1
|
Wang RY, Xiong Q, Chang SH, Jin JY, Xiang R, Zeng L, Yu F. Identification of truncated variants in GLI family zinc finger 3 (GLI3) associated with polydactyly. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:449. [PMID: 39080720 PMCID: PMC11287838 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polydactyly is a prevalent congenital anomaly with an incidence of 2.14 per 1000 live births in China. GLI family zinc finger 3 (GLI3) is a classical causative gene of polydactyly, and serves as a pivotal transcription factor in the hedgehog signaling pathway, regulating the development of the anterior-posterior axis in limbs. METHODS Three pedigrees of polydactyly patients were enrolled from Hunan Province, China. Pathogenic variants were identified by whole-exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Three variants in GLI3 were identified in three unrelated families, including a novel deletion variant (c.1372del, p.Thr458GlnfsTer44), a novel insertion-deletion (indel) variant (c.1967_1968delinsAA, p.Ser656Ter), and a nonsense variant (c.2374 C > T, p.Arg792Ter). These variants were present exclusively in patients but not in healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS We identified three pathogenic GLI3 variants in polydactyly patients, broadening the genetic spectrum of GLI3 and contributing significantly to genetic counseling and diagnosis for polydactyly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Run-Yan Wang
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Qin Xiong
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Si-Hua Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Jie-Yuan Jin
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China.
- Microsurgery & Reconstruction Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China.
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China.
- Microsurgery & Reconstruction Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Agata A, Ohtsuka S, Noji R, Gotoh H, Ono K, Nomura T. A Neanderthal/Denisovan GLI3 variant contributes to anatomical variations in mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1247361. [PMID: 38020913 PMCID: PMC10651735 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1247361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in genomic structures underlie phenotypic diversification in organisms. Amino acid-changing mutations affect pleiotropic functions of proteins, although little is known about how mutated proteins are adapted in existing developmental programs. Here we investigate the biological effects of a variant of the GLI3 transcription factor (GLI3R1537C) carried in Neanderthals and Denisovans, which are extinct hominins close to modern humans. R1537C does not compromise protein stability or GLI3 activator-dependent transcriptional activities. In contrast, R1537C affects the regulation of downstream target genes associated with developmental processes. Furthermore, genome-edited mice carrying the Neanderthal/Denisovan GLI3 mutation exhibited various alterations in skeletal morphology. Our data suggest that an extinct hominin-type GLI3 contributes to species-specific anatomical variations, which were tolerated by relaxed constraint in developmental programs during human evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ako Agata
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohtsuka
- Laboratories for Experimental Animals, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryota Noji
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Gotoh
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ono
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nomura
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Onodera S, Azuma T. Hedgehog-Related Mutation Causes Bone Malformations with or without Hereditary Gene Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12903. [PMID: 37629084 PMCID: PMC10454035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) family consists of numerous signaling mediators that play important roles at various stages of development. Thus, the Hh pathway is essential for bone tissue development and tumorigenesis. Gorlin syndrome is a skeletal and tumorigenic disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in Hh signaling. In this review, we first present the phenotype of Gorlin syndrome and the relationship between genotype and phenotype in bone and craniofacial tissues, including the causative gene as well as other Hh-related genes. Next, the importance of new diagnostic methods using next-generation sequencing and multiple gene panels will be discussed. We summarize Hh-related genetic disorders, including cilia disease, and the genetics of Hh-related bone diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Onodera
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan;
| | - Toshifumi Azuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan;
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Meier-Gorlin Syndrome: Clinical Misdiagnosis, Genetic Testing and Functional Analysis of ORC6 Mutations and the Development of a Prenatal Test. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169234. [PMID: 36012502 PMCID: PMC9408996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Meier−Gorlin syndrome (MGS) is a rare genetic developmental disorder that causes primordial proportional dwarfism, microtia, the absence of or hypoplastic patellae and other skeletal anomalies. Skeletal symptoms overlapping with other syndromes make MGS difficult to diagnose clinically. We describe a 3-year-old boy with short stature, recurrent respiratory infections, short-rib dysplasia, tower head and facial dysmorphisms who was admitted to the Tomsk Genetic Clinic to verify a clinical diagnosis of Jeune syndrome. Clinical exome sequencing revealed two variants (compound heterozygosity) in the ORC6 gene: c.2T>C(p.Met1Thr) and c.449+5G>A. In silico analysis showed the pathogenicity of these two mutations and predicted a decrease in donor splicing site strength for c.449+5G>A. An in vitro minigene assay indicated that variant c.449+5G>A causes complete skipping of exon 4 in the ORC6 gene. The parents requested urgent prenatal testing for MGS for the next pregnancy, but it ended in a miscarriage. Our results may help prevent MGS misdiagnosis in the future. We also performed in silico and functional analyses of ORC6 mutations and developed a restriction fragment length polymorphism and haplotype-based short-tandem-repeat assay for prenatal genetic testing for MGS. These findings should elucidate MGS etiology and improve the quality of genetic counselling for affected families.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Hao X, Jia X, Ji W, Yuan S, Gnamey EJA, Huang M, Xu L, Zhang X, Bai J, Sun W, Fu S, Liu Y, Wu J. A novel variant of GLI3, p.Asp1514Thrfs*5, is identified in a Chinese family affected by polydactyly. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1968. [PMID: 35546307 PMCID: PMC9266609 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polydactyly is a common congenital malformation characterized by the presence of supernumerary fingers or toes. In this case study, we sought to identify the causative pathogenic factor in a family from a northern region of China affected by non‐syndromic postaxial polydactyly (PAP). Methods After recruiting a three‐generation family with PAP, whole‐exome sequencing was performed to identify the causative variant. In silico analysis and Sanger sequencing were used to validate the variant. Results We identified a novel heterozygous frameshift variant (NM_000168.6:c.4540delG, p.Asp1514Thrfs*5) in the transcriptional activator (TA1) domain of the GLI3 gene. Conclusion The novel frameshift variant identified in this study further confirms the relationship between non‐syndromic PAP and GLI3 and extends the previously established mutational and phenotypic spectra of GLI3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xuguang Hao
- Department of Hand Surgery the Fifth Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, China
| | - Xueyuan Jia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Estelle Judith Abla Gnamey
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Min Huang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Lidan Xu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xuelong Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery the Fifth Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hussain I, Raza RZ, Ali S, Abrar M, Abbasi AA. Molecular signatures of selection on the human GLI3 associated central nervous system specific enhancers. Dev Genes Evol 2021; 231:21-32. [PMID: 33655411 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-021-00672-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The zinc finger-containing transcription factor Gli3 is a key mediator of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. In vertebrates, Gli3 has widespread expression pattern during early embryonic development. Along the anteroposterior axes of the central nervous system (CNS), dorsoventral neural pattern elaboration is achieved through Hh mediated spatio-temporal deployment of Gli3 transcripts. Previously, we and others uncovered a set of enhancers that mediate many of the known aspects of Gli3 expression during neurogenesis. However, the potential role of Gli3 associated enhancers in trait evolution has not yet received any significant attention. Here, we investigate the evolutionary patterns of Gli3 associated CNS-specific enhancers that have been reported so far. A subset of these enhancers has undergone an accelerated rate of molecular evolution in the human lineage in comparison to other primates/mammals. These fast-evolving enhancers have acquired human-specific changes in transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs). These human-unique changes within subset of Gli3 associated CNS-specific enhancers were further validated as single nucleotide polymorphisms through 1000 Genome Project Phase 3 data. This work not only infers the molecular evolutionary patterns of Gli3 associated enhancers but also provides clues for putative genetic basis of the population-specificity of gene expression regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Hussain
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Rabail Zehra Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, The Mall, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ali
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abrar
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Amir Ali Abbasi
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ali S, Arif I, Iqbal A, Hussain I, Abrar M, Khan MR, Shubin N, Abbasi AA. Comparative genomic analysis of human GLI2 locus using slowly evolving fish revealed the ancestral gnathostome set of early developmental enhancers. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:669-683. [PMID: 33381902 PMCID: PMC9292287 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The zinc finger‐containing transcription factor Gli2, is a key mediator of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling and participates in embryonic patterning of various organs including the central nervous system (CNS) and limbs. Abnormal expression of Gli2 can impede the transcription of Hh target genes through disruption of proper balance between Gli2 and Gli3 functions. Therefore, delineation of enhancers that are required for complementary roles of Glis would allow the interrogation of those pathogenic variants that cause gene dysregulation, and a corresponding abnormal phenotype. Previously, we reported tissue‐specific enhancers for Gli family including Gli2 through direct tetrapod‐teleost comparisons. Results Here, we employed the sequence alignments of slowly evolving spotted gar and elephant shark and have identified six novel conserved noncoding elements in human GLI2 containing locus. Zebrafish‐based transgenic assays revealed that combined action of these autonomous CNEs reflects many aspects of Gli2 specific endogenous transcriptional activity, including CNS and pectoral fins. Conclusion Taken together with our previous findings, this study suggests that Hh‐signaling controlled deployment of Gli2 activity in embryonic patterning arose in the common ancestor of gnathostomes. These GLI2 specific cis‐regulatory modules will help to identify DNA variants that probably reside outside of coding intervals and are associated with congenital anomalies. We performed a phylogenetic footprint analyses of human GLI2 containing locus by incorporating relatively slowly evolving gar and elephant shark genomes and have identified multiple novel conserved non‐coding elements (CNEs) that were not predicted by direct human‐teleostcomparisons. Comparative analyses suggest that majority of the GLI2 associated CNEs identified in the present data and reported previously arose in the common ancestor of gnathostomes but lost in teleosts, presumably because of fast teleost sequence evolution. Functional testing of GLI2 associated CNEs by employing zebrafish based transgenic reporter assays revealed their tissue specific cis‐regulatory potential that corresponds with the results based on whole‐mount in situ hybridization analysis of gli2 mRNA in zebrafish. The delineated set of GLI2 associated enhancers can be further interrogated to determine their role in canonical Hh signaling, gene dysregulation, and a corresponding congenital anomaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ali
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Irum Arif
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Iqbal
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Hussain
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abrar
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Neil Shubin
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amir Ali Abbasi
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hasan MR, Takatalo M, Ma H, Rice R, Mustonen T, Rice DP. RAB23 coordinates early osteogenesis by repressing FGF10-pERK1/2 and GLI1. eLife 2020; 9:55829. [PMID: 32662771 PMCID: PMC7423339 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding Ras-associated binding protein 23 (RAB23) cause Carpenter Syndrome, which is characterized by multiple developmental abnormalities including polysyndactyly and defects in skull morphogenesis. To understand how RAB23 regulates skull development, we generated Rab23-deficient mice that survive to an age where skeletal development can be studied. Along with polysyndactyly, these mice exhibit premature fusion of multiple sutures resultant from aberrant osteoprogenitor proliferation and elevated osteogenesis in the suture. FGF10-driven FGFR1 signaling is elevated in Rab23-/-sutures with a consequent imbalance in MAPK, Hedgehog signaling and RUNX2 expression. Inhibition of elevated pERK1/2 signaling results in the normalization of osteoprogenitor proliferation with a concomitant reduction of osteogenic gene expression, and prevention of craniosynostosis. Our results suggest a novel role for RAB23 as an upstream negative regulator of both FGFR and canonical Hh-GLI1 signaling, and additionally in the non-canonical regulation of GLI1 through pERK1/2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Rakibul Hasan
- Craniofacial Development and Malformations research group, Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarit Takatalo
- Craniofacial Development and Malformations research group, Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hongqiang Ma
- Craniofacial Development and Malformations research group, Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ritva Rice
- Craniofacial Development and Malformations research group, Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuija Mustonen
- Craniofacial Development and Malformations research group, Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Pc Rice
- Craniofacial Development and Malformations research group, Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Taroc EZM, Naik AS, Lin JM, Peterson NB, Keefe DL, Genis E, Fuchs G, Balasubramanian R, Forni PE. Gli3 Regulates Vomeronasal Neurogenesis, Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Formation, and GnRH-1 Neuronal Migration. J Neurosci 2020; 40:311-326. [PMID: 31767679 PMCID: PMC6948949 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1977-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During mammalian development, gonadotropin-releasing-hormone-1 neurons (GnRH-1ns) migrate from the developing vomeronasal organ (VNO) into the brain asserting control of pubertal onset and fertility. Recent data suggest that correct development of the olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC) is imperative for normal GnRH-1 neuronal migration. However, the full ensemble of molecular pathways that regulate OEC development remains to be fully deciphered. Loss-of-function of the transcription factor Gli3 is known to disrupt olfactory development, however, if Gli3 plays a role in GnRH-1 neuronal development is unclear. By analyzing Gli3 extra-toe mutants (Gli3Xt/Xt), we found that Gli3 loss-of-function compromises the onset of achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 1 (Ascl-1)+ vomeronasal progenitors and the formation of OEC in the nasal mucosa. Surprisingly, GnRH-1 neurogenesis was intact in Gli3Xt/Xt mice but they displayed significant defects in GnRH-1 neuronal migration. In contrast, Ascl-1null mutants showed reduced neurogenesis for both vomeronasal and GnRH-1ns but less severe defects in OEC development. These observations suggest that Gli3 is critical for OEC development in the nasal mucosa and subsequent GnRH-1 neuronal migration. However, the nonoverlapping phenotypes between Ascl-1 and Gli3 mutants indicate that Ascl-1, while crucial for GnRH-1 neurogenesis, is not required for normal OEC development. Because Kallmann syndrome (KS) is characterized by abnormal GnRH-1ns migration, we examined whole-exome sequencing data from KS subjects. We identified and validated a GLI3 loss-of-function variant in a KS individual. These findings provide new insights into GnRH-1 and OECs development and demonstrate that human GLI3 mutations contribute to KS etiology.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The transcription factor Gli3 is necessary for correct development of the olfactory system. However, if Gli3 plays a role in controlling GnRH-1 neuronal development has not been addressed. We found that Gli3 loss-of-function compromises the onset of Ascl-1+ vomeronasal progenitors, formation of olfactory ensheathing cells in the nasal mucosa, and impairs GnRH-1 neuronal migration to the brain. By analyzing Ascl-1null mutants we dissociated the neurogenic defects observed in Gli3 mutants from lack of olfactory ensheathing cells in the nasal mucosa, moreover, we discovered that Ascl-1 is necessary for GnRH-1 ontogeny. Analyzing human whole-exome sequencing data, we identified a GLI3 loss-of-function variant in a KS individual. Our data suggest that GLI3 is a candidate gene contributing to KS etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ed Zandro M Taroc
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, and
| | - Ankana S Naik
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, and
| | - Jennifer M Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, and
| | - Nicolas B Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, and
| | - David L Keefe
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and The Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Elizabet Genis
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, and
| | - Gabriele Fuchs
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, and
| | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and The Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Paolo E Forni
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, and
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sasai N, Toriyama M, Kondo T. Hedgehog Signal and Genetic Disorders. Front Genet 2019; 10:1103. [PMID: 31781166 PMCID: PMC6856222 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) family comprises sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and desert hedgehog (Dhh), which are versatile signaling molecules involved in a wide spectrum of biological events including cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival; establishment of the vertebrate body plan; and aging. These molecules play critical roles from embryogenesis to adult stages; therefore, alterations such as abnormal expression or mutations of the genes involved and their downstream factors cause a variety of genetic disorders at different stages. The Hh family involves many signaling mediators and functions through complex mechanisms, and achieving a comprehensive understanding of the entire signaling system is challenging. This review discusses the signaling mediators of the Hh pathway and their functions at the cellular and organismal levels. We first focus on the roles of Hh signaling mediators in signal transduction at the cellular level and the networks formed by these factors. Then, we analyze the spatiotemporal pattern of expression of Hh pathway molecules in tissues and organs, and describe the phenotypes of mutant mice. Finally, we discuss the genetic disorders caused by malfunction of Hh signaling-related molecules in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Sasai
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Michinori Toriyama
- Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Toru Kondo
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Siavrienė E, Mikštienė V, Radzevičius D, Maldžienė Ž, Rančelis T, Petraitytė G, Tamulytė G, Kavaliauskienė I, Šarkinas L, Utkus A, Kučinskas V, Preikšaitienė E. Novel GLI3 variant causes Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome in three generations of a Lithuanian family. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e878. [PMID: 31325247 PMCID: PMC6732282 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preaxial polydactyly type IV, also referred as polysyndactyly, has been described in a few syndromes. We present three generations of a family with preaxial polydactyly type IV and other clinical features of Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCPS). Methods and results Sequencing analysis of the GLI3 coding region identified a novel donor splice site variant NC_000007.14(NM_000168.6):c.473+3A>T in the proband and the same pathogenic variant was subsequently identified in other affected family members. Functional analysis based on Sanger sequencing of the proband's complementary DNA (cDNA) sample revealed that the splice site variant c.473+3A>T disrupts the original donor splice site, thus leading to exon 4 skipping. Based on further in silico analysis, this pathogenic splice site variant consequently results in a truncated protein NP_000159.3:p.(His123Argfs*57), which lacks almost all functionally important domains. Therefore, functional cDNA analysis confirmed that the haploinsufficiency of the GLI3 is the cause of GCPS in the affected family members. Conclusion Despite the evidence provided, pathogenic variants in the GLI3 do not always definitely correlate with syndromic or nonsyndromic clinical phenotypes associated with this gene. For this reason, further transcriptomic and proteomic evaluation could be suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Siavrienė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Violeta Mikštienė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Darius Radzevičius
- The Children's Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Živilė Maldžienė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tautvydas Rančelis
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gunda Petraitytė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Ingrida Kavaliauskienė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Laurynas Šarkinas
- The Children's Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Utkus
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaidutis Kučinskas
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Eglė Preikšaitienė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zimmerman H, Yin Z, Zou F, Everett ET. Interfrontal Bone Among Inbred Strains of Mice and QTL Mapping. Front Genet 2019; 10:291. [PMID: 31001328 PMCID: PMC6454051 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interfrontal bone (IF) is a minor skeletal trait residing between the frontal bones. IF is considered a quasi-continuous trait. Genetic and environmental factors appear to play roles in its development. The mechanism(s) underlying IF bone development are poorly understood. We sought to survey inbred strains of mice for the prevalence of IF and to perform QTL mapping studies. Archived mouse skulls from a mouse phenome project (MPP) were available for this study. 27 inbred strains were investigated with 6–20 mice examined for each strain. Skulls were viewed dorsally and the IF measured using a zoom stereomicroscope equipped with a calibrated reticle. A two generation cross between C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J mice was performed to generate a panel of 468 F2 mice. F2 mice were phenotyped for presence or absence of IF bone and among mice with the IF bone maximum widths and lengths were measured. F2 mice were genotyped for 573 SNP markers informative between the two strains and subjected to linkage map construction and interval QTL mapping. Results: Strain dependent differences in the prevalence of IF bones were observed. Overall, 77.8% or 21/27, of the inbred strains examined had IF bones. Six strains (C3H/HeJ, MOLF/EiJ, NZW/LacJ, SPRET/EiJ, SWR/J, and WSB/EiJ) lack IF bones. Among the strains with IF bones, the prevalence ranged from 100% for C57BL/6J, C57/LJ, CBA/J, and NZB/B1NJ and down to 5% for strains such as CAST/Ei. QTL mapping for IF bone length and widths identifies for each trait one strong QTL detected on chromosome 14 along with several other significant QTLs on chromosomes 3, 4, 7, and 11. Strain dependent differences in IF will facilitate investigation of genetic factors contributing to IF development. IF bone formation may be a model to understand intrasutural bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Zimmerman
- Dental Research, School of Dentistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Zhaoyu Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Eric T Everett
- Dental Research, School of Dentistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Defining a critical period in calvarial development for Hedgehog pathway antagonist-induced frontal bone dysplasia in mice. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:3. [PMID: 30783111 PMCID: PMC6381108 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway is essential for cellular proliferation and differentiation during embryonic development. Gain and loss of function of Hh signalling are known to result in an array of craniofacial malformations. To determine the critical period for Hh pathway antagonist-induced frontal bone hypoplasia, we examined patterns of dysmorphology caused by Hh signalling inhibition. Pregnant mice received a single oral administration of Hh signalling inhibitor GDC-0449 at 100 mg•kg−1 or 150 mg•kg−1 body weight at preselected time points between embryonic days (E)8.5 and 12.5. The optimal teratogenic concentration of GDC-0449 was determined to be 150 mg•kg−1. Exposure between E9.5 and E10.5 induced frontal bone dysplasia, micrognathia and limb defects, with administration at E10.5 producing the most pronounced effects. This model showed decreased ossification of the frontal bone with downregulation of Hh signalling. The osteoid thickness of the frontal bone was significantly reduced. The amount of neural crest-derived frontal bone primordium was reduced after GDC-0449 exposure owing to a decreased rate of cell proliferation and increased cell death. During embryonic development, the Hedgehog signalling pathway regulates the migration, proliferation and differentiation of cranial neural crest cells in the early frontal bone. The Hedgehog signalling pathway transmits information to embryonic cells for their proper cell differentiation, and increased or reduced function of that signalling results in various craniofacial malformations. A team headed by Weihui Chen at Fujian Medical University in China investigated the patterns of abnormalities caused by inhibition of Hedgehog signalling in pregnant mice at preselected embryonic time points. The team was able to identify the critical period for sensitivity to GDC-0449, a potent Hedgehog signalling inhibitor. The authors believe that their mouse model can be effective in further investigating the mechanisms of craniofacial malformations and will have a profound impact on identifying candidate human disease genes and associated environmental factors.
Collapse
|
14
|
Gli Proteins: Regulation in Development and Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020147. [PMID: 30754706 PMCID: PMC6406693 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gli proteins are transcriptional effectors of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. They play key roles in the development of many organs and tissues, and are deregulated in birth defects and cancer. We review the molecular mechanisms of Gli protein regulation in mammals, with special emphasis on posttranslational modifications and intracellular transport. We also discuss how Gli proteins interact with co-activators and co-repressors to fine-tune the expression of Hedgehog target genes. Finally, we provide an overview of the regulation of developmental processes and tissue regeneration by Gli proteins and discuss how these proteins are involved in cancer progression, both through canonical regulation via the Hedgehog pathway and through cross-talk with other signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
15
|
Veistinen LK, Mustonen T, Hasan MR, Takatalo M, Kobayashi Y, Kesper DA, Vortkamp A, Rice DP. Regulation of Calvarial Osteogenesis by Concomitant De-repression of GLI3 and Activation of IHH Targets. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1036. [PMID: 29311969 PMCID: PMC5742257 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in GLI3 and IHH cause craniosynostosis and reduced osteogenesis, respectively. In this study, we show that Ihh ligand, the receptor Ptch1 and Gli transcription factors are differentially expressed in embryonic mouse calvaria osteogenic condensations. We show that in both Ihh-/- and Gli3Xt-J/Xt-J embryonic mice, the normal gene expression architecture is lost and this results in disorganized calvarial bone development. RUNX2 is a master regulatory transcription factor controlling osteogenesis. In the absence of Gli3, RUNX2 isoform II and IHH are upregulated, and RUNX2 isoform I downregulated. This is consistent with the expanded and aberrant osteogenesis observed in Gli3Xt-J/Xt-J mice, and consistent with Runx2-I expression by relatively immature osteoprogenitors. Ihh-/- mice exhibited small calvarial bones and HH target genes, Ptch1 and Gli1, were absent. This indicates that IHH is the functional HH ligand, and that it is not compensated by another HH ligand. To decipher the roles and potential interaction of Gli3 and Ihh, we generated Ihh-/-;Gli3Xt-J/Xt-J compound mutant mice. Even in the absence of Ihh, Gli3 deletion was sufficient to induce aberrant precocious ossification across the developing suture, indicating that the craniosynostosis phenotype of Gli3Xt-J/Xt-J mice is not dependent on IHH ligand. Also, we found that Ihh was not required for Runx2 expression as the expression of RUNX2 target genes was unaffected by deletion of Ihh. To test whether RUNX2 has a role upstream of IHH, we performed RUNX2 siRNA knock down experiments in WT calvarial osteoblasts and explants and found that Ihh expression is suppressed. Our results show that IHH is the functional HH ligand in the embryonic mouse calvaria osteogenic condensations, where it regulates the progression of osteoblastic differentiation. As GLI3 represses the expression of Runx2-II and Ihh, and also elevates the Runx2-I expression, and as IHH may be regulated by RUNX2 these results raise the possibility of a regulatory feedback circuit to control calvarial osteogenesis and suture patency. Taken together, RUNX2-controlled osteoblastic cell fate is regulated by IHH through concomitant inhibition of GLI3-repressor formation and activation of downstream targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotta K Veistinen
- Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuija Mustonen
- Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Minerva Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Md Rakibul Hasan
- Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarit Takatalo
- Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yukiho Kobayashi
- Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Orthodontics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dörthe A Kesper
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - David P Rice
- Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li J, Cui Y, Xu J, Wang Q, Yang X, Li Y, Zhang X, Qiu M, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Suppressor of Fused restraint of Hedgehog activity level is critical for osteogenic proliferation and differentiation during calvarial bone development. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15814-15825. [PMID: 28794157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.777532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling plays crucial roles in the development of calvarial bone, relying on the activation of Gli transcription factors. However, the molecular mechanism of the role of regulated Gli protein level in osteogenic specification of mesenchyme still remains elusive. Here, we show by conditionally inactivating Suppressor of Fused (Sufu), a critical repressor of Hedgehog signaling, in Wnt1-Cre-mediated cranial neural crest (CNC) or Dermo1-Cre-mediated mesodermal lineages that Sufu restraint of Hedgehog activity level is critical for differentiation of preosteogenic mesenchyme. Ablation of Sufu results in failure of calvarial bone formation, including CNC-derived bones and mesoderm-derived bones, depending on the Cre line being used. Although mesenchymal cells populate to frontonasal destinations, where they are then condensed, Sufu deletion significantly inhibits the proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells, and these cells no longer differentiate into osteoblasts. We show that there is suppression of Runx2 and Osterix, the osteogenic regulators, in calvarial mesenchyme in the Sufu mutant. We show that down-regulation of several genes upstream to Runx2 and Osterix is manifested within the calvarial primordia, including Bmp2 and its downstream genes Msx1/2 and Dlx5 By contrast, we find that Gli1, the Hedgehog activity readout gene, is excessively activated in mesenchyme. Deletion of Sufu in CNC leads to a discernible decrease in the repressive Gli3 form and an increase in the full-length Gli2. Finally, we demonstrate that simultaneous deletion of Gli2 and Sufu in CNC completely restores calvarial bone formation, suggesting that a sustained level of Hedgehog activity is critical in specification of the osteogenic mesenchymal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Li
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Ying Cui
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Jie Xu
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Qihui Wang
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Xueqin Yang
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Yan Li
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Ze Zhang
- the Department of Ophthamology, Tulane Medical Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen J, Jacox LA, Saldanha F, Sive H. Mouth development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6. [PMID: 28514120 PMCID: PMC5574021 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A mouth is present in all animals, and comprises an opening from the outside into the oral cavity and the beginnings of the digestive tract to allow eating. This review focuses on the earliest steps in mouth formation. In the first half, we conclude that the mouth arose once during evolution. In all animals, the mouth forms from ectoderm and endoderm. A direct association of oral ectoderm and digestive endoderm is present even in triploblastic animals, and in chordates, this region is known as the extreme anterior domain (EAD). Further support for a single origin of the mouth is a conserved set of genes that form a 'mouth gene program' including foxA and otx2. In the second half of this review, we discuss steps involved in vertebrate mouth formation, using the frog Xenopus as a model. The vertebrate mouth derives from oral ectoderm from the anterior neural ridge, pharyngeal endoderm and cranial neural crest (NC). Vertebrates form a mouth by breaking through the body covering in a precise sequence including specification of EAD ectoderm and endoderm as well as NC, formation of a 'pre-mouth array,' basement membrane dissolution, stomodeum formation, and buccopharyngeal membrane perforation. In Xenopus, the EAD is also a craniofacial organizer that guides NC, while reciprocally, the NC signals to the EAD to elicit its morphogenesis into a pre-mouth array. Human mouth anomalies are prevalent and are affected by genetic and environmental factors, with understanding guided in part by use of animal models. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e275. doi: 10.1002/wdev.275 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Chen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura A Jacox
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Hazel Sive
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Al-Qattan MM, Shamseldin HE, Salih MA, Alkuraya FS. GLI3-related polydactyly: a review. Clin Genet 2017; 92:457-466. [PMID: 28224613 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GLI3 mutations are known to be associated with nine syndromes/conditions in which polydactyly is a feature. In this review, the embryology, pathogenesis, and animal models of GLI3-related polydactyly are discussed first. This is followed by a detailed review of the genotype-phenotype correlations. Based on our review of the literature and our clinical experiences, we recommend viewing GLI3-related syndromes/conditions as four separate entities; each characterized by a specific pattern of polydactyly. These four entities are: the preaxial polydactyly type IV-Greig-acrocallosal spectrum, postaxial polydactyly types A/B, Pallister-Hall syndrome (PHS), and oral-facial-digital overlap syndrome. We also provide illustrative clinical examples from our practice including a family with a novel GLI3 mutation causing PHS. The review also introduces the term 'Forme Fruste' preaxial polydactyly and gives several conclusions/recommendations including the recommendation to revise the current criteria for the clinical diagnosis of PHS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Al-Qattan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - H E Shamseldin
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Salih
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - F S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Durham EL, Howie RN, Black L, Bennfors G, Parsons TE, Elsalanty M, Yu JC, Weinberg SM, Cray JJ. Effects of thyroxine exposure on the Twist 1 +/- phenotype: A test of gene-environment interaction modeling for craniosynostosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 106:803-813. [PMID: 27435288 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more of the cranial sutures, is estimated to occur in 1:1800 to 2500 births. Genetic murine models of craniosynostosis exist, but often imperfectly model human patients. Case, cohort, and surveillance studies have identified excess thyroid hormone as an agent that can either cause or exacerbate human cases of craniosynostosis. METHODS Here we investigate the influence of in utero and in vitro exogenous thyroid hormone exposure on a murine model of craniosynostosis, Twist 1 +/-. RESULTS By 15 days post-natal, there was evidence of coronal suture fusion in the Twist 1 +/- model, regardless of exposure. With the exception of craniofacial width, there were no significant effects of exposure; however, the Twist 1 +/- phenotype was significantly different from the wild-type control. Twist 1 +/- cranial suture cells did not respond to thyroxine treatment as measured by proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and gene expression of osteogenic markers. However, treatment of these cells did result in modulation of thyroid associated gene expression. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the phenotypic effects of the genetic mutation largely outweighed the effects of thyroxine exposure in the Twist 1 +/- model. These results highlight difficultly in experimentally modeling gene-environment interactions for craniosynostotic phenotypes. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:803-813, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Durham
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - R Nicole Howie
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Laurel Black
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Grace Bennfors
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Trish E Parsons
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mohammed Elsalanty
- Departments of Oral Biology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Orthopaedic Surgery and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jack C Yu
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James J Cray
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The Development of the Calvarial Bones and Sutures and the Pathophysiology of Craniosynostosis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:131-56. [PMID: 26589924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The skull vault is a complex, exquisitely patterned structure that plays a variety of key roles in vertebrate life, ranging from the acquisition of food to the support of the sense organs for hearing, smell, sight, and taste. During its development, it must meet the dual challenges of protecting the brain and accommodating its growth. The bones and sutures of the skull vault are derived from cranial neural crest and head mesoderm. The frontal and parietal bones develop from osteogenic rudiments in the supraorbital ridge. The coronal suture develops from a group of Shh-responsive cells in the head mesoderm that are collocated, with the osteogenic precursors, in the supraorbital ridge. The osteogenic rudiments and the prospective coronal suture expand apically by cell migration. A number of congenital disorders affect the skull vault. Prominent among these is craniosynostosis, the fusion of the bones at the sutures. Analysis of the pathophysiology underling craniosynostosis has identified a variety of cellular mechanisms, mediated by a range of signaling pathways and effector transcription factors. These cellular mechanisms include loss of boundary integrity, altered sutural cell specification in embryos, and loss of a suture stem cell population in adults. Future work making use of genome-wide transcriptomic approaches will address the deep structure of regulatory interactions and cellular processes that unify these seemingly diverse mechanisms.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Premature closure and subsequent ossification of the metopic suture results in triangular head shape called trigonocephaly and is characterized by a midline metopic ridge, frontotemporal narrowing, and an increased biparietal diameter. Trigonocephaly is the second most frequent type of craniosynostosis. It can be isolated and associated with other congenital anomalies without any known syndrome, or occurs as part of a multiple malformation syndrome. Improvement in treatment is directed by a thorough understanding of the basic pathology of this condition. This review aims to provide an overview of metopic synostosis by correlating what is known about pathogenesis and pathology of this entity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Karabagli
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Candir mah. Candir sok. Hazal sitesi No. 24/C, 42090, Meram, Konya, Turkey,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kasberg AD, Brunskill EW, Steven Potter S. SP8 regulates signaling centers during craniofacial development. Dev Biol 2013; 381:312-23. [PMID: 23872235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Much of the bone, cartilage and smooth muscle of the vertebrate face is derived from neural crest (NC) cells. During craniofacial development, the anterior neural ridge (ANR) and olfactory pit (OP) signaling centers are responsible for driving the outgrowth, survival, and differentiation of NC populated facial prominences, primarily via FGF. While much is known about the functional importance of signaling centers, relatively little is understood of how these signaling centers are made and maintained. In this report we describe a dramatic craniofacial malformation in mice mutant for the zinc finger transcription factor gene Sp8. At E14.5 they show facial prominences that are reduced in size and underdeveloped, giving an almost faceless phenotype. At later times they show severe midline defects, excencephaly, hyperterlorism, cleft palate, and a striking loss of many NC and paraxial mesoderm derived cranial bones. Sp8 expression was primarily restricted to the ANR and OP regions during craniofacial development. Analysis of an extensive series of conditional Sp8 mutants confirmed the critical role of Sp8 in signaling centers, and not directly in the NC and paraxial mesoderm cells. The NC cells of the Sp8 mutants showed increased levels of apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation, thereby explaining the reduced sizes of the facial prominences. Perturbed gene expression in the Sp8 mutants was examined by laser capture microdissection coupled with microarrays, as well as in situ hybridization and immunostaining. The most dramatic differences included striking reductions in Fgf8 and Fgf17 expression in the ANR and OP signaling centers. We were also able to achieve genetic and pharmaceutical partial rescue of the Sp8 mutant phenotype by reducing Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling. These results show that Sp8 primarily functions to promote Fgf expression in the ANR and OP signaling centers that drive the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of the NC and paraxial mesoderm that make the face.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail D Kasberg
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pan A, Chang L, Nguyen A, James AW. A review of hedgehog signaling in cranial bone development. Front Physiol 2013; 4:61. [PMID: 23565096 PMCID: PMC3613593 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During craniofacial development, the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway is essential for mesodermal tissue patterning and differentiation. The HH family consists of three protein ligands: Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH), and Desert Hedgehog (DHH), of which two are expressed in the craniofacial complex (IHH and SHH). Dysregulations in HH signaling are well documented to result in a wide range of craniofacial abnormalities, including holoprosencephaly (HPE), hypotelorism, and cleft lip/palate. Furthermore, mutations in HH effectors, co-receptors, and ciliary proteins result in skeletal and craniofacial deformities. Cranial suture morphogenesis is a delicate developmental process that requires control of cell commitment, proliferation and differentiation. This review focuses on both what is known and what remains unknown regarding HH signaling in cranial suture morphogenesis and intramembranous ossification. As demonstrated from murine studies, expression of both SHH and IHH is critical to the formation and fusion of the cranial sutures and calvarial ossification. SHH expression has been observed in the cranial suture mesenchyme and its precise function is not fully defined, although some postulate SHH to delay cranial suture fusion. IHH expression is mainly found on the osteogenic fronts of the calvarial bones, and functions to induce cell proliferation and differentiation. Unfortunately, neonatal lethality of IHH deficient mice precludes a detailed examination of their postnatal calvarial phenotype. In summary, a number of basic questions are yet to be answered regarding domains of expression, developmental role, and functional overlap of HH morphogens in the calvaria. Nevertheless, SHH and IHH ligands are integral to cranial suture development and regulation of calvarial ossification. When HH signaling goes awry, the resultant suite of morphologic abnormalities highlights the important roles of HH signaling in cranial development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Pan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bhatt S, Diaz R, Trainor PA. Signals and switches in Mammalian neural crest cell differentiation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:5/2/a008326. [PMID: 23378583 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) comprise a multipotent, migratory cell population that generates a diverse array of cell and tissue types during vertebrate development. These include cartilage and bone, tendons, and connective tissue, as well as neurons, glia, melanocytes, and endocrine and adipose cells; this remarkable lineage potential persists into adult life. Taken together with a limited capacity for self-renewal, neural crest cells bear the hallmarks of stem and progenitor cells and are considered to be synonymous with vertebrate evolution. The neural crest has provided a system for exploring the mechanisms that govern developmental processes such as morphogenetic induction, cell migration, and fate determination. Today, much of the focus on neural crest cells revolves around their stem cell-like characteristics and potential for use in regenerative medicine. A thorough understanding of the signals and switches that govern mammalian neural crest patterning is central to potential therapeutic application of these cells and better appreciation of the role that neural crest cells play in vertebrate evolution, development, and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shachi Bhatt
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Twigg S, Lloyd D, Jenkins D, Elçioglu N, Cooper C, Al-Sannaa N, Annagür A, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Hüning I, Knight S, Goodship J, Keavney B, Beales P, Gileadi O, McGowan S, Wilkie A. Mutations in multidomain protein MEGF8 identify a Carpenter syndrome subtype associated with defective lateralization. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 91:897-905. [PMID: 23063620 PMCID: PMC3487118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carpenter syndrome is an autosomal-recessive multiple-congenital-malformation disorder characterized by multisuture craniosynostosis and polysyndactyly of the hands and feet; many other clinical features occur, and the most frequent include obesity, umbilical hernia, cryptorchidism, and congenital heart disease. Mutations of RAB23, encoding a small GTPase that regulates vesicular transport, are present in the majority of cases. Here, we describe a disorder caused by mutations in multiple epidermal-growth-factor-like-domains 8 (MEGF8), which exhibits substantial clinical overlap with Carpenter syndrome but is frequently associated with abnormal left-right patterning. We describe five affected individuals with similar dysmorphic facies, and three of them had either complete situs inversus, dextrocardia, or transposition of the great arteries; similar cardiac abnormalities were previously identified in a mouse mutant for the orthologous Megf8. The mutant alleles comprise one nonsense, three missense, and two splice-site mutations; we demonstrate in zebrafish that, in contrast to the wild-type protein, the proteins containing all three missense alterations provide only weak rescue of an early gastrulation phenotype induced by Megf8 knockdown. We conclude that mutations in MEGF8 cause a Carpenter syndrome subtype frequently associated with defective left-right patterning, probably through perturbation of signaling by hedgehog and nodal family members. We did not observe any subject with biallelic loss-of function mutations, suggesting that some residual MEGF8 function might be necessary for survival and might influence the phenotypes observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R.F. Twigg
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Deborah Lloyd
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Dagan Jenkins
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Nursel E. Elçioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical Faculty, 34660 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Christopher D.O. Cooper
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nouriya Al-Sannaa
- Pediatrics Services Division, Dhahran Health Center, Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization, Dhahran-31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Annagür
- Division of Neonatology, Selçuk University, Faculty of Medicine, 42075 Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Irina Hüning
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Samantha J.L. Knight
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Judith A. Goodship
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Bernard D. Keavney
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Philip L. Beales
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Opher Gileadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Simon J. McGowan
- Computational Biology Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andrew O.M. Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| |
Collapse
|