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Guelfi G, Venanzi N, Capaccia C, Stefanetti V, Brachelente C, Sforna M, Porciello F, Lepri E. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Does the microRNA-mRNA regulatory network contribute to heart sarcomeric protein remodelling? Int J Exp Pathol 2024. [PMID: 39138588 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an intrinsic myocardial disease characterized by concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle. In the present study, we investigated the microRNA-mRNA regulatory network in feline myocardial tissue affected by primary (HCMI) and secondary HCM (HCMII). MRNA expression levels of sarcomeric genes, including, TNNT2, TNNI3, MYH7, MYBPC3, TPM1 and ACTC1 were assessed in the FFPE myocardial tissues. FFPE tissues from healthy cats were sequenced by the NGS, to explore, in the entire non-deposited miRNome, the expression level of microRNAs targeting the complementary sequences of selected sarcomeric mRNAs. The sarcomeric genes TNNT2, MYH7, MYBPC3 and TPM1 showed a statistically significant upregulation in HCMI compared to HCMII (p < .01), except ACTC1 which was downregulated (p < .01); TNNI3 showed no statistically significant difference. In HCMII miR-122-5p, miR-338-3p, miR-484, miR-370-3p, miR-92b-3p, miR-375 and miR-370-3p showed a significant upregulation (p < .01) compared to control. The exception was miR-30a-5p which showed downregulation. Worthy of note is the 4-fold higher expression of miR-370-3p, a key regulator of MYBPC3, in HMCI compared to HMCII. This research does not solve the aetiological mystery of HCM, but it may help to find a way to help diagnose and define the prognosis of HCM in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Guelfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Noemi Venanzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Camilla Capaccia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Stefanetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Brachelente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Sforna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Porciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elvio Lepri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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2
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Grzeczka A, Graczyk S, Pasławski R, Pasławska U. Genetic Basis of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Cats. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:8752-8766. [PMID: 39194734 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46080517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common cardiovascular condition in cats, affecting yth males and females of all ages. Some breeds, such as Ragdolls and Maine Coons, can develop HCM at a young age. The disease has a wide range of progression and severity, characterized by various pathological changes in the heart, including arteritis, fibrous tissue deposition, and myocardial cell hypertrophy. Left ventricular hypertrophy, which can restrict blood flow, is a common feature of HCM. The disease may persist into old age and eventually lead to heart failure and increased diastolic pressure. The basis of HCM in cats is thought to be genetic, although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. Mutations in sarcomeric proteins, in particular myosin-binding protein C (MYBPC3), have been identified in cats with HCM. Two specific mutations, MYBPC3 [R818W] and MYBPC3 [A31P], have been classified as 'pathogenic'. Other variants in genes such as MYBPC3, TNNT2, ALMS1, and MYH7 are also associated with HCM. However, there are cases where cats without known genetic mutations still develop HCM, suggesting the presence of unknown genetic factors contributing to the disease. This work aims to summarise the new knowledge of HCM in cats and the alterations in cardiac tissue as a result of genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Grzeczka
- Department for Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Szymon Graczyk
- Department for Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Robert Pasławski
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Urszula Pasławska
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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3
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Doh CY, Schmidt AV, Chinthalapudi K, Stelzer JE. Bringing into focus the central domains C3-C6 of myosin binding protein C. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1370539. [PMID: 38487262 PMCID: PMC10937550 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1370539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Myosin binding protein C (MyBPC) is a multi-domain protein with each region having a distinct functional role in muscle contraction. The central domains of MyBPC have often been overlooked due to their unclear roles. However, recent research shows promise in understanding their potential structural and regulatory functions. Understanding the central region of MyBPC is important because it may have specialized function that can be used as drug targets or for disease-specific therapies. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the evolution of our understanding of the central domains of MyBPC in regard to its domain structures, arrangement and dynamics, interaction partners, hypothesized functions, disease-causing mutations, and post-translational modifications. We highlight key research studies that have helped advance our understanding of the central region. Lastly, we discuss gaps in our current understanding and potential avenues to further research and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yoon Doh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alexandra V. Schmidt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Krishna Chinthalapudi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Julian E. Stelzer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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4
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Kaplan JL, Rivas VN, Connolly DJ. Advancing Treatments for Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: The Role of Animal Models and Targeted Therapeutics. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:1293-1308. [PMID: 37414693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Feline HCM is the most common cardiovascular disease in cats, leading to devastating outcomes, including congestive heart failure (CHF), arterial thromboembolism (ATE), and sudden death. Evidence demonstrating long-term survival benefit with currently available therapies is lacking. Therefore, it is imperative to explore intricate genetic and molecular pathways that drive HCM pathophysiology to inspire the development of novel therapeutics. Several clinical trials exploring new drug therapies are currently underway, including those investigating small molecule inhibitors and rapamycin. This article outlines the key work performed using cellular and animal models that has led to and continues to guide the development of new innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Kaplan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Victor N Rivas
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David J Connolly
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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5
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Cheng WC, Lawson C, Liu HH, Wilkie L, Dobromylskyj M, Luis Fuentes V, Dudhia J, Connolly DJ. Exploration of Mediators Associated with Myocardial Remodelling in Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2112. [PMID: 37443910 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) affects both humans and cats and exhibits considerable interspecies similarities that are exemplified by underlying pathological processes and clinical presentation to the extent that developments in the human field may have direct relevance to the feline disease. Characteristic changes on histological examination include cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial and replacement fibrosis. Clinically, HCM is characterised by significant diastolic dysfunction due to a reduction in ventricular compliance and relaxation associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and the development of ventricular hypertrophy. Studies in rodent models and human HCM patients have identified key protein mediators implicated in these pathological changes, including lumican, lysyl oxidase and TGF-β isoforms. We therefore sought to quantify and describe the cellular location of these mediators in the left ventricular myocardium of cats with HCM and investigate their relationship with the quantity and structural composition of the ECM. We identified increased myocardial content of lumican, LOX and TGF-β2 mainly attributed to their increased expression within cardiomyocytes in HCM cats compared to control cats. Furthermore, we found strong correlations between the expressions of these mediators that is compatible with their role as important components of cellular pathways promoting remodelling of the left ventricular myocardium. Fibrosis and hypertrophy are important pathological changes in feline HCM, and a greater understanding of the mechanisms driving this pathology may facilitate the identification of potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ching Cheng
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Charlotte Lawson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Hui-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Lois Wilkie
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | - Virginia Luis Fuentes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Jayesh Dudhia
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - David J Connolly
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
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6
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Abstract
Practical relevance: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common form of feline
cardiomyopathy observed clinically and may affect up to approximately 15% of
the domestic cat population, primarily as a subclinical disease.
Fortunately, severe HCM, leading to heart failure or arterial
thromboembolism (ATE), only occurs in a small proportion of these cats. Patient group: Domestic cats of any age from 3 months upward, of either sex and of any
breed, can be affected. A higher prevalence in male and domestic shorthair
cats has been reported. Diagnostics: Subclinical feline HCM may or may not produce a heart murmur or gallop sound.
Substantial left atrial enlargement can often be identified radiographically
in cats with severe HCM. Biomarkers should not be relied on solely to
diagnose the disease. While severe feline HCM can usually be diagnosed via
echocardiography alone, feline HCM with mild to moderate left ventricular
(LV) wall thickening is a diagnosis of exclusion, which means there is no
definitive test for HCM in these cats and so other disorders that can cause
mild to moderate LV wall thickening (eg, hyperthyroidism, systemic
hypertension, acromegaly, dehydration) need to be ruled out. Key findings: While a genetic cause of HCM has been identified in two breeds and is
suspected in another, for most cats the cause is unknown. Systolic anterior
motion of the mitral valve (SAM) is the most common cause of dynamic left
ventricular outflow tract obstruction (DLVOTO) and, in turn, the most common
cause of a heart murmur with feline HCM. While severe DLVOTO is probably
clinically significant and so should be treated, lesser degrees probably are
not. Furthermore, since SAM can likely be induced in most cats with HCM, the
distinction between HCM without obstruction and HCM with obstruction (HOCM)
is of limited importance in cats. Diastolic dysfunction, and its
consequences of abnormally increased atrial pressure leading to signs of
heart failure, and sluggish atrial blood flow leading to ATE, is the primary
abnormality that causes clinical signs and death in affected cats. Treatment
(eg, loop diuretics) is aimed at controlling heart failure. Preventive
treatment (eg, antithrombotic drugs) is aimed at reducing the risk of
complications (eg, ATE). Conclusions: Most cats with HCM show no overt clinical signs and live a normal or
near-normal life despite this disease. However, a substantial minority of
cats develop overt clinical signs referable to heart failure or ATE that
require treatment. For most cats with clinical signs caused by HCM, the
long-term prognosis is poor to grave despite therapy. Areas of uncertainty: Genetic mutations (variants) that cause HCM have been identified in a few
breeds, but, despite valiant efforts, the cause of HCM in the vast majority
of cats remains unknown. No treatment currently exists that reverses or even
slows the cardiomyopathic process in HCM, again despite valiant efforts. The
search goes on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Kittleson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, and Veterinary Information Network, 777 West Covell Boulevard, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Etienne Côté
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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7
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Oldt RF, Bussey KJ, Settles ML, Fass JN, Roberts JA, Reader JR, Komandoor S, Abrich VA, Kanthaswamy S. MYBPC3 Haplotype Linked to Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Rhesus Macaques ( Macaca mulatta). Comp Med 2020; 70:358-367. [PMID: 32753092 PMCID: PMC7574221 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In humans, abnormal thickening of the left ventricle of the heart clinically defines hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a common inherited cardiovascular disorder that can precede a sudden cardiac death event. The wide range of clinical presentations in HCM obscures genetic variants that may influence an individual's susceptibility to sudden cardiac death. Although exon sequencing of major sarcomere genes can be used to detect high-impact causal mutations, this strategy is successful in only half of patient cases. The incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in a managed research colony of rhesus macaques provides an excellent comparative model in which to explore the genomic etiology of severe HCM and sudden cardiac death. Because no rhesus HCM-associated mutations have been reported, we used a next-generation genotyping assay that targets 7 sarcomeric rhesus genes within 63 genomic sites that are orthologous to human genomic regions known to harbor HCM disease variants. Amplicon sequencing was performed on 52 macaques with confirmed LVH and 42 unrelated, unaffected animals representing both the Indian and Chinese rhesus macaque subspecies. Bias-reduced logistic regression uncovered a risk haplotype in the rhesus MYBPC3 gene, which is frequently disrupted in both human and feline HCM; this haplotype implicates an intronic variant strongly associated with disease in either homozygous or carrier form. Our results highlight that leveraging evolutionary genomic data provides a unique, practical strategy for minimizing population bias in complex disease studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Oldt
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University at the West Campus, Glendale, Arizona; Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University at the West Campus, Glendale, Arizona;,
| | - Kimberly J Bussey
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University at the West Campus, Glendale, Arizona; BEYOND Center for Fundamental Concepts in Science, Arizona State University at the West Campus, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Matthew L Settles
- Bioinformatics Core, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Joseph N Fass
- Bioinformatics Core, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jeffrey A Roberts
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - J Rachel Reader
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | | | - Victor A Abrich
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Sreetharan Kanthaswamy
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University at the West Campus, Glendale, Arizona; Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University at the West Campus, Glendale, Arizona; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
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8
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Ribitsch I, Baptista PM, Lange-Consiglio A, Melotti L, Patruno M, Jenner F, Schnabl-Feichter E, Dutton LC, Connolly DJ, van Steenbeek FG, Dudhia J, Penning LC. Large Animal Models in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering: To Do or Not to Do. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:972. [PMID: 32903631 PMCID: PMC7438731 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid developments in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering has witnessed an increasing drive toward clinical translation of breakthrough technologies. However, the progression of promising preclinical data to achieve successful clinical market authorisation remains a bottleneck. One hurdle for progress to the clinic is the transition from small animal research to advanced preclinical studies in large animals to test safety and efficacy of products. Notwithstanding this, to draw meaningful and reliable conclusions from animal experiments it is critical that the species and disease model of choice is relevant to answer the research question as well as the clinical problem. Selecting the most appropriate animal model requires in-depth knowledge of specific species and breeds to ascertain the adequacy of the model and outcome measures that closely mirror the clinical situation. Traditional reductionist approaches in animal experiments, which often do not sufficiently reflect the studied disease, are still the norm and can result in a disconnect in outcomes observed between animal studies and clinical trials. To address these concerns a reconsideration in approach will be required. This should include a stepwise approach using in vitro and ex vivo experiments as well as in silico modeling to minimize the need for in vivo studies for screening and early development studies, followed by large animal models which more closely resemble human disease. Naturally occurring, or spontaneous diseases in large animals remain a largely untapped resource, and given the similarities in pathophysiology to humans they not only allow for studying new treatment strategies but also disease etiology and prevention. Naturally occurring disease models, particularly for longer lived large animal species, allow for studying disorders at an age when the disease is most prevalent. As these diseases are usually also a concern in the chosen veterinary species they would be beneficiaries of newly developed therapies. Improved awareness of the progress in animal models is mutually beneficial for animals, researchers, human and veterinary patients. In this overview we describe advantages and disadvantages of various animal models including domesticated and companion animals used in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering to provide an informed choice of disease-relevant animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Ribitsch
- Veterm, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Equine Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pedro M. Baptista
- Laboratory of Organ Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine, Health Research Institute of Aragon (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Anna Lange-Consiglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Melotti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Patruno
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Florien Jenner
- Veterm, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Equine Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Schnabl-Feichter
- Clinical Unit of Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luke C. Dutton
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Connolly
- Clinical Unit of Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank G. van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jayesh Dudhia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Louis C. Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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9
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Marston S. Small molecule studies: the fourth wave of muscle research. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2019; 40:69-76. [PMID: 31228047 PMCID: PMC6726831 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09526-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The study of muscle and contractility is an unusual scientific endeavour since it has from the start been focussed on one problem-What makes muscle work?-and yet has needed a vast range of different approaches and techniques to study it. Its uniqueness lies in the fundamental fascination of a large scale molecular machine that converts chemical energy into mechanical energy at ambient temperature and with high efficiency that is also controlled by an exquisitely intricate yet utterly reliable regulatory system and is an essential component of animal life. The investigation of muscle is as innovative as any other field of research. As soon as one approach appears to be played out another comes along. It is instructive to consider this as a series of waves of novel and heightened activity starting in the 1950s. The thesis of this article is that we are approaching the fourth wave with the recent rise of interest in small molecules as research tools and possible therapies for muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Marston
- Cardiovascular Division, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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10
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Marston S, Zamora JE. Troponin structure and function: a view of recent progress. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2019; 41:71-89. [PMID: 31030382 PMCID: PMC7109197 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism by which Ca2+ binding and phosphorylation regulate muscle contraction through Troponin is not yet fully understood. Revealing the differences between the relaxed and active structure of cTn, as well as the conformational changes that follow phosphorylation has remained a challenge for structural biologists over the years. Here we review the current understanding of how Ca2+, phosphorylation and disease-causing mutations affect the structure and dynamics of troponin to regulate the thin filament based on electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, NMR and molecular dynamics methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Marston
- NHLI and Chemistry Departments, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, London, UK.
| | - Juan Eiros Zamora
- NHLI and Chemistry Departments, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, London, UK
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11
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Stern JA, Ueda Y. Inherited cardiomyopathies in veterinary medicine. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:745-753. [PMID: 30284024 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Comparative and translation medicine is of particular value within the field of inherited cardiomyopathies. Despite massive advances in understanding the functional role of mutations in human cardiomyopathies, these advances have frequently failed to translate into medical discoveries that alter patient care. One potential explanation for this failure lies in the lack of suitable translational models that adequately recapitulate human cardiovascular physiology and disease expression. The vast genetic heterogeneity that complicates human cardiomyopathy research is potentially alleviated through the study of naturally occurring large animal models of disease, where incredibly homogenous populations, like those seen in a single breed of dog or cat, may exist (Kol et al., Sci Transl Med 7:308-321, 2015; Ueda and Stern, Yale J Biol Med 90:433-448, 2017). Veterinary medicine is in a unique position to provide research resources and information that may be readily applied to human disease (Kol et al., Sci Transl Med 7:308-321, 2015). Many inherited cardiomyopathies of humans are phenotypically and genotypically similar in veterinary species and ongoing research holds promise for aiding veterinary and human patients alike (Basso et al., Circulation 109:1180-1185, 2004; Fox et al., Cardiovasc Pathol 23:28-34, 2014; Fox et al., Circulation 102:1863-1870, 2000; Kittleson et al., J Vet Cardiol 17 Suppl 1:S53-73, 2015; Ueda and Stern, Yale J Biol Med 90:433-448, 2017). This article presents the current knowledge of inherited cardiomyopathies in dogs, cats, and non-human primates, with a goal of identifying areas of translational research and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Yu Ueda
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
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12
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Dvornikov AV, de Tombe PP, Xu X. Phenotyping cardiomyopathy in adult zebrafish. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 138:116-125. [PMID: 29884423 PMCID: PMC6269218 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is usually manifested by increased myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity, excessive contractility, and impaired relaxation. In contrast, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) originates from insufficient sarcomere contractility and reduced cardiac pump function, subsequently resulting in heart failure. The zebrafish has emerged as a new model of human cardiomyopathy with high-throughput screening, which will facilitate the discovery of novel genetic factors and the development of new therapies. Given the small hearts of zebrafish, better phenotyping tools are needed to discern different types of cardiomyopathy, such as HCM and DCM. This article reviews the existing models of cardiomyopathy, available morphologic and functional methods, and current understanding of the different types of cardiomyopathy in adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Dvornikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Pieter P de Tombe
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago, IL, USA; Magdi Yacoub Institute, Cardiac Biophysics Division, Harefield, UK; Imperial College, Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK; Freiburg University, Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Germany
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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13
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Vikhorev PG, Vikhoreva NN. Cardiomyopathies and Related Changes in Contractility of Human Heart Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082234. [PMID: 30065175 PMCID: PMC6121228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
About half of hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies cases have been recognized as genetic diseases with mutations in sarcomeric proteins. The sarcomeric proteins are involved in cardiomyocyte contractility and its regulation, and play a structural role. Mutations in non-sarcomeric proteins may induce changes in cell signaling pathways that modify contractile response of heart muscle. These facts strongly suggest that contractile dysfunction plays a central role in initiation and progression of cardiomyopathies. In fact, abnormalities in contractile mechanics of myofibrils have been discovered. However, it has not been revealed how these mutations increase risk for cardiomyopathy and cause the disease. Much research has been done and still much is being done to understand how the mechanism works. Here, we review the facts of cardiac myofilament contractility in patients with cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr G Vikhorev
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Natalia N Vikhoreva
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield Hospital, London UB9 6JH, UK.
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Sheehan A, Messer AE, Papadaki M, Choudhry A, Kren V, Biedermann D, Blagg B, Khandelwal A, Marston SB. Molecular Defects in Cardiac Myofilament Ca 2+-Regulation Due to Cardiomyopathy-Linked Mutations Can Be Reversed by Small Molecules Binding to Troponin. Front Physiol 2018; 9:243. [PMID: 29636697 PMCID: PMC5881522 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The inherited cardiomyopathies, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are relatively common, potentially life-threatening and currently untreatable. Mutations are often in the contractile proteins of cardiac muscle and cause abnormal Ca2+ regulation via troponin. HCM is usually linked to higher myofilament Ca2+-sensitivity whilst in both HCM and DCM mutant tissue there is often an uncoupling of the relationship between troponin I (TnI) phosphorylation by PKA and modulation of myofilament Ca2+-sensitivity, essential for normal responses to adrenaline. The adrenergic response is blunted, and this may predispose the heart to failure under stress. At present there are no compounds or interventions that can prevent or treat sarcomere cardiomyopathies. There is a need for novel therapies that act at a more fundamental level to affect the disease process. We demonstrated that epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG) was found to be capable of restoring the coupled relationship between Ca2+-sensitivity and TnI phosphorylation in mutant thin filaments to normal in vitro, independent of the mutation (15 mutations tested). We have labeled this property "re-coupling." The action of EGCG in vitro to reverse the abnormality caused by myopathic mutations would appear to be an ideal pharmaceutical profile for treatment of inherited HCM and DCM but EGCG is known to be promiscuous in vivo and is thus unsuitable as a therapeutic drug. We therefore investigated whether other structurally related compounds can re-couple myofilaments without these off-target effects. We used the quantitative in vitro motility assay to screen 40 compounds, related to C-terminal Hsp90 inhibitors, and found 23 that can re-couple mutant myofilaments. There is no correlation between re-couplers and Hsp90 inhibitors. The Ca2+-sensitivity shift due to TnI phosphorylation was restored to 2.2 ± 0.01-fold (n = 19) compared to 2.0 ± 0.24-fold (n = 7) in wild-type thin filaments. Many of these compounds were either pure re-couplers or pure desensitizers, indicating these properties are independent; moreover, re-coupling ability could be lost with small changes of compound structure, indicating the possibility of specificity. Small molecules that can re-couple may have therapeutic potential. HIGHLIGHTS - Inherited cardiomyopathies are common diseases that are currently untreatable at a fundamental level and therefore finding a small molecule treatment is highly desirable.- We have identified a molecular level dysfunction common to nearly all mutations: uncoupling of the relationship between troponin I phosphorylation and modulation of myofilament Ca2+-sensitivity, essential for normal responses to adrenaline.- We have identified a new class of drugs that are capable of both reducing Ca2+-sensitivity and/or recouping the relationship between troponin I phosphorylation and Ca2+-sensitivity.- The re-coupling phenomenon can be explained on the basis of a single mechanism that is testable.- Measurements with a wide range of small molecules of varying structures can indicate the critical molecular features required for recoupling and allows the prediction of other potential re-couplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Sheehan
- NHLI, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Vladimír Kren
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - David Biedermann
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Brian Blagg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Anuj Khandelwal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
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