID: 36499434 PMCID: PMC9738261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a biopsychosocial disorder that affects individuals who have suffered a stroke at any point. PSD has a 20 to 60 percent reported prevalence among stroke survivors. Its effects are usually adverse, can lead to disability, and may increase mortality if not managed or treated early. PSD is linked to several other medical conditions, including anxiety, hyper-locomotor activity, and poor functional recovery. Despite significant awareness of its adverse impacts, understanding the pathogenesis of PSD has proved challenging. The exact pathophysiology of PSD is unknown, yet its complexity has been definitively shown, involving mechanisms such as dysfunction of monoamine, the glutamatergic systems, the gut-brain axis, and neuroinflammation. The current effectiveness of PSD treatment is about 30-40 percent of all cases. In this review, we examined different pathophysiological mechanisms and current pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for the treatment of PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Frank
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Correspondence: or
| | - Benjamin F. Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Michael Semyonov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Amit Frenkel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Matthew Boyko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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12
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Zgodova A, Pavlova S, Nekrasova A, Boyarkin D, Pinelis V, Surin A, Bakaeva Z. Isoliquiritigenin Protects Neuronal Cells against Glutamate Excitotoxicity. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1052. [PMID: 36363608 PMCID: PMC9693036 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is considered that glutamate excitotoxicity may be a major factor in the pathological death of neurons and mediate the development of neurodegenerative diseases in humans. Here, we show that isoliquiritigenin (ILG) at a concentration of 0.5-5 µM protects primary neuroglial cell culture from glutamate-induced death (glutamate 100 µM). ILG (1 µM) prevented a sharp increase in [Ca2+]i and a decrease in mitochondrial potential (ΔΨm). With the background action of ILG (1-5 µM), there was an increase in oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in response to glutamate, as well as in reserve respiration. The neuroprotective effect of ILG (5 µM) was accompanied by an increase in non-mitochondrial respiration. The results show that ILG can protect cortical neurons from death by preventing the development of calcium deregulation and limiting mitochondrial dysfunction caused by a high dose of glutamate. We hypothesize that ILG will be useful in drug development for the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases accompanied by glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina Zgodova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Fundamentals of Brain Development, National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Pavlova
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 428015 Cheboksary, Russia
| | - Anastasia Nekrasova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Fundamentals of Brain Development, National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Boyarkin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Fundamentals of Brain Development, National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Pinelis
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Fundamentals of Brain Development, National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Surin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Fundamentals of Brain Development, National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zanda Bakaeva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Fundamentals of Brain Development, National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Medicine, General Biology and Physiology, Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov, 358000 Elista, Russia
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13
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Pinelis V, Krasilnikova I, Bakaeva Z, Surin A, Boyarkin D, Fisenko A, Krasilnikova O, Pomytkin I. Insulin Diminishes Superoxide Increase in Cytosol and Mitochondria of Cultured Cortical Neurons Treated with Toxic Glutamate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012593. [PMID: 36293449 PMCID: PMC9604026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity is involved in the pathogenesis of many disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease, for which central insulin resistance is a comorbid condition. Neurotoxicity of glutamate (Glu) is primarily associated with hyperactivation of the ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), causing a sustained increase in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and synchronous mitochondrial depolarization and an increase in intracellular superoxide anion radical (O2–•) production. Recently, we found that insulin protects neurons against excitotoxicity by decreasing the delayed calcium deregulation (DCD). However, the role of insulin in O2–• production in excitotoxicity still needs to be clarified. The present study aims to investigate insulin’s effects on glutamate-evoked O2–• generation and DCD using the fluorescent indicators dihydroethidium, MitoSOX Red, and Fura-FF in cortical neurons. We found a linear correlation between [Ca2+]i and [O2–•] in primary cultures of the rat neuron exposed to Glu, with insulin significantly reducing the production of intracellular and mitochondrial O2–• in the primary cultures of the rat neuron. MK 801, an inhibitor of NMDAR-gated Ca2+ influx, completely abrogated the glutamate effects in both the presence and absence of insulin. In experiments in sister cultures, insulin diminished neuronal death and O2 consumption rate (OCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod Pinelis
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health, Russian Ministry of Health, Lomonosov Avenue 2, Bldg 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (I.P.)
| | - Irina Krasilnikova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health, Russian Ministry of Health, Lomonosov Avenue 2, Bldg 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zanda Bakaeva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health, Russian Ministry of Health, Lomonosov Avenue 2, Bldg 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of General Biology and Physiology, Kalmyk State University Named after B.B. Gorodovikov, St. Pushkin, 11, 358000 Elista, Russia
| | - Alexander Surin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health, Russian Ministry of Health, Lomonosov Avenue 2, Bldg 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Pathology of Ion Transport and Intracellular Signaling, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya St., 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii Boyarkin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health, Russian Ministry of Health, Lomonosov Avenue 2, Bldg 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei Fisenko
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health, Russian Ministry of Health, Lomonosov Avenue 2, Bldg 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Krasilnikova
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Radiological Center, 4 Koroleva St., 249036 Obninsk, Russia
| | - Igor Pomytkin
- Institute of Pharmacy, The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University under Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Trubetskaya, 8, Bldg 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (I.P.)
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14
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Chen F, Hu W, Chen S, Si A, Zhang Y, Ma J. Stroke mortality attributable to high red meat intake in China and South Korea: An age-period-cohort and joinpoint analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:921592. [PMID: 36313118 PMCID: PMC9614311 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.921592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The high intake of red meat is well recognized as a major health concern worldwide. It has been recognized as a risk factor for several non-communicable chronic diseases, including stroke. However, previously published studies have not performed a comprehensive analysis of the long-time trend of stroke mortality attributable to high red meat intake in China and South Korea, two countries with similar dietary patterns and changing trends. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal the influence of age, time period, and birth cohort on long-term trends of stroke mortality attributable to high red meat intake and relative gender differences in China and South Korea. Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 database. The age–period–cohort model was used to estimate the effect of age, time period, and birth cohort. The average and annual percent changes were estimated using the joinpoint regression analysis. Results indicated that the overall attributable age-standardized mortality rates of stroke in China decreased by 1.0% (P < 0.05) for female and 0.1% (P > 0.05) for male individuals, compared with a decrease of 4.9% for female and 3.7% for male individuals in South Korea (both P < 0.05). Age–period–cohort analysis revealed that the attributable stroke mortality decreased along with the time period, and increased along with age. Significant gender differences were observed, male individuals in both countries were at higher risk than their female counterparts, especially in China. Joinpoint analysis suggested that the attributable stroke mortality for both genders in South Korea and female individuals in China showed a decreasing trend, while it is stable for male individuals in China. Although prominent reductions were observed during the past decades, the attributable stroke mortality risk in China and South Korea is still high. Our findings indicate that controlling the intake of red meat may be a cost-effective strategy to reduce stroke mortality risk and the corresponding disease burden, especially for Chinese male individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyao Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aima Si
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- Department of Neurology, Xi’an Gaoxin Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Jiaojiao Ma,
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15
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Zhou Y, Jiang H, Wei H, Liu L, Zhou C, Ji X. Venous stroke–a stroke subtype that should not be ignored. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1019671. [PMID: 36277910 PMCID: PMC9582250 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1019671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the etiology, stroke can be classified into ischemic or hemorrhagic subtypes, which ranks second among the leading causes of death. Stroke is caused not only by arterial thrombosis but also by cerebral venous thrombosis. Arterial stroke is currently the main subtype of stroke, and research on this type has gradually improved. Venous thrombosis, the particular type, accounts for 0.5–1% of all strokes. Due to the lack of a full understanding of venous thrombosis, as well as its diverse clinical manifestations and neuroimaging features, there are often delays in admission for it, and it is easy to misdiagnose. The purpose of this study was to review the pathophysiology mechanisms and clinical features of arterial and venous thrombosis and to provide guidance for further research on the pathophysiological mechanism, clinical diagnosis, and treatment of venous thrombosis. This review summarizes the pathophysiological mechanisms, etiology, epidemiology, symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment heterogeneity of venous thrombosis and compares it with arterial stroke. The aim is to provide a reference for a comprehensive understanding of venous thrombosis and a scientific understanding of various pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical features related to venous thrombosis, which will contribute to understanding the pathogenesis of intravenous stroke and provide insight into diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhou
- Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Jiang
- Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Wei
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Chen Zhou
| | - Xunming Ji
- Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xunming Ji
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16
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Zhao A, Liu N, Yao M, Zhang Y, Yao Z, Feng Y, Liu J, Zhou G. A Review of Neuroprotective Effects and Mechanisms of Ginsenosides From Panax Ginseng in Treating Ischemic Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:946752. [PMID: 35873557 PMCID: PMC9302711 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.946752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke has been considered one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, associated with a series of complex pathophysiological processes. However, effective therapeutic methods for ischemic stroke are still limited. Panax ginseng, a valuable traditional Chinese medicine, has been long used in eastern countries for various diseases. Ginsenosides, the main active ingredient of Panax ginseng, has demonstrated neuroprotective effects on ischemic stroke injury during the last decade. In this article, we summarized the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and reviewed the literature on ginsenosides studies in preclinical and clinical ischemic stroke. Available findings showed that both major ginsenosides and minor ginsenosides (such as Rg3, Rg5, and Rh2) has a potential neuroprotective effect, mainly through attenuating the excitotoxicity, Ca2+ overload, mitochondria dysfunction, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptosis, anti-pyroptosis, anti-autophagy, improving angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. Therefore, this review brings a current understanding of the mechanisms of ginsenosides in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Further studies, especially in clinical trials, will be important to confirm the clinical value of ginseng and ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Neuroscience Centre, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Beijing Increasepharm Safety and Efficacy Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Mingjiang Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yehao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zengyu Yao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Neuroscience Centre, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujing Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Punan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jianxun Liu, ; Guoping Zhou,
| | - Guoping Zhou
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Neuroscience Centre, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianxun Liu, ; Guoping Zhou,
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17
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Polyphenols for the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke: New Applications and Insights. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134181. [PMID: 35807426 PMCID: PMC9268254 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Currently, the main therapeutic strategy involves the use of intravenous thrombolysis to restore cerebral blood flow to prevent the transition of the penumbra to the infarct core. However, due to various limitations and complications, including the narrow time window in which this approach is effective, less than 10% of patients benefit from such therapy. Thus, there is an urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies, with neuroprotection against the ischemic cascade response after IS being one of the most promising options. In the past few decades, polyphenolic compounds have shown great potential in animal models of IS because of their high biocompatibility and ability to target multiple ischemic cascade signaling pathways, although low bioavailability is an issue that limits the applications of several polyphenols. Here, we review the pathophysiological changes following cerebral ischemia and summarize the research progress regarding the applications of polyphenolic compounds in the treatment of IS over the past 5 years. Furthermore, we discuss several potential strategies for improving the bioavailability of polyphenolic compounds as well as some essential issues that remain to be addressed for the translation of the related therapies to the clinic.
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