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Haxhiraj M, White K, Terry C. The Role of Fenugreek in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6987. [PMID: 39000103 PMCID: PMC11240913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The number of people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes is on the increase worldwide. Of growing concern, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and youths is increasing rapidly and mirrors the increasing burden of childhood obesity. There are many risk factors associated with the condition; some are due to lifestyle, but many are beyond our control, such as genetics. There is an urgent need to develop better therapeutics for the prevention and management of this complex condition since current medications often cause unwanted side effects, and poorly managed diabetes can result in the onset of related comorbidities. Naturally derived compounds have gained momentum for preventing and managing several complex conditions, including type 2 diabetes. Here, we provide an update on the benefits and limitations of fenugreek and its components as a therapeutic for type 2 diabetes, including its bioavailability and interaction with the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Haxhiraj
- Diabetes Interest Group, The Centre for Health and Life Sciences Research, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - Kenneth White
- Diabetes Interest Group, The Centre for Health and Life Sciences Research, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - Cassandra Terry
- Diabetes Interest Group, The Centre for Health and Life Sciences Research, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK
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2
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Mahendrarajan V, Lazarus H, Easwaran N. Quorum quenching mediated biofilm impediment in Chromobacterium violaceum and Staphylococcus aureus by leaf extracts of Delonix elata. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31898. [PMID: 38882294 PMCID: PMC11177153 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that cause systemic infections, resistance development and delay in healing wounds. Biofilms can form in various parts of the human body, such as the teeth, lungs, urinary tract, and wounds. Biofilm complicates the effects of antibiotics in treating infections. In search of a cure, a plant-based phyto component was selected for this investigation as an anti-quorum-mediated biofilm restricting agent in Gram-negative Chromobacterium violaceum and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The bioactive components in Delonix elata (DE) ethyl acetate extract were identified using Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The extract was examined for toxicity using 3T3 cell lines and brine shrimp and ascertained to be non-toxic. Violacein was inhibited up to 68.81 % in C. violaceum at 0.6 mg/ml concentration. Hemolysin synthesis impediments in C. violaceum and S. aureus were 80 % and 51.35 %, respectively, at 0.6 mg/ml of DE extract. At 0.6 mg/ml, EPS was abated by up to 49 % in C. violaceum and 35.26 % in S. aureus. DE extract prevented biofilm formation in C. violaceum and S. aureus up to 76.45 % and 58.15 %, respectively, while associated eDNA was suppressed up to 67.50 % and 53.47 % at the respective sub-MIC concentrations. Expression of genes such as cviI, cviR, vioA, vioB, and vioE were dramatically reduced in C. violaceum, while genes such as agrA, sarA, fnbA, and fnbB were significantly reduced in S. aureus. Docking demonstrates that two or more DE molecules bind efficiently to the QS receptors of C. violaceum and S. aureus. Thus, DE extract can be investigated for therapeutic purposes against pathogenic microorganisms by rendering them less virulent through quorum quenching mediated action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramanan Mahendrarajan
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tiruvalam Road, Katpadi, India
| | - Huldah Lazarus
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tiruvalam Road, Katpadi, India
| | - Nalini Easwaran
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tiruvalam Road, Katpadi, India
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Choudhury AA, Arumugam M, Ponnusamy N, Sivaraman D, Sertsemariam W, Thiruvengadam M, Pandiaraj S, Rahaman M, Devi Rajeswari V. Anti-diabetic drug discovery using the bioactive compounds of Momordica charantia by molecular docking and molecular dynamics analysis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38334124 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2313156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multifactorial life-threatening endocrine disease characterized by abnormalities in glucose metabolism. It is a chronic metabolic disease that involves multiple enzymes such as α-amylase and α-glucosidases. Inhibition of these enzymes has been identified as a promising method for managing diabetes, and researchers are currently focusing on discovering novel α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors for diabetes therapy. Hence, we have selected 12 bioactive compounds from the Momordica charantia (MC) plant and performed a virtual screening and molecular dynamics investigation to identify natural inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidases. Our in silico result revealed that phytocompound Rutin showed the highest binding affinity against α-amylase (1HNY) enzymes at (-11.68 kcal/mol), followed by Karaviloside II (-9.39), Momordicoside F (-9.19), Campesterol (-9.11. While docking against α-glucosidases (4J5T), Rutin again showed the greatest binding affinity (-11.93 kcal/mol), followed by Momordicine (-9.89), and Campesterol (-8.99). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation research is currently the gold standard for drug design and discovery. Consequently, we conducted simulations of 100 nanoseconds (ns) to assess the stability of protein-ligand complexes based on parameters like RMSD, RMSF, RG, PCA, and FEL. The significance of our findings indicates that rutin from MC might serve as an effective natural therapeutic agent for diabetes management due to its strongest binding affinities with α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Further research in animals and humans is essential to validate the efficacy of these drug molecules.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Alam Choudhury
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, India
| | - Mohanapriya Arumugam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, India
| | - Nirmaladevi Ponnusamy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, India
| | | | - Woldie Sertsemariam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, India
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Saravanan Pandiaraj
- Department of Self-Development Skills, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafizur Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - V Devi Rajeswari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, India
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Nuchtavorn N, Leanpolchareanchai J, Visansirikul S, Bunsupa S. Optimization of Magnetic and Paper-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Extraction of Charantin in Momordica charantia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097870. [PMID: 37175576 PMCID: PMC10178129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Charantin is a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmastadienol glucosides, which effectively lowers high blood glucose. Novel molecularly imprinted polymers coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@MIPs) and filter paper (paper@MIPs) were synthesized by sol-gel polymerization to selectively extract charantin. β-sitosterol glucoside was selected as a template for imprinting a specific recognition owing to its larger molecular surface area than that of 5,25-stigmastadienol glucoside. Factorial designs were used to examine the effects of the types of porogenic solvents and cross-linkers on the extraction efficiency and imprinting factor before investigating other factors (for example, amounts of template and coated MIPs, and types of substrates for MIP immobilization). Compared to traditional liquid-liquid extraction, the optimal Fe3O4@MIP-based dispersive micro-solid phase extraction and paper@MIP extraction provided excellent extraction efficiency (87.5 ± 2.1% and 85.0 ± 2.9%, respectively) and selectivity. Charantin was well separated, and a new unidentified sterol glucoside was observed using the developed high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (Rs ≥ 2.0, n > 16,400). The developed methods were successfully utilized to extract and quantify charantin from M. charantia fruit powder and herbal products. Moreover, these methods are rapid (<10 min), inexpensive, simple, reproducible, and environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantana Nuchtavorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Rd., Rajathevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Leanpolchareanchai
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Rd., Rajathevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Satsawat Visansirikul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Rd., Rajathevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Somnuk Bunsupa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Rd., Rajathevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Yadav N, Palkhede JD, Kim SY. Anti-Glucotoxicity Effect of Phytoconstituents via Inhibiting MGO-AGEs Formation and Breaking MGO-AGEs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087672. [PMID: 37108833 PMCID: PMC10141761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic benefits of phytochemicals in the treatment of various illnesses and disorders are well documented. They show significant promise for the discovery and creation of novel medications for treating a variety of human diseases. Numerous phytoconstituents have shown antibiotic, antioxidant, and wound-healing effects in the conventional system. Traditional medicines based on alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, terpenes, steroids, flavonoids, glycosides, and phytosterols have been in use for a long time and are crucial as alternative treatments. These phytochemical elements are crucial for scavenging free radicals, capturing reactive carbonyl species, changing protein glycation sites, inactivating carbohydrate hydrolases, fighting pathological conditions, and accelerating the healing of wounds. In this review, 221 research papers have been reviewed. This research sought to provide an update on the types and methods of formation of methylglyoxal-advanced glycation end products (MGO-AGEs) and molecular pathways induced by AGEs during the progression of the chronic complications of diabetes and associated diseases as well as to discuss the role of phytoconstituents in MGO scavenging and AGEs breaking. The development and commercialization of functional foods using these natural compounds can provide potential health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jyoti Dnyaneshwar Palkhede
- Department of Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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Dah-Nouvlessounon D, Chokki M, Noumavo ADP, Cârâc G, Furdui B, Sina H, Zongo C, Savadogo A, Baba-Moussa L, Dinica RM, Baba-Moussa F. Ethnopharmacological Value and Biological Activities via Antioxidant and Anti-Protein Denaturation Activity of Morinda lucida Benth and Momordica charantia L. Leaves Extracts from Benin. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1228. [PMID: 36986917 PMCID: PMC10058355 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Momordica charantia Linn. (Cucurbitaceae), the wild variety of bitter melon, and Morinda lucida Benth (Rubiaceae) were commonly used as a popular folk medicine in Benin. This study aimed to appreciate the ethnopharmacological knowledge and evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of M. charantia and M. lucida leaves extracts. Semi-structured surveys supported by individual interviews were conducted with herbalists and traditional healers in southern Benin. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by a micro-dilution technique using ABTS and FRAP methods. These activities were supported by cyclic voltammetry analysis. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the albumin denaturation method. The volatile compounds were analysed by GC-MS analysis. All the respondents involved in this study have good knowledge of the two plants. We identify 21 diseases grouped into five categories of condition. The two plants' extracts possess variable antioxidant capacity. Indeed, all the active extracts of M. charantia presented an IC50 < 0.078 mg/mL, while the extracts of M. lucida had an IC50 up to 0.21 ± 0.02 mg/mL. For anti-inflammatory activity, a dose-response activity (p < 0.001) was observed in the protein denaturation inhibition rate of the extracts. It should be noted that the highest inhibition rate (98.34 ± 0.12) of the albumin denaturation was observed with M. lucida dichloromethane extract. A total of 59 volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis in the extracts of the two plants. The M. charantia ethyl acetate extract shows the presence of 30 different compounds with a relative abundance of 98.83%, while that of M. lucida shows 24 compounds with a relative abundance of 98.30%. These plants are potential candidates to discover new compounds with therapeutic properties that could be used to solve public health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durand Dah-Nouvlessounon
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technic, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 05BP1604, Benin; (D.D.-N.); (A.D.P.N.)
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Domneasca Street 47, 800008 Galati, Romania; (M.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Michaelle Chokki
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Domneasca Street 47, 800008 Galati, Romania; (M.C.); (G.C.)
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Technologie Alimentaire, FAST, Département de Biologie Végétale, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, ISBA-Champ de Foire, Cotonou 01BP: 526, Benin
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologiques, Alimentaires et Nutritionnelles (CRSBAN), UFR-SVT, Université de Ougadougou, Ougadougou 03BP7131, Burkina Faso
| | - Agossou Damien Pacôme Noumavo
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technic, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 05BP1604, Benin; (D.D.-N.); (A.D.P.N.)
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Technologie Alimentaire, FAST, Département de Biologie Végétale, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, ISBA-Champ de Foire, Cotonou 01BP: 526, Benin
| | - Geta Cârâc
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Domneasca Street 47, 800008 Galati, Romania; (M.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Bianca Furdui
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Domneasca Street 47, 800008 Galati, Romania; (M.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Haziz Sina
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technic, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 05BP1604, Benin; (D.D.-N.); (A.D.P.N.)
| | - Cheikna Zongo
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologiques, Alimentaires et Nutritionnelles (CRSBAN), UFR-SVT, Université de Ougadougou, Ougadougou 03BP7131, Burkina Faso
| | - Aly Savadogo
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologiques, Alimentaires et Nutritionnelles (CRSBAN), UFR-SVT, Université de Ougadougou, Ougadougou 03BP7131, Burkina Faso
| | - Lamine Baba-Moussa
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technic, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 05BP1604, Benin; (D.D.-N.); (A.D.P.N.)
| | - Rodica-Mihaela Dinica
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Domneasca Street 47, 800008 Galati, Romania; (M.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Farid Baba-Moussa
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Technologie Alimentaire, FAST, Département de Biologie Végétale, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, ISBA-Champ de Foire, Cotonou 01BP: 526, Benin
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Momordica charantia extracts obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction inhibit the inflammatory pathways. Mol Cell Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-022-00320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Momordica charantia is a member of the Cucurbitaceae family and has traditionally been used for medical nutritional therapy to cure diabetes, and its various biological properties have been reported. However, several studies have demonstrated that M. charantia may exert toxic or adverse effects under different conditions. In this study, we prepared an M. charantia extract using ultrasound-assisted extraction, which is a green technology, and verified its anti-inflammatory effects.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of M. charantia extract using ultrasound-assisted extraction in LPS-induced Raw264.7 macrophages and explore the potential mechanism mediated by the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Results
We found that the M. charantia extract was non-toxic up to a concentration of 500 μg/mL in Raw264.7 cells. We verified that treatment with M. charantia extract significantly reduced the production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-6, in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was dramatically increased by treatment with the M. charantia extract. In addition, the phosphorylation of the transcription factor NF-κB, which modulates the production of inflammatory proteins, including JNK, ERK, and p38, was reduced by downregulation of the MAPK signaling pathway.
Conclusion
These results indicate that the M. charantia extract collected using an industrial ultrasonic system is non-toxic and has an anti-inflammatory effect through regulation of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, suggesting that it can act as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Usai R, Majoni S, Rwere F. Natural products for the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus in Zimbabwe-a review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:980819. [PMID: 36091798 PMCID: PMC9449367 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.980819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of medicinal plants and herbs in the treatment and management of diseases, including diabetes mellitus and its complications remains an integral part of African tradition. In Zimbabwe, nearly one million people are living with diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Zimbabwe is increasing every year due to lifestyle changes, and has accelerated the use of traditional medicines for its treatment and management in urban areas. In addition, the high cost of modern medicine has led many people in rural parts of Zimbabwe to rely on herbal plant medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. This review highlights a number of studies carried out to evaluate the antidiabetic properties of indigenous plants found in Zimbabwe with the goal of treating diabetes mellitus. Further, we discuss the mechanism of action of various plant extracts in the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus. Together, this review article can open pathways leading to discovery of new plant derived medicines and regularization of use of crude plant remedies to treat diabetes mellitus by the Zimbabwean government and others across Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigio Usai
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Stephen Majoni
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Freeborn Rwere
- Department Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
- *Correspondence: Freeborn Rwere,
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