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Dates J, Kolosov D. Voltage-gated ion channels as novel regulators of epithelial ion transport in the osmoregulatory organs of insects. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 4:1385895. [PMID: 38835480 PMCID: PMC11148248 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2024.1385895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) respond to changes in membrane potential (Vm) and typically exhibit fast kinetic properties. They play an important role in signal detection and propagation in excitable tissues. In contrast, the role of VGICs in non-excitable tissues like epithelia is less studied and less clear. Studies in epithelia of vertebrates and invertebrates demonstrate wide expression of VGICs in epithelia of animals. Recently, VGICs have emerged as regulators of ion transport in the Malpighian tubules (MTs) and other osmoregulatory organs of insects. This mini-review aims to concisely summarize which VGICs have been implicated in the regulation of ion transport in the osmoregulatory epithelia of insects to date, and highlight select groups for further study. We have also speculated on the roles VGICs may potentially play in regulating processes connected directly to ion transport in insects (e.g., acid-base balance, desiccation, thermal tolerance). This review is not meant to be exhaustive but should rather serve as a thought-provoking collection of select existing highlights on VGICs, and to emphasize how understudied this mechanism of ion transport regulation is in insect epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Dates
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, United States
| | - Dennis Kolosov
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, United States
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2
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Sartorius AM, Rokicki J, Birkeland S, Bettella F, Barth C, de Lange AMG, Haram M, Shadrin A, Winterton A, Steen NE, Schwarz E, Stein DJ, Andreassen OA, van der Meer D, Westlye LT, Theofanopoulou C, Quintana DS. An evolutionary timeline of the oxytocin signaling pathway. Commun Biol 2024; 7:471. [PMID: 38632466 PMCID: PMC11024182 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin is a neuropeptide associated with both psychological and somatic processes like parturition and social bonding. Although oxytocin homologs have been identified in many species, the evolutionary timeline of the entire oxytocin signaling gene pathway has yet to be described. Using protein sequence similarity searches, microsynteny, and phylostratigraphy, we assigned the genes supporting the oxytocin pathway to different phylostrata based on when we found they likely arose in evolution. We show that the majority (64%) of genes in the pathway are 'modern'. Most of the modern genes evolved around the emergence of vertebrates or jawed vertebrates (540 - 530 million years ago, 'mya'), including OXTR, OXT and CD38. Of those, 45% were under positive selection at some point during vertebrate evolution. We also found that 18% of the genes in the oxytocin pathway are 'ancient', meaning their emergence dates back to cellular organisms and opisthokonta (3500-1100 mya). The remaining genes (18%) that evolved after ancient and before modern genes were classified as 'medium-aged'. Functional analyses revealed that, in humans, medium-aged oxytocin pathway genes are highly expressed in contractile organs, while modern genes in the oxytocin pathway are primarily expressed in the brain and muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina M Sartorius
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jaroslav Rokicki
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre of Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri Birkeland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesco Bettella
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claudia Barth
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ann-Marie G de Lange
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marit Haram
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Health and Suicide, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexey Shadrin
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adriano Winterton
- Department of Child Health and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emanuel Schwarz
- Hector Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dan J Stein
- SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lars T Westlye
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Daniel S Quintana
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- NevSom, Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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3
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Sachkova MY. Evolutionary origin of the nervous system from Ctenophora prospective. Evol Dev 2024:e12472. [PMID: 38390763 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Nervous system is one of the key adaptations underlying the evolutionary success of the majority of animal groups. Ctenophores (or comb jellies) are gelatinous marine invertebrates that were probably the first lineage to diverge from the rest of animals. Due to the key phylogenetic position and multiple unique adaptations, the noncentralized nervous system of comb jellies has been in the center of the debate around the origin of the nervous system in the animal kingdom and whether it happened only once or twice. Here, we discuss the latest findings in ctenophore neuroscience and multiple challenges on the way to build a clear evolutionary picture of the origin of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Y Sachkova
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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4
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Barroso RA, Ramos L, Moreno H, Antunes A. Evolutionary Analysis of Cnidaria Small Cysteine-Rich Proteins (SCRiPs), an Enigmatic Neurotoxin Family from Stony Corals and Sea Anemones (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia). Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:75. [PMID: 38393153 PMCID: PMC10892658 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians (corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish) produce toxins that play central roles in key ecological processes, including predation, defense, and competition, being the oldest extant venomous animal lineage. Cnidaria small cysteine-rich proteins (SCRiPs) were the first family of neurotoxins detected in stony corals, one of the ocean's most crucial foundation species. Yet, their molecular evolution remains poorly understood. Moreover, the lack of a clear classification system has hindered the establishment of an accurate and phylogenetically informed nomenclature. In this study, we extensively surveyed 117 genomes and 103 transcriptomes of cnidarians to identify orthologous SCRiP gene sequences. We annotated a total of 168 novel putative SCRiPs from over 36 species of stony corals and 12 species of sea anemones. Phylogenetic reconstruction identified four distinct SCRiP subfamilies, according to strict discrimination criteria based on well-supported monophyly with a high percentage of nucleotide and amino acids' identity. Although there is a high prevalence of purifying selection for most SCRiP subfamilies, with few positively selected sites detected, a subset of Acroporidae sequences is influenced by diversifying positive selection, suggesting potential neofunctionalizations related to the fine-tuning of toxin potency. We propose a new nomenclature classification system relying on the phylogenetic distribution and evolution of SCRiPs across Anthozoa, which will further assist future proteomic and functional research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Alexandre Barroso
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.B.); (L.R.); (H.M.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luana Ramos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.B.); (L.R.); (H.M.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Moreno
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.B.); (L.R.); (H.M.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.B.); (L.R.); (H.M.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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5
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Dunn TW, Fan X, Lee J, Smith P, Gandhi R, Sossin WS. The role of specific isoforms of Ca V2 and the common C-terminal of Ca V2 in calcium channel function in sensory neurons of Aplysia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20216. [PMID: 37980443 PMCID: PMC10657410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The presynaptic release apparatus can be specialized to enable specific synaptic functions. Habituation is the diminishing of a physiological response to a frequently repeated stimulus and in Aplysia, habituation to touch is mediated by a decrease in transmitter release from the sensory neurons that respond to touch even after modest rates of action potential firing. This synaptic depression is not common among Aplysia synaptic connections suggesting the presence of a release apparatus specialized for this depression. We found that specific splice forms of ApCaV2, the calcium channel required for transmitter release, are preferentially used in sensory neurons, consistent with a specialized release apparatus. However, we were not able to find a specific ApCaV2 splice uniquely required for synaptic depression. The C-terminus of ApCaV2 alpha1 subunit retains conserved binding to Aplysia rab-3 interacting molecule (ApRIM) and ApRIM-binding protein (ApRBP) and the C-terminus is required for full synaptic expression of ApCaV2. We also identified a splice form of ApRIM that did not interact with the ApCav2 alpha 1 subunit, but it was not preferentially used in sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W Dunn
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Petranea Smith
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Rushali Gandhi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Wayne S Sossin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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6
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Kaur S, Sehrawat A, Mastana SS, Kandimalla R, Sharma PK, Bhatti GK, Bhatti JS. Targeting calcium homeostasis and impaired inter-organelle crosstalk as a potential therapeutic approach in Parkinson's disease. Life Sci 2023; 330:121995. [PMID: 37541578 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Current therapeutic strategies for PD are limited and mainly involve symptomatic relief, with no available treatment for the underlying causes of the disease. Therefore, there is a need for new therapeutic approaches that target the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of PD. Calcium homeostasis is an essential process for maintaining proper cellular function and survival, including neuronal cells. Calcium dysregulation is also observed in various organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and lysosomes, resulting in organelle dysfunction and impaired inter-organelle communication. The ER, as the primary calcium reservoir, is responsible for folding proteins and maintaining calcium homeostasis, and its dysregulation can lead to protein misfolding and neurodegeneration. The crosstalk between ER and mitochondrial calcium signaling is disrupted in PD, leading to neuronal dysfunction and death. In addition, a lethal network of calcium cytotoxicity utilizes mitochondria, ER and lysosome to destroy neurons. This review article focused on the complex role of calcium dysregulation and its role in aggravating functioning of organelles in PD so as to provide new insight into therapeutic strategies for treating this disease. Targeting dysfunctional organelles, such as the ER and mitochondria and lysosomes and whole network of calcium dyshomeostasis can restore proper calcium homeostasis and improve neuronal function. Additionally targeting calcium dyshomeostasis that arises from miscommunication between several organelles can be targeted so that therapeutic effects of calcium are realised in whole cellular territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satinder Kaur
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Abhishek Sehrawat
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sarabjit Singh Mastana
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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7
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Sanyal SK, Awasthi M, Ranjan P, Sharma S, Pandey GK, Kateriya S. Characterization of Chlamydomonas voltage-gated calcium channel and its interaction with photoreceptor support VGCC modulated photobehavioral response in the green alga. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125492. [PMID: 37343610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signaling plays a major role in regulating multiple processes in living cells. The photoreceptor potential in Chlamydomonas triggers the generation of all or no flagellar Ca2+ currents that cause membrane depolarization across the eyespot and flagella. Modulation in membrane potential causes changes in the flagellar waveform, and hence, alters the beating patterns of Chlamydomonas flagella. The rhodopsin-mediated eyespot membrane potential is generated by the photoreceptor Ca2+ current or P-current however, the flagellar Ca2+ currents are mediated by unidentified voltage-gated calcium (VGCC or CaV) and potassium channels (VGKC). The voltage-gated ion channel that associates with ChRs to generate Ca2+ influx across the flagella and its cellular distribution has not yet been identified. Here, we identified putative VGCCs from algae and predicted their novel properties through insilico analysis. We further present experimental evidence on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii VGCCs to predict their novel physiological roles. Our experimental evidences showed that CrVGCC4 localizes to the eyespot and flagella of Chlamydomonas and associates with channelrhodopsins (ChRs). Further in silico interactome analysis of CrVGCCs suggested that they putatively interact with photoreceptor proteins, calcium signaling, and intraflagellar transport components. Expression analysis indicated that these VGCCs and their putative interactors can be perturbed by light stimuli. Collectively, our data suggest that VGCCs in general, and VGCC4 in particular, might be involved in the regulation of the photobehavioral response of Chlamydomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibaji K Sanyal
- Laboratory of Optobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mayanka Awasthi
- Department of Biochemistry, the University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Peeyush Ranjan
- Department of Biochemistry, the University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Sunita Sharma
- Laboratory of Optobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, the University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- Laboratory of Optobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; Department of Biochemistry, the University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
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8
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Burkhardt P, Colgren J, Medhus A, Digel L, Naumann B, Soto-Angel JJ, Nordmann EL, Sachkova MY, Kittelmann M. Syncytial nerve net in a ctenophore adds insights on the evolution of nervous systems. Science 2023; 380:293-297. [PMID: 37079688 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade5645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental breakthrough in neurobiology has been the formulation of the neuron doctrine by Santiago Ramón y Cajal, which stated that the nervous system is composed of discrete cells. Electron microscopy later confirmed the doctrine and allowed the identification of synaptic connections. In this work, we used volume electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstructions to characterize the nerve net of a ctenophore, a marine invertebrate that belongs to one of the earliest-branching animal lineages. We found that neurons in the subepithelial nerve net have a continuous plasma membrane that forms a syncytium. Our findings suggest fundamental differences of nerve net architectures between ctenophores and cnidarians or bilaterians and offer an alternative perspective on neural network organization and neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Burkhardt
- Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jeffrey Colgren
- Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Astrid Medhus
- Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Leonid Digel
- Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Benjamin Naumann
- Institut für Biowissenschaften, Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universität Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Maike Kittelmann
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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9
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Zong P, Yue L. Regulation of Presynaptic Calcium Channels. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 33:171-202. [PMID: 37615867 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-34229-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), especially Cav2.1 and Cav2.2, are the major mediators of Ca2+ influx at the presynaptic membrane in response to neuron excitation, thereby exerting a predominant control on synaptic transmission. To guarantee the timely and precise release of neurotransmitters at synapses, the activity of presynaptic VGCCs is tightly regulated by a variety of factors, including auxiliary subunits, membrane potential, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), calmodulin (CaM), Ca2+-binding proteins (CaBP), protein kinases, various interacting proteins, alternative splicing events, and genetic variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Zong
- Department of Cell Biology, Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Lixia Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
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10
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Wang H, Wan HT, Wu B, Jian J, Ng AHM, Chung CYL, Chow EYC, Zhang J, Wong AOL, Lai KP, Chan TF, Zhang EL, Wong CKC. A Chromosome-level assembly of the Japanese eel genome, insights into gene duplication and chromosomal reorganization. Gigascience 2022; 11:6883318. [PMID: 36480030 PMCID: PMC9730501 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) are commercially important species, harvested extensively for food. Currently, this and related species (American and European eels) are challenging to breed on a commercial basis. As a result, the wild stock is used for aquaculture. Moreover, climate change, habitat loss, water pollution, and altered ocean currents affect eel populations negatively. Accordingly, the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists Japanese eels as endangered and on its red list. Here we presented a high-quality genome assembly for Japanese eels and demonstrated that large chromosome reorganizations occurred in the events of third-round whole-genome duplications (3R-WRDs). Several chromosomal fusions and fissions have reduced the ancestral protochromosomal number of 25 to 19 in the Anguilla lineage. A phylogenetic analysis of the expanded gene families showed that the olfactory receptors (group δ and ζ genes) and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels expanded significantly. Both gene families are crucial for olfaction and neurophysiology. Additional tandem and proximal duplications occurred following 3R-WGD to acquire immune-related genes for an adaptive advantage against various pathogens. The Japanese eel assembly presented here can be used to study other Anguilla species relating to evolution and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), China,Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hin Ting Wan
- Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Bin Wu
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jianbo Jian
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Alice H M Ng
- Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Claire Yik-Lok Chung
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Eugene Yui-Ching Chow
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jizhou Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Anderson O L Wong
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), China,School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), China,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Ting Fung Chan
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), China,School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Eric Lu Zhang
- Correspondence address. Eric Lu Zhang, Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR. E-mail:
| | - Chris Kong-Chu Wong
- Correspondence address. Chris K.C. Wong, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR. E-mail:
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11
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Abstract
Cardiac dyads are the site of communication between the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and infoldings of the sarcolemma called transverse-tubules (TT). During heart excitation–contraction coupling, Ca2+-influx through L-type Ca2+ channels in the TT is amplified by release of Ca2+-from the SR via type 2 ryanodine receptors, activating the contractile apparatus. Key proteins involved in cardiac dyad function are bridging integrator 1 (BIN1), junctophilin 2 and caveolin 3. The work presented here aims to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the cardiac dyad, by surveying the scientific literature for ultrastructural evidence of these junctions across all animal taxa; phylogenetically reconstructing the evolutionary history of BIN1; and by comparing peptide motifs involved in TT formation by this protein across metazoans. Key findings are that cardiac dyads have been identified in mammals, arthropods and molluscs, but not in other animals. Vertebrate BIN1 does not group with members of this protein family from other taxa, suggesting that invertebrate BINs are paralogues rather orthologues of this gene. Comparisons of BIN1 peptide sequences of mammals with those of other vertebrates reveals novel features that might contribute to TT and dyad formation. The analyses presented here suggest that the cardiac dyad evolved independently several times during metazoan evolution: an unexpected observation given the diversity of heart structure and function between different animal taxa. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The cardiomyocyte: new revelations on the interplay between architecture and function in growth, health, and disease’.
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Affiliation(s)
- John James Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork T12 XF62, Republic of Ireland
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12
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Kelkar S, Nailwal N, Bhatia NY, Doshi G, Sathaye S, Godad AP. An Update On Proficiency of Voltage-gated Ion Channel Blockers in the Treatment of Inflammation-associated Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1290-1303. [PMID: 35996239 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220819141827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is the body's mechanism to trigger the immune system, thereby preventing bacteria and viruses from manifesting their toxic effect. Inflammation plays a vital role in regulating inflammatory mediator levels to initiate the wound healing process depending on the nature of the stimuli. This process occurs due to chemical release from white blood cells by elevating blood flow to the site of action, leading to redness and increased body temperature. Currently, there are numerous Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) available, but these drugs are reported with adverse effects such as gastric bleeding, progressive kidney damage, and increased risk of heart attacks when prolonged use. For such instances, alternative options need to be adopted. The introduction of voltage-gated ion channel blockers can be a substantial alternative to mask the side effects of these currently available drugs. Chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, cancer and migraine, etc., can cause dreadful pain, which is often debilitating for the patient. The underlying mechanism for both acute and chronic inflammation involves various complex receptors, different types of cells, receptors, and proteins. The working of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels is closely linked to both inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Certain drugs such as carbamazepine and gabapentin, which are ion channel blockers, have greater pharmacotherapeutic activity for sodium and calcium channel blockers for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain states. This review intends to provide brief information on the mechanism of action, latest clinical trials, and applications of these blockers in treating inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddesh Kelkar
- MET Institute of Pharmacy, Bhujbal Knowledge City, Reclamation, Bandra West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400050, India
| | - Namrata Nailwal
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai College Campus, Vaikunthlal Mehta Rd, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Nirav Yogesh Bhatia
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai College Campus, Vaikunthlal Mehta Rd, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Gaurav Doshi
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai College Campus, Vaikunthlal Mehta Rd, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Sadhana Sathaye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Angel Pavalu Godad
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai College Campus, Vaikunthlal Mehta Rd, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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13
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Wong E, Anggono V, Williams SR, Degnan SM, Degnan BM. Phototransduction in a marine sponge provides insights into the origin of animal vision. iScience 2022; 25:104436. [PMID: 35707725 PMCID: PMC9189025 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organisms respond to light. Here, we investigate the origin of metazoan phototransduction by comparing well-characterized opsin-based photosystems in neural animals with those in the sponge Amphimedon queenslandica. Although sponges lack neurons and opsins, they can respond rapidly to light. In Amphimedon larvae, this is guided by the light-sensing posterior pigment ring. We first use cell-type-specific transcriptomes to reveal that genes that characterize eumetazoan Gt- and Go-mediated photosystems are enriched in the pigment ring. We then apply a suite of signaling pathway agonists and antagonists to swimming larvae exposed to directional light. These experiments implicate metabotropic glutamate receptors, phospholipase-C, protein kinase C, and voltage-gated calcium channels in larval phototaxis; the inhibition of phospholipase-C, a key transducer of the Gq-mediated pathway, completely reverses phototactic behavior. Together, these results are consistent with aneural sponges sharing with neural metazoans an ancestral set of photosignaling pathways. Amphimedon larvae are negatively phototactic but lack neurons and opsins Sponge larval photosensory cells are enriched in conserved phototransduction genes Conserved photosignaling pathways appear to be controlling larval phototaxis Phototactic behavior is reversed by the inhibition of phospholipase-C
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Victor Anggono
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen R Williams
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sandie M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bernard M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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14
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Gauberg J, Elkhatib W, Smith CL, Singh A, Senatore A. Divergent Ca 2+/calmodulin feedback regulation of Ca V1 and Ca V2 voltage-gated calcium channels evolved in the common ancestor of Placozoa and Bilateria. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101741. [PMID: 35182524 PMCID: PMC8980814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CaV1 and CaV2 voltage-gated calcium channels evolved from an ancestral CaV1/2 channel via gene duplication somewhere near the stem animal lineage. The divergence of these channel types led to distinguishing functional properties that are conserved among vertebrates and bilaterian invertebrates and contribute to their unique cellular roles. One key difference pertains to their regulation by calmodulin (CaM), wherein bilaterian CaV1 channels are uniquely subject to pronounced, buffer-resistant Ca2+/CaM-dependent inactivation, permitting negative feedback regulation of calcium influx in response to local cytoplasmic Ca2+ rises. Early diverging, nonbilaterian invertebrates also possess CaV1 and CaV2 channels, but it is unclear whether they share these conserved functional features. The most divergent animals to possess both CaV1 and CaV2 channels are placozoans such as Trichoplax adhaerens, which separated from other animals over 600 million years ago shortly after their emergence. Hence, placozoans can provide important insights into the early evolution of CaV1 and CaV2 channels. Here, we build upon previous characterization of Trichoplax CaV channels by determining the cellular expression and ion-conducting properties of the CaV1 channel orthologue, TCaV1. We show that TCaV1 is expressed in neuroendocrine-like gland cells and contractile dorsal epithelial cells. In vitro, this channel conducts dihydropyridine-insensitive, high-voltage–activated Ca2+ currents with kinetics resembling those of rat CaV1.2 but with left-shifted voltage sensitivity for activation and inactivation. Interestingly, TCaV1, but not TCaV2, exhibits buffer-resistant Ca2+/CaM-dependent inactivation, indicating that this functional divergence evolved prior to the emergence of bilaterian animals and may have contributed to their unique adaptation for cytoplasmic Ca2+ signaling within various cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gauberg
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Wassim Elkhatib
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Smith
- NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland, 20892 USA
| | - Anhadvir Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Adriano Senatore
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
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15
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Shmukler YB, Nikishin DA. Non-Neuronal Transmitter Systems in Bacteria, Non-Nervous Eukaryotes, and Invertebrate Embryos. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020271. [PMID: 35204771 PMCID: PMC8961645 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1921, Otto Loewi published his report that ushered in the era of chemical transmission of biological signals. January 2021 marked the 90th anniversary of the birth of Professor Gennady A. Buznikov, who was the first to study the functions of transmitters in embryogenesis. A year earlier it was 60 years since his first publication in this field. These data are a venerable occasion for a review of current knowledge on the mechanisms related to classical transmitters such as 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, catecholamines, etc., in animals lacking neural elements and prenervous invertebrate embryos.
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16
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Kapoor D, Khan A, O'Donnell MJ, Kolosov D. Novel mechanisms of epithelial ion transport: insights from the cryptonephridial system of lepidopteran larvae. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 47:53-61. [PMID: 33866042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopterans are among the most widespread and easily recognized insects. Whereas adult lepidopterans are known for their beauty and ecological importance as pollinators and sources of food for other animals, larvae are economically important pests of forests and agricultural crops. In the larval body, rapid growth while feeding on plant-based diet is associated with extreme alkalinity (up to pH = 11) of the midgut lumen that helps digest plant proteins. Additionally, the presence of plant secondary metabolites which serve as anti-herbivory agents requires uninterrupted excretory function, accomplished primarily by the Malpighian tubules (MTs). The so-called cryptonephridial condition, along with extreme regional heterogeneity of the MTs, and the ability to rapidly and reversibly alter the direction of epithelial ion transport are features that allow uninterrupted MT functioning and recycling of base equivalents. Studies of MTs in lepidopteran larvae have revealed that rapid adjustments in epithelial ion transport include unexpected roles for voltage-gated, ligand-gated and mechanosensitive ion channels, as well as gap junctions. These molecular components are present in epithelia of a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates and thus are likely to constitute a universal epithelial toolkit for rapid autonomous regulation of epithelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aliyyah Khan
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Dennis Kolosov
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, USA.
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17
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Schierwater B, Osigus HJ, Bergmann T, Blackstone NW, Hadrys H, Hauslage J, Humbert PO, Kamm K, Kvansakul M, Wysocki K, DeSalle R. The enigmatic Placozoa part 1: Exploring evolutionary controversies and poor ecological knowledge. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100080. [PMID: 34472126 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens is a tiny hairy plate and more simply organized than any other living metazoan. After its original description by F.E. Schulze in 1883, it attracted attention as a potential model for the ancestral state of metazoan organization, the "Urmetazoon". Trichoplax lacks any kind of symmetry, organs, nerve cells, muscle cells, basal lamina, and extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the placozoan genome is the smallest (not secondarily reduced) genome of all metazoan genomes. It harbors a remarkably rich diversity of genes and has been considered the best living surrogate for a metazoan ancestor genome. The phylum Placozoa presently harbors three formally described species, while several dozen "cryptic" species are yet awaiting their description. The phylogenetic position of placozoans has recently become a contested arena for modern phylogenetic analyses and view-driven claims. Trichoplax offers unique prospects for understanding the minimal requirements of metazoan animal organization and their corresponding malfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schierwater
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Osigus
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tjard Bergmann
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Neil W Blackstone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Heike Hadrys
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Hauslage
- Gravitational Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Kai Kamm
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Kathrin Wysocki
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rob DeSalle
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
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18
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Moroz LL, Nikitin MA, Poličar PG, Kohn AB, Romanova DY. Evolution of glutamatergic signaling and synapses. Neuropharmacology 2021; 199:108740. [PMID: 34343611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) is the primary excitatory transmitter in the mammalian brain. But, we know little about the evolutionary history of this adaptation, including the selection of l-glutamate as a signaling molecule in the first place. Here, we used comparative metabolomics and genomic data to reconstruct the genealogy of glutamatergic signaling. The origin of Glu-mediated communications might be traced to primordial nitrogen and carbon metabolic pathways. The versatile chemistry of L-Glu placed this molecule at the crossroad of cellular biochemistry as one of the most abundant metabolites. From there, innovations multiplied. Many stress factors or injuries could increase extracellular glutamate concentration, which led to the development of modular molecular systems for its rapid sensing in bacteria and archaea. More than 20 evolutionarily distinct families of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) have been identified in eukaryotes. The domain compositions of iGluRs correlate with the origins of multicellularity in eukaryotes. Although L-Glu was recruited as a neuro-muscular transmitter in the early-branching metazoans, it was predominantly a non-neuronal messenger, with a possibility that glutamatergic synapses evolved more than once. Furthermore, the molecular secretory complexity of glutamatergic synapses in invertebrates (e.g., Aplysia) can exceed their vertebrate counterparts. Comparative genomics also revealed 15+ subfamilies of iGluRs across Metazoa. However, most of this ancestral diversity had been lost in the vertebrate lineage, preserving AMPA, Kainate, Delta, and NMDA receptors. The widespread expansion of glutamate synapses in the cortical areas might be associated with the enhanced metabolic demands of the complex brain and compartmentalization of Glu signaling within modular neuronal ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Mikhail A Nikitin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127994, Russia
| | - Pavlin G Poličar
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA; Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrea B Kohn
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Daria Y Romanova
- Cellular Neurobiology of Learning Lab, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, 117485, Russia.
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19
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Piekut T, Wong YY, Walker SE, Smith CL, Gauberg J, Harracksingh AN, Lowden C, Novogradac BB, Cheng HYM, Spencer GE, Senatore A. Early Metazoan Origin and Multiple Losses of a Novel Clade of RIM Presynaptic Calcium Channel Scaffolding Protein Homologs. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:1217-1239. [PMID: 32413100 PMCID: PMC7456537 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise localization of CaV2 voltage-gated calcium channels at the synapse active zone requires various interacting proteins, of which, Rab3-interacting molecule or RIM is considered particularly important. In vertebrates, RIM interacts with CaV2 channels in vitro via a PDZ domain that binds to the extreme C-termini of the channels at acidic ligand motifs of D/E-D/E/H-WC-COOH, and knockout of RIM in vertebrates and invertebrates disrupts CaV2 channel synaptic localization and synapse function. Here, we describe a previously uncharacterized clade of RIM proteins bearing domain architectures homologous to those of known RIM homologs, but with some notable differences including key amino acids associated with PDZ domain ligand specificity. This novel RIM emerged near the stem lineage of metazoans and underwent extensive losses, but is retained in select animals including the early-diverging placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens, and molluscs. RNA expression and localization studies in Trichoplax and the mollusc snail Lymnaea stagnalis indicate differential regional/tissue type expression, but overlapping expression in single isolated neurons from Lymnaea. Ctenophores, the most early-diverging animals with synapses, are unique among animals with nervous systems in that they lack the canonical RIM, bearing only the newly identified homolog. Through phylogenetic analysis, we find that CaV2 channel D/E-D/E/H-WC-COOH like PDZ ligand motifs were present in the common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians, and delineate some deeply conserved C-terminal structures that distinguish CaV1 from CaV2 channels, and CaV1/CaV2 from CaV3 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah E Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Smith
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gaynor E Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Kuznetsov AV, Vainer VI, Volkova YM, Kartashov LE. Motility disorders and disintegration into separate cells of Trichoplax sp. H2 in the presence of Zn 2+ ions and L-cysteine molecules: A systems approach. Biosystems 2021; 206:104444. [PMID: 34023485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Placozoa remain an ancient multicellular system with a dynamic body structure where calcium ions carry out a primary role in maintaining the integrity of the entire animal. Zinc ions can compete with calcium ions adsorption. We studied the effect of zinc ions and l-cysteine molecules on the interaction of Trichoplax sp. H2 cells. The regularity of formless motion was diminished in the presence of 20-25 μM of Zn2+ ions leading to the formation of branching animal forms. Locomotor ciliated cells moved chaotically and independently of each other leaving the Trichoplax body and opening a network of fiber cells. Application of 100 μM cysteine resulted in dissociation of the plate into separate cells. The combined chemical treatment shifted the effect in a random sample of animals toward disintegration, i.e. initially leading to disorder of collective cell movement and then to total body fragmentation. Two dissociation patterns of Trichoplax plate as "expanding ring" and "bicycle wheel" were revealed. Analysis of the interaction of Ca2+ and Zn2+ ions with cadherin showed that more than half (54%) of the amino acid residues with which Ca2+ and Zn2+ ions bind are common. The contact interaction of cells covered by the cadherin molecules is important for the coordinated movements of Trichoplax organism, while zinc ions are capable to break junctions between the cells. The involvement of other players, for example, l-cysteine in the regulation of Ca2+-dependent adhesion may be critical leading to the typical dissociation of Trichoplax body like in a calcium-free environment. A hypothesis about the essential role of calcium ions in the emergence of Metazoa ancestor is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kuznetsov
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas RAS, Leninsky Avenue 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - V I Vainer
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas RAS, Leninsky Avenue 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yu M Volkova
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas RAS, Leninsky Avenue 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - L E Kartashov
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas RAS, Leninsky Avenue 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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21
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Kolosov D, Leonard EM, O'Donnell MJ. Voltage-gated calcium channels regulate K + transport in the Malpighian tubules of the larval cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 131:104230. [PMID: 33766540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transporting epithelia are tissues that specialize in the directional movements of ions and water and are typically either secretory or reabsorptive. Recent work on the Malpighian tubule of larval lepidopterans (caterpillars) demonstrated that the distal ileac plexus segment of this epithelium is capable of rapidly switching between ion secretion and reabsorption. Subsequent transcriptomic studies suggested expression of voltage-gated ion channels in the lepidopteran MTs (which are not contractile and not innervated). The present study shows that isolated MTs of larval Trichoplusia ni express α1, β2, and α2δ4 subunits of voltage-gated Ca2+ channel CaV1 and that pan-CaVα immunoreactivity is present in the apical and basolateral membranes of the principal cells. Basolateral membrane potential (Vbl) in isolated MTs of larval Trichoplusia ni was influenced by CaV1 functioning; pharmacological inhibition of CaV1 reversed Vbl from inside-negative to inside-positive, and also reduced transepithelial potential (Vte), lowered [Ca2+]i and reversed the direction of K+ transport from secretion to reabsorption. Thus, our findings indicate that a functional CaV1 channel is necessary for constitutive K+ secretion observed in isolated preparations of lepidopteran MTs. Lastly, Vte and Vbl of isolated MTs were influenced by changes in bathing saline [K+]. Our findings suggest that epithelia may rely on CaV channels to enable robust ion secretion and downregulation of CaV channels, together with other transcriptional changes, enables ion reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Kolosov
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA 92096, United States.
| | - Erin M Leonard
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4K1, Canada
| | - Michael J O'Donnell
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4K1, Canada
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22
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Kraus A, Buckley KM, Salinas I. Sensing the world and its dangers: An evolutionary perspective in neuroimmunology. eLife 2021; 10:66706. [PMID: 33900197 PMCID: PMC8075586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting danger is key to the survival and success of all species. Animal nervous and immune systems cooperate to optimize danger detection. Preceding studies have highlighted the benefits of bringing neurons into the defense game, including regulation of immune responses, wound healing, pathogen control, and survival. Here, we summarize the body of knowledge in neuroimmune communication and assert that neuronal participation in the immune response is deeply beneficial in each step of combating infection, from inception to resolution. Despite the documented tight association between the immune and nervous systems in mammals or invertebrate model organisms, interdependence of these two systems is largely unexplored across metazoans. This review brings a phylogenetic perspective of the nervous and immune systems in the context of danger detection and advocates for the use of non-model organisms to diversify the field of neuroimmunology. We identify key taxa that are ripe for investigation due to the emergence of key evolutionary innovations in their immune and nervous systems. This novel perspective will help define the primordial principles that govern neuroimmune communication across taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Kraus
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | | | - Irene Salinas
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
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23
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Gauberg J, Senatore A, Heyland A. Functional Studies of Trichoplax adhaerens Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2219:277-288. [PMID: 33074548 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0974-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichoplax adhaerens is a member of the phylum Placozoa, an enigmatic group of benthic animals with remarkably simple morphology. While initial work on these organisms has primarily focused on their morphology and the development of genomic resources, Trichoplax has received increased attention as a model for studying the evolution of nervous and sensory systems. This work is motivated by the fact that Trichoplax features distinct behaviours and responses to environmental stimuli. Therefore, much progress has been made in recent years on the molecular, cellular, and behavioral understanding of this organism. Methods outlined here provide hands-on approaches to cutting edge molecular and cellular techniques to record cellular activities in Trichoplax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gauberg
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Adriano Senatore
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Andreas Heyland
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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24
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Gauberg J, Abdallah S, Elkhatib W, Harracksingh AN, Piekut T, Stanley EF, Senatore A. Conserved biophysical features of the Ca V2 presynaptic Ca 2+ channel homologue from the early-diverging animal Trichoplax adhaerens. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18553-18578. [PMID: 33097592 PMCID: PMC7939481 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dominant role of CaV2 voltage-gated calcium channels for driving neurotransmitter release is broadly conserved. Given the overlapping functional properties of CaV2 and CaV1 channels, and less so CaV3 channels, it is unclear why there have not been major shifts toward dependence on other CaV channels for synaptic transmission. Here, we provide a structural and functional profile of the CaV2 channel cloned from the early-diverging animal Trichoplax adhaerens, which lacks a nervous system but possesses single gene homologues for CaV1-CaV3 channels. Remarkably, the highly divergent channel possesses similar features as human CaV2.1 and other CaV2 channels, including high voltage-activated currents that are larger in external Ba2+ than in Ca2+; voltage-dependent kinetics of activation, inactivation, and deactivation; and bimodal recovery from inactivation. Altogether, the functional profile of Trichoplax CaV2 suggests that the core features of presynaptic CaV2 channels were established early during animal evolution, after CaV1 and CaV2 channels emerged via proposed gene duplication from an ancestral CaV1/2 type channel. The Trichoplax channel was relatively insensitive to mammalian CaV2 channel blockers ω-agatoxin-IVA and ω-conotoxin-GVIA and to metal cation blockers Cd2+ and Ni2+ Also absent was the capacity for voltage-dependent G-protein inhibition by co-expressed Trichoplax Gβγ subunits, which nevertheless inhibited the human CaV2.1 channel, suggesting that this modulatory capacity evolved via changes in channel sequence/structure, and not G proteins. Last, the Trichoplax channel was immunolocalized in cells that express an endomorphin-like peptide implicated in cell signaling and locomotive behavior and other likely secretory cells, suggesting contributions to regulated exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gauberg
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salsabil Abdallah
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wassim Elkhatib
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alicia N Harracksingh
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Piekut
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elise F Stanley
- Laboratory of Synaptic Transmission, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adriano Senatore
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
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Romanova DY, Smirnov IV, Nikitin MA, Kohn AB, Borman AI, Malyshev AY, Balaban PM, Moroz LL. Sodium action potentials in placozoa: Insights into behavioral integration and evolution of nerveless animals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:120-126. [PMID: 32828537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Placozoa are small disc-shaped animals, representing the simplest known, possibly ancestral, organization of free-living animals. With only six morphological distinct cell types, without any recognized neurons or muscle, placozoans exhibit fast effector reactions and complex behaviors. However, little is known about electrogenic mechanisms in these animals. Here, we showed the presence of rapid action potentials in four species of placozoans (Trichoplax adhaerens [H1 haplotype], Trichoplax sp.[H2], Hoilungia hongkongensis [H13], and Hoilungia sp. [H4]). These action potentials are sodium-dependent and can be inducible. The molecular analysis suggests the presence of 5-7 different types of voltage-gated sodium channels, which showed substantial evolutionary radiation compared to many other metazoans. Such unexpected diversity of sodium channels in early-branched metazoan lineages reflect both duplication events and parallel evolution of unique behavioral integration in these nerveless animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Y Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, 117485, Russia.
| | - Ivan V Smirnov
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Nikitin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrea B Kohn
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Alisa I Borman
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey Y Malyshev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | - Pavel M Balaban
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, 117485, Russia.
| | - Leonid L Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA; Department of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Kuznetsov AV, Kuleshova ON, Pronozin AY, Krivenko OV, Zavyalova OS. Effects of low frequency rectangular electric pulses on Trichoplax (Placozoa). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.21072/mbj.2020.05.2.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on plants and animals including humans is quite a contentious issue. Little is known about ELF-EMF effect on hydrobionts, too. We studied the effect of square voltage waves of various amplitude, duration, and duty cycle, passed through seawater, on Trichoplax organisms as a possible test laboratory model. Three Placozoa strains, such as Trichoplax adhaerens (H1), Trichoplax sp. (H2), and Hoilungia hongkongensis (H13), were used in experiments. They were picked at the stationary growth phase. Arduino Uno electronics platform was used to generate a sequence of rectangular pulses of given duration and duty cycle with a frequency up to 2 kHz. Average voltage up to 500 mV was regulated by voltage divider circuit. Amlodipine, an inhibitor of calcium channel activity, was used to check the specificity of electrical pulse effect on voltage-gated calcium channels in Trichoplax. Experimental animals were investigated under a stereo microscope and stimulated by current-carrying electrodes placed close to a Trichoplax body. Variations in behavior and morphological characteristics of Trichoplax plate were studied. Stimulating and suppressing effects were identified. Experimental observations were recorded using photo and video techniques. Motion trajectories of individual animals were tracked. Increasing voltage pulses with fixed frequency of 20 Hz caused H2 haplotype individuals to leave “electrode zone” within several minutes at a voltage of 25 mV. They lost mobility in proportion to voltage rise and were paralyzed at a voltage of 500 mV. Therefore, a voltage of 50 mV was used in further experiments. An animal had more chance to move in various directions in experiments with two electrodes located on one side instead of both sides of Trichoplax. Direction of motion was used as a characteristic feature. Trichoplax were observed to migrate to areas with low density of electric field lines, which are far from electrodes or behind them. Animals from old culture were less sensitive to electrical stimulus. H2 strain was more reactive than H1 strain and especially than H13 strain; it demonstrated stronger physiological responses at frequencies of 2 Hz and 2 kHz with a voltage of 50 mV. Motion patterns and animal morphology depended on the duration of rectangular stimulation pulses, their number, amplitude, and frequency. Effects observed varied over a wide range: from direct or stochastic migration of animals to the anode or the cathode or away from it to their immobility, an increase of optical density around and in the middle of Trichoplax plate, and finally to Trichoplax folding and detach from the substrate. Additional experiments on Trichoplax sp. H2 with pulse duration of 35 ms and pulse delay of 1 ms to 10 s showed that the fraction of paralyzed animals increased up to 80 % with minimum delay. Nevertheless, in the presence of amlodipine with a concentration of 25 nM, almost all Trichoplax remained fast-moving for several minutes despite exposure to voltage waves. Experimental animals showed a total discoordination of motion and could not leave an “electrode trap”, when amlodipine with a concentration of 250 nM was used. Further, Trichoplax plate became rigid, which appeared in animal shape invariability during motion. Finally, amlodipine with a concentration of 50 μM caused a rapid folding of animal plate-like body into a pan in the ventral-dorsal direction and subsequent dissociation of Trichoplax plate into individual cells. In general, the electrical exposure applied demonstrated a cumulative but a reversible physiological effect, which, as expected, is associated with activity of voltage-gated calcium channels. Amlodipine at high concentration (50 μM) caused Trichoplax disintegration; at moderate concentration (250 nM), it disrupted the propagation of activation waves that led to discoordination of animal motion; at low concentration (25 nM), it prevented an electric shock.
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Huerlimann R, Maes GE, Maxwell MJ, Mobli M, Launikonis BS, Jerry DR, Wade NM. Multi-species transcriptomics reveals evolutionary diversity in the mechanisms regulating shrimp tail muscle excitation-contraction coupling. Gene 2020; 752:144765. [PMID: 32413480 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The natural flight response in shrimp is powered by rapid contractions of the abdominal muscle fibres to propel themselves backwards away from perceived danger. This muscle contraction is dependent on repetitive depolarization of muscle plasma membrane, triggering tightly spaced cytoplasmic [Ca2+] transients and rapidly rising tetanic force responses. To achieve such high amplitude and high frequency of Ca2+ transients requires a high abundance of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) to rapidly clear cytoplasmic Ca2+ between each transient and an efficient Ca2+ release system consisting of the Ryanodine Receptor (RyR), and voltage gated Ca2+ channels (CaVs). With the aim to expand our knowledge of muscle gene function and identify orthologous genes regulating muscle excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, this study assembled nine Penaeid shrimp muscle transcriptomes. On average, the nine transcriptomes contained 27,000 contigs, with an annotation rate of 36% and a BUSCO completeness of 70%. Despite maintaining their function, the crustacean RyR and CaV proteins showed evidence of significant diversification from mammalian orthologs, while SERCA remained more conserved. Several key components of protein interaction were conserved, while others showed distinct crustacean specific evolutionary adaptations. Lastly, this study revealed approximately 1,000 orthologous genes involved in muscle specific processes present across all nine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Huerlimann
- ARC Research Hub for Advanced Prawn Breeding, Australia; Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - Gregory E Maes
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Michael J Maxwell
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mobli
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bradley S Launikonis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dean R Jerry
- ARC Research Hub for Advanced Prawn Breeding, Australia; Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore 387380, Singapore
| | - Nicholas M Wade
- ARC Research Hub for Advanced Prawn Breeding, Australia; CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Aquaculture Program, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067
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Rey S, Zalc B, Klämbt C. Evolution of glial wrapping: A new hypothesis. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:453-463. [PMID: 32133794 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Animals are able to move and react in numerous ways to external stimuli. Thus, environmental stimuli need to be detected, information must be processed and finally an output decision must be transmitted to the musculature to get the animal moving. All these processes depend on the nervous system which comprises an intricate neuronal network and many glial cells. In the last decades, a neurono-centric view on nervous system function channeled most of the scientific interest toward the analysis of neurons and neuronal functions. Neurons appeared early in animal evolution and the main principles of neuronal function from synaptic transmission to propagation of action potentials are conserved during evolution. In contrast, not much is known on the evolution of glial cells that were initially considered merely as static support cells. Although it is now accepted that glial cells have an equally important contribution as their neuronal counterpart to nervous system function, their evolutionary origin is unknown. Did glial cells appear several times during evolution? What were the first roles glial cells had to fulfil in the nervous system? What triggered the formation of the amazing diversity of glial morphologies and functions? Is there a possible mechanism that might explain the appearance of complex structures such as myelin in vertebrates? Here, we postulate a common evolutionary origin of glia and depict a number of selective forces that might have paved the way from a simple supporting cell to a wrapping and myelin forming glial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Rey
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernard Zalc
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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29
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Bittern J, Pogodalla N, Ohm H, Brüser L, Kottmeier R, Schirmeier S, Klämbt C. Neuron-glia interaction in the Drosophila nervous system. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:438-452. [PMID: 32096904 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Animals are able to move and react in manifold ways to external stimuli. Thus, environmental stimuli need to be detected, information must be processed, and, finally, an output decision must be transmitted to the musculature to get the animal moving. All these processes depend on the nervous system which comprises an intricate neuronal network and many glial cells. Glial cells have an equally important contribution in nervous system function as their neuronal counterpart. Manifold roles are attributed to glia ranging from controlling neuronal cell number and axonal pathfinding to regulation of synapse formation, function, and plasticity. Glial cells metabolically support neurons and contribute to the blood-brain barrier. All of the aforementioned aspects require extensive cell-cell interactions between neurons and glial cells. Not surprisingly, many of these processes are found in all phyla executed by evolutionarily conserved molecules. Here, we review the recent advance in understanding neuron-glia interaction in Drosophila melanogaster to suggest that work in simple model organisms will shed light on the function of mammalian glial cells, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bittern
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicole Pogodalla
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Henrike Ohm
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Brüser
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rita Kottmeier
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schirmeier
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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30
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Ye S, Zeng R, Zhou J, An M, Ding Z. Molecular characterization of Ditylenchus destructor voltage-gated calcium channel α1 subunits and analysis of the effect of their knockdown on nematode activity. Biochimie 2020; 171-172:91-102. [PMID: 32109501 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) mediate the entry of Ca2+ ions into cells in response to membrane depolarization and play fundamental roles in the nervous system, and the α1 subunits are the main subunits of Ca2+ channels. Caenorhabditis elegans possesses genes encoding α1 subunits; however, very few of these genes have been cloned in plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). Ditylenchus destructor is a PPN that has been proposed as a new model for studying the biology and control of PPNs. To understand the structure and function of the VGCCs of this PPN, we first cloned and identified three full-length cDNAs of VGCC α1 subunit genes in D. destructor with the defining structural and conserved features of Cav1 (L-type), Cav2 (non-L-type) and Cav3 (T-type). In situ hybridization assays demonstrated that the Cav1 VGCC α1 subunit gene (DdCα1D) was expressed within body wall muscles. The Cav2 VGCC α1 subunit (DdCα1A) was expressed in the oesophageal gland, vulva and vas deferens of the worm, and the Cav3 VGCC α1 subunit (DdCα1G) was localized to the oesophagus and median bulb. In addition, on the basis of the in vitro knockdown of L-, non-L- and T-type genes via RNAi, these genes were predicted to play a key role in the modulation of locomotion, feeding and reproduction. After the silencing of DdCα1G, the median bulb muscle of D. destructor was obviously contracted, and its feeding and reproduction abilities were significantly inhibited. This study provides insight into the structure and function of VGCC α1 subunits in D. destructor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Ye
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Bio-pesticide and Formulation Processing, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Rune Zeng
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Jianyu Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Mingwei An
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Zhong Ding
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Bio-pesticide and Formulation Processing, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
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31
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Mackrill JJ, Shiels HA. Evolution of Excitation-Contraction Coupling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1131:281-320. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Wong E, Mölter J, Anggono V, Degnan SM, Degnan BM. Co-expression of synaptic genes in the sponge Amphimedon queenslandica uncovers ancient neural submodules. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15781. [PMID: 31673079 PMCID: PMC6823388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The synapse is a complex cellular module crucial to the functioning of neurons. It evolved largely through the exaptation of pre-existing smaller submodules, each of which are comprised of ancient sets of proteins that are conserved in modern animals and other eukaryotes. Although these ancient submodules themselves have non-neural roles, it has been hypothesized that they may mediate environmental sensing behaviors in aneural animals, such as sponges. Here we identify orthologues in the sponge Amphimedon queenslandica of genes encoding synaptic submodules in neural animals, and analyse their cell-type specific and developmental expression to determine their potential to be co-regulated. We find that genes comprising certain synaptic submodules, including those involved in vesicle trafficking, calcium-regulation and scaffolding of postsynaptic receptor clusters, are co-expressed in adult choanocytes and during metamorphosis. Although these submodules may contribute to sensory roles in this cell type and this life cycle stage, total synaptic gene co-expression profiles do not support the existence of a functional synapse in A. queenslandica. The lack of evidence for the co-regulation of genes necessary for pre- and post-synaptic functioning in A. queenslandica suggests that sponges, and perhaps the last common ancestor of sponges and other extant animals, had the ability to promulgate sensory inputs without complete synapse-like functionalities. The differential co-expression of multiple synaptic submodule genes in sponge choanocytes, which have sensory and feeding roles, however, is consistent with the metazoan ancestor minimally being able to undergo exo- and endocytosis in a controlled and localized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jan Mölter
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Victor Anggono
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Sandie M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Bernard M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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33
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Paulin MG, Cahill‐Lane J. Events in Early Nervous System Evolution. Top Cogn Sci 2019; 13:25-44. [DOI: 10.1111/tops.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Smith CL, Mayorova TD. Insights into the evolution of digestive systems from studies of Trichoplax adhaerens. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 377:353-367. [PMID: 31270610 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Trichoplax, a member of the phylum Placozoa, is a tiny ciliated marine animal that glides on surfaces feeding on algae and cyanobacteria. It stands out from other animals in that it lacks an internal digestive system and, instead, digests food trapped under its lower surface. Here we review recent work on the phenotypes of its six cell types and their roles in digestion and feeding behavior. Phylogenomic analyses place Placozoa as sister to Eumetazoa, the clade that includes Cnidaria and Bilateria. Comparing the phenotypes of cells in Trichoplax to those of cells in the digestive epithelia of Eumetazoa allows us to make inferences about the cell types and mode of feeding of their ancestors. From our increasingly mechanistic understanding of feeding in Trichoplax, we get a glimpse into how primitive animals may have hunted and consumed food prior to the evolution of neurons, muscles, and internal digestive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L Smith
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Tatiana D Mayorova
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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35
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Coherent directed movement toward food modeled in Trichoplax, a ciliated animal lacking a nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8901-8908. [PMID: 30979806 PMCID: PMC6500112 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815655116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoplax adhaerens is a small, ciliated marine animal that glides on surfaces grazing upon algae, which it digests externally. It has no muscles or nervous system and only six cell types, all but two of which are embedded in its epithelium. The epithelial cells are joined by apical adherens junctions; neither tight junctions nor gap junctions are present. Monociliated epithelial cells on the lower surface propel gliding. The cilia beat regularly, but asynchronously, and transiently contact the substrate with each stroke. The animal moves in random directions in the absence of food. We show here that it exhibits chemotaxis, moving preferentially toward algae embedded in a disk of agar. We present a mathematical model to explain how coherent, directional movements could arise from the collective actions of a set of ciliated epithelial cells, each independently sensing and responding to a chemoattractant gradient. The model incorporates realistic values for viscoelastic properties of cells and produces coordinated movements and changes in body shape that resemble the actual movements of the animal. The model demonstrates that an animal can move coherently in search of food without any need for chemical signaling between cells and introduces a different approach to modeling behavior in primitive multicellular organisms.
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Fux JE, Mehta A, Moffat J, Spafford JD. Eukaryotic Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: On Their Origins, Asymmetries, Losses, Diversification and Adaptations. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1406. [PMID: 30519187 PMCID: PMC6259924 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of voltage-gated, sodium-selective channels with rapid gating kinetics was a limiting factor in the evolution of nervous systems. Two rounds of domain duplications generated a common 24 transmembrane segment (4 × 6 TM) template that is shared amongst voltage-gated sodium (Nav1 and Nav2) and calcium channels (Cav1, Cav2, and Cav3) and leak channel (NALCN) plus homologs from yeast, different single-cell protists (heterokont and unikont) and algae (green and brown). A shared architecture in 4 × 6 TM channels include an asymmetrical arrangement of extended extracellular L5/L6 turrets containing a 4-0-2-2 pattern of cysteines, glycosylated residues, a universally short III-IV cytoplasmic linker and often a recognizable, C-terminal PDZ binding motif. Six intron splice junctions are conserved in the first domain, including a rare U12-type of the minor spliceosome provides support for a shared heritage for sodium and calcium channels, and a separate lineage for NALCN. The asymmetrically arranged pores of 4x6 TM channels allows for a changeable ion selectivity by means of a single lysine residue change in the high field strength site of the ion selectivity filter in Domains II or III. Multicellularity and the appearance of systems was an impetus for Nav1 channels to adapt to sodium ion selectivity and fast ion gating. A non-selective, and slowly gating Nav2 channel homolog in single cell eukaryotes, predate the diversification of Nav1 channels from a basal homolog in a common ancestor to extant cnidarians to the nine vertebrate Nav1.x channel genes plus Nax. A close kinship between Nav2 and Nav1 homologs is evident in the sharing of most (twenty) intron splice junctions. Different metazoan groups have lost their Nav1 channel genes altogether, while vertebrates rapidly expanded their gene numbers. The expansion in vertebrate Nav1 channel genes fills unique functional niches and generates overlapping properties contributing to redundancies. Specific nervous system adaptations include cytoplasmic linkers with phosphorylation sites and tethered elements to protein assemblies in First Initial Segments and nodes of Ranvier. Analogous accessory beta subunit appeared alongside Nav1 channels within different animal sub-phyla. Nav1 channels contribute to pace-making as persistent or resurgent currents, the former which is widespread across animals, while the latter is a likely vertebrate adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Fux
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Amrit Mehta
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jack Moffat
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - J David Spafford
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Pozdnyakov I, Matantseva O, Skarlato S. Diversity and evolution of four-domain voltage-gated cation channels of eukaryotes and their ancestral functional determinants. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3539. [PMID: 29476068 PMCID: PMC5824947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Four-domain voltage-gated cation channels (FVCCs) represent a large family of pseudo-tetrameric ion channels which includes voltage-gated calcium (Cav) and sodium (Nav) channels, as well as their homologues. These transmembrane proteins are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, such as membrane excitability, rhythmical activity, intracellular signalling, etc. Information about actual diversity and phylogenetic relationships of FVCCs across the eukaryotic tree of life is scarce. We for the first time performed a taxonomically broad phylogenetic analysis of 277 FVCC sequences from a variety of eukaryotes and showed that many groups of eukaryotic organisms have their own clades of FVCCs. Moreover, the number of FVCC lineages in several groups of unicellular eukaryotes is comparable to that in animals. Based on the primary structure of FVCC sequences, we characterised their functional determinants (selectivity filter, voltage sensor, Nav-like inactivation gates, Cavβ-interaction motif, and calmodulin-binding region) and mapped them on the obtained phylogeny. This allowed uncovering of lineage-specific structural gains and losses in the course of FVCC evolution and identification of ancient structural features of these channels. Our results indicate that the ancestral FVCC was voltage-sensitive, possessed a Cav-like selectivity filter, Nav-like inactivation gates, calmodulin-binding motifs and did not bear the structure for Cavβ-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Pozdnyakov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - Olga Matantseva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Sergei Skarlato
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia
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Haen Whitmer KM. Model Systems for Exploring the Evolutionary Origins of the Nervous System. Results Probl Cell Differ 2018; 65:185-196. [PMID: 30083921 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-92486-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The development of nervous systems can be seen as one of the key transitions in animal evolution, allowing the efficient integration of sensory input and motor output and the expedient transmission of impulses over relatively long distances inside an organism. With the increased availability of genome sequences for animals at the base of the metazoan phylogenetic tree, two alternative hypotheses have been proposed regarding nervous system evolutionary origins, ultimately prompting a debate whether an enormously complicated system like the nervous system could have evolved more than once. This review summarizes what is currently known about nervous system origins, concentrating on the evolution of synapse components, with respect to phylogenetic knowledge of early diverging animal groups, comprising members of the Porifera, Ctenophora, Placozoa, and Cnidaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karri M Haen Whitmer
- Department of Genetics, Development & Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Abstract
The evolution of a nervous system as a control system of the body's functions is a key innovation of animals. Its fundamental units are neurons, highly specialized cells dedicated to fast cell-cell communication. Neurons pass signals to other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells at specialized junctions, the synapses, where transmitters are released from vesicles in a Ca2+-dependent fashion to activate receptors in the membrane of the target cell. Reconstructing the origins of neuronal communication out of a more simple process remains a central challenge in biology. Recent genomic comparisons have revealed that all animals, including the nerveless poriferans and placozoans, share a basic set of genes for neuronal communication. This suggests that the first animal, the Urmetazoan, was already endowed with neurosecretory cells that probably started to connect into neuronal networks soon afterward. Here, we discuss scenarios for this pivotal transition in animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederique Varoqueaux
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1005 Switzerland; ,
| | - Dirk Fasshauer
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1005 Switzerland; ,
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Senatore A, Reese TS, Smith CL. Neuropeptidergic integration of behavior in Trichoplax adhaerens, an animal without synapses. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:3381-3390. [PMID: 28931721 PMCID: PMC5612019 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.162396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichoplax adhaerens is a flat, millimeter-sized marine animal that adheres to surfaces and grazes on algae. Trichoplax displays a repertoire of different feeding behaviors despite the apparent absence of a true nervous system with electrical or chemical synapses. It glides along surfaces to find food, propelled by beating cilia on cells at its ventral surface, and pauses during feeding by arresting ciliary beating. We found that when endomorphin-like peptides are applied to an animal, ciliary beating is arrested, mimicking natural feeding pauses. Antibodies against these neuropeptides label cells that express the neurosecretory proteins and voltage-gated calcium channels implicated in regulated secretion. These cells are embedded in the ventral epithelium, where they comprise only 4% of the total, and are concentrated around the edge of the animal. Each bears a cilium likely to be chemosensory and used to detect algae. Trichoplax pausing during feeding or spontaneously in the absence of food often induce their neighbors to pause as well, even neighbors not in direct contact. Pausing behavior propagates from animal to animal across distances much greater than the signal that diffuses from just one animal, so we presume that the peptides secreted from one animal elicit secretion from nearby animals. Signal amplification by peptide-induced peptide secretion explains how a small number of sensory secretory cells lacking processes and synapses can evoke a wave of peptide secretion across the entire animal to globally arrest ciliary beating and allow pausing during feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Senatore
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada L5L 1C6
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Smith CL, Abdallah S, Wong YY, Le P, Harracksingh AN, Artinian L, Tamvacakis AN, Rehder V, Reese TS, Senatore A. Evolutionary insights into T-type Ca 2+ channel structure, function, and ion selectivity from the Trichoplax adhaerens homologue. J Gen Physiol 2017; 149:483-510. [PMID: 28330839 PMCID: PMC5379919 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201611683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of T-type calcium channels in animals without nervous systems is unknown. Smith et al. characterize TCav3 from Trichoplax adhaerens, finding expression in neurosecretory-like cells and preference for Ca2+ over Na+ via strong extracellular Ca2+ block, despite low selectivity for Ca2+ in the pore. Four-domain voltage-gated Ca2+ (Cav) channels play fundamental roles in the nervous system, but little is known about when or how their unique properties and cellular roles evolved. Of the three types of metazoan Cav channels, Cav1 (L-type), Cav2 (P/Q-, N- and R-type) and Cav3 (T-type), Cav3 channels are optimized for regulating cellular excitability because of their fast kinetics and low activation voltages. These same properties permit Cav3 channels to drive low-threshold exocytosis in select neurons and neurosecretory cells. Here, we characterize the single T-type calcium channel from Trichoplax adhaerens (TCav3), an early diverging animal that lacks muscle, neurons, and synapses. Co-immunolocalization using antibodies against TCav3 and neurosecretory cell marker complexin labeled gland cells, which are hypothesized to play roles in paracrine signaling. Cloning and in vitro expression of TCav3 reveals that, despite roughly 600 million years of divergence from other T-type channels, it bears the defining structural and biophysical features of the Cav3 family. We also characterize the channel’s cation permeation properties and find that its pore is less selective for Ca2+ over Na+ compared with the human homologue Cav3.1, yet it exhibits a similar potent block of inward Na+ current by low external Ca2+ concentrations (i.e., the Ca2+ block effect). A comparison of the permeability features of TCav3 with other cloned channels suggests that Ca2+ block is a locus of evolutionary change in T-type channel cation permeation properties and that mammalian channels distinguish themselves from invertebrate ones by bearing both stronger Ca2+ block and higher Ca2+ selectivity. TCav3 is the most divergent metazoan T-type calcium channel and thus provides an evolutionary perspective on Cav3 channel structure–function properties, ion selectivity, and cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L Smith
- National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Salsabil Abdallah
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Yuen Yan Wong
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Phuong Le
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas S Reese
- National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Adriano Senatore
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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