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Rochais F, Kelly RG. Fibroblast growth factor 10. Differentiation 2024; 139:100741. [PMID: 38040515 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) is a major morphoregulatory factor that plays essential signaling roles during vertebrate multiorgan development and homeostasis. FGF10 is predominantly expressed in mesenchymal cells and signals though FGFR2b in adjacent epithelia to regulate branching morphogenesis, stem cell fate, tissue differentiation and proliferation, in addition to autocrine roles. Genetic loss of function analyses have revealed critical requirements for FGF10 signaling during limb, lung, digestive system, ectodermal, nervous system, craniofacial and cardiac development. Heterozygous FGF10 mutations have been identified in human genetic syndromes associated with craniofacial anomalies, including lacrimal and salivary gland aplasia. Elevated Fgf10 expression is associated with poor prognosis in a range of cancers. In addition to developmental and disease roles, FGF10 regulates homeostasis and repair of diverse adult tissues and has been identified as a target for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France.
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2
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王 蕊, 安 可, 谢 静, 邹 淑. [Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 7 in Craniomaxillofacial Development]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2024; 55:469-474. [PMID: 38645865 PMCID: PMC11026893 DOI: 10.12182/20240360505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Craniomaxillofacial development involves a series of highly ordered temporal-spatial cellular differentiation processes in which a variety of cell signaling factors, such as fibroblast growth factors, play important regulatory roles. As a classic fibroblast growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) serves a wide range of regulatory functions. Previous studies have demonstrated that FGF7 regulates the proliferation and migration of epithelial cells, protects them, and promotes their repair. Furthermore, recent findings indicate that epithelial cells are not the only ones subjected to the broad and powerful regulatory capacity of FGF7. It has potential effects on skeletal system development as well. In addition, FGF7 plays an important role in the development of craniomaxillofacial organs, such as the palate, the eyes, and the teeth. Nonetheless, the role of FGF7 in oral craniomaxillofacial development needs to be further elucidated. In this paper, we summarized the published research on the role of FGF7 in oral craniomaxillofacial development to demonstrate the overall understanding of FGF7 and its potential functions in oral craniomaxillofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- 蕊欣 王
- 口腔疾病研究国家重点实验室 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 四川大学华西口腔医院 (成都 610041)State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 可 安
- 口腔疾病研究国家重点实验室 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 四川大学华西口腔医院 (成都 610041)State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 静 谢
- 口腔疾病研究国家重点实验室 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 四川大学华西口腔医院 (成都 610041)State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 淑娟 邹
- 口腔疾病研究国家重点实验室 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 四川大学华西口腔医院 (成都 610041)State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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3
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Tan J, Jones MLM, Teague WJ, Ranjitkar S, Anderson PJ. Craniofacial anomalies in a murine model of heterozygous fibroblast growth factor 10 gene mutation. Orthod Craniofac Res 2024; 27:84-94. [PMID: 37452556 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysregulation of Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10), a member of the family of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) proteins, has been implicated in craniofacial and dental anomalies, including craniosynostosis, cleft palate, and Lacrimo-Auriculo-Dento-Digital Syndrome. The aim of this murine study was to assess the craniofacial and dental phenotypes associated with a heterozygous FGF10 gene (FGF10+/- ) mutation at skeletal maturity. METHODS Skulls of 40 skeletally mature mice, comprising two genotypes (heterozygous FGF10+/- mutation, n = 22; wildtype, n = 18) and two sexes (male, n = 23; female, n = 17), were subjected to micro-computed tomography. Landmark-based linear dimensions were measured for the cranial vault, maxilla, mandible, and first molar teeth. Multivariate analysis of variance was performed to assess whether there were significant differences in the craniofacial and dental structures between genotypes and sexes. RESULTS The craniomaxillary skeleton and the first molar teeth were smaller in the FGF10+/- mice (P < .05), but the mandible was unaffected. Sex did not have a significant effect on these structures (P > .05). Cranial sutural defects were noted in 5/22 (22.7%) mutant versus 2/18 (11.1%) wildtype mice, and cleft palate in only one (4.5%) mutant mouse. None of the mice displayed craniosynostosis, expansive bony lesions, bifid condyles, or impacted teeth. CONCLUSION The FGF10+/- mutation was associated with craniomaxillary skeletal hypoplasia that probably arose from deficient (delayed) intramembranous ossification of the sutured bones. Overall, the skeletal and dental data suggest that the FGF10 gene plays an important role in the aetiology of craniofacial dysmorphology and malocclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Tan
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew L M Jones
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Warwick J Teague
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarbin Ranjitkar
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter J Anderson
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Cleft and Craniofacial SA, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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4
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Kameda Y. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the organogenesis and development, and function of the mammalian parathyroid gland. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 393:425-442. [PMID: 37410127 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Serum calcium homeostasis is mainly regulated by parathormone (PTH) secreted by the parathyroid gland. Besides PTH and Gcm2, a master gene for parathyroid differentiation, many genes are expressed in the gland. Especially, calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), and Klotho function to prevent increased secretion of PTH and hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland under chronic hypocalcemia. Parathyroid-specific dual deletion of Klotho and CaSR induces a marked enlargement of the glandular size. The parathyroid develops from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches except murine species in which the gland is derived from the third pouch only. The development of the murine parathyroid gland is categorized as follows: (1) formation and differentiation of the pharyngeal pouches, (2) appearance of parathyroid domain in the third pharyngeal pouch together with thymus domain, (3) migration of parathyroid primordium attached to the top of thymus, and (4) contact with the thyroid lobe and separation from the thymus. The transcription factors and signaling molecules involved in each of these developmental stages are elaborated. In addition, mesenchymal neural crest cells surrounding the pharyngeal pouches and parathyroid primordium and invading the parathyroid parenchyma participate in the development of the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kameda
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
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5
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Bzdega K, Karolak JA. Phenotypic spectrum of FGF10-related disorders: a systematic review. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14003. [PMID: 36124135 PMCID: PMC9482362 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
FGF10, as an FGFR2b-specific ligand, plays a crucial role during cell proliferation, multi-organ development, and tissue injury repair. The developmental importance of FGF10 has been emphasized by the identification of FGF10 abnormalities in human congenital disorders affecting different organs and systems. Single-nucleotide variants in FGF10 or FGF10-involving copy-number variant deletions have been reported in families with lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome, aplasia of the lacrimal and salivary glands, or lethal lung developmental disorders. Abnormalities involving FGF10 have also been implicated in cleft lip and palate, myopia, or congenital heart disease. However, the exact developmental role of FGF10 and large phenotypic heterogeneity associated with FGF10 disruption remain incompletely understood. Here, we review human and animal studies and summarize the data on FGF10 mechanism of action, expression, multi-organ function, as well as its variants and their usefulness for clinicians and researchers.
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Wang X, Liang Y, Zhu Z, Li W, Shi B, Deng Y, Li C, Sha O. Fn1 Regulates the Third Pharyngeal Pouch Patterning and Morphogenesis. J Dent Res 2022; 101:1082-1091. [PMID: 35259939 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221078775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The parathyroid and thymus are derived from the common primordia, the third pharyngeal pouch. During their development, endodermal cells actively interact with surrounding mesenchymal cells, mainly derived from neural crest cells (NCCs). However, the mechanism by which NCCs regulate the development of the third pharyngeal pouch remains largely unknown. In this study, we showed that fibronectin 1 (Fn1), which is synthesized by NCCs, modulates the functions of NCCs in the third pharyngeal pouch patterning and in the morphogenesis of the thymus/parathyroid. Loss of Fn1 in NCCs leads to decreased Foxn1 expression in the presumptive thymus domain at E11.5. In the mutant, we detected upregulation of the Hedgehog signaling activity in the presumptive parathyroid domain and downregulation of Bmp4 in the presumptive thymus domain. Tbx1, a Hedgehog signaling target gene in endoderm development, was ectopically expanded to the presumptive mutant thymus domain at E11.5. Fgf10, an important gene regulating the proliferation of endoderm development, was downregulated in the mutant NCCs. At later organogenesis stages, derivatives of the third pharyngeal pouch endoderm of mutant embryos were abnormal, showing conditions such as hypoparathyroidism, hypoplastic thymus, and ectopic thymus and parathyroid. These data support that Fn1 plays an important role in NCCs by regulating the patterning of the third pharyngeal pouch and morphogenesis of the thymus/parathyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Y Liang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Z Zhu
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - W Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - B Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Deng
- Department of Somatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - C Li
- Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - O Sha
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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7
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Chibly AM, Aure MH, Patel VN, Hoffman MP. Salivary gland function, development, and regeneration. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1495-1552. [PMID: 35343828 PMCID: PMC9126227 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands produce and secrete saliva, which is essential for maintaining oral health and overall health. Understanding both the unique structure and physiological function of salivary glands, as well as how they are affected by disease and injury, will direct the development of therapy to repair and regenerate them. Significant recent advances, particularly in the OMICS field, increase our understanding of how salivary glands develop at the cellular, molecular, and genetic levels: the signaling pathways involved, the dynamics of progenitor cell lineages in development, homeostasis, and regeneration, and the role of the extracellular matrix microenvironment. These provide a template for cell and gene therapies as well as bioengineering approaches to repair or regenerate salivary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M Chibly
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marit H Aure
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Matthew P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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9
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Uljanovs R, Sinkarevs S, Strumfs B, Vidusa L, Merkurjeva K, Strumfa I. Immunohistochemical Profile of Parathyroid Tumours: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136981. [PMID: 35805976 PMCID: PMC9266566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry remains an indispensable tool in diagnostic surgical pathology. In parathyroid tumours, it has four main applications: to detect (1) loss of parafibromin; (2) other manifestations of an aberrant immunophenotype hinting towards carcinoma; (3) histogenesis of a neck mass and (4) pathogenetic events, including features of tumour microenvironment and immune landscape. Parafibromin stain is mandatory to identify the new entity of parafibromin-deficient parathyroid neoplasm, defined in the WHO classification (2022). Loss of parafibromin indicates a greater probability of malignant course and should trigger the search for inherited or somatic CDC73 mutations. Aberrant immunophenotype is characterised by a set of markers that are lost (parafibromin), down-regulated (e.g., APC protein, p27 protein, calcium-sensing receptor) or up-regulated (e.g., proliferation activity by Ki-67 exceeding 5%) in parathyroid carcinoma compared to benign parathyroid disease. Aberrant immunophenotype is not the final proof of malignancy but should prompt the search for the definitive criteria for carcinoma. Histogenetic studies can be necessary for differential diagnosis between thyroid vs. parathyroid origin of cervical or intrathyroidal mass; detection of parathyroid hormone (PTH), chromogranin A, TTF-1, calcitonin or CD56 can be helpful. Finally, immunohistochemistry is useful in pathogenetic studies due to its ability to highlight both the presence and the tissue location of certain proteins. The main markers and challenges (technological variations, heterogeneity) are discussed here in the light of the current WHO classification (2022) of parathyroid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romans Uljanovs
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Stanislavs Sinkarevs
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Boriss Strumfs
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Liga Vidusa
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Kristine Merkurjeva
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Ilze Strumfa
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Geetha-Loganathan P, Abramyan J, Buchtová M. Editorial: Cellular Mechanisms During Normal and Abnormal Craniofacial Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:872038. [PMID: 35345852 PMCID: PMC8957218 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.872038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Abramyan
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, United States
| | - Marcela Buchtová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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11
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Liang J, Qian J, Yang L, Chen X, Wang X, Lin X, Wang X, Zhao B. Modeling Human Thyroid Development by Fetal Tissue-Derived Organoid Culture. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105568. [PMID: 35064652 PMCID: PMC8948548 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Euthyroidism is of profound importance for lifetime health. However, the early diagnosis or therapeutics of thyroid developmental defects has not been established, mainly due to limited understanding of human thyroid development and a lack of recapitulating research model. Herein, the authors elaborate the cell atlas and potential regulatory signaling of the evolution of heterogeneous thyrocyte population from 12 to 16 gestational weeks. Moreover, they establish a long-term culture of human fetal thyroid organoids (hFTOs) system, which retains the fetal thyroid lineages and molecular signatures, as well as the ability to generate functional human thyroid follicles post mice renal transplantation. Notably, cAMP signaling activation in hFTOs by forskolin boosts the maturation of follicle and thus thyroid hormone T4 secretion, which recapitulates the key developmental events of fetal thyroid. Employing this ex vivo system, it is found that enhanced chromatin accessibility at thyroid maturation genes (such as TPO and TG) loci permits the transcription for hormone production. This study provides the cell atlas of and an organoid model for human thyroid development, which will facilitate thyroid research and prospective medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesHuman Phenome InstituteZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesSchool of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100730China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesHuman Phenome InstituteZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related DiseasesShanghai200011China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and BiotechnologySouthern Medical UniversitySchool of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510000China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesHuman Phenome InstituteZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesSchool of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100730China
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesHuman Phenome InstituteZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
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12
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Cerrizuela S, Vega-Lopez GA, Méndez-Maldonado K, Velasco I, Aybar MJ. The crucial role of model systems in understanding the complexity of cell signaling in human neurocristopathies. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1537. [PMID: 35023327 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are useful to study the molecular, cellular, and morphogenetic mechanisms underlying normal and pathological development. Cell-based study models have emerged as an alternative approach to study many aspects of human embryonic development and disease. The neural crest (NC) is a transient, multipotent, and migratory embryonic cell population that generates a diverse group of cell types that arises during vertebrate development. The abnormal formation or development of the NC results in neurocristopathies (NCPs), which are characterized by a broad spectrum of functional and morphological alterations. The impaired molecular mechanisms that give rise to these multiphenotypic diseases are not entirely clear yet. This fact, added to the high incidence of these disorders in the newborn population, has led to the development of systematic approaches for their understanding. In this article, we have systematically reviewed the ways in which experimentation with different animal and cell model systems has improved our knowledge of NCPs, and how these advances might contribute to the development of better diagnostic and therapeutic tools for the treatment of these pathologies. This article is categorized under: Congenital Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Congenital Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cerrizuela
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A Vega-Lopez
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Karla Méndez-Maldonado
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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13
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Chatzeli L, Teshima THN, Hajihosseini MK, Gaete M, Proctor GB, Tucker AS. Comparing development and regeneration in the submandibular gland highlights distinct mechanisms. J Anat 2021; 238:1371-1385. [PMID: 33455001 PMCID: PMC8128775 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A common question in organ regeneration is the extent to which regeneration recapitulates embryonic development. To investigate this concept, we compared the expression of two highly interlinked and essential genes for salivary gland development, Sox9 and Fgf10, during submandibular gland development, homeostasis and regeneration. Salivary gland duct ligation/deligation model was used as a regenerative model. Fgf10 and Sox9 expression changed during regeneration compared to homeostasis, suggesting that these key developmental genes play important roles during regeneration, however, significantly both displayed different patterns of expression in the regenerating gland compared to the developing gland. Regenerating glands, which during homeostasis had very few weakly expressing Sox9-positive cells in the striated/granular ducts, displayed elevated expression of Sox9 within these ducts. This pattern is in contrast to embryonic development, where Sox9 expression was absent in the proximally developing ducts. However, similar to the elevated expression at the distal tip of the epithelium in developing salivary glands, regenerating glands displayed elevated expression in a subpopulation of acinar cells, which during homeostasis expressed Sox9 at lower levels. A shift in expression of Fgf10 was observed from a widespread mesenchymal pattern during organogenesis to a more limited and predominantly epithelial pattern during homeostasis in the adult. This restricted expression in epithelial cells was maintained during regeneration, with no clear upregulation in the surrounding mesenchyme, as might be expected if regeneration recapitulated development. As both Fgf10 and Sox9 were upregulated in proximal ducts during regeneration, this suggests that the positive regulation of Sox9 by Fgf10, essential during development, is partially reawakened during regeneration using this model. Together these data suggest that developmentally important genes play a key role in salivary gland regeneration but do not precisely mimic the roles observed during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemonia Chatzeli
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Tathyane H. N. Teshima
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Oral MedicineUCL Eastman Dental InstituteLondonUK
| | | | - Marcia Gaete
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Department of AnatomyFaculty of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Gordon B. Proctor
- Centre for Host‐Microbiome InteractionsKing's College of LondonLondonUK
| | - Abigail S. Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
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14
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Suzuki A, Ogata K, Iwata J. Cell signaling regulation in salivary gland development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3299-3315. [PMID: 33449148 PMCID: PMC11071883 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian salivary gland develops as a highly branched structure designed to produce and secrete saliva. This review focuses on research conducted on mammalian salivary gland development, particularly on the differentiation of acinar, ductal, and myoepithelial cells. We discuss recent studies that provide conceptual advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of salivary gland development. In addition, we describe the organogenesis of submandibular glands (SMGs), model systems used for the study of SMG development, and the key signaling pathways as well as cellular processes involved in salivary gland development. The findings from the recent studies elucidating the identity of stem/progenitor cells in the SMGs, and the process by which they are directed along a series of cell fate decisions to form functional glands, are also discussed. Advances in genetic tools and tissue engineering strategies will significantly increase our knowledge about the mechanisms by which signaling pathways and cells establish tissue architecture and function during salivary gland development, which may also be conserved in the growth and development of other organ systems. An increased knowledge of organ development mechanisms will have profound implications in the design of therapies for the regrowth or repair of injured tissues. In addition, understanding how the processes of cell survival, expansion, specification, movement, and communication with neighboring cells are regulated under physiological and pathological conditions is critical to the development of future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Kenichi Ogata
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
- Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
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15
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Zhang Y, Fons JM, Hajihosseini MK, Zhang T, Tucker AS. An Essential Requirement for Fgf10 in Pinna Extension Sheds Light on Auricle Defects in LADD Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:609643. [PMID: 33363172 PMCID: PMC7758485 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.609643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pinna (or auricle) is part of the external ear, acting to capture and funnel sound toward the middle ear. The pinna is defective in a number of craniofacial syndromes, including Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital (LADD) syndrome, which is caused by mutations in FGF10 or its receptor FGFR2b. Here we study pinna defects in the Fgf10 knockout mouse. We show that Fgf10 is expressed in both the muscles and forming cartilage of the developing external ear, with loss of signaling leading to a failure in the normal extension of the pinna over the ear canal. Conditional knockout of Fgf10 in the neural crest fails to recapitulate this phenotype, suggesting that the defect is due to loss of Fgf10 from the muscles, or that this source of Fgf10 can compensate for loss in the forming cartilage. The defect in the Fgf10 null mouse is driven by a reduction in proliferation, rather than an increase in cell death, which can be partially phenocopied by inhibiting cell proliferation in explant culture. Overall, we highlight the mechanisms that could lead to the phenotype observed in LADD syndrome patients and potentially explain the formation of similar low-set and cup shaped ears observed in other syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ear Nasal and Throat (ENT) Institute, Eye and Ear Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan M. Fons
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tianyu Zhang
- Ear Nasal and Throat (ENT) Institute, Eye and Ear Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & Ear Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Abigail S. Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Fgf10-CRISPR mosaic mutants demonstrate the gene dose-related loss of the accessory lobe and decrease in the number of alveolar type 2 epithelial cells in mouse lung. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240333. [PMID: 33057360 PMCID: PMC7561199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing often generates founder generation (F0) mice that exhibit somatic mosaicism in the targeted gene(s). It has been known that Fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10)-null mice exhibit limbless and lungless phenotypes, while intermediate limb phenotypes (variable defective limbs) are observed in the Fgf10-CRISPR F0 mice. However, how the lung phenotype in the Fgf10-mosaic mutants is related to the limb phenotype and genotype has not been investigated. In this study, we examined variable lung phenotypes in the Fgf10-targeted F0 mice to determine if the lung phenotype was correlated with percentage of functional Fgf10 genotypes. Firstly, according to a previous report, Fgf10-CRISPR F0 embryos on embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5) were classified into three types: type I, no limb; type II, limb defect; and type III, normal limbs. Cartilage and bone staining showed that limb truncations were observed in the girdle, (type I), stylopodial, or zeugopodial region (type II). Deep sequencing of the Fgf10-mutant genomes revealed that the mean proportion of codons that encode putative functional FGF10 was 8.3 ± 6.2% in type I, 25.3 ± 2.7% in type II, and 54.3 ± 9.5% in type III (mean ± standard error of the mean) mutants at E16.5. Histological studies showed that almost all lung lobes were absent in type I embryos. The accessory lung lobe was often absent in type II embryos with other lobes dysplastic. All lung lobes formed in type III embryos. The number of terminal tubules was significantly lower in type I and II embryos, but unchanged in type III embryos. To identify alveolar type 2 epithelial (AECII) cells, known to be reduced in the Fgf10-heterozygous mutant, immunostaining using anti-surfactant protein C (SPC) antibody was performed: In the E18.5 lungs, the number of AECII was correlated to the percentage of functional Fgf10 genotypes. These data suggest the Fgf10 gene dose-related loss of the accessory lobe and decrease in the number of alveolar type 2 epithelial cells in mouse lung. Since dysfunction of AECII cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of parenchymal lung diseases, the Fgf10-CRISPR F0 mouse would present an ideal experimental system to explore it.
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17
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Lawton BR, Martineau C, Sosa JA, Roman S, Gibson CE, Levine MA, Krause DS. Differentiation of PTH-Expressing Cells From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5893997. [PMID: 32810225 PMCID: PMC7505176 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into functional parathyroid-like cells would accelerate development of important therapeutic options for subjects with parathyroid-related disorders, from the design and screening of novel pharmaceutical agents to the development of durable cellular therapies. We have established a highly reproducible directed differentiation approach leading to PTH-expressing cells from human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. We accomplished this through the comparison of multiple different basal media, the inclusion of the CDK inhibitor PD0332991 in both definitive endoderm and anterior foregut endoderm stages, and a 2-stage pharyngeal endoderm series. This is the first protocol to reproducibly establish PTH-expressing cells from human pluripotent stem cells and represents a first step toward the development of functional parathyroid cells with broad applicability for medicinal and scientific investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty R Lawton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Corine Martineau
- Center for Bone Health and Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julie Ann Sosa
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sanziana Roman
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Michael A Levine
- Center for Bone Health and Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Diane S Krause
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cell Biology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Pathology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
- Correspondence: Diane S. Krause, Yale University, Yale Stem Cell Center, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8035, USA. E-mail:
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18
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Svandova E, Anthwal N, Tucker AS, Matalova E. Diverse Fate of an Enigmatic Structure: 200 Years of Meckel's Cartilage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:821. [PMID: 32984323 PMCID: PMC7484903 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Meckel's cartilage was first described by the German anatomist Johann Friedrich Meckel the Younger in 1820 from his analysis of human embryos. Two hundred years after its discovery this paper follows the development and largely transient nature of the mammalian Meckel's cartilage, and its role in jaw development. Meckel's cartilage acts as a jaw support during early development, and a template for the later forming jaw bones. In mammals, its anterior domain links the two arms of the dentary together at the symphysis while the posterior domain ossifies to form two of the three ear ossicles of the middle ear. In between, Meckel's cartilage transforms to a ligament or disappears, subsumed by the growing dentary bone. Several human syndromes have been linked, directly or indirectly, to abnormal Meckel's cartilage formation. Herein, the evolution, development and fate of the cartilage and its impact on jaw development is mapped. The review focuses on developmental and cellular processes that shed light on the mechanisms behind the different fates of this cartilage, examining the control of Meckel's cartilage patterning, initiation and maturation. Importantly, human disorders and mouse models with disrupted Meckel's cartilage development are highlighted, in order to understand how changes in this cartilage impact on later development of the dentary and the craniofacial complex as a whole. Finally, the relative roles of tissue interactions, apoptosis, autophagy, macrophages and clast cells in the removal process are discussed. Meckel's cartilage is a unique and enigmatic structure, the development and function of which is starting to be understood but many interesting questions still remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Svandova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Neal Anthwal
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail S. Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Matalova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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19
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Ran Q, Zhou Q, Oda K, Yasue A, Abe M, Ye X, Li Y, Sasaoka T, Sakimura K, Ajioka Y, Saijo Y. Generation of Thyroid Tissues From Embryonic Stem Cells via Blastocyst Complementation In Vivo. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:609697. [PMID: 33381086 PMCID: PMC7767966 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.609697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of mature, functional, thyroid follicular cells from pluripotent stem cells would potentially provide a therapeutic benefit for patients with hypothyroidism, but in vitro differentiation remains difficult. We earlier reported the in vivo generation of lung organs via blastocyst complementation in fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10), compound, heterozygous mutant (Fgf10 Ex1mut/Ex3mut) mice. Fgf10 also plays an essential role in thyroid development and branching morphogenesis, but any role thereof in thyroid organogenesis remains unclear. Here, we report that the thyroids of Fgf10 Ex1mut/Ex3mut mice exhibit severe hypoplasia, and we generate thyroid tissues from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in Fgf10 Ex1mut/Ex3mut mice via blastocyst complementation. The tissues were morphologically normal and physiologically functional. The thyroid follicular cells of Fgf10 Ex1mut/Ex3mut chimeric mice were derived largely from GFP-positive mouse ESCs although the recipient cells were mixed. Thyroid generation in vivo via blastocyst complementation will aid functional thyroid regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Ran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Qiliang Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- *Correspondence: Qiliang Zhou,
| | - Kanako Oda
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yasue
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Xulu Ye
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yingchun Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshikuni Sasaoka
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ajioka
- Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuo Saijo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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20
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Janečková E, Feng J, Li J, Rodriguez G, Chai Y. Dynamic activation of Wnt, Fgf, and Hh signaling during soft palate development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223879. [PMID: 31613912 PMCID: PMC6793855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The soft palate is a key component of the oropharyngeal complex that is critical for swallowing, breathing, hearing and speech. However, complete functional restoration in patients with cleft soft palate remains a challenging task. New insights into the molecular signaling network governing the development of soft palate will help to overcome these clinical challenges. In this study, we investigated whether key signaling pathways required for hard palate development are also involved in soft palate development in mice. We described the dynamic expression patterns of signaling molecules from well-known pathways, such as Wnt, Hh, and Fgf, during the development of the soft palate. We found that Wnt signaling is active throughout the development of soft palate myogenic sites, predominantly in cells of cranial neural crest (CNC) origin neighboring the myogenic cells, suggesting that Wnt signaling may play a significant role in CNC-myogenic cell-cell communication during myogenic differentiation in the soft palate. Hh signaling is abundantly active in early palatal epithelium, some myogenic cells, and the CNC-derived cells adjacent to the myogenic cells. Hh signaling gradually diminishes during the later stages of soft palate development, indicating its involvement mainly in early embryonic soft palate development. Fgf signaling is expressed most prominently in CNC-derived cells in the myogenic sites and persists until later stages of embryonic soft palate development. Collectively, our results highlight a network of Wnt, Hh, and Fgf signaling that may be involved in the development of the soft palate, particularly soft palate myogenesis. These findings provide a foundation for future studies on the functional significance of these signaling pathways individually and collectively in regulating soft palate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Janečková
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jifan Feng
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Rodriguez
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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May AJ, Teshima THN, Noble A, Tucker AS. FGF10 is an essential regulator of tracheal submucosal gland morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2019; 451:158-166. [PMID: 30965042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mucus secretion and mucociliary clearance are crucial processes required to maintain pulmonary homeostasis. In the trachea and nasal passages, mucus is secreted by submucosal glands (SMGs) that line the airway, with an additional contribution from goblet cells of the surface airway epithelium. The SMG mucus is rich in mucins and antimicrobial enzymes. Defective tracheal SMGs contribute to hyper-secretory respiratory diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, however little is known about the signals that regulate their morphogenesis and patterning. Here, we show that Fgf10 is essential for the normal development of murine tracheal SMGs, with gland development arresting at the early bud stage in the absence of FGF10 signalling. As Fgf10 knockout mice are lethal at birth, inducible knockdown of Fgf10 at late embryonic stages was used to follow postnatal gland formation, confirming the essential role of FGF10 in SMG development. In heterozygous Fgf10 mice the tracheal glands formed but with altered morphology and restricted distribution. The reduction in SMG branching in Fgf10 heterozygous mice was not rescued with time and resulted in a reduction in overall tracheal mucus secretion. Fgf10 is therefore a key signal in SMG development, influencing both the number of glands and extent of branching morphogenesis, and is likely, therefore, to play a role in aspects of SMG-dependent respiratory health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J May
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tathyane H N Teshima
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alistair Noble
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom.
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22
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Quirós-Terrón L, Arráez-Aybar LA, Murillo-González J, De-la-Cuadra-Blanco C, Martínez-Álvarez MC, Sanz-Casado JV, Mérida-Velasco JR. Initial stages of development of the submandibular gland (human embryos at 5.5-8 weeks of development). J Anat 2019; 234:700-708. [PMID: 30740679 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the main stages of submandibular salivary gland development during the embryonic period in humans. In addition, we studied submandibular salivary gland development in rats on embryonic days 14-16 and expression in the submandibular salivary gland region with the monoclonal antibody HNK-1. Serial sections from 25 human embryos with a greatest length ranging from 10 to 31 mm (Carnegie stages 16-23; weeks 5.5-8 of development) and Wistar rats of embryonic days (E) 14-16 were analysed with light microscopy. Five stages of submandibular salivary gland development were identified. The prospective stage (1), between weeks 5.5 and early week 6, is characterized by a thickening of the epithelium of the medial paralingual groove in the floor of the mouth corresponding to the primordium of the submandibular salivary gland parenchyma. At this stage, the primordium of the parasympathetic ganglion lies below the lingual nerve. The primordium of the submandibular salivary gland parenchyma is observed in rats on E14 in the medial paralingual groove with mesenchymal cells, underlying the lingual nerve. These cells are HNK-1-positive, corresponding to the primordium of the parasympathetic ganglion. The bud stage (2), at the end of week 6 in humans and on E15 in rats, is characterized by the proliferation and invagination of the epithelial condensation, surrounded by an important condensation of the mesenchyme. The pseudoglandular stage (3) at week 6.5 is characterized by the beginning of the formation of lobes in the condensed mesenchyme. The canalicular stage (4), between week 7 and 7.5, is characterized by the appearance of a lumen in the proximal part of the submandibular duct. The innervation stage (5) occurs during week 8, with the innervation of the submandibular and interlobular ducts. Nervous branches arriving from the parasympathetic ganglion innervate the glandular parenchyma. Numerous blood vessels are observed nearby. Our results suggest that submandibular salivary gland development requires interactions among epithelium, mesenchyme, parasympathetic ganglion and blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Quirós-Terrón
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis-Alfonso Arráez-Aybar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Murillo-González
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - José-Vicente Sanz-Casado
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Ramón Mérida-Velasco
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Follicular cell lineage in persistent ultimobranchial remnants of mammals. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 376:1-18. [PMID: 30617614 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-02982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been a subject of much debate whether thyroid follicular cells originate from the ultimobranchial body, in addition to median thyroid primordium. Ultimobranchial remnants are detected in normal dogs, rats, mice, cattle, bison and humans and also in mutant mice such as Eya1 homozygotes, Hox3 paralogs homozygotes, Nkx2.1 heterozygotes and FRS2α2F/2F. Besides C cells, follicular cell lineages immunoreactive for thyroglobulin are located within these ultimobranchial remnants. In dogs, the C cell complexes, i.e., large cell clusters consisting of C cells and undifferentiated cells, are present together with parathyroid IV and thymus IV in or close to the thyroid lobe. In addition, follicular cells in various stages of differentiation, including follicular cell groups and primitive and minute follicles storing colloid, are intermingled with C cells in some complexes. This review elaborates the transcription factors and signaling molecules involved in folliculogenesis and it is supposed why the follicular cells in the ultimobranchial remnants are sustained in immature stages. Pax8, a transcription factor crucial for the development of follicular cells, is expressed in the fourth pharyngeal pouch and the ultimobranchial body in human embryos. Pax8 expression is also detected in the ultimobranchial remnants of Eya1 and Hes1 null mutant mice. To determine whether the C cells and follicular cells in the ultimobranchial remnants consist of dual lineage cells or are derived from the common precursor, the changes of undifferentiated cells in dog C cell complexes are examined after chronically induced hypercalcemia or antithyroid drug treatment.
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24
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Kawakami H, Johnson A, Fujita Y, Swearer A, Wada N, Kawakami Y. Characterization of cis-regulatory elements for Fgf10 expression in the chick embryo. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1253-1263. [PMID: 30325084 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fgf10 is expressed in various tissues and organs, such as the limb bud, heart, inner ear, and head mesenchyme. Previous studies identified Fgf10 enhancers for the inner ear and heart. However, Fgf10 enhancers for other tissues have not been identified. RESULTS By using primary culture chick embryo lateral plate mesoderm cells, we compared activities of deletion constructs of the Fgf10 promoter region, cloned into a promoter-less luciferase reporter vector. We identified a 0.34-kb proximal promoter that can activate luciferase expression. Then, we cloned 11 evolutionarily conserved sequences located within or outside of the Fgf10 gene into the 0.34-kb promoter-luciferase vector, and tested their activities in vitro using primary cultured cells. Two sequences showed the highest activities. By using the Tol2 system and electroporation into chick embryos, activities of the 0.34-kb promoter with and without the two sequences were tested in vivo. No activities were detected in limb buds. However, the 0.34-kb promoter exhibited activities in the dorsal midline of the brain, while Fgf10 is detected in broader region in the brain. The two noncoding sequences negatively acted on the 0.34-kb promoter in the brain. CONCLUSIONS The proximal 0.34-kb promoter has activities to drive expression in restricted areas of the brain. Developmental Dynamics 247:1253-1263, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Austin Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Yu Fujita
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Avery Swearer
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Naoyuki Wada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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25
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Prochazkova M, Prochazka J, Marangoni P, Klein OD. Bones, Glands, Ears and More: The Multiple Roles of FGF10 in Craniofacial Development. Front Genet 2018; 9:542. [PMID: 30505318 PMCID: PMC6250787 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family have myriad functions during development of both non-vertebrate and vertebrate organisms. One of these family members, FGF10, is largely expressed in mesenchymal tissues and is essential for postnatal life because of its critical role in development of the craniofacial complex, as well as in lung branching. Here, we review the function of FGF10 in morphogenesis of craniofacial organs. Genetic mouse models have demonstrated that the dysregulation or absence of FGF10 function affects the process of palate closure, and FGF10 is also required for development of salivary and lacrimal glands, the inner ear, eye lids, tongue taste papillae, teeth, and skull bones. Importantly, mutations within the FGF10 locus have been described in connection with craniofacial malformations in humans. A detailed understanding of craniofacial defects caused by dysregulation of FGF10 and the precise mechanisms that underlie them offers new opportunities for development of medical treatments for patients with birth defects and for regenerative approaches for cancer patients with damaged gland tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pauline Marangoni
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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26
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Teague WJ, Jones MLM, Hawkey L, Smyth IM, Catubig A, King SK, Sarila G, Li R, Hutson JM. FGF10 and the Mystery of Duodenal Atresia in Humans. Front Genet 2018; 9:530. [PMID: 30473704 PMCID: PMC6238159 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Duodenal atresia (DA) is a congenital obstruction of the duodenum, which affects 1 in 7000 pregnancies and requires major surgery in the 1st days of life. Three morphological DA types are described. In humans, the association between DA and Down syndrome suggests an underlying, albeit elusive, genetic etiology. In mice, interruption of fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) gene signaling results in DA in 30–50% of embryos, supporting a genetic etiology. This study aims to validate the spectrum of DA in two novel strains of Fgf10 knock-out mice, in preparation for future and translational research. Methods: Two novel CRISPR Fgf10 knock-out mouse strains were derived and embryos generated by heterozygous plug-mating. E15.5–E19.5 embryos were genotyped with respect to Fgf10 and micro-dissected to determine the presence and type of DA. Results: One twenty seven embryos (32 wild-type, 34 heterozygous, 61 null) were analyzed. No wild-type or heterozygous embryos had DA. However, 74% of Fgf10 null embryos had DA (49% type 1, 18% type 2, and 33% type 3). Conclusion: Our CRISPR-derived strains showed higher penetrance of DA due to single-gene deletion of Fgf10 in mice than previously reported. Further, the DA type distribution in these mice more closely reiterated that observed in humans. Future experiments will document RNA and protein expression of FGF10 and its key downstream signaling targets in normal and atretic duodenum. This includes exploitation of modern, high-fidelity developmental tools, e.g., Fgf10flox/+–tomatoflox/flox mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warwick J Teague
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew L M Jones
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leanne Hawkey
- Australian Phenomics Network, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian M Smyth
- Australian Phenomics Network, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Angelique Catubig
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sebastian K King
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gulcan Sarila
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruili Li
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John M Hutson
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Urology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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27
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Latin American contributions to the neural crest field. Mech Dev 2018; 153:17-29. [PMID: 30081090 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is one of the most fascinating structures during embryonic development. Unique to vertebrate embryos, these cells give rise to important components of the craniofacial skeleton, such as the jaws and skull, as well as melanocytes and ganglia of the peripheral nervous system. Worldwide, several groups have been studying NC development and specifically in the Latin America (LA) they have been growing in numbers since the 1990s. It is important for the world to recognize the contributions of LA researchers on the knowledge of NC development, as it can stimulate networking and improvement in the field. We developed a database of LA publications on NC development using ORCID and PUBMED as search engines. We thoroughly describe all of the contributions from LA, collected in five major topics on NC development mechanisms: i) induction and specification; ii) migration; iii) differentiation; iv) adult NC; and, v) neurocristopathies. Further analysis was done to correlate each LA country with topics and animal models, and to access collaboration between LA countries. We observed that some LA countries have made important contributions to the comprehension of NC development. Interestingly, some LA countries have a topic and an animal model as their strength; in addition, collaboration between LA countries is almost inexistent. This review will help LA NC research to be acknowledged, and to facilitate networking between students and researchers worldwide.
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28
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Metzler MA, Raja S, Elliott KH, Friedl RM, Tran NQH, Brugmann SA, Larsen M, Sandell LL. RDH10-mediated retinol metabolism and RARα-mediated retinoic acid signaling are required for submandibular salivary gland initiation. Development 2018; 145:dev.164822. [PMID: 29986869 DOI: 10.1242/dev.164822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the epithelial tissues of major salivary glands generate saliva and drain it into the oral cavity. For submandibular salivary glands (SMGs), the epithelial tissues arise during embryogenesis from naïve oral ectoderm adjacent to the base of the tongue, which begins to thicken, express SOX9 and invaginate into underlying mesenchyme. The developmental mechanisms initiating salivary gland development remain unexplored. In this study, we show that retinoic acid (RA) signaling activity at the site of gland initiation is colocalized with expression of retinol metabolic genes Rdh10 and Aldh1a2 in the underlying SMG mesenchyme. Utilizing a novel ex vivo assay for SMG initiation developed for this study, we show that RDH10 and RA are required for salivary gland initiation. Moreover, we show that the requirement for RA in gland initiation involves canonical signaling through retinoic acid receptors (RAR). Finally, we show that RA signaling essential for gland initiation is transduced specifically through RARα, with no contribution from other RAR isoforms. This is the first study to identify a molecular signal regulating mammalian salivary gland initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Metzler
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Swetha Raja
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kelsey H Elliott
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Regina M Friedl
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - N Q H Tran
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Melinda Larsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Lisa L Sandell
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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29
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Weng M, Chen Z, Xiao Q, Li R, Chen Z. A review of FGF signaling in palate development. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:240-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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30
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Elliott KH, Millington G, Brugmann SA. A novel role for cilia-dependent sonic hedgehog signaling during submandibular gland development. Dev Dyn 2018. [PMID: 29532549 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Submandibular glands (SMGs) are specialized epithelial structures which generate saliva necessary for mastication and digestion. Loss of SMGs can lead to inflammation, oral lesions, fungal infections, problems with chewing/swallowing, and tooth decay. Understanding the development of the SMG is important for developing therapeutic options for patients with impaired SMG function. Recent studies have suggested Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in the epithelium plays an integral role in SMG development; however, the mechanism by which Shh influences gland development remains nebulous. RESULTS Using the Kif3af/f ;Wnt1-Cre ciliopathic mouse model to prevent Shh signal transduction by means of the loss of primary cilia in neural crest cells, we report that mesenchymal Shh activity is necessary for gland development. Furthermore, using a variety of murine transgenic lines with aberrant mesenchymal Shh signal transduction, we determine that loss of Shh activity, by means of loss of the Gli activator, rather than gain of Gli repressor, is sufficient to cause the SMG aplasia. Finally, we determine that loss of the SMG correlates with reduced Neuregulin1 (Nrg1) expression and lack of innervation of the SMG epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest a novel mechanistic role for mesenchymal Shh signaling during SMG development. Developmental Dynamics 247:818-831, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H Elliott
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Grethel Millington
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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31
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Liang S, Johansson E, Barila G, Altschuler DL, Fagman H, Nilsson M. A branching morphogenesis program governs embryonic growth of the thyroid gland. Development 2018; 145:dev.146829. [PMID: 29361553 PMCID: PMC5825846 DOI: 10.1242/dev.146829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The developmental program that regulates thyroid progenitor cell proliferation is largely unknown. Here, we show that branching-like morphogenesis is a driving force to attain final size of the embryonic thyroid gland in mice. Sox9, a key factor in branching organ development, distinguishes Nkx2-1+ cells in the thyroid bud from the progenitors that originally form the thyroid placode in anterior endoderm. As lobes develop the thyroid primordial tissue branches several generations. Sox9 and Fgfr2b are co-expressed distally in the branching epithelium prior to folliculogenesis. The thyroid in Fgf10 null mutants has a normal shape but is severely hypoplastic. Absence of Fgf10 leads to defective branching and disorganized angiofollicular units although Sox9/Fgfr2b expression and the ability of cells to differentiate and form nascent follicles are not impaired. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism of thyroid development reminiscent of the Fgf10-Sox9 program that characterizes organogenesis in classical branching organs, and provide clues to aid understanding of how the endocrine thyroid gland once evolved from an exocrine ancestor present in the invertebrate endostyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Liang
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ellen Johansson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Guillermo Barila
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daniel L Altschuler
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Henrik Fagman
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-41345, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530, Göteborg, Sweden
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32
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones are crucial for organismal development and homeostasis. In humans, untreated congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroid agenesis inevitably leads to cretinism, which comprises irreversible brain dysfunction and dwarfism. Elucidating how the thyroid gland - the only source of thyroid hormones in the body - develops is thus key for understanding and treating thyroid dysgenesis, and for generating thyroid cells in vitro that might be used for cell-based therapies. Here, we review the principal mechanisms involved in thyroid organogenesis and functional differentiation, highlighting how the thyroid forerunner evolved from the endostyle in protochordates to the endocrine gland found in vertebrates. New findings on the specification and fate decisions of thyroid progenitors, and the morphogenesis of precursor cells into hormone-producing follicular units, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg SE-40530, Sweden
| | - Henrik Fagman
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg SE-40530, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg SE-41345, Sweden
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33
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Chatzeli L, Gaete M, Tucker AS. Fgf10 and Sox9 are essential for the establishment of distal progenitor cells during mouse salivary gland development. Development 2017; 144:2294-2305. [PMID: 28506998 PMCID: PMC5482990 DOI: 10.1242/dev.146019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands are formed by branching morphogenesis with epithelial progenitors forming a network of ducts and acini (secretory cells). During this process, epithelial progenitors specialise into distal (tips of the gland) and proximal (the stalk region) identities that produce the acini and higher order ducts, respectively. Little is known about the factors that regulate progenitor expansion and specialisation in the different parts of the gland. Here, we show that Sox9 is involved in establishing the identity of the distal compartment before the initiation of branching morphogenesis. Sox9 is expressed throughout the gland at the initiation stage before becoming restricted to the distal epithelium from the bud stage and throughout branching morphogenesis. Deletion of Sox9 in the epithelium results in loss of the distal epithelial progenitors, a reduction in proliferation and a subsequent failure in branching. We demonstrate that Sox9 is positively regulated by mesenchymal Fgf10, a process that requires active Erk signalling. These results provide new insights into the factors required for the expansion of salivary gland epithelial progenitors, which can be useful for organ regeneration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemonia Chatzeli
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Department of Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Marcia Gaete
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Department of Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Department of Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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