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Felli E, Selicean S, Guixé-Muntet S, Wang C, Bosch J, Berzigotti A, Gracia-Sancho J. Mechanobiology of portal hypertension. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100869. [PMID: 37841641 PMCID: PMC10568428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between mechanical stimuli and cellular mechanobiology orchestrates the physiology of tissues and organs in a dynamic balance characterized by constant remodelling and adaptative processes. Environmental mechanical properties can be interpreted as a complex set of information and instructions that cells read continuously, and to which they respond. In cirrhosis, chronic inflammation and injury drive liver cells dysfunction, leading to excessive extracellular matrix deposition, sinusoidal pseudocapillarization, vascular occlusion and parenchymal extinction. These pathological events result in marked remodelling of the liver microarchitecture, which is cause and result of abnormal environmental mechanical forces, triggering and sustaining the long-standing and progressive process of liver fibrosis. Multiple mechanical forces such as strain, shear stress, and hydrostatic pressure can converge at different stages of the disease until reaching a point of no return where the fibrosis is considered non-reversible. Thereafter, reciprocal communication between cells and their niches becomes the driving force for disease progression. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that, rather than being a passive consequence of fibrosis and portal hypertension (PH), mechanical force-mediated pathways could themselves represent strategic targets for novel therapeutic approaches. In this manuscript, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the mechanobiology of PH, by furnishing an introduction on the most important mechanisms, integrating these concepts into a discussion on the pathogenesis of PH, and exploring potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Felli
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Selicean
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sergi Guixé-Muntet
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBEREHD, Spain
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jaume Bosch
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBEREHD, Spain
| | - Annalisa Berzigotti
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBEREHD, Spain
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Elnagdy M, Wang Y, Rodriguez W, Zhang J, Bauer P, Wilkey DW, Merchant M, Pan J, Farooqui Z, Cannon R, Rai S, Maldonado C, Barve S, McClain CJ, Gobejishvili L. Increased expression of phosphodiesterase 4 in activated hepatic stellate cells promotes cytoskeleton remodeling and cell migration. J Pathol 2023; 261:361-371. [PMID: 37735782 PMCID: PMC10653049 DOI: 10.1002/path.6194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Activation and transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) into migratory myofibroblasts is a key process in liver fibrogenesis. Cell migration requires an active remodeling of the cytoskeleton, which is a tightly regulated process coordinated by Rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and the Rho family of small GTPases. Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) promotes assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers by regulating cytoskeleton organization. GEF exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1) has been implicated in modulating TGFβ1 and Rho signaling; however, its role in HSC migration has never been examined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) enzymes in regulating EPAC1 signaling, HSC migration, and fibrogenesis. We show that PDE4 protein expression is increased in activated HSCs expressing alpha smooth muscle actin and active myosin light chain (MLC) in fibrotic tissues of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis livers and mouse livers exposed to carbon tetrachloride. In human livers, TGFβ1 levels were highly correlated with PDE4 expression. TGFβ1 treatment of LX2 HSCs decreased levels of cAMP and EPAC1 and increased PDE4D expression. PDE4 specific inhibitor, rolipram, and an EPAC-specific agonist decreased TGFβ1-mediated cell migration in vitro. In vivo, targeted delivery of rolipram to the liver prevented fibrogenesis and collagen deposition and decreased the expression of several fibrosis-related genes, and HSC activation. Proteomic analysis of mouse liver tissues identified the regulation of actin cytoskeleton by the kinase effectors of Rho GTPases as a major pathway impacted by rolipram. Western blot analyses confirmed that PDE4 inhibition decreased active MLC and endothelin 1 levels, key proteins involved in cytoskeleton remodeling and contractility. The current study, for the first time, demonstrates that PDE4 enzymes are expressed in hepatic myofibroblasts and promote cytoskeleton remodeling and HSC migration. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elnagdy
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Yali Wang
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Walter Rodriguez
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - JingWen Zhang
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Philip Bauer
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- EndoProtech, Inc., Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Daniel W. Wilkey
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Michael Merchant
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jianmin Pan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Zainab Farooqui
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Robert Cannon
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Shesh Rai
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Claudio Maldonado
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- EndoProtech, Inc., Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Shirish Barve
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Craig J. McClain
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Leila Gobejishvili
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Bao L, Kong H, Ja Y, Wang C, Qin L, Sun H, Dai S. The relationship between cancer and biomechanics. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1273154. [PMID: 37901315 PMCID: PMC10602664 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1273154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset, development, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer involve intricate interactions among various factors, spanning the realms of mechanics, physics, chemistry, and biology. Within our bodies, cells are subject to a variety of forces such as gravity, magnetism, tension, compression, shear stress, and biological static force/hydrostatic pressure. These forces are perceived by mechanoreceptors as mechanical signals, which are then transmitted to cells through a process known as mechanical transduction. During tumor development, invasion and metastasis, there are significant biomechanical influences on various aspects such as tumor angiogenesis, interactions between tumor cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), interactions between tumor cells and other cells, and interactions between tumor cells and the circulatory system and vasculature. The tumor microenvironment comprises a complex interplay of cells, ECM and vasculature, with the ECM, comprising collagen, fibronectins, integrins, laminins and matrix metalloproteinases, acting as a critical mediator of mechanical properties and a key component within the mechanical signaling pathway. The vasculature exerts appropriate shear forces on tumor cells, enabling their escape from immune surveillance, facilitating their dissemination in the bloodstream, dictating the trajectory of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and playing a pivotal role in regulating adhesion to the vessel wall. Tumor biomechanics plays a critical role in tumor progression and metastasis, as alterations in biomechanical properties throughout the malignant transformation process trigger a cascade of changes in cellular behavior and the tumor microenvironment, ultimately culminating in the malignant biological behavior of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Bao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Renji College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongru Kong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Ja
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengchao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengjie Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Li K, Ding K, Zhu Q, Han F, He X, Tan S, Wu Z, Zheng Z, Tang Z, Liu Y. Extracellular matrix stiffness aggravates urethral stricture through Igfbp3/Smad pathway. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14315. [PMID: 37653219 PMCID: PMC10471624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Urethral stricture refers to the narrowing of the urethral lumen. While previous studies have hinted at inflammation as the initial driver of this condition, the reasons and mechanisms behind its progression remain largely unknown. By Atomic force microscope (AFM), researchers measured the matrix stiffness of urethra to be 5.23 ± 0.37 kPa for normal tissue and 41.59 ± 2.48 kPa for stricture urethral scar. Similar results were observed in rat urethral stricture models, where the matrix stiffness of normal urethra was 4.29 ± 0.82 kPa, while 32.94 ± 7.12 kPa for urethral stricture scar. Notably, the matrix stiffness increased in rat models over time. To further investigate, polyacrylamide hydrogels were employed to mimic different levels of stiffness for normal and stricture condition. Interestingly, higher matrix stiffness led to an increased fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT) in rat urethral fibroblasts, indicated by enhanced expression of α-SMA and Collagen I, as well as changing in the morphology of fibroblast. RNA-seq analysis suggested that Igfbp3/Smads might regulate the progressive FMT in urethral stricture. In the experiment where the expression of Igfbp3 was inhibited, increasing matrix stiffness lose the potential to stimulate FMT progression and the expression of p-Smad2/3 decreased. On the contrary, overexpression of Igfbp3 promoted the process of FMT in urethral fibroblasts. In conclusion, Igfbp3/Smad pathway appeared to be involved in the progression of urethral fibrosis. This finding suggested that Igfbp3/Smad might be an promising target for future research and treatment in this filed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Provincial Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Genitourinary System Disease, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Provincial Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Genitourinary System Disease, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Quan Zhu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Provincial Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Genitourinary System Disease, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Han
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Provincial Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Genitourinary System Disease, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xi He
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuo Tan
- Provincial Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Genitourinary System Disease, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Urology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Ziqiang Wu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Provincial Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Genitourinary System Disease, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhihuan Zheng
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Provincial Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Genitourinary System Disease, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengyan Tang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- Provincial Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Genitourinary System Disease, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- Provincial Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Genitourinary System Disease, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Trebicka J, Garcia-Tsao G. Controversies regarding albumin therapy in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00524. [PMID: 37540192 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Albumin is the most abundant protein in the human body and is synthetized exclusively by the liver. Therefore, serum albumin levels are reduced in acute and/or chronic liver disease. In cirrhosis, low levels of albumin predict the outcome. In advanced cirrhosis, the quality of albumin is decreased due to high oxidative stress and a proinflammatory state. Therefore, the administration of i.v. albumin would seem to be of pathophysiological relevance and benefit. Yet, the questions that remain are who, when, how much, and how often. While albumin infusion is recommended after large-volume paracentesis, at diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, in acute kidney injury, and in hepatorenal syndrome, the amount and schedule of albumin to be administered require refinement, particularly given complications related to volume overload that have become increasingly apparent. Other indications for albumin such as infections other than spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hyponatremia, HE, prevention of poor outcomes in hospitalized, and in outpatients with cirrhosis are still debated. The results of studies in these settings are either negative, controversial, or inconclusive. This sheds some doubts regarding the use of albumin as a "one size fits all" strategy. The indication and patient selection are crucial and not always intuitive. The amount and frequency also seem to play a role in the success or failure of albumin. This review will critically discuss the evidence and underline areas where there are indications for albumin use and others where evidence is still insufficient and will have to await the development/results of randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- European Foundation for Study of Chronic Liver Failure, EASL-CLIF-Consortium, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao
- Digestive Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Digestive Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, VA-CT Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Han Q, Zhu J, Zhang P. Mechanisms of main components in Curcuma longa L. on hepatic fibrosis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34353. [PMID: 37478207 PMCID: PMC10662913 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic fibrosis is a great concern in public health. While effective drugs for its treatment are lacking, Curcuma longa L. (CL) has been reported as a promising therapeutic. We aimed to uncover the core components and mechanisms of CL against hepatic fibrosis via a network pharmacology approach. METHODS The main components of CL were obtained and screened. While targets of components and disease were respectively collected using SwissTargetPrediction and online databases, common targets were assessed. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, and core targets were identified. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed, and molecular docking was conducted to validate the binding of core components in CL on predicted core targets. RESULTS Nine main components from CL based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and 63 anti-fibrosis targets were identified, and a PPI network and a component target-disease target network were constructed. Apigenin, quercetin, demethoxycurcumin, and curcumin are likely to become key phenolic-based components and curcuminoids for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis, respectively. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the HIF-1 signaling pathway (hsa04066) was most significantly enriched. Considering core targets of the PPI network and a network of the common targets and pathways enriched, AKT1, MAPK1, EGFR, MTOR, and SRC may be the core potential targets of CL against hepatic fibrosis. Molecular docking was carried out to verify the binding of above core components to core targets. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic effect of CL on hepatic fibrosis may be attributed to multi-components, multi-targets, and multi-pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Han
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Health Service Center of Beiyuan Community, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Zhu
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Dongfang Hospital, Beijing, China
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7
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Role of c-Src and reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular diseases. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:315-328. [PMID: 36700976 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-023-01992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, caused by the over production of oxidants or inactivity of antioxidants, can modulate the redox state of several target proteins such as tyrosine kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinases and tyrosine phosphatases. c-Src is one such non-receptor tyrosine kinase which activates NADPH oxidases (Noxs) in response to various growth factors and shear stress. Interaction between c-Src and Noxs is influenced by cell type and primary messengers such as angiotensin II, which binds to G-protein coupled receptor and activates the intracellular signaling cascade. c-Src stimulated activation of Noxs results in elevated release of intracellular and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS species disturb vascular homeostasis and cause cardiac hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and hypertension. Interaction between c-Src and ROS in the pathobiology of cardiac fibrosis is hypothesized to be influenced by cell type and stimuli. c-Src and ROS have a bidirectional relationship, thus increased ROS levels due to c-Src mediated activation of Noxs can further activate c-Src by promoting the oxidation and sulfenylation of critical cysteine residues. This review highlights the role of c-Src and ROS in mediating downstream signaling pathways underlying cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, due to the central role of c-Src in activation of various signaling proteins involved in differentiation, migration, proliferation, and cytoskeletal reorganization of vascular cells, it is presented as therapeutic target for treating cardiovascular diseases except cardiac fibrosis.
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Guo T, Wantono C, Tan Y, Deng F, Duan T, Liu D. Regulators, functions, and mechanotransduction pathways of matrix stiffness in hepatic disease. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1098129. [PMID: 36711017 PMCID: PMC9878334 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1098129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides physical support and imparts significant biochemical and mechanical cues to cells. Matrix stiffening is a hallmark of liver fibrosis and is associated with many hepatic diseases, especially liver cirrhosis and carcinoma. Increased matrix stiffness is not only a consequence of liver fibrosis but is also recognized as an active driver in the progression of fibrotic hepatic disease. In this article, we provide a comprehensive view of the role of matrix stiffness in the pathological progression of hepatic disease. The regulators that modulate matrix stiffness including ECM components, MMPs, and crosslinking modifications are discussed. The latest advances of the research on the matrix mechanics in regulating intercellular signaling and cell phenotype are classified, especially for hepatic stellate cells, hepatocytes, and immunocytes. The molecular mechanism that sensing and transducing mechanical signaling is highlighted. The current progress of ECM stiffness's role in hepatic cirrhosis and liver cancer is introduced and summarized. Finally, the recent trials targeting ECM stiffness for the treatment of liver disease are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cindy Wantono
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuyong Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feihong Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianying Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Deliang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Deliang Liu,
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Evaluation of the Mechanism of Jiedu Huazhuo Quyu Formula in Treating Wilson's Disease-Associated Liver Fibrosis by Network Pharmacology Analysis and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9363131. [PMID: 35707473 PMCID: PMC9192323 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9363131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Jiedu Huazhuo Quyu formula (JHQ) shows significant beneficial effects against liver fibrosis caused by Wilson's disease (WD). Hence, this study aimed to clarify the mechanisms of the JHQ treatment in WD-associated liver fibrosis. First, we collected 103 active compounds and 527 related targets of JHQ and 1187 targets related to WD-associated liver fibrosis from multiple databases. Next, 113 overlapping genes (OGEs) were obtained. Then, we built a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network with Cytoscape 3.7.2 software and performed the Gene Ontology (GO) term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses with GENE DENOVO online sites. Furthermore, module analysis was performed, and the core target genes in the JHQ treatment of WD-associated liver fibrosis were obtained. Pathway and functional enrichment analyses, molecular docking studies, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation, and Western blot (WB) were then performed. The results indicated that 8 key active compounds including quercetin, luteolin, and obacunone in JHQ might affect the 6 core proteins including CXCL8, MAPK1, and AKT1 and 107 related signaling pathways including EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection, and human cytomegalovirus infection signaling pathways to exhibit curative effects on WD-associated liver fibrosis. Mechanistically, JHQ might inhibit liver inflammatory processes and vascular hyperplasia, regulate the cell cycle, and suppress both the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). This study provides novel insights for researchers to systematically explore the mechanism of JHQ in treating WD-associated liver fibrosis.
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Huang Z, Khalifa MO, Gu W, Li TS. Hydrostatic pressure induces pro-fibrotic properties in hepatic stellate cells via the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1230-1240. [PMID: 35357779 PMCID: PMC9157409 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure is commonly observed in diseased livers. We herein examined the hypothesis that hydrostatic pressure induces hepatic stellate cells to acquire pro-fibrotic properties under pathological conditions. Human hepatic stellate cells were exposed to 50 mmHg pressure for 24 hours. Although we observed few changes of cell growth and morphology, PCR array data on the expression of fibrosis-associated genes suggested the acquisition of pro-fibrotic properties. The exposure of hepatic stellate cells to 50 mmHg pressure for 24 hours also significantly enhanced the expression of RhoA, ROCK1, α-SMA, TGF-β1 , p-MLC and p-Smad2, and this was effectively attenuated by ROCK inhibitor Y-27632. Our ex vivo experimental data suggests that elevated interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure under pathological conditions may promote liver fibrosis by inducing acquisition of pro-fibrotic properties of hepatic stellate cells through the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zisheng Huang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Mahmoud Osman Khalifa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Weili Gu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Tao-Sheng Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
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11
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Passi M, Zahler S. Mechano-Signaling Aspects of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2021; 12:6411-6421. [PMID: 34659531 PMCID: PMC8489129 DOI: 10.7150/jca.60102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HCC is one of the leading causes of cancer related death worldwide and comprises about 90% of the cases of primary liver cancer. It is generally accompanied by chronic liver fibrosis characterised by deposition of collagen fibres, which, in turn, causes enhanced stiffness of the liver tissue. Changes of tissue stiffness give rise to alterations of signalling pathways that are associated to mechanical properties of the cells and the extracellular matrix, and that can be subsumed as "mechano-signaling pathways", like, e.g., the YAP/TAZ pathway, or the SRF pathway. Stiffness of the liver tissue modulates mechanical regulation of many genes involved in HCC progression. However, mechano-signaling is still rather underrepresented in our concepts of cancer in comparison to "classical" biochemical signalling pathways. This review aims to give an overview of various stiffness induced mechano-biological aspects of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Passi
- Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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12
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Portal hypertension in cirrhosis: Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapy. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100316. [PMID: 34337369 PMCID: PMC8318926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension, defined as increased pressure in the portal vein, develops as a consequence of increased intrahepatic vascular resistance due to the dysregulation of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), frequently arising from chronic liver diseases. Extrahepatic haemodynamic changes contribute to the aggravation of portal hypertension. The pathogenic complexity of portal hypertension and the unsuccessful translation of preclinical studies have impeded the development of effective therapeutics for patients with cirrhosis, while counteracting hepatic and extrahepatic mechanisms also pose a major obstacle to effective treatment. In this review article, we will discuss the following topics: i) cellular and molecular mechanisms of portal hypertension, focusing on dysregulation of LSECs, HSCs and hepatic microvascular thrombosis, as well as changes in the extrahepatic vasculature, since these are the major contributors to portal hypertension; ii) translational/clinical advances in our knowledge of portal hypertension; and iii) future directions.
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Key Words
- ACE2, angiogenesis-converting enzyme 2
- ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure
- AT1R, angiotensin II type I receptor
- CCL2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- CSPH, clinically significant portal hypertension
- Dll4, delta like canonical Notch ligand 4
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EUS, endoscopic ultrasound
- FXR
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HRS, hepatorenal syndrome
- HSC
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- HVPG, hepatic venous pressure gradient
- Hsp90, heat shock protein 90
- JAK2, Janus kinase 2
- KO, knockout
- LSEC
- LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
- MLCP, myosin light-chain phosphatase
- NET, neutrophil extracellular trap
- NO
- NO, nitric oxide
- NSBB
- NSBBs, non-selective beta blockers
- PDE, phosphodiesterase
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PIGF, placental growth factor
- PKG, cGMP-dependent protein kinase
- Rho-kinase
- TIPS
- TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
- VCAM1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
- VEGF
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- angiogenesis
- eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- fibrosis
- liver stiffness
- statins
- β-Arr2, β-arrestin 2
- β1-AR, β1-adrenergic receptor
- β2-AR, β2-adrenergic receptor
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Trebicka J, Bork P, Krag A, Arumugam M. Utilizing the gut microbiome in decompensated cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:167-180. [PMID: 33257833 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-00376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome has emerged as a major player in human health and disease. The liver, as the first organ to encounter microbial products that cross the gut epithelial barrier, is affected by the gut microbiome in many ways. Thus, the gut microbiome might play a major part in the development of liver diseases. The common end stage of liver disease is decompensated cirrhosis and the further development towards acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). These conditions have high short-term mortality. There is evidence that translocation of components of the gut microbiota, facilitated by different pathogenic mechanisms such as increased gut epithelial permeability and portal hypertension, is an important driver of decompensation by induction of systemic inflammation, and thereby also ACLF. Elucidating the role of the gut microbiome in the aetiology of decompensated cirrhosis and ACLF deserves further investigation and improvement; and might be the basis for development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In this Review, we focus on the possible pathogenic, diagnostic and therapeutic role of the gut microbiome in decompensation of cirrhosis and progression to ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonel Trebicka
- Translational Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Goethe University Clinic Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany. .,European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. .,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Peer Bork
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Manimozhiyan Arumugam
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Katoh K. Regulation of Fibroblast Cell Polarity by Src Tyrosine Kinase. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020135. [PMID: 33535441 PMCID: PMC7912711 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Src protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs) are a family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that are localized beneath the plasma membrane and are activated during cell adhesion, migration, and elongation. Due to their involvement in the activation of signal transduction cascades, SFKs have been suggested to play important roles in the determination of cell polarity during cell extension and elongation. However, the mechanism underlying Src-mediated polarity formation remains unclear. The present study was performed to investigate the mechanisms underlying Src-induced cell polarity formation and cell elongation using Src knockout fibroblasts (SYFs) together with an inhibitor of Src. Normal and Src knockout fibroblasts were also transfected with a wild-type c-Src, dominant negative c-Src, or constitutively active c-Src gene to analyze the changes in cell morphology. SYF cells cultured on a glass substrate elongated symmetrically into spindle-shaped cells, with the formation of focal adhesions at both ends of the cells. When normal fibroblasts were treated with Src Inhibitor No. 5, a selective inhibitor of Src tyrosine kinases, they elongated into symmetrical spindle-shaped cells, similar to SYF cells. These results suggest that cell polarity during extension and elongation may be regulated by SFKs and that the expression and regulation of Src are important for the formation of polarity during cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Katoh
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba University of Technology, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 305-8521, Japan
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15
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Buwa N, Kannan N, Kanade S, Balasubramanian N. Adhesion-dependent Caveolin-1 Tyrosine-14 phosphorylation is regulated by FAK in response to changing matrix stiffness. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:532-547. [PMID: 33314143 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Integrin-mediated adhesion regulates cellular responses to changes in the mechanical and biochemical properties of the extracellular matrix. Cell-matrix adhesion regulates caveolar endocytosis, dependent on caveolin 1 (Cav1) Tyr14 phosphorylation (pY14Cav1), to control anchorage-dependent signaling. We find that cell-matrix adhesion regulates pY14Cav1 levels in mouse fibroblasts. Biochemical fractionation reveals endogenous pY14Cav1 to be present in caveolae and focal adhesions (FA). Adhesion does not affect caveolar pY14Cav1, supporting its regulation at FA, in which PF-228-mediated inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) disrupts. Cell adhesion on 2D polyacrylamide matrices of increasing stiffness stimulates Cav1 phosphorylation, which is comparable to the phosphorylation of FAK. Inhibition of FAK across varying stiffnesses shows it regulates pY14Cav1 more prominently at higher stiffness. Taken together, these studies reveal the presence of FAK-pY14Cav1 crosstalk at FA, which is regulated by cell-matrix adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Buwa
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | | | - Shaunak Kanade
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
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Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Chronic Liver Disease. CURRENT TISSUE MICROENVIRONMENT REPORTS 2021; 2:41-52. [PMID: 34337431 PMCID: PMC8300084 DOI: 10.1007/s43152-021-00030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of the extracellular matrix remodeling during hepatic fibrosis. We discuss the diverse interactions of the extracellular matrix with hepatic cells and the surrounding matrix in liver fibrosis, with the focus on the molecular pathways and the mechanisms that regulate extracellular matrix remodeling. RECENT FINDINGS The extracellular matrix not only provides structure and support for the cells, but also controls cell behavior by providing adhesion signals and by acting as a reservoir of growth factors and cytokines. SUMMARY Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix. During fibrogenesis, the natural remodeling process of the extracellular matrix varies, resulting in the excessive accumulation of its components, mainly collagens. Signals released by the extracellular matrix induce the activation of hepatic stellate cells, which are the major source of extracellular matrix and most abundant myofibroblasts in the liver. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Buwa N, Mazumdar D, Balasubramanian N. Caveolin1 Tyrosine-14 Phosphorylation: Role in Cellular Responsiveness to Mechanical Cues. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:509-534. [PMID: 33089394 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane is a dynamic lipid bilayer that engages with the extracellular microenvironment and intracellular cytoskeleton. Caveolae are distinct plasma membrane invaginations lined by integral membrane proteins Caveolin1, 2, and 3. Caveolae formation and stability is further supported by additional proteins including Cavin1, EHD2, Pacsin2 and ROR1. The lipid composition of caveolar membranes, rich in cholesterol and phosphatidylserine, actively contributes to caveolae formation and function. Post-translational modifications of Cav1, including its phosphorylation of the tyrosine-14 residue (pY14Cav1) are vital to its function in and out of caveolae. Cells that experience significant mechanical stress are seen to have abundant caveolae. They play a vital role in regulating cellular signaling and endocytosis, which could further affect the abundance and distribution of caveolae at the PM, contributing to sensing and/or buffering mechanical stress. Changes in membrane tension in cells responding to multiple mechanical stimuli affects the organization and function of caveolae. These mechanical cues regulate pY14Cav1 levels and function in caveolae and focal adhesions. This review, along with looking at the mechanosensitive nature of caveolae, focuses on the role of pY14Cav1 in regulating cellular mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Buwa
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Debasmita Mazumdar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Nagaraj Balasubramanian
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India.
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18
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cAMP Signaling in Pathobiology of Alcohol Associated Liver Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101433. [PMID: 33050657 PMCID: PMC7600246 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in cellular responses to extracellular signals is well established. Many years after discovery, our understanding of the intricacy of cAMP signaling has improved dramatically. Multiple layers of regulation exist to ensure the specificity of cellular cAMP signaling. Hence, disturbances in cAMP homeostasis could arise at multiple levels, from changes in G protein coupled receptors and production of cAMP to the rate of degradation by phosphodiesterases. cAMP signaling plays critical roles in metabolism, inflammation and development of fibrosis in several tissues. Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a multifactorial condition ranging from a simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis and ultimately cirrhosis, which might lead to hepatocellular cancer. To date, there is no FDA-approved therapy for ALD. Hence, identifying the targets for the treatment of ALD is an important undertaking. Several human studies have reported the changes in cAMP homeostasis in relation to alcohol use disorders. cAMP signaling has also been extensively studied in in vitro and in vivo models of ALD. This review focuses on the role of cAMP in the pathobiology of ALD with emphasis on the therapeutic potential of targeting cAMP signaling for the treatment of various stages of ALD.
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Serna-Márquez N, Rodríguez-Hernández A, Ayala-Reyes M, Martínez-Hernández LO, Peña-Rico MÁ, Carretero-Ortega J, Hautefeuille M, Vázquez-Victorio G. Fibrillar Collagen Type I Participates in the Survival and Aggregation of Primary Hepatocytes Cultured on Soft Hydrogels. Biomimetics (Basel) 2020; 5:E30. [PMID: 32630500 PMCID: PMC7345357 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics5020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver is an essential organ that carries out multiple functions such as glycogen storage, the synthesis of plasma proteins, and the detoxification of xenobiotics. Hepatocytes are the parenchyma that sustain almost all the functions supported by this organ. Hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells respond to the mechanical alterations that occur in the extracellular matrix (ECM) caused by organogenesis and regenerating processes. Rearrangements of the ECM modify the composition and mechanical properties that result in specific dedifferentiation programs inside the hepatic cells. Quiescent hepatocytes are embedded in the soft ECM, which contains an important concentration of fibrillar collagens in combination with a basement membrane-associated matrix (BM). This work aims to evaluate the role of fibrillar collagens and BM on actin cytoskeleton organization and the function of rat primary hepatocytes cultured on soft elastic polyacrylamide hydrogels (PAA HGs). We used rat tail collagen type I and Matrigel® as references of fibrillar collagens and BM respectively and mixed different percentages of collagen type I in combination with BM. We also used peptides obtained from decellularized liver matrices (dECM). Remarkably, hepatocytes showed a poor adhesion in the absence of collagen on soft PAA HGs. We demonstrated that collagen type I inhibited apoptosis and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) in primary hepatocytes cultured on soft hydrogels. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was not able to rescue cell viability in conjugated BM but affected cell aggregation in soft PAA HGs conjugated with combinations of different proportions of collagen and BM. Interestingly, actin cytoskeleton was localized and preserved close to plasma membrane (cortical actin) and proximal to intercellular ducts (canaliculi-like structures) in soft conditions; however, albumin protein expression was not preserved, even though primary hepatocytes did not remodel their actin cytoskeleton significantly in soft conditions. This investigation highlights the important role of fibrillar collagens on soft hydrogels for the maintenance of survival and aggregation of the hepatocytes. Data suggest evaluating the conditions that allow the establishment of optimal biomimetic environments for physiology and cell biology studies, where the phenotype of primary cells may be preserved for longer periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Serna-Márquez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia (LaNSBioDyT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico; (N.S.-M.); (A.R.-H.); (M.A.-R.); (L.O.M.-H.); (J.C.-O.); (M.H.)
| | - Adriana Rodríguez-Hernández
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia (LaNSBioDyT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico; (N.S.-M.); (A.R.-H.); (M.A.-R.); (L.O.M.-H.); (J.C.-O.); (M.H.)
| | - Marisol Ayala-Reyes
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia (LaNSBioDyT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico; (N.S.-M.); (A.R.-H.); (M.A.-R.); (L.O.M.-H.); (J.C.-O.); (M.H.)
| | - Lorena Omega Martínez-Hernández
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia (LaNSBioDyT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico; (N.S.-M.); (A.R.-H.); (M.A.-R.); (L.O.M.-H.); (J.C.-O.); (M.H.)
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan, Tuxtepec CP 68301, Oaxaca, Mexico;
| | - Miguel Ángel Peña-Rico
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan, Tuxtepec CP 68301, Oaxaca, Mexico;
| | - Jorge Carretero-Ortega
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia (LaNSBioDyT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico; (N.S.-M.); (A.R.-H.); (M.A.-R.); (L.O.M.-H.); (J.C.-O.); (M.H.)
| | - Mathieu Hautefeuille
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia (LaNSBioDyT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico; (N.S.-M.); (A.R.-H.); (M.A.-R.); (L.O.M.-H.); (J.C.-O.); (M.H.)
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Genaro Vázquez-Victorio
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia (LaNSBioDyT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico; (N.S.-M.); (A.R.-H.); (M.A.-R.); (L.O.M.-H.); (J.C.-O.); (M.H.)
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
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Hassan S, Zil-e-Rubab, Shah H, Shawana S. Dysregulated epidermal growth factor and tumor growth factor-beta receptor signaling through GFAP-ACTA2 protein interaction in liver fibrosis. Pak J Med Sci 2020; 36:782-787. [PMID: 32494274 PMCID: PMC7260937 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.36.4.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Viral hepatitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Identification of biological pathways involved in hepatic fibrosis resulting from chronic hepatitis C are essential for better management of patients. Constructing the HCV-human protein interaction network through bioinformatics may enable us to discover diagnostic biological pathways. We investigated to identify dysregulated pathways and gene enrichment based on actin alpha 2 (ACTA2) and glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) interaction network analysis in hepatic fibrosis. METHODS This is an in-silico study conducted at Ziauddin University from March,2019 to September 2019. Enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of the identified proteins: GFAP and ACTA2 along with their mapped gene data sets was performed using FunRich version 3.1.3. RESULTS Biological pathway grouping showed enrichment of proteins (85.7%) in signalling pathway by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Tumor growth factor (TGF)-beta Receptor followed by signaling by PDGF, FGFR and NGF (71.4%) (p < 0.001). SRC, PRKACA, PRKCA and PRKCD were enriched in both EGFR and TGF-beta Signalling pathways. CONCLUSION EGFR and TGF-beta signalling pathways were enriched in liver fibrosis. SRC, PRKACA, PRKCA and PRKCD were enriched and differentially expressed in both EGFR and TGF-beta signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Hassan
- Dr. Sobia Hassan, MBBS, M. Phil. Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zil-e-Rubab
- Dr. Zil-e-Rubab, MBBS, M. Phil, PhD. Ziauddin University Clifton Campus, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hussain Shah
- Mr. Hussain Shah, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Summayya Shawana
- Dr. Summayya Shawana, MBBs, M. Phil. Bahria University Medical & Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
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Src Inhibition Attenuates Liver Fibrosis by Preventing Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Decreasing Connetive Tissue Growth Factor. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030558. [PMID: 32120837 PMCID: PMC7140470 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The SRC kinase family comprises non-receptor tyrosine kinases that are ubiquitously expressed in all cell types. Although Src is reportedly activated in pulmonary and renal fibrosis, little is known regarding its role in liver fibrosis. This study investigated whether the inhibition of Src protects against liver fibrosis. The expression of Src was upregulated in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced fibrotic mouse liver and cirrhosis of patients, and phospho-Src was upregulated during activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). In addition, Src inhibition reduced the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) in primary HSCs and suppressed transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in hepatocytes. Src inhibitor Saracatinib also attenuated TAA-induced expression of type I collagen, αSMA, and CTGF in mouse liver tissues. The antifibrotic effect of Src inhibitors was associated with the downregulation of Smad3, but not of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). In addition, Src inhibition increased autophagy flux and protected against liver fibrosis. These results suggest that Src plays an important role in liver fibrosis and that Src inhibitors could be treat liver fibrosis.
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Abstract
Chronic liver diseases, such as fibrosis and cancer, lead to a rigid or stiff liver because of perpetual activation of hepatic stellate cells or portal fibroblasts into matrix-producing myofibroblasts. Mechanical forces, as determined by the mechanical properties of extracellular matrix or pressure of circulating blood flow/shear stress, are sensed by mechanoreceptors at the plasma membrane and transmitted into a cell to impact cell function. This process is termed as mechanotransduction. This review includes basic knowledge regarding how external forces are sensed, amplified, and transmitted into the interior of a cell as far as the nucleus to regulate gene transcription and generate biological responses. It also reviews literatures to highlight the mechanisms by which mechanical forces in a normal or diseased liver influence the phenotype of hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, portal fibroblasts, and sinusoidal endothelial cells, and these cells in turn participate in the initiation and progression of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningling Kang
- Section of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
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Yuan BY, Chen YH, Wu ZF, Zhuang Y, Chen GW, Zhang L, Zhang HG, Cheng JCH, Lin Q, Zeng ZC. MicroRNA-146a-5p Attenuates Fibrosis-related Molecules in Irradiated and TGF-beta1-Treated Human Hepatic Stellate Cells by Regulating PTPRA-SRC Signaling. Radiat Res 2019; 192:621-629. [PMID: 31560641 DOI: 10.1667/rr15401.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Ying Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Han Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gen-Wen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Ge Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jason Chia-Hsien Cheng
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Departments of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Qin Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhao-Chong Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Marín-Ramos NI, Pérez-Hernández M, Tam A, Swenson SD, Cho HY, Thein TZ, Hofman FM, Chen TC. Inhibition of motility by NEO100 through the calpain-1/RhoA pathway. J Neurosurg 2019; 133:1020-1031. [PMID: 31419797 DOI: 10.3171/2019.5.jns19798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of brain tumor with a high rate of tumor recurrence, and it often develops resistance over time to current standard of care chemotherapy. Its highly invasive nature plays an essential role in tumor progression and recurrence. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are a subpopulation of glioma cells highly resistant to treatments and are considered responsible for tumor recurrence. METHODS Patient-derived populations of GSCs were analyzed by western blot, MTT, and cytoplasmic calcium labeling to determine the cytotoxicity of NEO100. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to evaluate the levels of NEO100 in the cell culture supernatants. The effects of the compound on GSC motility were studied using Boyden chamber migration, 3D spheroid migration and invasion assays, and an mRNA expression PCR array. A RhoA activation assay, western blot, and immunofluorescence techniques were employed to confirm the signaling pathways involved. Intracranial implantation of GSCs in athymic mice was used to evaluate the effects of NEO100 in vivo on tumor progression and overall survival. RESULTS Here, the authors show how NEO100, a highly purified good manufacturing practices-quality form of perillyl alcohol, is cytotoxic for different subtypes of GSCs, regardless of the mechanisms of DNA repair present. At doses similar to the IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) values, NEO100 induces ER stress and activates apoptotic pathways in all GSC populations tested. At subcytotoxic doses in the micromolar range, NEO100 blocks migration and invasion of GSCs. These results correlate with a decrease in calpain-1 expression and an increase in RhoA activation, leading to enhanced contractility of the GSCs. In addition, NEO100 blocks the activation of the kinases Src, p42/44 MAPK, Akt, and Stat3, all related to cell proliferation and migration. Intranasal administration of NEO100 in mice with GSC-derived intracranial tumors led to a decrease in tumor progression and a 32% increase in overall survival. Immunostaining studies showed that NEO100 induces apoptosis and reduces GSC invasion in vivo. CONCLUSIONS NEO100 could have significant value targeting GSCs and could be used for GBM therapy as either monotherapy or a coadjuvant therapy during temozolomide rest cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Florence M Hofman
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and
- 2Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thomas C Chen
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and
- 2Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Rho-kinase inhibitor coupled to peptide-modified albumin carrier reduces portal pressure and increases renal perfusion in cirrhotic rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2256. [PMID: 30783172 PMCID: PMC6381202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho-kinase (ROCK) activation in hepatic stellate cells (HSC) is a key mechanism promoting liver fibrosis and portal hypertension (PTH). Specific delivery of ROCK-inhibitor Y-27632 (Y27) to HSC targeting mannose-6-phosphate-receptors reduces portal pressure and fibrogenesis. In decompensated cirrhosis, presence of ascites is associated with reduced renal perfusion. Since in cirrhosis, platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) is upregulated in the liver as well as the kidney, this study coupled Y27 to human serum albumin (HSA) substituted with PDGFRβ-recognizing peptides (pPB), and investigated its effect on PTH in cirrhotic rats. In vitro collagen contraction assays tested biological activity on LX2 cells. Hemodynamics were analyzed in BDL and CCl4 cirrhotic rats 3 h, 6 h and 24 h after i.v. administration of Y27pPBHSA (0.5/1 mg/kg b.w). Phosphorylation of moesin and myosin light chain (MLC) assessed ROCK activity in liver, femoral muscle, mesenteric artery, kidney and heart. Three Y27 molecules were coupled to pPBHSA as confirmed by HPLC/MS, which was sufficient to relax LX2 cells. In vivo, Y27pPBHSA-treated rats exhibited lower portal pressure, hepatic vascular resistance without effect on systemic vascular resistance, but a tendency towards lower cardiac output compared to non-treated cirrhotic rats. Y27pPBHSA reduced intrahepatic resistance by reduction of phosphorylation of moesin and MLC in Y27pPBHSA-treated cirrhotic rats. Y27pPBHSA was found in the liver of rats up to 6 hours after its injection, in the HSC demonstrated by double-immunostainings. Interestingly, Y27pPBHSA increased renal arterial flow over time combined with an antifibrotic effect as shown by decreased renal acta2 and col1a1 mRNA expression. Therefore, targeting the ROCK inhibitor Y27 to PDGFRβ decreases portal pressure with potential beneficial effects in the kidney. This unique approach should be tested in human cirrhosis.
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Dou C, Liu Z, Tu K, Zhang H, Chen C, Yaqoob U, Wang Y, Wen J, van Deursen J, Sicard D, Tschumperlin D, Zou H, Huang WC, Urrutia R, Shah VH, Kang N. P300 Acetyltransferase Mediates Stiffness-Induced Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells Into Tumor-Promoting Myofibroblasts. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:2209-2221.e14. [PMID: 29454793 PMCID: PMC6039101 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) contribute to desmoplasia and stiffness of liver metastases by differentiating into matrix-producing myofibroblasts. We investigated whether stiffness due to the presence of tumors increases activation of HSCs into myofibroblasts and their tumor-promoting effects, as well as the role of E1A binding protein p300, a histone acetyltransferase that regulates transcription, in these processes. METHODS HSCs were isolated from liver tissues of patients, mice in which the p300 gene was flanked by 2 loxP sites (p300F/F mice), and p300+/+ mice (controls). The HSCs were placed on polyacrylamide gels with precisely defined stiffness, and their activation (differentiation into myofibroblasts) was assessed by immunofluorescence and immunoblot analyses for alpha-smooth muscle actin. In HSCs from mice, the p300 gene was disrupted by cre recombinase. In human HSCs, levels of p300 were knocked down with small hairpin RNAs or a mutant form of p300 that is not phosphorylated by AKT (p300S1834A) was overexpressed. Human HSCs were also cultured with inhibitors of p300 (C646), PI3K signaling to AKT (LY294002), or RHOA (C3 transferase) and effects on stiffness-induced activation were measured. RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to identify HSC genes that changed expression levels in response to stiffness. We measured effects of HSC-conditioned media on proliferation of HT29 colon cancer cells and growth of tumors following subcutaneous injection of these cells into mice. MC38 colon cancer cells were injected into portal veins of p300F/Fcre and control mice, and liver metastases were measured. p300F/Fcre and control mice were given intraperitoneal injections of CCl4 to induce liver fibrosis. Liver tissues were collected and analyzed by immunofluorescence, immunoblot, and histology. RESULTS Substrate stiffness was sufficient to activate HSCs, leading to nuclear accumulation of p300. Disrupting p300 level or activity blocked stiffness-induced activation of HSCs. In HSCs, substrate stiffness activated AKT signaling via RHOA to induce phosphorylation of p300 at serine 1834; this caused p300 to translocate to the nucleus, where it up-regulated transcription of genes that increase activation of HSCs and metastasis, including CXCL12. MC38 cells, injected into portal veins, formed fewer metastases in livers of p300F/Fcre mice than control mice. Expression of p300 was increased in livers of mice following injection of CCl4; HSC activation and collagen deposition were reduced in livers of p300F/Fcre mice compared with control mice. CONCLUSIONS In studies of mice, we found liver stiffness to activate HSC differentiation into myofibroblasts, which required nuclear accumulation of p300. p300 increases HSC expression of genes that promote metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Dou
- GI Research Unit and Cancer Cell Biology Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhejiang provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhikui Liu
- GI Research Unit and Cancer Cell Biology Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota
| | - Chen Chen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota
| | - Usman Yaqoob
- GI Research Unit and Cancer Cell Biology Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Yuanguo Wang
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota
| | - Jialing Wen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota
| | - Jan van Deursen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Delphine Sicard
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hongzhi Zou
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, 6th Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Raul Urrutia
- GI Research Unit and Cancer Cell Biology Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Vijay H. Shah
- GI Research Unit and Cancer Cell Biology Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Ningling Kang, Ph.D., Hormel Institute, 801 16th Ave NE Austin MN 55912. Fax: (507) 437-9606. Phone: (507) 437-9680. . Vijay Shah, M.D., Mayo Clinic, 200 1st ST SW Rochester MN 55915. Fax: (507) 255-6318. Phone: (507) 255-6028.
| | - Ningling Kang
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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Hepatic stellate cells as key target in liver fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:27-42. [PMID: 28506744 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 838] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progressive liver fibrosis, induced by chronic viral and metabolic disorders, leads to more than one million deaths annually via development of cirrhosis, although no antifibrotic therapy has been approved to date. Transdifferentiation (or "activation") of hepatic stellate cells is the major cellular source of matrix protein-secreting myofibroblasts, the major driver of liver fibrogenesis. Paracrine signals from injured epithelial cells, fibrotic tissue microenvironment, immune and systemic metabolic dysregulation, enteric dysbiosis, and hepatitis viral products can directly or indirectly induce stellate cell activation. Dysregulated intracellular signaling, epigenetic changes, and cellular stress response represent candidate targets to deactivate stellate cells by inducing reversion to inactivated state, cellular senescence, apoptosis, and/or clearance by immune cells. Cell type- and target-specific pharmacological intervention to therapeutically induce the deactivation will enable more effective and less toxic precision antifibrotic therapies.
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28
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Sun S, Xie F, Zhang Q, Cui Z, Cheng X, Zhong F, He K, Zhou J. Advanced oxidation protein products induce hepatocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transition via a ROS-dependent, TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:842-853. [PMID: 28500745 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs during the progression of liver fibrosis in response to chronic liver injury. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of hepatocyte EMT remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) had an effect on hepatocyte EMT. The human L02 hepatocyte cell line and hepatocytes from normal Sprague-Dawley rats were challenged with AOPP treatment in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The expression of cell and molecular markers of EMT in L02 hepatocytes were studied using Western blotting, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays. Hepatocyte migratory potential was analyzed using a wound healing assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected using the dichlorofluorescein (DCF) assay. In liver tissue sections, expression of EMT markers was evaluated using immunohistochemistry, and collagen was assessed using histochemical staining with Masson's trichrome. The findings were that AOPP treatment resulted in EMT in hepatocytes, which was associated with reduced expression of E-cadherin, increased expression of vimentin, increased deposition of collagen protein, and enhanced cell migration in vivo and in vitro. AOPP was also found to promote migration in L02 cells, and to promote the production of ROS and the activation of TGF-βR and Smad signaling. Inhibition of the generation of intracellular ROS and TGF-β receptor blocking could reverse AOPP-induced EMT in hepatocytes. This study has identified a novel mechanism in the regulation of hepatocyte EMT, and the findings may have implications for the control of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qifan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhonglin Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, 518100, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, 518100, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kun He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Peoples' Hospital, 528400, Zhongshan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Görtzen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure - EF Clif, Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Fan X, Xie J, Tian J. Reducing Cardiac Fibrosis: Na/K-ATPase Signaling Complex as a Novel Target. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6. [PMID: 29034264 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6607.1000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathological process in cardiac disease and may lead to heart failure. It can also cause sudden death even in those without cardiac symptoms. Tissue fibrosis can be categorized into two categories: replacement fibrosis (also called reparative fibrosis) and reactive fibrosis. In replacement fibrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells and accumulation of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) proteins are the initial steps in forming scarlike fibrotic tissue after acute cardiac injury and cardiac cell necrosis. Reactive fibrosis can be formed in response to hormonal change and pressure or volume overload. Experimental studies in animals have identified important pathways such as the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and the endothelin pathway that contribute to fibrosis formation. Despite the fact that clinical trials using RAAS inhibitors as therapies for reducing cardiac fibrosis and improving cardiac function have been promising, heart failure is still the leading cause of deaths in the United States. Intensive efforts have been made to find novel targets and to develop new treatments for cardiac fibrosis and heart failure in the past few decades. The Na/K-ATPase, a canonical ion transporter, has been shown to also function as a signal transducer and prolonged activation of Na/K-ATPase signaling has been found to promote the formation of cardiac fibrosis. Novel tools that block the activation of Na/K-ATPase signaling have been developed and have shown promise in reducing cardiac fibrosis. This review will discuss the recent development of novel molecular targets, focusing on the Na/K-ATPase signaling complex as a therapeutic target in treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Fan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA
| | - J Xie
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA
| | - J Tian
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA
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Abstract
Cellular crosstalk is a process through which a message is transmitted within an individual cell (intracellular crosstalk) or between different cells (intercellular crosstalk). Intercellular crosstalk within the liver microenvironment is critical for the maintenance of normal hepatic functions and for cells survival. Hepatic cells are closely connected to each other, work in synergy, and produce molecules that modulate their differentiation and activity. This review summarises the current knowledge regarding paracrine communication networks in parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells in liver fibrosis due to chronic injury, and regeneration after partial hepatectomy.
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32
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Sevelsted Møller L, Fialla AD, Schierwagen R, Biagini M, Liedtke C, Laleman W, Klein S, Reul W, Koch Hansen L, Rabjerg M, Singh V, Surra J, Osada J, Reinehr R, de Muckadell OBS, Köhler R, Trebicka J. The calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 is an important modulator of hepatic injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28770. [PMID: 27354175 PMCID: PMC4926059 DOI: 10.1038/srep28770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 controls different cellular processes such as proliferation and volume homeostasis. We investigated the role of KCa3.1 in experimental and human liver fibrosis. KCa3.1 gene expression was investigated in healthy and injured human and rodent liver. Effect of genetic depletion and pharmacological inhibition of KCa3.1 was evaluated in mice during carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic fibrogenesis. Transcription, protein expression and localisation of KCa3.1 was analysed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Hemodynamic effects of KCa3.1 inhibition were investigated in bile duct-ligated and carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. In vitro experiments were performed in rat hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes. KCa3.1 expression was increased in rodent and human liver fibrosis and was predominantly observed in the hepatocytes. Inhibition of KCa3.1 aggravated liver fibrosis during carbon tetrachloride challenge but did not change hemodynamic parameters in portal hypertensive rats. In vitro, KCa3.1 inhibition leads to increased hepatocyte apoptosis and DNA damage, whereas proliferation of hepatic stellate cells was stimulated by KCa3.1 inhibition. Our data identifies KCa3.1 channels as important modulators in hepatocellular homeostasis. In contrast to previous studies in vitro and other tissues this channel appears to be anti-fibrotic and protective during liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sevelsted Møller
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Annette Dam Fialla
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Matteo Biagini
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christian Liedtke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wim Laleman
- Department of Liver and Biliopancreatic disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Winfried Reul
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Koch Hansen
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Maj Rabjerg
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vikrant Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Joaquin Surra
- Departament de Producción Animal, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Huesca, Spain
| | - Jesus Osada
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza-CIBEROBN, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Roland Reinehr
- Elbe-Elster Klinikum, Krankenhaus Herzberg, Herzberg, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Köhler
- Aragon Institute of Health Science I CS, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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