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Wiart M, Tavakoli C, Hubert V, Hristovska I, Dumot C, Parola S, Lerouge F, Chauveau F, Canet-Soulas E, Pascual O, Cormode DP, Brun E, Elleaume H. Use of metal-based contrast agents for in vivo MR and CT imaging of phagocytic cells in neurological pathologies. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 383:109729. [PMID: 36272462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The activation of phagocytic cells is a hallmark of many neurological diseases. Imaging them in their 3-dimensional cerebral environment over time is crucial to better understand their role in disease pathogenesis and to monitor their potential therapeutic effects. Phagocytic cells have the ability to internalize metal-based contrast agents both in vitro and in vivo and can thus be tracked by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT). In this review article, we summarize the different labelling strategies, contrast agents, and in vivo imaging modalities that can be used to monitor cells with phagocytic activity in the central nervous system using MRI and CT, with a focus on clinical applications. Metal-based nanoparticle contrast agents such as gadolinium, gold and iron are ideal candidates for these applications as they have favourable magnetic and/or radiopaque properties and can be fine-tuned for optimal uptake by phagocytic cells. However, they also come with downsides due to their potential toxicity, especially in the brain where they might accumulate. We therefore conclude our review by discussing the pitfalls, safety and potential for clinical translation of these metal-based neuroimaging techniques. Early results in patients with neuropathologies such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, trauma, cerebral aneurysm and glioblastoma are promising. If the challenges represented by safety issues are overcome, phagocytic cells imaging will be a very valuable tool for studying and understanding the inflammatory response and evaluating treatments that aim at mitigating this response in patients with neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Wiart
- Univ. Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69003 Lyon, France; CNRS, Lyon, France.
| | - Clément Tavakoli
- Univ. Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69003 Lyon, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM UA7 STROBE, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Violaine Hubert
- Univ. Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69003 Lyon, France
| | | | - Chloé Dumot
- Univ. Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69003 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Parola
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Lerouge
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Fabien Chauveau
- CNRS, Lyon, France; Univ. Lyon, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Canet-Soulas
- Univ. Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69003 Lyon, France
| | | | - David P Cormode
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Emmanuel Brun
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM UA7 STROBE, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Elleaume
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM UA7 STROBE, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Foley KE, Hewes AA, Garceau DT, Kotredes KP, Carter GW, Sasner M, Howell GR. The APOEε3/ε4 Genotype Drives Distinct Gene Signatures in the Cortex of Young Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:838436. [PMID: 35370604 PMCID: PMC8967347 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.838436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionRestrictions on existing APOE mouse models have impacted research toward understanding the strongest genetic risk factor contributing to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia, APOEε4, by hindering observation of a key, common genotype in humans – APOEε3/ε4. Human studies are typically underpowered to address APOEε4 allele risk as the APOEε4/ε4 genotype is rare, which leaves human and mouse research unsupported to evaluate the APOEε3/ε4 genotype on molecular and pathological risk for AD and dementia.MethodsAs a part of MODEL-AD, we created and validated new versions of humanized APOEε3/ε3 and APOEε4/ε4 mouse strains that, due to unrestricted breeding, allow for the evaluation of the APOEε3/ε4 genotype. As biometric measures are often translatable between mouse and human, we profiled circulating lipid concentrations. We also performed transcriptional profiling of the cerebral cortex at 2 and 4 months (mos), comparing APOEε3/ε4 and APOEε4/ε4 to the reference APOEε3/ε3 using linear modeling and WGCNA. Further, APOE mice were exercised and compared to litter-matched sedentary controls, to evaluate the interaction between APOEε4 and exercise at a young age.ResultsExpression of human APOE isoforms were confirmed in APOEε3/ε3, APOEε3/ε4 and APOEε4/ε4 mouse brains. At two mos, cholesterol composition was influenced by sex, but not APOE genotype. Results show that the APOEε3/ε4 and APOEε4/ε4 genotype exert differential effects on cortical gene expression. APOEε3/ε4 uniquely impacts ‘hormone regulation’ and ‘insulin signaling,’ terms absent in APOEε4/ε4 data. At four mos, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were affected by sex and activity, with only triglyceride levels influenced by APOE genotype. Linear modeling revealed APOEε3/ε4, but not APOEε4/ε4, affected ‘extracellular matrix’ and ‘blood coagulation’ related terms. We confirmed these results using WGCNA, indicating robust, yet subtle, transcriptional patterns. While there was little evidence of APOE genotype by exercise interaction on the cortical transcriptome at this young age, running was predicted to affect myelination and gliogenesis, independent of APOE genotype with few APOE genotype-specific affects identified.DiscussionAPOEε4 allele dosage-specific effects were observed in circulating lipid levels and cortical transcriptional profiles. Future studies are needed to establish how these data may contribute to therapeutic development in APOEε3/ε4 and APOEε4/ε4 dementia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E. Foley
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Amanda A. Hewes
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | | | | | - Gregory W. Carter
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | | | - Gareth R. Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- *Correspondence: Gareth R. Howell,
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Hussain B, Fang C, Chang J. Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown: An Emerging Biomarker of Cognitive Impairment in Normal Aging and Dementia. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:688090. [PMID: 34489623 PMCID: PMC8418300 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.688090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in maintaining the specialized microenvironment of the neural tissue. It separates the peripheral circulatory system from the brain parenchyma while facilitating communication. Alterations in the distinct physiological properties of the BBB lead to BBB breakdown associated with normal aging and various neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we first briefly discuss the aging process, then review the phenotypes and mechanisms of BBB breakdown associated with normal aging that further cause neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. We also summarize dementia such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) and subsequently discuss the phenotypes and mechanisms of BBB disruption in dementia correlated with cognition decline. Overlaps between AD and VaD are also discussed. Techniques that could identify biomarkers associated with BBB breakdown are briefly summarized. Finally, we concluded that BBB breakdown could be used as an emerging biomarker to assist to diagnose cognitive impairment associated with normal aging and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basharat Hussain
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junlei Chang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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4
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Di Cataldo V, Debatisse J, Piraquive J, Géloën A, Grandin C, Verset M, Taborik F, Labaronne E, Loizon E, Millon A, Mury P, Pialoux V, Serusclat A, Lamberton F, Ibarrola D, Lavenne F, Le Bars D, Troalen T, Confais J, Crola Da Silva C, Mechtouff L, Contamin H, Fayad ZA, Canet-Soulas E. Cortical inflammation and brain signs of high-risk atherosclerosis in a non-human primate model. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab064. [PMID: 33937770 PMCID: PMC8063585 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease, inducing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular acute events. A role of neuroinflammation is suspected, but not yet investigated in the gyrencephalic brain and the related activity at blood−brain interfaces is unknown. A non-human primate model of advanced atherosclerosis was first established using longitudinal blood samples, multimodal imaging and gene analysis in aged animals. Non-human primate carotid lesions were compared with human carotid endarterectomy samples. During the whole-body imaging session, imaging of neuroinflammation and choroid plexus function was performed. Advanced plaques were present in multiple sites, premature deaths occurred and downstream lesions (myocardial fibrosis, lacunar stroke) were present in this model. Vascular lesions were similar to in humans: high plaque activity on PET and MRI imaging and systemic inflammation (high plasma C-reactive protein levels: 42 ± 14 µg/ml). We also found the same gene association (metabolic, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers) as in patients with similar histological features. Metabolic imaging localized abnormal brain glucose metabolism in the frontal cortex. It corresponded to cortical neuro-inflammation (PET imaging) that correlated with C-reactive protein level. Multimodal imaging also revealed pronounced choroid plexus function impairment in aging atherosclerotic non-human primates. In conclusion, multimodal whole-body inflammation exploration at the vascular level and blood−brain interfaces identified high-risk aging atherosclerosis. These results open the way for systemic and central inflammation targeting in atherosclerosis in the new era of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Di Cataldo
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Justine Debatisse
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Siemens-Healthcare SAS, Saint-Denis, France
| | | | - Alain Géloën
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Labaronne
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Loizon
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Millon
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Mury
- LIBM Laboratory, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - André Serusclat
- Radiology Department, Louis Pradel Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Claire Crola Da Silva
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Laura Mechtouff
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Stroke Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Zahi A Fayad
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Canet-Soulas
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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In het Panhuis W, Kooijman S, Brouwers B, Verhoeven A, Pronk AC, Streefland TC, Giera M, Schrauwen P, Rensen PC, Schönke M. Mild Exercise Does Not Prevent Atherosclerosis in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP Mice or Improve Lipoprotein Profile of Men with Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28 Suppl 1:S93-S103. [PMID: 32645256 PMCID: PMC7496605 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exercise has been shown to improve cardiometabolic health, yet neither the molecular connection nor the effects of exercise timing have been elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ad libitum or time-restricted mild exercise reduces atherosclerosis development in atherosclerosis-prone dyslipidemic APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice and whether mild exercise training in men with obesity affects lipoprotein levels. METHODS Mice were group-housed and subjected to ad libitum or time-restricted (first or last 6 hours of the active phase) voluntary wheel running for 16 weeks while on a cholesterol-rich diet, after which atherosclerosis development was assessed in the aortic root. Furthermore, nine men with obesity followed a 12-week mild exercise training program. Lipoprotein levels were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in plasma collected pre and post exercise training. RESULTS Wheel running did not affect plasma lipid levels, uptake of triglyceride-derived fatty acids by tissues, and aortic atherosclerotic lesion size or severity. Markers of training status were unaltered. Exercise training in men with obesity did not alter lipoprotein levels. CONCLUSIONS Mild exercise training does not reduce dyslipidemia or atherosclerosis development in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice or affect lipoprotein levels in humans. Future research on the effects of (time-restricted) exercise on atherosclerosis or lipid metabolism should consider more vigorous exercise protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wietse In het Panhuis
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Bram Brouwers
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement SciencesMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Aswin Verhoeven
- Center for Proteomics and MetabolomicsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Amanda C.M. Pronk
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Trea C.M. Streefland
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and MetabolomicsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement SciencesMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Patrick C.N. Rensen
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Milena Schönke
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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Zhang XP, Liu YR, Chai M, Yang HT, Wang G, Han M, Li DB. High‑fat treatment prevents postoperative cognitive dysfunction in a hyperlipidemia model by protecting the blood‑brain barrier via Mfsd2a‑related signaling. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4226-4234. [PMID: 31545471 PMCID: PMC6797931 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) resulting from systemic inflammation caused by surgical trauma is associated with cognitive dysfunction, and individuals with hyperlipidemia are more sensitive to such impairment. The present study was designed to ascertain whether dexmedetomidine (Dex) treatment could reduce the incidence of cognitive dysfunction following surgery in a hyperlipidemia model. Hyperlipidemia was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats (male, 6–7 months old) by consuming a high-fat diet, and rats were divided into three groups (n=10 each) and underwent: exploratory laparotomy to introduce surgical trauma (surgery group), laparotomy and Dex treatment (surgery+Dex group), or sham surgery (sham group). Learning, memory and exploration behavior were assessed using the Morris water maze. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. BBB permeability was assessed by Evans blue staining. Relative major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2 (Mfsd2a) mRNA expression was determined by quantitative PCR. In the Morris water maze test, the time and distance ratio for the surgery group was significantly lower than those of the sham and surgery+Dex groups (P<0.05). In addition, the TNF-α concentrations in the sham and surgery+Dex groups were lower than that in the surgery group (P<0.05 on days 1 and 3). Evans Blue staining was increased in the surgery group on day 1 (P<0.01). Mfsd2a mRNA expression was higher in the sham and surgery+Dex groups compared with that noted in the surgery group (P<0.05). In conclusion, Dex treatment decreased the incidence of cognitive dysfunction following surgical trauma in a hyperlipidemia rat model. We demonstrated that Dex stabilized BBB integrity through increased Mfsd2a gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ru Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xilingol League Hospital, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Chifeng, Xilinhot 026000, P.R. China
| | - Mei Chai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Tao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Bai Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
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Sweeney MD, Zhao Z, Montagne A, Nelson AR, Zlokovic BV. Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:21-78. [PMID: 30280653 PMCID: PMC6335099 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00050.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1142] [Impact Index Per Article: 228.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents neurotoxic plasma components, blood cells, and pathogens from entering the brain. At the same time, the BBB regulates transport of molecules into and out of the central nervous system (CNS), which maintains tightly controlled chemical composition of the neuronal milieu that is required for proper neuronal functioning. In this review, we first examine molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the establishment of the BBB. Then, we focus on BBB transport physiology, endothelial and pericyte transporters, and perivascular and paravascular transport. Next, we discuss rare human monogenic neurological disorders with the primary genetic defect in BBB-associated cells demonstrating the link between BBB breakdown and neurodegeneration. Then, we review the effects of genes underlying inheritance and/or increased susceptibility for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) on BBB in relation to other pathologies and neurological deficits. We next examine how BBB dysfunction relates to neurological deficits and other pathologies in the majority of sporadic AD, PD, and ALS cases, multiple sclerosis, other neurodegenerative disorders, and acute CNS disorders such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and epilepsy. Lastly, we discuss BBB-based therapeutic opportunities. We conclude with lessons learned and future directions, with emphasis on technological advances to investigate the BBB functions in the living human brain, and at the molecular and cellular level, and address key unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D Sweeney
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy R Nelson
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
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Brisset JC, Gazeau F, Corot C, Nighoghossian N, Berthezène Y, Canet-Soulas E, Wiart M. INFLAM – INFLAMmation in Brain and Vessels with Iron Nanoparticles and Cell Trafficking: A Multiscale Approach of Tissue Microenvironment, Iron Nanostructure and Iron Biotransformation. Ing Rech Biomed 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Central and peripheral effects of physical exercise without weight reduction in obese and lean mice. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171033. [PMID: 29371411 PMCID: PMC5835714 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the central (hypothalamic) and peripheral effects of exercise without body weight change in diet-induced obesity (DIO). Twelve-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice received a control (C) or a high-fat diet (H). Half of them had free access to running wheels for 5 days/week for 10 weeks (CE) and HE, respectively). Hypothalamic expression of genes related to energy homeostasis, and leptin (Stat3 and p-Stat3) and insulin (Akt and p-Akt) signaling were evaluated. Glucose and leptin tolerance, peripheral insulin sensitivity, and plasma insulin, leptin and adiponectin were determined. Perigonadal and retroperitoneal fat depots were increased by diet but reduced by exercise despite lack of effect of exercise on body weight. Blood glucose during intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (ipGTT) was higher and glucose decay during intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (ipITT) was lower in H and HE compared with C and CE. Exercise increased liver p-Akt expression and reduced fast glycemia. High-fat diet increased plasma insulin and leptin. Exercise had no effect on insulin but decreased leptin and increased adiponectin. Leptin inhibited food intake in all groups. Hypothalamic total and p-Stat3 and Akt were similar amongst the groups despite higher plasma levels of leptin and insulin in H and HE mice. High-fat diet modulated gene expression favoring a positive energy balance. Exercise only marginally changed the gene expression. Exercise induced positive changes (decreased fast glycemia and fat depots; increased liver insulin signaling and adiponectin concentration) without weight loss. Thus, despite reducing body weight could bring additional benefits, the effects of exercise must not be overlooked when weight reduction is not achieved.
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10
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Montagne A, Zhao Z, Zlokovic BV. Alzheimer's disease: A matter of blood-brain barrier dysfunction? J Exp Med 2017; 214:3151-3169. [PMID: 29061693 PMCID: PMC5679168 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Montagne et al. examine the role of blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in Alzheimer’s neurodegeneration and how targeting the BBB can influence the course of neurological disorder in transgenic models with human APP, PSEN1 and TAU mutations, APOE4 (major genetic risk), and pericyte degeneration causing loss of BBB integrity. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) keeps neurotoxic plasma-derived components, cells, and pathogens out of the brain. An early BBB breakdown and/or dysfunction have been shown in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) before dementia, neurodegeneration and/or brain atrophy occur. However, the role of BBB breakdown in neurodegenerative disorders is still not fully understood. Here, we examine BBB breakdown in animal models frequently used to study the pathophysiology of AD, including transgenic mice expressing human amyloid-β precursor protein, presenilin 1, and tau mutations, and apolipoprotein E, the strongest genetic risk factor for AD. We discuss the role of BBB breakdown and dysfunction in neurodegenerative process, pitfalls in BBB measurements, and how targeting the BBB can influence the course of neurological disorder. Finally, we comment on future approaches and models to better define, at the cellular and molecular level, the underlying mechanisms between BBB breakdown and neurodegeneration as a basis for developing new therapies for BBB repair to control neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Fernandes CR, Kannen V, Mata KM, Frajacomo FT, Jordão Junior AA, Gasparotto B, Sakita JY, Elias Junior J, Leonardi DS, Mauad FM, Ramos SG, Uyemura SA, Garcia SB. High-Fat and Fat-Enriched Diets Impair the Benefits of Moderate Physical Training in the Aorta and the Heart in Rats. Front Nutr 2017; 4:21. [PMID: 28573134 PMCID: PMC5435813 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Millions of people die each year due to cardiovascular disease (CVD). A Western lifestyle not only fuses a significant intake of fat with physical inactivity and obesity but also promotes CVD. Recent evidence suggests that dietary fat intake impairs the benefits of physical training. We investigated whether aerobic training could reverse the adverse effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the aorta. Then, we explored whether this type of exercise could reverse the damage to the heart that is imposed by fat-enriched diet (FED). METHODS Rats were randomly assigned to two experiments, which lasted 8 weeks each. First, rats swam for 60 min and were fed either a regular diet [standard diet (STD)] or an HFD. After aortic samples had been collected, the rats underwent a histopathological analysis for different biomarkers. Another experiment subjected rats that were fed either an STD or an FED to swimming for 20 or 90 min. RESULTS The first experiment revealed that rats that were subjected to an HFD-endured increased oxidative damage in the aorta that exercises could not counteract. Together with increased cyclooxygenase 2 expression, an HFD in combination with physical training increased the number of macrophages. A reduction in collagen fibers with an increased number of positive α-actin cells and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 occurred concomitantly. Upon analyzing the second experiment, we found that physically training rats that were given an FED for 90 min/day decreased the cardiac adipose tissue density, although it did not protect the heart from fat-induced oxidative damage. Even though the physical training lowered cholesterol levels that were promoted by the FED, the levels were still higher than those in the animals that were given an STD. Feeding rats an FED impaired the swimming protocol's effects on lowering triglyceride concentration. Additionally, exercise was unable to reverse the fat-induced deregulation in hepatic antioxidant and lipid peroxidation activities. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that an increased intake of fat undermines the potential benefits of physical exercise on the heart and the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinicius Kannen
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Bianca Gasparotto
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Juliana Yumi Sakita
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Sergio Akira Uyemura
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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